#Ronald F. Levant

[tjeromebaker]

Review | The Psychology of Men and Masculinities

"The Psychology of Men and Masculinities" es una obra exhaustiva que ofrece una exploración profunda y académica de los diversos aspectos de la psicología masculina y las múltiples formas en que se manifiestan las masculinidades en la sociedad de hoy.

The Psychology of Men and Masculinities Reseña por Thomas Jerome Baker | CEO @ Baker Publishing Company | Past-President TESOL Chile | Doctoral Student in Education | Member of Black Doctoral Network, Inc. | Member of Society for the Psychological Study of Men and Masculinities | https://linktr.ee/profesorbaker Título: The Psychology of Men and MasculinitiesAutor: Ronald F. Levant y Y. Joel…

[dailyanarchistposts]

I.8.7 Were the rural collectives created by force?

No, they were not. The myth that the rural collectives were created by “terror,” organised and carried out by the anarchist militia, was started by the Stalinists of the Spanish Communist Party. More recently, certain right-wing “libertarians” have warmed up and repeated these Stalinist fabrications. Anarchists have been disproving these allegations since 1936 and it is worthwhile to do so again here. As Vernon Richards noted: “However discredited Stalinism may appear to be today the fact remains that the Stalinist lies and interpretation of the Spanish Civil War still prevail, presumably because it suits the political prejudices of those historians who are currently interpreting it.” [“Introduction”, Gaston Leval, Collectives in the Spanish Revolution, p. 11] Here we shall present evidence to refute claims that the rural collectives were created by force.

Firstly, we should point out that rural collectives were created in many different areas of Spain, such as the Levant (900 collectives), Castile (300) and Estremadera (30), where the anarchist militia did not exist. In Catalonia, for example, the CNT militia passed through many villages on its way to Aragón and only around 40 collectives were created unlike the 450 in Aragón. In other words, the rural collectivisation process occurred independently of the existence of anarchist troops, with the majority of the 1,700 rural collectives created in areas without a predominance of anarchist militias.

One historian, Ronald Fraser, seems to imply that collectives were imposed upon the Aragón population. As he put it, the “collectivisation, carried out under the general cover, if not necessarily the direct agency, of CNT militia columns, represented a revolutionary minority’s attempt to control not only production but consumption for egalitarian purposes and the needs of the war.” Notice that he does not suggest that the anarchist militia actually imposed the collectives, a claim for which there is little or no evidence. Moreover, Fraser presents a somewhat contradictory narrative to the facts he presents. On the one hand, he suggests that ”[o]bligatory collectivisation was justified, in some libertarians’ eyes, by a reasoning closer to war communism than to libertarian communism.” On the other hand, he presents extensive evidence that the collectives did not have a 100% membership rate. How can collectivisation be obligatory if people remain outside the collectives? Similarly, he talks of how some CNT militia leaders justified ”[f]orced collectivisation” in terms of the war effort while acknowledging the official CNT policy of opposing forced collectivisation, an opposition expressed in practice as only around 20 (i.e., 5%) of the collectives were total. [Blood of Spain, p. 370, p. 349 and p. 366] This is shown in his own book as collectivists interviewed continually note that people remained outside their collectives!

Thus Fraser’s attempts to paint the Aragón collectives as a form of “war communism” imposed upon the population by the CNT and obligatory for all fails to co-incidence with the evidence he presents.

Fraser states that ”[t]here was no need to dragoon them [the peasants] at pistol point [into collectives]: the coercive climate, in which ‘fascists’ were being shot, was sufficient. ‘Spontaneous’ and ‘forced’ collectives existed, as did willing and unwilling collectivists within them.” [Op. Cit., p. 349] Therefore, his implied suggestion that the Aragón collectives were imposed upon the rural population is based upon the insight that there was a “coercive climate” in Aragón at the time. Of course a civil war against fascism would produce a “coercive climate” particularly near the front line. However, the CNT can hardly be blamed for that. As historian Gabriel Jackson summarised, while such executions took place the CNT did not conduct a general wave of terror:

“the anarchists made a constant effort to separate active political enemies from those who were simply bourgeois by birth or ideology or economic function. Anarchist political committees wanted to know what the accused monarchists or conservatives had done, not simply what they thought or how they voted … There is no inherent contradiction involved in recognising both that the revolution included some violence and that its social and economic results … were approved of by the majority of peasants in an area.” [quoted in Jose Peirats, The CNT in the Spanish Revolution, vol. 1, p. 146]

This was a life and death struggle against fascism, in which the fascists were systematically murdering vast numbers of anarchists, socialists and republicans in the areas under their control. It is hardly surprising that some anarchist troops took the law into their own hands and murdered some of those who supported and would help the fascists. Given what was going on in fascist Spain, and the experience of fascism in Germany and Italy, the CNT militia knew exactly what would happen to them and their friends and family if they lost.

The question does arise, however, of whether the climate was made so coercive by the war and the nearness of the anarchist militia that individual choice was impossible. The facts speak for themselves. At its peak, rural collectivisation in Aragón embraced around 70% of the population in the area saved from fascism. Around 30% of the population felt safe enough not to join a collective, a sizeable percentage. If the collectives had been created by anarchist terror or force, we would expect a figure of 100% membership. This was not the case, indicating the basically voluntary nature of the experiment (we should point out that other figures suggest a lower number of collectivists which makes the forced collectivisation argument even less likely). Historian Antony Beevor (while noting that there “had undoubtedly been pressure, and no doubt force was used on some occasions in the fervour after the rising”) just stated the obvious when he wrote that “the very fact that every village was a mixture of collectivists and individualists shows that peasants had not been forced into communal farming at the point of a gun.” [The Spanish Civil War, p. 206] In addition, if the CNT militia had forced peasants into collectives we would expect the membership of the collectives to peak almost overnight, not grow slowly over time:

“At the regional congress of collectives, held at Caspe in mid-February 1937, nearly 80 000 collectivists were represented from ‘almost all the villages of the region.’ This, however, was but a beginning. By the end of April the number of collectivists had risen to 140,000; by the end of the first week of May to 180,000; and by the end of June to 300,000.” [Graham Kelsey, “Anarchism in Aragón,” pp. 60–82, Spain in Conflict 1931–1939, Martin Blinkhorn (ed.), p. 61]

If the collectives had been created by force, then their membership would have been 300,000 in February, 1937, not increasing steadily to reach that number four months later. Neither can it be claimed that the increase was due to new villages being collectivised, as almost all villages had sent delegates in February. This indicates that many peasants joined the collectives because of the advantages associated with common labour, the increased resources it placed at their hands and the fact that the surplus wealth which had in the previous system been monopolised by the few was used instead to raise the standard of living of the entire community.

The voluntary nature of the collectives is again emphasised by the number of collectives which allowed people to remain outside. There “were few villages which were completely collectivised.” [Beevor, Op. Cit., p. 94] One eye-witness in Aragón, an anarchist schoolteacher, noted that the forcing of smallholders into a collective “wasn’t a widespread problem, because there weren’t more than twenty or so villages where collectivisation was total and no one was allowed to remain outside.” [quoted by Fraser, Op. Cit., p. 366] Instead of forcing the minority in a village to agree with the wishes of the majority, the vast majority (95%) of Aragón collectives stuck to their libertarian principles and allowed those who did not wish to join to remain outside.

So, only around 20 were “total” collectives (out of 450) and around 30% of the population felt safe enough not to join. In other words, in the vast majority of collectives those joining could see that those who did not were safe. These figures indicate of the basically spontaneous and voluntary nature of the movement as do the composition of the new municipal councils created after July 19th. As Graham Kesley notes: “What is immediately noticeable from the results is that although the region has often been branded as one controlled by anarchists to the total exclusion of all other forces, the CNT was far from enjoying the degree of absolute domination often implied and inferred.” [Anarchosyndicalism, Libertarian Communism and the State, p. 198]

In his account of the rural revolution, Burnett Bolloten noted that it “embraced more than 70 percent of the population” in liberated Aragón and that “many of the 450 collectives of the region were largely voluntary” although “it must be emphasised that this singular development was in some measure due to the presence of militiamen from the neighbouring region of Catalonia, the immense majority of whom were members of the CNT and FAI.” [The Spanish Civil War, p. 74] This, it should be noted, was not denied by anarchists. As Gaston Leval pointed out, “it is true that the presence of these forces … favoured indirectly these constructive achievements by preventing active resistance by the supporters of the bourgeois republic and of fascism.” [Collectives in the Spanish Revolution, p. 90]

So the presence of the militia changed the balance of class forces in Aragón by destroying the capitalist state (i.e. the local bosses — caciques — could not get state aid to protect their property) and many landless workers took over the land. The presence of the militia ensured that land could be taken over by destroying the capitalist “monopoly of force” that existed before the revolution (the power of which will be highlighted below) and so the CNT militia allowed the possibility of experimentation by the Aragónese population. This class war in the countryside is reflected by Bolloten: “If the individual farmer viewed with dismay the swift and widespread collectivisation of agriculture, the farm workers of the Anarchosyndicalist CNT and the Socialist UGT saw it as the commencement of a new era.” [Op. Cit., p. 63] Both were mass organisations and supported collectivisation.

Therefore, anarchist militias allowed the rural working class to abolish the artificial scarcity of land created by private property (and enforced by the state). The rural bosses obviously viewed with horror the possibility that they could not exploit day workers’ labour (as Bolloten pointed out “the collective system of agriculture threaten[ed] to drain the rural labour market of wage workers.” [Op. Cit., p. 62]). Little wonder the richer peasants and landowners hated the collectives. A report on the district of Valderrobes which indicates popular support for the collectives:

“Collectivisation was nevertheless opposed by opponents on the right and adversaries on the left. If the eternally idle who have been expropriated had been asked what they thought of collectivisation, some would have replied that it was robbery and others a dictatorship. But, for the elderly, the day workers, the tenant farmers and small proprietors who had always been under the thumb of the big landowners and heartless usurers, it appeared as salvation.” [quoted by Bolloten, Op. Cit., p. 71]

However, many historians ignore the differences in class that existed in the countryside and explain the rise in collectives in Aragón (and ignore those elsewhere) as the result of the CNT militia. For example, Fraser:

“Very rapidly collectives … began to spring up. It did not happen on instructions from the CNT leadership — no more than had the [industrial] collectives in Barcelona. Here, as there, the initiative came from CNT militants; here, as there, the ‘climate’ for social revolution in the rearguard was created by CNT armed strength: the anarcho-syndicalists’ domination of the streets of Barcelona was re-enacted in Aragón as the CNT militia columns, manned mainly by Catalan anarcho-syndicalist workers, poured in. Where a nucleus of anarcho-syndicalists existed in a village, it seized the moment to carry out the long-awaited revolution and collectivised spontaneously. Where there was none, villagers could find themselves under considerable pressure from the militias to collectivise.” [Op. Cit., p. 347]

Fraser implies that the revolution was mostly imported into Aragón from Catalonia. However, as he himself notes, the CNT column leaders (except Durruti) “opposed” the creation of the Council of Aragón (a confederation for the collectives). Hardly an example of Catalan CNT imposed social revolution! Moreover, the Aragón CNT was a widespread and popular organisation, suggesting that the idea that the collectives were imported into the region by the Catalan CNT is simply false. Fraser states that in “some [of the Aragónese villages] there was a flourishing CNT, in others the UGT was strongest, and in only too many there was no unionisation at all.” [Op. Cit., p. 350 and p. 348] The question arises of how extensive was that strength. The evidence shows that the rural CNT in Aragón was extensive, strong and growing, so making the suggestion of imposed collectives a false one. In fact, by the 1930s the “authentic peasant base of the CNT … lay in Aragón.” CNT growth in Zaragoza “provided a springboard for a highly effective libertarian agitation in lower Aragón, particularly among the impoverished labourers and debt-ridden peasantry of the dry steppes region.” [Murray Bookchin, The Spanish Anarchists, p. 203]

Graham Kelsey, in his social history of the CNT in Aragón between 1930 and 1937, provides more evidence on this matter. He points out that as well as the “spread of libertarian groups and the increasing consciousness among CNT members of libertarian theories … contribu[ting] to the growth of the anarchosyndicalist movement in Aragón” the existence of “agrarian unrest” also played an important role in that growth. This all lead to the “revitalisation of the CNT network in Aragón”. So by 1936, the CNT had built upon the “foundations laid in 1933” and “had finally succeeded in translating the very great strength of the urban trade-union organisation in Zaragoza into a regional network of considerable extent.” [Op. Cit., pp. 80–81, p. 82 and p. 134]

Kelsey notes the long history of anarchism in Aragón, dating back to the late 1860s. However, before the 1910s there had been little gains in rural Aragón by the CNT due to the power of local bosses (called caciques):

“Local landowners and small industrialists, the caciques of provincial Aragón, made every effort to enforce the closure of these first rural anarchosyndicalist cells [created after 1915]. By the time of the first rural congress of the Aragónese CNT confederation in the summer of 1923, much of the progress achieved through the organisation’s considerable propaganda efforts had been countered by repression elsewhere.” [“Anarchism in Aragón”, Op. Cit., p. 62]

A CNT activist indicated the power of these bosses and how difficult it was to be a union member in Aragón:

“Repression is not the same in the large cities as it is in the villages where everyone knows everybody else and where the Civil Guards are immediately notified of a comrade’s slightest movement. Neither friends nor relatives are spared. All those who do not serve the state’s repressive forces unconditionally are pursued, persecuted and on occasions beaten up.” [quoted by Kelsey, Op. Cit., p. 74]

However, while there were some successes in organising rural unions, even in 1931 “propaganda campaigns which led to the establishment of scores of village trade-union cells, were followed by a counter-offensive from village caciques which forced them to close.” [Op. Cit. p. 67] Even in the face of this repression the CNT grew and “from the end of 1932” there was “a successful expansion of the anarchosyndicalist movement into several parts of the region where previously it had never penetrated.” [Kesley, Anarchosyndicalism, Libertarian Communism and the State, p. 185] This growth was built upon in 1936, with increased rural activism which had slowly eroded the power of the caciques (which in part explains their support for the fascist coup). After the election of the Popular Front, years of anarchist propaganda and organisation paid off with “dramatic growth in rural anarcho-syndicalist support” in the six weeks after the general election. This “was emphasised” in the Aragón CNT’s April congress’s agenda and it was decided to direct “attention to rural problems” while the agreed programme was “exactly what was to happen four months later in liberated Aragón.” In its aftermath, a series of intensive propaganda campaigns was organised through each of the provinces of the regional confederation. Many meetings were held in villages which had never before heard anarcho-syndicalist propaganda. This was very successful and by the beginning of June, 1936, the number of Aragón unions had topped 400, compared to only 278 one month earlier. [Kesley, “Anarchism in Aragón”, Op. Cit., pp. 75–76]

This increase in union membership reflected increased social struggle by the Aragónese working population and their attempts to improve their standard of living, which was very low for most of the population. A journalist from the conservative Catholic Heraldo de Aragón visited lower Aragón in the summer of 1935 and noted ”[t]he hunger in many homes, where the men are not working, is beginning to encourage the youth to subscribe to misleading teachings.” [quoted by Kesley, Op. Cit., p. 74] Little wonder, then, the growth in CNT membership and social struggle Kesley indicates:

“Evidence of a different kind was also available that militant trade unionism in Aragón was on the increase. In the five months between mid-February and mid-July 1936 the province of Zaragoza experienced over seventy strikes, more than had previously been recorded in any entire year, and things were clearly no different in the other two provinces . .. the great majority of these strikes were occurring in provincial towns and villages. Strikes racked the provinces and in at least three instances were actually transformed into general strikes.” [Op. Cit., p. 76]

So in the spring and summer of 1936 there was a massive growth in CNT membership which reflected the growing militant struggle by the urban and rural population of Aragón. Years of propaganda and organising had ensured this growth in libertarian influence, a growth which was reflected in the creation of collectives in liberated Aragón during the revolution. Therefore, the construction of a collectivised society was founded directly upon the emergence, during the five years of the Second Republic, of a mass trade-union movement infused by anarchist principles. These collectives were constructed in accordance with the programme agreed at the Aragón CNT conference of April 1936 which reflected the wishes of the rural membership of the unions within Aragón (and due to the rapid growth of the CNT afterwards obviously reflected popular feelings in the area):

“libertarian dominance in post-insurrection Aragón itself reflected the predominance that anarchists had secured before the war; by the summer of 1936 the CNT had succeeded in establishing throughout Aragón a mass trade-union movement of strictly libertarian orientation, upon which widespread and well-supported network the extensive collective experiment was to be founded.” [Kesley, Op. Cit., p. 61]

Additional evidence that supports a high level of CNT support in rural Aragón can be provided by the fact that it was Aragón that was the centre of the December 1933 insurrection organised by the CNT. As Bookchin noted, “only Aragón rose on any significant scale, particularly Saragossa … many of the villages declared libertarian communism and perhaps the heaviest fighting took place between the vineyard workers in Rioja and the authorities”. [Op. Cit., p. 238] It is unlikely for the CNT to organise an insurrection in an area within which it had little support or influence. According to Kesley, “it was precisely those areas which had most important in December 1933” which were in 1936 “seeking to create a new pattern of economic and social organisation, to form the basis of libertarian Aragón.” [Anarchosyndicalism, Libertarian Communism and the State, p. 161]

So the majority of collectives in Aragón were the product of CNT (and UGT) influenced workers taking the opportunity to create a new form of social life, a form marked by its voluntary and directly democratic nature. For from being unknown in rural Aragón, the CNT was well established and growing at a fast rate: “Spreading out from its urban base … the CNT, first in 1933 and then more extensively in 1936, succeeded in converting an essentially urban organisation into a truly regional confederation.” [Kesley, Op. Cit., p. 184]

The evidence suggests that historians like Fraser are wrong to imply that the Aragón collectives were created by the CNT militia and enforced upon a unwilling population. The Aragón collectives were the natural result of years of anarchist activity within rural Aragón and directly related to the massive growth in the CNT between 1930 and 1936. Thus Kesley is correct to state that libertarian communism and agrarian collectivisation “were not economic terms or social principles enforced upon a hostile population by special teams of urban anarchosyndicalists.” [Op. Cit., p. 161] This is not to suggest that there were no examples of people joining collectives involuntarily because of the “coercive climate” of the front line nor that there were villages which did not have a CNT union within them before the war and so created a collective because of the existence of the CNT militia. It is to suggest that these can be considered as exceptions to the rule.

Moreover, the way the CNT handled such a situation is noteworthy. Fraser indicates such a situation in the village of Alloza. In the autumn of 1936, representatives of the CNT district committee had come to suggest that the villagers collectivise (we would like to stress here that the CNT militia which had passed through the village had made no attempt to create a collective there). A village assembly was called and the CNT members explained their ideas and suggested how to organise the collective. However, who would join and how the villagers would organise the collective was left totally up to them (the CNT representatives “stressed that no one was to be maltreated”). Within the collective, self-management was the rule and one member recalled that ”[o]nce the work groups were established on a friendly basis and worked their own lands, everyone got on well enough.” “There was no need for coercion, no need for discipline and punishment … A collective wasn’t a bad idea at all.” [Fraser, Op. Cit., p. 360] This collective, like the vast majority, was voluntary and democratic: “I couldn’t oblige him to join; we weren’t living under a dictatorship.” [quoted by Fraser, Op. Cit., p. 362] In other words, no force was used to create the collective and the collective was organised by local people directly.

Of course, as with any public good (to use economic jargon), all members of the community had to pay for the war effort and feed the militia. As Kelsey notes, ”[t]he military insurrection had come at a critical moment in the agricultural calendar. Throughout lower Aragón there were fields of grain ready for harvesting … At the assembly in Albalate de Cinca the opening clause of the agreed programme had required everyone in the district, independent farmers and collectivists alike, to contribute equally to the war effort, thereby emphasising one of the most important considerations in the period immediately following the rebellion.” [Op. Cit., p. 164] In addition, the collectives controlled the price of crops in order to ensure that speculation and inflation were controlled. However, these policies as with the equal duties of individualists and collectivists in the war effort were enforced upon the collectives by the war.

Lastly, in support of the popular nature of the rural collectives, we will indicate the effects of the suppression of the collectives in August 1937 by the Communists, namely the collapse of the rural economy. This sheds considerable light on the question of popular attitudes.

In October 1937, the Communist-controlled Regional Delegation of Agrarian Reform acknowledged that “in the majority of villages agricultural work was paralysed causing great harm to our agrarian economy.” This is confirmed by Jose Silva, a Communist Party member and general secretary of the Institute of Agrarian Reform, who commented that after Lister had attacked Aragón, “labour in the fields was suspended almost entirely, and a quarter of the land had not been prepared at the time for sowing.” At a meeting of the agrarian commission of the Aragónese Communist Party (October 9th, 1937), Silva emphasised “the little incentive to work of the entire peasant population” and that the situation brought about by the dissolution of the collectives was “grave and critical.” [quoted by Bolloten, Op. Cit., p. 530] Jose Peirats explained the reasons for this economic collapse as a result of popular boycott:

“When it came time to prepare for the next harvest, smallholders could not by themselves work the property on which they had been installed [by the communists]. Dispossessed peasants, intransigent collectivists, refused to work in a system of private property, and were even less willing to rent out their labour.” [Anarchists in the Spanish Revolution, p. 258]

If the collectives were unpopular, created by anarchist force, then why did the economy collapse after the suppression? If Lister had overturned a totalitarian anarchist regime, why did the peasants not reap the benefit of their toil? Could it be because the collectives were essentially a spontaneous Aragónese development and supported by most of the population there? This analysis is supported by historian Yaacov Oved:

“Those who were responsible for this policy [of attacking the Aragón collectives], were convinced that the farmers would greet it joyfully because they had been coerced into joining the collectives. But they were proven wrong. Except for the rich estate owners who were glad to get their land back, most of the members of the agricultural collectives objected and lacking all motivation they were reluctant to resume the same effort in the agricultural work. This phenomenon was so widespread that the authorities and the communist minister of agriculture were forced to retreat from their hostile policy.” [“Communismo Libertario” and Communalism in the Spanish Collectivisations (1936–1939), pp. 53–4]

Even in the face of Communist repression, most of the collectives kept going. This, if nothing else, proves that the collectives were popular institutions. “Through the widespread reluctance of collectivists to co-operate with the new policy,” Oved argues, “it became evident that most members had voluntarily joined the collectives and as soon as the policy was changed a new wave of collectives was established. However, the wheel could not be turned back. An atmosphere of distrust prevailed between the collectives and the authorities and every initiative was curtailed” [Op. Cit., p. 54]

Jose Peirats summed up the situation after the communist attack on the collectives and the legalisation of the collectives as follows:

“It is very possible that this second phase of collectivisation better reflects the sincere convictions of the members. They had undergone a severe test and those who had withstood it were proven collectivists. Yet it would be facile to label as anti-collectivists those who abandoned the collectives in this second phase. Fear, official coercion and insecurity weighed heavily in the decisions of much of the Aragónese peasantry.” [Op. Cit., p. 258]

While the collectives had existed, there was a 20% increase in production (and this is compared to the pre-war harvest which had been “a good crop” [Fraser, Op. Cit.p. 370]). After the destruction of the collectives, the economy collapsed. Hardly the result that would be expected if the collectives were forced upon an unwilling peasantry (the forced collectivisation by Stalin in Russia resulted in a famine). Only the victory of fascism made it possible to restore the so-called “natural order” of capitalist property in the Spanish countryside. The same land-owners who welcomed the Communist repression of the collectives also, we are sure, welcomed the fascists who ensured a lasting victory of property over liberty.

So, overall, the evidence suggests that the Aragón collectives, like their counterparts in the Levante, Catalonia and so on, were popular organisations, created by and for the rural population and, essentially, an expression of a spontaneous and popular social revolution. Claims that the anarchist militia created them by force of arms are false. While acts of violence did occur and some acts of coercion did take place (against CNT policy, we may add) these were the exceptions to the rule. Bolloten’s summary best fits the facts:

“But in spite of the cleavages between doctrine and practice that plagued the Spanish Anarchists whenever they collided with the realities of power, it cannot be overemphasised that notwithstanding the many instances of coercion and violence, the revolution of July 1936 distinguished itself from all others by the generally spontaneous and far-reaching character of its collectivist movement and by its promise of moral and spiritual renewal. Nothing like this spontaneous movement had ever occurred before.” [Op. Cit., p. 78]

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 5.19 (after 1930)

1933 – Finnish cavalry general C. G. E. Mannerheim is appointed the field marshal. 1934 – Zveno and the Bulgarian Army engineer a coup d'état and install Kimon Georgiev as the new Prime Minister of Bulgaria. 1942 – World War II: In the aftermath of the Battle of the Coral Sea, Task Force 16 heads to Pearl Harbor for repairs. 1943 – Winston Churchill's second wartime address to the U.S. Congress. 1945 – Syrian demonstrators in Damascus are fired upon by French troops injuring twelve, leading to the Levant Crisis. 1950 – A barge containing munitions destined for Pakistan explodes in the harbor at South Amboy, New Jersey, devastating the city. 1950 – Egypt announces that the Suez Canal is closed to Israeli ships and commerce. 1959 – The North Vietnamese Army establishes Group 559, whose responsibility is to determine how to maintain supply lines to South Vietnam; the resulting route is the Ho Chi Minh trail. 1961 – Venera program: Venera 1 becomes the first man-made object to fly by another planet by passing Venus (the probe had lost contact with Earth a month earlier and did not send back any data). 1961 – At Silchar Railway Station, Assam, 11 Bengalis die when police open fire on protesters demanding state recognition of Bengali language in the Bengali Language Movement. 1962 – A birthday salute to U.S. President John F. Kennedy takes place at Madison Square Garden, New York City. The highlight is Marilyn Monroe's rendition of "Happy Birthday". 1963 – The New York Post Sunday Magazine publishes Martin Luther King Jr.'s Letter from Birmingham Jail. 1971 – Mars probe program: Mars 2 is launched by the Soviet Union. 1986 – The Firearm Owners Protection Act is signed into law by U.S. President Ronald Reagan. 1991 – Croatians vote for independence in a referendum. 1993 – SAM Colombia Flight 501 crashes on approach to José María Córdova International Airport in Medellín, Colombia, killing 132. 1996 – Space Shuttle program: Space Shuttle Endeavour is launched on mission STS-77. 1997 – The Sierra Gorda biosphere, the most ecologically diverse region in Mexico, is established as a result of grassroots efforts. 2000 – Space Shuttle program: Space Shuttle Atlantis is launched on mission STS-101 to resupply the International Space Station. 2007 – President of Romania Traian Băsescu survives an impeachment referendum and returns to office from suspension. 2010 – The Royal Thai Armed Forces concludes its crackdown on protests by forcing the surrender of United Front for Democracy Against Dictatorship leaders. 2012 – Three gas cylinder bombs explode in front of a vocational school in the Italian city of Brindisi, killing one person and injuring five others. 2012 – A car bomb explodes near a military complex in the Syrian city of Deir ez-Zor, killing nine people. 2015 – The Refugio oil spill deposited 142,800 U.S. gallons (3,400 barrels) of crude oil onto an area in California considered one of the most biologically diverse coastlines of the west coast. 2016 – EgyptAir Flight 804 crashes into the Mediterranean Sea while traveling from Paris to Cairo, killing all on board. 2018 – The wedding of Prince Harry and Meghan Markle is held at St George's Chapel, Windsor, with an estimated global audience of 1.9 billion.

[sam613-blog1]

“Masculinities among African American men: An Intersectional Perspective”: Baron K. Rogers, Heather A. Sperry, and Ronald F. Levant

This text portrays the views on masculinity through the eyes of African American men. Their views are different from the “normal” view on masculinity. They have to implement the idea of barriers and inequality because they are African American, along with their own themes. Those themes were leadership, structural oppression, African American values, traditional masculinity, familial relationships, and self-definition. Each of these themes contributed to their meaning of masculinity, there was no single definition for masculinity. However, all their meanings revolved around the stereotypical “white male” masculinity. It’s interesting to see that although there are various barriers and inequality, African American men try to fit the masculinity norm. Although it is something unseen, the norm should be slowly “taken down” in a sense. People should be able to represent themselves as they see fit, instead of trying to fit a stereotype.

[spartanssports]

Barcelona vs. Granada

Live Streaming 20-September-2021

Link Streaming ada di bawah.

Barcelona akan berusaha untuk bangkit dari kekalahan tiga gol mereka dari Bayern Munich di Liga Champions ketika mereka melanjutkan kampanye La Liga mereka di kandang melawan Granada pada Senin malam. Pasukan Ronald Koeman telah mengumpulkan tujuh poin dari tiga pertandingan liga mereka untuk duduk di urutan ketujuh dalam tabel, sementara Granada menempati urutan ke-17, setelah mengumpulkan hanya dua poin dari empat pertandingan pembukaan mereka.

Pratinjau pertandingan

Pasukan Koeman beraksi pekan lalu, membuka babak penyisihan grup Liga Champions dengan kekalahan 3-0 di kandang sendiri dari Bayern, dan ada banyak tekanan pada manajer untuk mengamankan hasil positif di sini. Semua hal dipertimbangkan, Barcelona telah membuat awal yang solid untuk musim La Liga mereka, dimulai dengan kemenangan 4-2 atas Real Sociedad pada 15 Agustus sebelum berbagi poin dalam hasil imbang 1-1 dengan Athletic Bilbao pada 21 Agustus. Raksasa Catalan kemudian mencatat kemenangan 2-1 atas Getafe menjelang jeda internasional, dan mereka sekarang mengincar tiga kemenangan beruntun atas Granada, Cadiz dan Levante sebelum mengakhiri bulan dengan perjalanan ke Benfica di Liga Champions. Oktober, sementara itu, dibuka dengan perjalanan ke juara La Liga Atletico, dan ada saran bahwa Koeman dapat dibebaskan dari tugasnya sebagai pelatih kepala jika tim kehilangan poin di salah satu dari tiga pertandingan berikutnya. Granada mencatat kemenangan 2-1 di Camp Nou pada pertandingan yang sama musim lalu, dan mereka sebenarnya telah menang dalam dua dari empat pertemuan liga terakhir mereka dengan Barcelona. Tim tamu finis ketujuh dan kesembilan dalam dua musim La Liga mereka sejak kembali ke level ini, tetapi awal yang mengecewakan membuat mereka hanya meraih dua poin dari empat pertandingan untuk duduk di peringkat ke-17.

Berita Tim

Daftar cedera Barcelona cukup besar saat ini, dengan Pedri, Jordi Alba, Martin Braithwaite, Ansu Fati, Sergio Aguero dan Ousmane Dembele semuanya akan absen pada Senin malam. Samuel Umtiti juga melewatkan sesi latihan utama tim pada hari Jumat karena masalah otot, yang berarti bahwa Ronald Araujo harus memulai bersama Gerard Pique di tengah pertahanan. Alejandro Balde melakukan debutnya di Barcelona dari bangku cadangan melawan Bayern karena cedera Alba, dan pemain berusia 17 tahun itu sekarang akan bermain sebagai starter melawan Granada. Philippe Coutinho bisa bermain bersama Luuk de Jong dan Memphis Depay sebagai bagian dari tiga penyerang, dengan Sergi Roberto beroperasi di lini tengah. Adapun Granada, Neyder Lozano tetap absen karena cedera kaki jangka panjang, tetapi tim tamu dalam kondisi yang sangat baik dalam hal skuat mereka. Luis Abram tampil mengesankan dari bangku cadangan melawan Betis, sementara itu, dan sekarang bisa menjadi starter, tetapi Monchu harus mempertahankan posisinya di tengah lapangan.

Kemungkinan susunan pemain Barcelona:

Ter Stegen; Dest, Araujo, Pique, Balde; Roberto, Busquets, F de Jong; Coutinho, L de Jong, Depay

Granada kemungkinan lineup awal:

Maximiano; Duarte, Sanchez, Abram; Arias, Gonalons, Montoro, Monchu, Neva; Suarez, Machis

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[alvaromatias1000]

Biografia de Ludwig von Mises: a Criação explica a Criatura?

Ludwig von Mises nasceu em Lemberg (hoje, Lviv na Ucrânia), no Império Austro-Húngaro, filho de pais judeus. Seu bisavô paterno havia sido elevado à pequena nobreza ao receber de Francisco José I o título de edler.

O seu pai trabalhava como engenheiro na cidade, e como descendentes de famílias de grande fortuna o jovem Ludwig teve uma infância confortável. A família lhe proporcionou uma esmerada educação. Assim, aos doze anos, Ludwig falava fluentemente alemão, polonês e francês, lia em latim, e entendia o ucraniano.

Quando Ludwig ainda era pequeno, sua família voltou para Viena, onde tinha raízes. Em 1900, Mises frequentou a Universidade de Viena, sendo influenciado pelos trabalhos de Carl Menger. Entre 1904 e 1914 Mises assistiu às aulas do economista austríaco Eugen von Boehm-Bawerk, tendo concluído seu doutorado em 1906.

Mises lecionou na Universidade de Viena de 1913 a 1934. Ele também atuou como conselheiro econômico do monarquista Otto von Habsburg e do governo austrofascista de Engelbert Dollfuss. Epa!

Como judeu, Mises temia pela sua integridade física diante do avanço nazista na Europa. O assassinato de Dollfuss pelos Nazis convencido a fugir do país em 1934, em direção a Genebra na Suíça, onde passou a lecionar no Instituto Universitário de Altos Estudos Internacionais até 1940.

Em 1940, ele imigrou para Nova Iorque, indo aos Estados Unidos sob o patrocínio da Fundação Rockefeller. Como muitos outros intelectuais representantes do liberalismo clássico, recebeu apoio do Fundo William Volker para obter uma posição nas universidades norte-americanas.

Finalmente, tornou-se professor visitante na New York University de 1945 até sua aposentadoria em 1969, sendo então financiado pelo empresário Lawrence Fertig. Durante parte desse período atuou como consultor acerca de assuntos monetários para a União Pan-europeia e recebeu um doutorado honorário do Grove City College.

Ludwig Heinrich von Mises faleceu no dia 10 de outubro de 1973, aos 92 anos de idade, no hospital St. Vincent em Nova Iorque.

O economista e teórico político F. A. Hayek ao brindar Mises, em uma festa, disse: “É um dos mais educados e informados homens que eu já conheci”. Paul Samuelson, um dos mais influentes economistas do século XX, inseriu Mises em sua lista imaginária daqueles merecedores de receber o Prêmio Nobel, caso a categoria de Economia fosse instituída desde o começo, em 1901, junto às demais.

Mises escreveu e lecionou, incansavelmente, divulgando o liberalismo clássico, sendo um dos líderes da Escola Austríaca de Economia. Em Human Action, publicado em 1949, Mises revelou o fundamento conceitual da Economia. Ele a chamou de praxeologia, a Ciência da Ação Humana. Muitos de seus trabalhos tratavam de dois temas econômicos relacionados:

economia monetária e inflação.

diferenças entre economias planificadas e livre mercado.

Mises defendia as pessoas demandarem dinheiro por causa da sua utilidade como meio para aquisição de outros bens, não por algum valor intrínseco da forma da moeda. Qualquer expansão do crédito causa ciclos econômicos com booms seguidos de depressão para reajustamento.

Contraditoriamente de sua postura contra o crédito, era defensor convicto do free banking: um sistema bancário não regulado com concorrência inteiramente livre.

Mises sugeriu o socialismo falhar no aspecto econômico por causa do problema do cálculo econômico. O uso de uma economia planejada em substituição ao mercado, na alocação dos fatores de produção, romperia com o sistema de preços relativos. São indicadores necessários à alocação de capital de acordo com as necessidades dos agentes econômicos.

Em artigo publicado em 1920, Mises argumentou: sem uma economia de mercado não haveria um sistema de preços relativos funcional, o qual considerava essencial para alcançar uma alocação racional dos bens de capital para os seus usos mais produtivos. O socialismo falha porque a demanda não pode ser conhecida sem preços estabelecidos pelo mercado.

Oskar Lange iniciou a reflexão socialista sobre esse assunto a partir do ponto de vista de Mises, com o ensaio editado em outubro de 1936, On the Economic Theory of Socialism, publicado na Review of Economic Studies. Os argumentos de Mises foram ampliados por economistas austríacos posteriores, como Hayek.

No livro Intervencionismo: Uma Análise Econômica (1940), Ludwig von Mises escreveu:

“A terminologia usual da linguagem política é estúpida. O que é esquerda e o que é direita? Por que Hitler é de ‘direita’ e Stalin, seu amigo e contemporâneo, de ‘esquerda’? Quem é ‘reacionário’ e quem é ‘progressista’?

Reação contra políticas pouco inteligentes não deve ser condenada. E progresso em direção ao caos não deve ser elogiado. Nada deve ser aceito apenas por ser novo, radical, e estar na moda.

‘Ortodoxia’ não é um mal se a doutrina na qual o ortodoxo se baseia for válida. Quem é antitrabalhista, aqueles cuja meta é rebaixar o trabalho ao nível da Rússia, ou aqueles cujo desejo é levar os trabalhadores ao padrão de vida capitalista dos Estados Unidos? Quem é ‘nacionalista,’ aqueles colocando seu país sob os calcanhares dos Nazistas ou preservando sua independência?”

Muitos economistas e estudiosos foram influenciados pelas ideias de Von Mises. Entre os mais notáveis destacam-se o economista Friedrich Hayek, o poeta Max Eastman e a dramaturga Ayn Rand.

As ideias de Mises foram também considerados uma forte influência para a política Reaganomics do presidente norte-americano Ronald Reagan.

Mises foi criticado por diversos motivos, tanto por suas ideias como por sua personalidade. Desde a metade do século XX, Mises foi considerado um economista anticientífico.

O historiador econômico Bruce Caldwell em uma resenha publicada em 1957 sobre o livro A Mentalidade Anticapitalista, em The Economist, criticou von Mises:

“O Professor von Mises tem uma mente analítica esplêndida e um admirável paixão pela liberdade, mas como estudante de natureza humana é pior do que nulo. E como debatedor, é de baixo padrão.”

Um comentarista conservador, Whittaker Chambers, publicou uma crítica negativa desse livro no ‘National Review‘, classificando a tese de von Mises segundo a qual o sentimento anticapitalista fundamenta-se na “inveja” como “conservadorismo barato” e “ignorância”.

Em uma entrevista de 1978, Friedrich Hayek, comentando sobre o livro de von Mises “Socialismo” disse: “em primeiro lugar nós sentíamos ele ser tremendamente exagerado e mesmo ofensivo. Ele feriu os nossos sentimentos mais profundos, mas gradualmente ele ganhou-nos por aí, embora por muito tempo – eu aprendi: ele estava sempre certo em suas conclusões – embora eu não estivesse completamente satisfeito com seus argumentos.”

Outro economista conservador, Milton Friedman, considerava von Mises inflexível em seu pensamento reacionário: “a melhor história dele, lembrado por mim, aconteceu em uma reunião em Mont Pelerin quando ele se levantou e disse: “Vocês são um bando de socialistas!” Estávamos discutindo a distribuição de renda, e se deveríamos ter imposto de renda progressivo. Algumas pessoas, simplesmente, expressaram a opinião de o imposto de renda dever ser progressivo.”

Em outra ocasião, Fritz Machlup, ex-aluno de von Mises e um dos seus mais fiéis discípulos, deu uma palestra onde ele questionou a ideia de um padrão para a cotação do ouro e se expressou em favor de taxas de câmbio flutuantes. Von Mises teria ficado tão bravo a ponto de não falar com Machlup durante três anos.

O economista Murray Rothbard, ex-colega de von Mises, confirmou: ele era intransigente. Porém, contesta os relatos de sua agressividade. Em suas palavras, von Mises foi “incrivelmente doce, pesquisando constantemente para projetos de pesquisa para seus alunos, infalivelmente cortês e nunca amargo”.

O livro publicado em 1927 por von Mises, “Liberalismo”, tem sido largamente ignorado, exceto quanto aos seus comentários sobre o fascismo. Marxistas, como Herbert Marcuse e Perry Anderson, criticaram von Mises por sua aprovação ao fascismo italiano, especialmente como forma de combate à esquerda. Mais recentemente o economista J. Bradford DeLong[30] e sociólogo Richard Seymour, repetiram as críticas. Von Mises escreveu naquele livro:

“Não se pode negar o fascismo e movimentos semelhantes, visando o estabelecimento de ditaduras, são cheios de boas intenções. Sua intervenção, em dado momento, salvou a civilização europeia. O mérito do fascismo por si só viverá eternamente na história. Mas apesar da sua política ter sido a salvação do momento, ela não é do tipo capaz de garantir um sucesso contínuo. O Fascismo foi um improviso para fazer face a uma emergência. Entendê-lo como algo além disso seria um erro fatal.”

O biógrafo de Mises, Jörg Guido Hülsmann, classifica a a crítica de Mises ter justificado o fascismo como “absurda”. Aponta para o resto da citação na qual ele chamou o fascismo de perigoso e o descreve como um “erro fatal”, classificando-o como um “improviso de emergência” contra a crescente ameaça do comunismo e o socialismo, este exemplificado pelos bolcheviques na Rússia.

Ludwig von Mises foi contrário aos sindicatos, aos direitos trabalhistas, aos partidos políticos, ao nacionalismo e a qualquer intervenção e regulamentação do Estado na economia.

Na visão de alguns apologistas da Escola Austríaca, as teorias de von Mises teriam sido comprovadas com a Crise de 1929.

Segundo esses apologistas, ele havia previsto com dois anos de antecedência, quando, em meados de 1929, recusou um emprego no banco vienense Kreditanstalt, contra a vontade da sua noiva, dizendo: “Uma grande crise está a caminho e eu não quero meu nome de modo algum associado com isso.”

Entretanto, críticos afirmam essa declaração ser desprovida de qualquer fundamentação, não oferecendo sequer evidência de von Mises estar se referindo à economia americana, a uma depressão global ou mesmo à saúde financeira do próprio banco Kreditanstalt.

Fonte: Wikipedia

Fernando Nogueira da Costa: minha leitura de sua Teoria da Expansão do Crédito como a causa fundamental do Ciclo Econômico – e sua decorrente condenação é ilustrada pela máxima: “Tentar analisar o capitalismo e deixar de lado bancos, dívidas e dinheiro é como tentar analisar voos de pássaros e ignorar eles terem asas. Boa sorte!”

Ele reconhece e descreve bem a Economia Positiva: o que é. Porém, falha em sua Economia Normativa: o que deveria ser. É um pregador reacionário contra a evolução da história. Infelizmente, possui muitos seguidores cegos de ódio contra a esquerda.

Biografia de Ludwig von Mises: a Criação explica a Criatura? publicado primeiro em https://fernandonogueiracosta.wordpress.com

[dvarughese-blog]

Masculinities Among African American Men: An Intersectional Perspective by: Baron K. Rogers, Heather A. Sperry and Ronald F. Levant

This article talks about two different races which the author compares between African American and white western masculine norms. They examined African Americans gender role and came to a conclusion that it led to aggression, irresponsibility, and exploitation. In another perspective, they went in depth and talked about middle class African American men valued the fathers role in regards to being a father. In the text it is broken down into three sets of role expectations first, white western masculine norms as defined by society in a bigger picture on individualism, Second the Afrocentric perspectivewhich focuses on communitarian values and last an adaption to omnipresent racial oppression or as the article quotes it “Black male role expectations. With that being said this article relates and describes norms and challenges amongst African Americans in regards to masculinity and also relates to male dominance.

[i-kn0w-my-valu3]

“Masculinities Among African American Men: An Intersectional Perspective” - Baron K. Rogers, Heather A. Sperry, and Ronald F. Levant

Since the moment that you are in school and take history we have learned about how great our the United States however you also learn the dark and horrific history that lead to it ‘greatness’. As a child I remember I remember learning about slavery and how horrible it is and even now as an almost full blown adult I still think that it is horrible. Even though we have passed the days in which colored people were sold everywhere for money and work. However, we have kept the mentality that just because of their race and color they at inferior and there has been multiple acts of advocates through out history who have sought to prevent this even now there are countless actions that is a cry for equality in both law and mind.

When reading this article it almost was quite unsettling and unpleasant because eyes it is true that African American men are oppressed however from the article I got that the sense that African American men have different views on masculinity. For one it seems that when asked what it means to be a man most of the individuals stated western expectations of what a man is, but when it comes to asking them from a stand point of beginning African American man the majority of them stated that there was oppression.

I seems that even though there is oppression in our society we continue to follow the expectation set for us in this case it would seem that even though African American men are oppressed because of there race it doesn't prevent them from retaining and keeping western expectation of what a man truly is.

“In the present study, in the first half of each interview, in response to the set of questions that began with ‘what does it mean to be a man,’ participants endorsed the traditional masculine roles of provider and protector, as well as other aspects of traditional masculinity, such as leadership, role modeling, guidance, heterosexuality, strength, toughness, and fatherhood. They also specifically endorsed the traditional belief that emotional expressiveness is feminine and therefore inacceptable and inconsistent with manhood.”

[secretagentecho1914-blog]

Masculinities among African American men: An Intersectional Perspective”: Baron K. Rogers, Heather A. Sperry, and Ronald F. Levant

In this story, it explains how African Americans go through the idea of intersectionality. Where this idea of being masculine is mostly seen on white males. Meanwhile African American men are seen as men but under a low ranking being of their race. People seem to follow this stereotype of not approving of these men inside of the “norms” to be like everyone else. It seems unfair how these men can’t seem to prove themselves of their masculinity because of their background and ethnicity.

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 3.23 (after 1940)

1940 – The Lahore Resolution (Qarardad-e-Pakistan or Qarardad-e-Lahore) is put forward at the Annual General Convention of the All-India Muslim League. 1956 – Pakistan becomes the first Islamic republic in the world. This date is now celebrated as Republic Day in Pakistan. 1965 – NASA launches Gemini 3, the United States' first two-man space flight (crew: Gus Grissom and John Young). 1977 – The first of The Nixon Interviews (12 will be recorded over four weeks) is videotaped with British journalist David Frost interviewing former United States President Richard Nixon about the Watergate scandal and the Nixon tapes. 1978 – The first UNIFIL troops arrived in Lebanon for peacekeeping mission along the Blue Line. 1980 – Archbishop Óscar Romero of El Salvador gives his famous speech appealing to men of the El Salvadoran armed forces to stop killing the Salvadorans. 1982 – Guatemala's government, headed by Fernando Romeo Lucas García is overthrown in a military coup by right-wing General Efraín Ríos Montt. 1983 – Strategic Defense Initiative: President Ronald Reagan makes his initial proposal to develop technology to intercept enemy missiles. 1988 – Angolan and Cuban forces defeat South Africa in the Battle of Cuito Cuanavale. 1991 – The Revolutionary United Front, with support from the special forces of Charles Taylor's National Patriotic Front of Liberia, invades Sierra Leone in an attempt to overthrow Joseph Saidu Momoh, sparking the 11-year Sierra Leone Civil War. 1994 – At an election rally in Tijuana, Mexican presidential candidate Luis Donaldo Colosio is assassinated by Mario Aburto Martínez. 1994 – A United States Air Force (USAF) F-16 aircraft collides with a USAF C-130 at Pope Air Force Base and then crashes, killing 24 United States Army soldiers on the ground. This later became known as the Green Ramp disaster. 1994 – Aeroflot Flight 593 crashed into the Kuznetsk Alatau mountain, Kemerovo Oblast, Russia, killing 75. 1996 – Taiwan holds its first direct elections and chooses Lee Teng-hui as President. 1999 – Gunmen assassinate Paraguay's Vice President Luis María Argaña. 2001 – The Russian Mir space station is disposed of, breaking up in the atmosphere before falling into the southern Pacific Ocean near Fiji. 2003 – Battle of Nasiriyah, first major conflict during the invasion of Iraq. 2008 – Official opening of Rajiv Gandhi International Airport in Hyderabad, India 2009 – FedEx Express Flight 80: A McDonnell Douglas MD-11 flying from Guangzhou, China crashes at Tokyo's Narita International Airport, killing both the captain and the co-pilot. 2010 – The Affordable Care Act becomes law in the United States. 2018 – President of Peru Pedro Pablo Kuczynski resigns from the presidency amid a mass corruption scandal before certain impeachment by the opposition-majority Congress of Peru. 2019 – The Kazakh capital of Astana was renamed to Nur-Sultan. 2019 – The US-backed Syrian Democratic Forces capture the town of Baghuz in Eastern Syria, declaring military victory over the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant after four years of fighting, although the group maintains a scattered presence and sleeper cells across Syria and Iraq. 2020 – Prime Minister Boris Johnson put the United Kingdom into its first national lockdown in response to COVID-19. 2021 – A container ship runs aground and obstructs the Suez Canal for six days.

[temeraaires-blog]

what is lefou's relationship to norms of masculinity? does he think of himself as masculine, or manly? does his attraction to other men factor into his self-image as masculine (or not)? or his role as a complementary personality (that is, a sidekick, a hype man), especially for gaston,?

Oh, my gosh, bless you so much. I didn’t realize how much I wanted to climb this soapbox till you suggested it!   

Edit: Now with screencaps in the analysis under the cut!

Masculine Norms & LeFou

For reference, I’ll be using this handy little definition from the Wikipedia article about masculinity:

 Masculine norms, as described in Ronald F. Levant’s Masculinity Reconstructed, are “avoidance of femininity; restricted emotions; sex disconnected from intimacy; pursuit of achievement and status; self-reliance; strength and aggression, and homophobia.”

Let’s deconstruct that a little in terms of LeFou.

Avoidance of femininity.

On the contrary, he actually seems to embrace his more (quote, unquote) “effemenate” tendencies, or at least doesn’t try to censor them. 

Example: the way he dresses, his cadence, his gestures while talking, etc.

Restricted emotions

Again. Nope. Even though he’s wont to snap back fairly quickly, and will cover up things like embarrassment (clip; deleted scene spoiler), he isn’t afraid to wear his emotions on his puffy little sleeve.

(gosh, where to begin: “It’s never gonna happen, ladies,”  the lip bite followed by the near eye-roll during the “And what does Belle say?” with Gaston, LeFou’s super guilty face after saying that Gaston didn’t try to kill Maurice, I could link or take screenshots but it’ll pretty much sum up to every time LeFou’s on screen.)

 Sex disconnected from intimacy

 I don’t have any definite canon examples for this. But I have to give this one a big fat ‘no’ too. If I have to, I’ll make a big case for reading into the “I’ve been told I’m clingy, but I really don’t get it” line. Simply put: he reads as the type who gets attached.

 Pursuit of achievement & status

Not for himself. I can’t think of a single example in the movie with him going there.

 Self-reliance

This one’s a bit trickier. My favorite definition of self-reliance is  “ the need for each individual to avoid conformity and false consistency, and follow their own instincts and ideas.” (Ralph Waldo Emerson)

So, I’d say we have one! Sure, LeFou can conform a bit but he’s always shown to behave in a way that’s true to himself, and at least suggest that he’s going to get to a place where he will follow his own instincts and ideas, once he’s out from Gaston’s shadow. Even when he’s under Gaston’s thumb, after all, he still suggests his own thoughts - tries to bring Gaston down, offers alternatives, etc. He’s not fully self-actualized on this front at the time of the film, but there’s a case to be made that it’s there.

Strength  & Aggression

Strength? Well, I mean. Not inordinately so. He’s got to be strong enough to be alive and to fight back in the battle, but for obvious reasons, it’s not strength that’s a noticeable thing in him. 

Aggression? The closest we see as passive-aggressiveness in the “I used to be on Gaston’s side but we are so in a bad place right now” or when he’s fighting back at the final battle, but even that’s a little…sunshine-and-daisies cartoonery for me to consider that aggression. 

Homophobia

He’s closeted, but nothing about the performance makes me think he has a lot of homophobia (internalized or otherwise) going down so, nah. If anything,  he’s probably just secretive about it because it’s eighteenth century France.

 So, LeFou’s final score on the norms of masculinity litmus test are: 1/7. A whopping 14%.

So how does this color how he looks at the world around him - or more specifically - himself?

(This is 5 pages long. We’re doing a read-more. Sorry. I hate them in meta too.) 

LeFou and these Standards as Shown In The Film 

Just because LeFou is fairly self-aware and even confident in himself, it doesn’t mean he’s free from the baggage of the society he lives in.

 To reiterate: No, he’s not masculine or manly. Yes, he knows he’s not. But that doesn’t mean he doesn’t WANT to be [masculine].

Where’s my evidence?

Consider the following scenes and how LeFou imitates Gaston in posture and action. You could argue a few things about that, but…I mean, we get it straight from the director. 

“LeFou is someone who on one day wants to be Gaston and on another day wants to kiss Gaston.”

As I watch the movie and focus on LeFou, I have to say that in every instance that I can place into the former category (wanting to be Gaston as opposed to wanting to kiss him) it comes at a time where he’s trying to imitate Gaston in ways that fit a few of the aforementioned norms of masculinity –

The scene where Gaston’s looking in the mirror, and LeFou goes to find him. Cumulating in the “I’m not finished with you yet,” “Me neither” into the mirror. 

You can see LeFou adopting Gaston’s posture, facial expression, and of course, behavior. He very literally assumes the space that Gaston had previously been occupying.

This relates to: 

☑ Avoidance of Femininity☑ Pursuit of Achievement & Status ☑ Self-Reliance☑ Strength & Aggression

The scene right after Gaston says that Belle’s disinterest in him is “outrageously attractive” cutting right to the triplets giggling and beckoning Gaston over. 

Gaston gives a little ‘hmm,’ ticks his head and saunters over. Immediately after, LeFou gives a little ‘hmm,’ ticks his head and saunters over. Edit: Both, might I add, with what I’d call a mild disinterest on their faces.

This relates to: 

☑ Sex Disconnected from Intimacy (or, at least, the implication thereof) ☑ Self-Reliance,☑ Strength & Aggression

(And MAYBE Restricted Emotions. Though I’d hazard to guess the disdain/coolness in his face comes from something different than trying to imitate Gaston in this instance.) 

I could talk for hours just on the Gaston scene, but the biggest part I see where LeFou is imitating Gaston would have to be that super-macho pose we see in the trailer: where Gaston takes on the posture of the tapestry behind him: sword up in victory, legs apart and staring upwards. Right afterwards, during “Who has brains [like Gaston]? Entertains [like Gaston]?” LeFou adopts a similar posture, although he is positioned lower in the frame his arm is less strong with the sword in the air, and he is pushed away by the very man he’s imitating. 

(film nerd alert: interestingly, they’re both technically two-shots, but the framing of the first shot would hardly have you see that and the framing of the second doesn’t let you ignore it.)

Nevertheless, this relates to: 

☑ Avoidance of Femininity☑ Pursuit of Achievement & Status ☑ Self-Reliance☑ Strength & Aggression

So what?

This creates a bit of an interesting contradiction. LeFou’s suddenly someone who a) isn’t masculine by the normal standard b) knows it c) is somehow fine with it but also wants to appear more typically masculine.

I’d stock that desire more to the time and place he lives in and the people he spends time around than anything else. He’s shown to be aware of other people and consequences, and so I don’t think it’s too much of a leap to assume it’s transitive to his behaviors where it pertains to the masculine/emasculine. It doesn’t eliminate his sense of self, but it probably helps to explain why he, occasionally, attempts to force machismo.

I could also go on about the differences between the experiential, public, and private selves and how they can be different and contradict. Blah, blah, blah, Rogerian filters, blah blah blah, Freudian filters, blah blah blah, more psychology mumbo jumbo that I lowkey-highkey want to talk about but this post is long enough as it is.

My point is that LeFou’s feelings around masculinity and his behaviors are complicated, contradictory, and largely reside on the consequence of living where he does in the time that he does. Note: I’m not 200% confident in this section. Retraction or reconsideration may come up at some point.

Attraction to Other Men and Sense of Masculinity

OR: how does masculinity relate to the “want to kiss” bit?

I doubt he’d see his attraction to men as an emasculating thing. This is 18th century France, so his desires for men aren’t equated in his head with being feminine. It’s a stereotype that’s only just beginning to exist in his world. 

If anything, I think it’d manifest itself with a fixation on the masculine. He’s clearly attracted to the hyper-masculine (“whose neck’s as incredibly thick as Gaston,” “…who breaks hearts like Gaston?” “Who’s a man among men?” ). If there’s an element of “I want to be that” to his approach to the masculine, there’s certainly seems to be an element of “I want that” along with it too.

Examples of the “I want that” include the lip-bite after Gaston’s “my love massaging my feet,” and potentially even “Who needs her when you’ve got us?” 

Although, as you suggested with your question, it’s interesting to try and puzzle through this considering his role as a complementary personality. LeFou was originally written to be a foil for Gaston, to be small and silly to contrast Gaston’s…barge-ness. But the remake does a damn good job adding nuance to the characters and their situations 

So how does this carry over into the 2017 film in terms of masculinity? 

I think it’s important to mention that LeFou isn’t about to jump on the Hype Man Train for everyone. He shown to care about people (Gaston being the most obvious but also that he doesn’t laugh when Maurice comes into the tavern raving about the beast ((he does however scoff privately to himself. More on that in another meta, probably)), and also his guilt and attempt to keep Maurice from an untimely death in the forest). But he’s shown being a little…shall we say, SELECTIVE about going all out for showing that he cares. 

For reference, consider how he’s just paying everybody in the tavern, how he just grabs that guy’s head without prompting (on “whose neck’s as incredibly thick” ) or how he physically grabs or slaps heads with Tom, Dick, and Stanley. How he just grabs either Tom or Dick’s face to climb onto the table at the end. He’s not quite as careful or tactful as he can be with everyone he’s around (understandable. It’d be a bit difficult to be at your very best all the time with everyone, after all.)

BUT I don’t want to imply that he’s got nothing in terms of other people. It definitely seems like he does. Consider his one interaction with Mrs. Potts, that he’s the final decider among the villagers on if they’d believe that Gaston tried to kill Maurice, that he’s at the ball in the end. He’s got interpersonal relationship (and interpersonal relationship skills) outside of the complementary personality. 

But, I mean, there is quite a bit of hero-worship that deals with the hyper-masculine, again boiling down to what I’d consider a mix of idolization and attraction 

TL: DR – or, Damn it, Kay, get to the point already: 

He isn’t stereotypically masculine, is aware he isn’t, but there are signs that show that he WANTS to be. &&  His attraction to men does relate to his thoughts on masculinity, but not so much in a comparative way.

I…uhh…hope I sufficiently answered this. c: 

[newssplashy]

Russia 2018: Here's the final 23-man squad of all 32 participating countries

736 players will represent their various nations in the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia

The 32 nations that will be participating in the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Brazil have submitted their final 23-man squad for the Mundial to meet the June 4 midnight deadline.

However, FIFA rules permit teams to make late replacements in the event of serious injury, at any time up to 24 hours before their first game.

Below is the full list the final squad of all the 32 participating countries

 ARGENTINA

Goalkeepers: Sergio Romero (Manchester United), Wilfredo Caballero (Chelsea), Franco Armani (River Plate).

Defenders: Gabriel Mercado (Sevilla), Cristian Ansaldi (Torino), Nicolas Otamendi (Manchester City), Federico Fazio (Roma), Marcos Rojo (Manchester United), Nicolas Tagliafico (Ajax), Marcos Acuna (Sporting Lisbon).

Midfielders: Javier Mascherano (Hebei China Fortune), Eduardo Salvio (Benfica), Lucas Biglia (AC Milan), Giovani Lo Celso (Paris Saint-Germain), Ever Banega (Sevilla), Manuel Lanzini (West Ham), Maximiliano Meza (Independiente), Angel di Maria (Paris Saint-Germain), Cristian Pavon (Boca Juniors).

Forwards: Lionel Messi (Barcelona), Paulo Dybala (Juventus), Gonzalo Higuain (Juventus), Sergio Aguero (Manchester City).

 AUSTRALIA

Goalkeepers - Mat Ryan (Brighton), Danny Vukovic (Genk), Brad Jones (Feyenoord)

Defenders - Aziz Behich (Bursaspor), Milos Degenek (Yokohama F. Marinos), Matthew Jurman (Suwon Bluewings), James Meredith (Millwall), Josh Risdon (Western Sydney), Trent Sainsbury (Grasshoppers Zurich)

Midfielders - Mile Jedinak (Aston Villa), Jackson Irvine (Hull), Robbie Kruse (Bochum), Massimo Luongo (Queens Park Rangers), Mark Milligan (Al Ahli), Aaron Mooy (Huddersfield), Tom Rogic (Celtic)

Forwards - Tim Cahill (Millwall), Tomi Juric (FC Luzern), Matthew Leckie (Hertha Berlin), Andrew Nabbout (Urawa Red Diamonds), Dimitri Petratos (Newcastle Jets), Daniel Arzani (Melbourne City), Jamie Maclaren (Hibernian)

READ MORE: Hazard and De Gea were the reason Zidane left Real Madrid

BELGIUM

Goalkeepers: Thibaut Courtois (Chelsea), Simon Mignolet (Liverpool), Koen Casteels (VfL Wolfsburg).

Defenders: Toby Alderweireld Tottenham), Dedryck Boyata (Celtic), Jan Vertonghen (Tottenham), Vincent Kompany (Manchester City), Thomas Vermaelen (Barcelona), Thomas Meunier (PSG).

Midfielders: Youri Tielemans (AS Monaco), Axel Witsel (Tianjin Quanjian), Kevin de Bruyne (Manchester City), Mousa Dembele (Tottenham), Leander Dendoncker (Anderlecht), Marouane Fellaini (Manchester United), Thorgan Hazard (Borussia Monchengladbach), Dries Mertens (Napoli), Nacer Chadli (West Brom).

Forwards: Michy Batshuayi (Chelsea), Romelu Lukaku (Manchester United), Eden Hazard (Chelsea), Adnan Januzaj (Real Sociedad), Yannick Carrasco (Atletico Madrid).

 BRAZIL

Goalkeepers: Alisson (Roma), Ederson (Manchester City), Cassio (Corinthians).

Defenders: Miranda (Inter Milan), Marquinhos (Paris Saint-Germain), Thiago Silva (Paris Saint-Germain), Geromel (Gremio), Marcelo (Real Madrid), Fagner (Corinthians), Danilo (Manchester City), Filipe Luis (Atletico Madrid).

Midfielders: Casemiro (Real Madrid), Fernandinho (Manchester City), Paulinho (Barcelona), Renato Augusto (Beijing Guoan), Philippe Coutinho (Barcelona), Willian (Chelsea), Fred (Shakhtar Donetsk).

Forwards: Neymar (Paris Saint-Germain), Gabriel Jesus (Manchester City), Firmino (Liverpool), Taison (Shakhtar Donetsk), Douglas Costa (Juventus).

 COLOMBIA

Goalkeepers: David Ospina (Arsenal), Camilo Vargas (Deportivo Cali), Jose Fernando Cuadrado (Once Caldas)

Defenders: Cristian Zapata (Milan), Davinson Sanchez (Tottenham), Santiago Arias (PSV), Oscar Murillo (Pachuca), Frank Fabra (Boca Juniors), Johan Mojica (Girona), Yerry Mina (Barcelona)

Midfielders: Wilmar Barrios (Boca Juniors), Carlos Sanchez (Espanyol), Jefferson Lerma (Levante), Jose Izquierdo (Brighton), James Rodriguez (Bayern Munich), Abel Aguilar (Deportivo Cali), Mateus Uribe (America), Juan Fernando Quintero (River Plate), Juan Guillermo Cuadrado (Juventus)

Forwards: Radamel Falcao (Monaco), Miguel Borja (Palmeiras), Carlos Bacca (Villarreal), Luis Muriel (Sevilla)

 COSTA RICA

Goalkeepers: Keylor Navas (Real Madrid), Patrick Pemberton (LDA), Leonel Moreira (Herediano).

Defenders: Cristian Gamboa (Celtic), Ian Smith (Norrkoping), Ronald Matarrita (NYCFC), Bryan Oviedo (Sunderland), Oscar Duarte (Espanyol), Giancarlo Gonzalez (Bologna), Francisco Calvo (Minnesota United), Kendall Waston (Vancouver Whitecaps), Johnny Acosta (Aguilas Dorados).

Midfielders: David Guzman (Portland Timbers), Yeltsin Tejeda (Lausanne), Celso Borges (Deportivo La Coruna), Randall Azofeifa (Herediano), Rodney Wallace (NYCFC), Bryan Ruiz (Sporting Lisbon), Daniel Colindres (Saprissa), Christian Bolanos (Saprissa).

Forwards: Johan Venegas (Saprissa), Joel Campbell (Real Betis), Marco Urena (LAFC).

 CROATIA

Goalkeepers: Danijel Subasic (Monaco), Lovre Kalinic (Gent), Dominik Livakovic (Dinamo).

Defenders: Vedran Corluka (Lokomotiv Moscow), Domagoj Vida (Besiktas), Ivan Strinic (Sampdoria), Dejan Lovren (Liverpool), Sime Vrsaljko (Atletico Madrid), Josip Pivaric (Dynamo Kiev), Tin Jedvaj (Bayer Leverkusen), Duje Caleta-Car (Red Bull Salzburg).

Midfielders: Luka Modric (Real Madrid), Ivan Rakitic (Barcelona), Mateo Kovacic (Real Madrid), Milan Badelj (Fiorentina), Marcelo Brozovic (Inter), Filip Bradaric (Rijeka).

Forwards: Mario Mandzukic (Juventus), Ivan Perisic (Inter), Nikola Kalinic (Milan), Andrej Kramaric (Hoffenheim), Marko Pjaca (Schalke), Ante Rebic (Eintracht).

 DENMARK

Goalkeepers: Frederik Ronnow (Brondby), Jonas Lossl (Huddersfield), Kasper Schmeichel (Leicester).

Defenders: Andreas Christensen (Chelsea), Henrik Dalsgaard (Brentford), Jannik Vestergaard (Borussia Monchengladbach), Jens Stryger Larsen (Udinese), Jonas Knudsen (Ipswich), Mathias Jorgensen (Huddersfield), Simon Kjaer (Sevilla).

Midfielders: Christian Eriksen (Tottenham), Lasse Schone (Ajax), Lukas Lerager (Bordeaux), Michael Krohn-Dehli (Deportivo La Coruna), Thomas Delaney (Werder Bremen), Willian Kvist (FC Copenhagen).

Forwards: Andreas Cornelius (Atalanta), Kasper Dolberg (Ajax), Martin Braithwaite (Bordeaux), Nicolai Jorgensen (Feyenoord), Pione Sisto (Celta Vigo), Viktor Fischer (FC Copenhagen), Yussuf Yurary Poulsen (RB Leipzig).

 ENGLAND

Goalkeepers: Jordan Pickford (Everton), Jack Butland (Stoke City), Nick Pope (Burnley).

Defenders: Kyle Walker (Manchester City), John Stones (Manchester City), Harry Maguire (Leicester City), Danny Rose (Tottenham), Trent Alexander-Arnold (Liverpool), Ashley Young (Manchester United), Gary Cahill (Chelsea), Phil Jones (Manchester United), Kieran Trippier (Tottenham).

Midfielders: Jordan Henderson (Liverpool), Eric Dier (Tottenham), Dele Alli (Tottenham), Jesse Lingard (Manchester United), Raheem Sterling (Manchester City), Ruben Loftus-Cheek (Crystal Palace), Fabian Delph (Manchester City).

Forwards: Harry Kane (Tottenham), Jamie Vardy (Leicester City), Marcus Rashford (Manchester United), Danny Welbeck (Arsenal).

 EGYPT

Goalkeepers: Sherif Ekramy (Al Ahly), Essam El Hadary (Al Taawoun), Mohamed El Shennawy (Al Ahly)

Defenders: Mohamed Abdel-Shafi (Al Fateh), Ayman Ashraf (Al Ahly), Ahmed Elmohamady (Aston Villa), Ahmed Fathi (Al Ahly), Omar Gaber (Los Angeles FC), Ali Gabr (Zamalek), Mahmoud Hamdy (Zamalek), Ahmed Hegazi (West Bromwich Albion), Saad Samir (Al Ahly)

Midfielders: Mohamed Elneny (Arsenal), Abdallah El Said (Al Ahly Jeddah), Tarek Hamed (Zamalek), Mahmoud Kahraba (Al Ittihad Jeddah), Sam Morsy (Wigan Athletic), Shikabala (Al Raed), Ramadan Sobhi (Stoke City), Mahmoud Hassan (Kasimpasa), Amr Warda (Atromitos)

Forwards: Marwan Mohsen (Al Ahly), Mohamed Salah (Liverpool)

 FRANCE

Goalkeepers: Alphone Areola (Paris St Germain), Hugo Lloris (Tottenham Hotspur), Steve Mandanda (Olympique de Marseille)

Defenders: Lucas Hernandez (Atletico Madrid), Presnel Kimpembe (Paris St Germain), Benjamin Pavard (VfB Stuttgart), Benjamin Mendy (Manchester City), Djibril Sidibe (Monaco), Adil Rami (Olympique de Marseille), Samuel Umtiti (Barcelona), Raphael Varane (Real Madrid)

Midfielders: Blaise Matuidi (Juventus), N'Golo Kante (Chelsea), Steven N'Zonzi (Sevilla), Paul Pogba (Manchester United), Corentin Tolisso (Bayern Munich)

Forwards: Olivier Giroud (Chelsea), Antoine Griezmann (Atletico Madrid), Kylian Mbappe (Paris St Germain), Thomas Lemar (Monaco), Nabil Fekir (Olympique Lyonnais), Florian Thauvin (Olympique de Marseille), Ousmane Dembele (Barcelona)

  ICELAND

Goalkeepers: Hannes Halldorsson (Randers), Runar Runarsson (Nordsjaelland), Frederik Schram (Roskilde)

Defenders: Kari Arnason (Aberdeen), Holmar Eyjolfsson (Levski Sofia), Rurik Gislason (Sandhausen), Sverrir Ingason (Rostov), Hordur Magnusson (Bristol City), Birkir Saevarsson (Valur), Ragnar Sigurdsson (Rostov), Ari Skulason (Lokeren)

Midfielders: Birkir Bjarnason (Aston Villa), Samuel Fridjonsson (Valerenga), Johann Gudmundsson (Burnley), Aron Gunnarsson (Cardiff City), Emil Hallfredsson (Udinese), Gylfi Sigurdsson (Everton), Olafur Skulason (Karabukspor), Arnor Traustason (Malmo)

Forwards: Jon Bodvarsson (Reading), Alfred Finnbogason (Augsburg), Albert Gudmundsson (PSV), Bjorn Sigurdarson (Rostov)

 IRAN

Goalkeepers: Alireza Beiranvand (Persepolis), Rashid Mazaheri (Zob Ahan), Amir Abedzadeh (Maritimo)

Defenders: Ali Gholizadeh (Saipa), Majid Hosseini (Esteghlal), Milad Mohammadi (Akhmat Grozny), Mohammad Khanzadeh (Padideh), Morteza Pouraliganji (Alsaad), Pejman Montazeri (Esteghlal), Ramin Rezaeian (Ostende), Roozbeh Cheshmi (Esteghlal)

Midfielders: Ehsan Haji Safi (Olympiacos), Karim Ansarifard (Olympiacos), Masoud Shojaei (AEK Athens), Mahdi Torabi (Saipa), Omid Ebrahimi (Esteghlal), Saeid Ezatolahi (Amkar Perm)

Forwards: Alireza Jahanbakhsh (AZ Alkmaar), Ashkan Dejageh (Nottingham Forest), Mahdi Taremi (Al-Gharafa), Reza Ghoochannejhad (Heerenveen), Saman Ghoddos (Ostersunds), Sardar Azmoun (Rubin Kazan), Vahid Amiri (Persepolis)

 GERMANY

Goalkeepers: Manuel Neuer (Bayern Munich), Marc-Andre ter Stegen (Barcelona), Kevin Trapp (Paris Saint-Germain)

Defenders: Jerome Boateng (Bayern Munich), Matthias Ginter (Borussia Monchengladbach), Jonas Hector (FC Cologne), Mats Hummels (Bayern Munich), Joshua Kimmich (Bayern Munich), Marvin Plattenhardt (Hertha Berlin), Antonio Rudiger (Chelsea), Niklas Sule (Bayern Munich)

Midfielders: Julian Brandt (Bayer Leverkusen), Julian Draxler (Paris Saint-Germain), Leon Goretzka (Schalke 04), Ilkay Gundogan (Manchester City), Sami Khedira (Juventus), Toni Kroos (Real Madrid), Mesut Ozil (Arsenal), Marco Reus (Borussia Dortmund), Sebastian Rudy (Bayern Munich)

Forwards: Mario Gomez (VfB Stuttgart), Thomas Muller (Bayern Munich), Timo Werner (RB Leipzig)

 JAPAN

Goalkeepers: Eiji Kawashima (Metz), Masaaki Higashiguchi (Gamba Osaka), Kosuke Nakamura (Kashiwa Reysol)

Defenders: Yuto Nagatomo (Galatasaray), Tomoaki Makino (Urawa Reds), Wataru Endo (Urawa Reds), Maya Yoshida (Southampton), Hiroki Sakai (Marseille), Gotoku Sakai (Hamburg), Gen Shoji (Kashima Antlers), Naomichi Ueda (Kashima Antlers)

Midfielders: Makoto Hasebe (Eintracht Frankfurt), Keisuke Honda (Pachuca), Takashi Inui (Eibar), Shinji Kagawa (Borussia Dortmund), Hotaru Yamaguchi (Cerezo Osaka), Genki Haraguchi (Fortuna Dusseldorf), Takashi Usami (Fortuna Dusseldorf), Gaku Shibasaki (Getafe), Ryota Oshima (Kawasaki Frontale)

Forwards: Shinji Okazaki (Leicester), Yuya Osako (Werder Bremen), Yoshinori Muto (Mainz)

 MEXICO

Goalkeepers: Guillermo Ochoa (Standard Liege), Alfredo Talavera (Toluca), Jesus Corona (Cruz Azul)

Defenders: Diego Reyes (Porto), Carlos Salcedo (Eintracht Frankfurt), Hector Moreno (Real Sociedad), Miguel Layun (Sevilla), Jesus Gallardo (Pumas), Hugo Ayala (Tigres UANL), Edson Alvarez (Club America)

Midfielders: Hector Herrera (Porto), Andres Guardado (Real Betis), Rafa Marquez (Atlas), Jonathan dos Santos (LA Galaxy), Marco Fabian (Eintracht Frankfurt), Giovani dos Santos (LA Galaxy)

Forwards: Javier Aquino (Tigres UANL), Jesus Corona (Porto), Raul Jimenez (Benfica), Oribe Peralta (Club America), Javier Hernandez (West Ham United), Carlos Vela (LAFC), Hirving Lozano (PSV Eindhoven)

 MOROCCO

Goalkeepers: Mounir El Kajoui (Numancia), Yassine Bounou (Girona), Ahmad Reda Tagnaouti (Ittihad Tanger)

Defenders: Mehdi Benatia (Juventus), Romain Saiss (Wolves), Manuel Da Costa (Basaksehir), Nabil Dirar (Fenerbahce), Achraf Hakimi (Real Madrid), Hamza Mendyl (LOSC)

Midfielders: M'barek Boussoufa (Al Jazira), Karim El Ahmadi (Feyenoord), Youssef Ait Bennasser (Caen), Sofyan Amrabat (Feyenoord), Younes Belhanda (Galatasaray), Faycal Fajr (Getafe), Amine Harit (Schalke 04)

Forwards: Khalid Boutaib (Malatyaspor), Aziz Bouhaddouz (Saint Pauli), Ayoub El Kaabi (Renaissance Berkane), Nordin Amrabat (Leganes), Mehdi Carcela (Standard de Liege), Hakim Ziyech (Ajax), Youssef En-Nesyri (Malaga).

 NIGERIA

Goalkeepers: Ikechukwu Ezenwa (Enyimba), Daniel Akpeyi (Chippa United), Francis Uzoho (Deportivo La Coruna)

Defenders: William Troost-Ekong, Shehu Abdullahi (Bursaspor), Leon Balogun (Brighton) Kenneth Omeruo (Chelsea), Bryan Idowu (Amkar Perm), Chidozie Awaziem (FC Porto), Elderson Echiejile (Cercle Brugge), Tyronne Ebuehi (Benfica)

Midfielders: Mikel Obi (Tianjin Teda), Ogenyi Onazi (Trabzonspor), John Ogu (Hapoel Be'er Sheva), Wilfred Ndidi (Leicester City),Oghenekaro Etebo (CD Feirense), Joel Obi (Torino)

Forwards: Odion Ighalo (Changchun Yatai), Ahmed Musa, Kelechi Iheanacho (Leicester City), Alex Iwobi (Arsenal), Simeon Nwankwo (FC Crotone), Victor Moses (Chelsea)

  PANAMA

Goalkeepers: Jamie Penedo (Diname Bucharest), Jose Calderon (Chorrillo FC), Alex Rodriguez (San Francisco FC)

Defenders: Harold Cummings (San Jose Earthquakes), Fidel Escobar (New York Red Bulls), Eric Davis (DAC Dunajska Streda), Felipe Baloy (CSD Munbicipal), Adolfo Machado (Houston Dynamo), Michael Murillo (New York Red Bulls), Luis Ovalle (Olimpia), Roman Torres (Seattle Sounders)

Midfielders: Edgar Barcenas (Cafetaleros de Tapachula), Armando Cooper (Universidad de Chile), Anibal Godoy (San Jose Earthquakes), Gabriel Gomez (Atletico Bucaramanga), Valentin Pimentel (Plaza Amador), Alberto Quintero (Universitario), Jose Luis Rodriguez (Ghent)

Strikers: Abdiel Arroyo (Alajuelense), Ismael Diaz (Deportivo La Coruna), Blas Pérez (Municipal), Luis Tejada (Sport Boys), Gabriel Torres (Huachipato)

 PERU

Goalkeepers: Pedro Gallese (Veracruz-MEX), Carlos Caceda (Veracruz-MEX), Jose Carvallo (UTC)

Defenders: Aldo Corzo (Universitario), Luis Advincula (Lobos Buap), Christian Ramos (Veracruz), Miguel Araujo (Alianza Lima), Alberto Rodriguez (Atletico Junior), Anderson Santamaria (Puebla), Miguel Trauco (Flamengo), Nilson Loyola (Melgar)

Midfielders: Renato Tapia (Feyenoord), Pedro Aquino (Lobos Buap), Yoshimar Yotun (Orlando City), Paolo Hurtado (Vitoria Guimaraes), Christian Cueva (Sao Paulo), Edison Flores (Aalborg), Andy Polo (Portland Timbers), Wilder Cartagena (Veracruz)

Forwards: Andre Carrillo (Watford), Raul Ruidiaz (Morelia), Jefferson Farfan (Lokomotiv Moscow), Paolo Guerrero (Flamengo)

 POLAND

Goalkeepers: Bartosz Bialkowski (Ipswich), Lukasz Fabianski (Swansea City), Wojciech Szczesny (Juventus)

Defenders: Jan Bednarek (Southampton), Bartosz Bereszynski (Sampdoria), Thiago Cionek (SPAL), Kamil Glik (AS Monaco), Artur Jedrzejczyk (Legia Warszawa), Michal Pazdan (Legia Warszawa), Lukasz Piszczek (Borussia Dortmund)

Midfielders: Jakub Blaszczykowski (VfL Wolfsburg), Jacek Goralski (Ludogorets Razgrad), Kamil Grosicki (Hull City), Grzegorz Krychowiak (West Bromwich Albion), Rafal Kurzawa (Gornik Zabrze), Karol Linetty (Sampdoria), Slawomir Peszko (Lechia Gdansk), Maciej Rybus (Lokomotiv Moscow), Piotr Zielinski (Napoli)

Forwards: Dawid Kownacki (Sampdoria), Robert Lewandowski (Bayern Munich), Arkadiusz Milik (Napoli), Lukasz Teodorczyk (Anderlecht)

 PORTUGAL

Goalkeepers: Anthony Lopes (Lyon), Beto (Goztepe), Rui Patricio (Sporting Lisbon)

Defenders: Bruno Alves (Rangers), Cedric Soares (Southampton), Jose Fonte (Dalian Yifang), Mario Rui (Napoli), Pepe (Besiktas), Raphael Guerreiro (Borussia Dortmund), Ricardo Pereira (Porto), Ruben Dias (Benfica)

Midfielders: Adrien Silva (Leicester), Bruno Fernandes (Sporting Lisbon), Joao Mario (West Ham), Joao Moutinho (AS Monaco), Manuel Fernandes (Lokomotiv Moscow), William Carvalho (Sporting)

Forwards: Andre Silva (AC Milan), Bernardo Silva (Manchester City), Cristiano Ronaldo (Real Madrid), Gelson Martins (Sporting Lisbon), Goncalo Guedes (Valencia), Ricardo Quaresma (Besiktas)

 RUSSIA

Goalkeepers: Igor Akinfeev (CSKA Moscow), Vladimir Gabulov (Brugge), Andrey Lunev (Zenit St Petersburg)

Defenders: Vladimir Granat, Fyodor Kudryashov (Rubin Kazan), Ilya Kutepov (Spartak Moscow), Andrey Semyonov (Akhmat Grozny), Igor Smolnikov (Zenit St Petersburg), Mario Fernandes, Sergei Ignashevich (CSKA Moscow)

Midfielders: Yury Gazinsky (Krasnodar), Alan Dzagoev, Alexander Golovin (CSKA Moscow), Alexander Erokhin, Yury Zhirkov, Daler Kuzyaev (Zenit St Petersburg), Roman Zobnin, Alexander Samedov (Spartak Moscow), Anton Miranchuk (Lokomotiv Moscow), Denis Cheryshev (Villarreal)

Forwards: Artem Dzyuba (Arsenal Tula), Alexei Miranchuk (Lokomotiv Moscow), Fyodor Smolov (Krasnodar)

 SAUDI ARABIA

Goalkeepers: Yasser al-Mosaileem (Al-Ahli), Abdullah al-Mayouf (Al-Hilal), Mohammed al-Owais (Al-Ahli)

Defenders: Mansour al-Harbi (Al-Ahli), Yasser al-Shahrani (Al-Hilal), Osama Hawsawi (Al-Hilal), Omar Hawsawi (Al-Nassr), Motaz Hawsawi (Al-Ahli), Ali al-Bulayhi (Al-Hilal), Mohammed al-Burayk (Al-Hilal)

Midfielders: Abdulla Otayf (Al-Hilal), Salman al-Faraj (Al-Hilal), Mohammed Kanno (Al-Hilal), Abdullah al-Khaibari (Al-Shabab), Hussein al-Moqahwi (Al-Ahli), Abdulmalik al-Khaibari (Al-Hilal), Hattan Bahebri (Al Shabab), Salem al-Dawsari (Al-Hilal), Taisir al-Jassim (Al-Ahli), Yahya al-Shehri (Al-Nassr), Fahad al-Muwallad (Al-Ittihad)

Forwards: Mohannad Assiri (Al-Ahli), Mohammed al-Sahlawi (Al-Nassr)

 SENEGAL

Goalkeepers: Khadim Ndiaye (Horoya AC), Abdoulaye Diallo (Rennes), Alfred Gomis (Torino)

Defenders: Kara Mbodji (Anderlecht), Kalidou Koulibaly (Napoli), Moussa Wague (Eupen), Saliou Ciss (Angers), Youssouf Sabaly (Bordeaux), Lamine Gassama (Alanyaspor), Armand Traore (Nottingham Forest), Salif Sane (Hannover 96)

Midfielders: Pape Alioune Ndiaye (Stoke), Idrissa Gueye (Everton), Cheikhou Kouyate (West Ham), Cheikh N'Doye (Birmingham)

Forwards: Sadio Mane (Liverpool), Diao Balde Keita (Monaco), Ismaila Sarr (Rennes), Diafra Sakho (Rennes), Moussa Konate (Amiens), Mame Biram Diouf (Stoke), Mbaye Niang (AC Milan).

 SERBIA

Goalkeepers: Vladimir Stojkovic (Partizan Belgrade), Predrag Rajkovic (Maccabi Tel Aviv), Marko Dmitrovic (Eibar)

Defenders: Aleksandar Kolarov (AS Roma), Branislav Ivanovic (Zenit St. Petersburg), Dusko Tosic (Guangzhou R&F), Antonio Rukavina (Villarreal), Milos Veljkovic (Werder Bremen), Milan Rodic (Red Star Belgrade), Uros Spajic (Krasnodar), Nikola Milenkovic (Fiorentina)

Midfielders: Nemanja Matic (Manchester United), Luka Milivojevic (Crystal Palace), Sergej Milinkovic-Savic (Lazio), Marko Grujic (Liverpool), Adem Ljajic (Torino), Dusan Tadic (Southampton), Filip Kostic (Hamburg SV), Andrija Zivkovic (Benfica), Nemanja Radonjic (Red Star Belgrade)

Forwards: Aleksandar Mitrovic (Newcastle), Aleksandar Prijovic (PAOK), Luka Jovic (Benfica)

 SPAIN

Goalkeepers: David de Gea (Manchester United), Pepe Reina (Napoli), Kepa Arrizabalaga (Athletic Bilbao)

Defenders: Dani Carvajal (Real Madrid), Alvaro Odriozola (Real Sociedad), Gerard Pique (Barcelona), Sergio Ramos (Real Madrid), Nacho (Real Madrid), Cesar Azpilicueta (Chelsea), Jordi Alba (Barcelona), Nacho Monreal (Arsenal)

Midfielders: Sergio Busquets (Barcelona), Saul Niguez (Atletico Madrid), Koke (Atletico Madrid), Thiago Alcantara (Barcelona), Andres Iniesta (Barcelona), David Silva (Manchester City)

Forwards: Isco (Real Madrid), Marco Asensio (Real Madrid), Lucas Vazquez (Real Madrid), Iago Aspas (Celta Vigo), Rodrigo (Valencia), Diego Costa (Atletico Madrid)

 SOUTH KOREA

Goalkeepers: Kim Seung-gyu (Vissel Kobe), Kim Jin-hyeon (Cerezo Osaka), Cho Hyun-woo (Daegu FC)

Defenders: Kim young-gwon (Guangzhou Evergrande), Jang Hyun-soo (FC Tokyo), Jung Seung-hyun (Sagan Tosu), Yun Yong-sun (Seongnam FC), Oh Ban-suk (Jeju United), Kim Min-woo (Sangju Sangmu), Park Joo-ho (Ulsan Hyundai), Hong Chul (Sangju Sangmu), Go Yo-han (FC Seoul), Lee Yong (Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors)

Midfielders: Ki Sung-yueng (Swansea City), Jung Woo-young (Vissel Kobe), Ju Se-jong (Asan Mugunghwa FC), Koo Ja-cheol (FC Augsburg), Lee Jae-sung (Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors), Lee Seung-woo (Hellas Verona), Moon Seon-min (Incheon United)

Forwards: Kim Shin-wook (Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors), Son Heung-min (Tottenham Hotspur), Hwang Hee-chan (FC Red Bull Salzburg)

 SWEDEN

Goalkeepers: Robin Olsen (Copenhagen), Karl-Johan Johnsson (Guingamp), Kristoffer Nordfeldt (Swansea)

Defenders: Mikael Lustig (Celtic), Victor Lindelof (Manchester United), Andreas Granqvist (Krasnador), Martin Olsson (Swansea), Ludwig Augustinsson (Werder Bremen), Filip Helander, Emil Krafth (both Bologna), Pontus Jansson (Leeds United)

Midfielders: Sebastian Larsson (Hull), Albin Ekdal (Hamburg), Emil Forsberg (RB Leipzig), Gustav Svensson (Seattle Sounders), Oscar Hiljemark (Genoa), Viktor Claesson (Krasnador), Marcus Rohden (Crotone), Jimmy Durmaz (Toulouse)

Forwards: Marcus Berg (Al Ain), John Guidetti (Alaves), Ola Toivonen (Toulouse), Isaac Kiese Thelin (Waasland-Beveren)

 SWITZERLAND

Goalkeepers: Roman Buerki (Borussia Dortmund), Yvon Mvogo (RB Leipzig) and Yann Sommer (VfL Borussia M'gladbach)

Defenders: Manuel Akanji (Borussia Dortmund), Johan Djourou (Antalyaspor AS), Nico Elvedi (Borussia M'gladbach), Michael Lang (FC Basel), Stephan Lichtsteiner (Juventus), Jacques-Francois Moubandje (Toulouse), Ricardo Rodriguez (AC Milan) and Fabian Schaer (Deportivo La Coruna)

Midfielders: Valon Behrami (Udinese), Xherdan Shaqiri (Stoke City), Granit Xhaka (Arsenal), Blerim Dzemaili (Bologna), Gelson Fernandes (Eintracht Frankfurt), Remo Freuler (Atalanta), Denis Zakaria (Borussia M'gladbach) and Steven Zuber (Hoffenheim).

Forwards: Josip Drmic (Borussia M'gladbach), Breel Embolo (Schalke, Mario Gavranovic(Dinamo Zagreb), Haris Seferovic (Benfica)

 TUNISIA

Goalkeepers: Aymen Mathlouthi (Al Batin Saoudi/KSA), Farouk Ben Mustapha (Al Shabab Saoudi/KSA), Mouez Hassen (Chateauroux/FRA)

Defenders: Hamdi Nagguez (Zamalek/EGY), Dylan Bronn (Ghent/BEL), Rami Bedoui (Etoile Sportive du Sahel), Yohan Benalouane (Leicester/ENG), Syam Ben Youssef (Kasimpasa/TUR), Yassine Meriah (Club Sportif Sfax), Oussama Haddadi (Dijon/FRA), Ali Maaloul (Al Ahli/EGY)

Midfielders: Ellyes Skhiri (Montpellier/FRA), Mohamed Amine Ben Amor (Al Ahly/KSA), Ghaylene Chalali (Esperance Tunis), Ferjani Sassi (Al Nasr Saoudi/KSA), Ahmed Khalil (Club Africain), Saifeddine El Khaoui (Troyes/FRA)

Forwards: Fakhreddine Ben Youssef (Al Ittifak/KSA), Anice Badri (Esperance), Bassem Srarfi (Nice/FRA), Wahbi Khazri (Rennes/FRA), Naim Sliti (Dijon/FRA), Saber Khalifa (Club Africain)

 URUGUAY

Goalkeepers: Fernando Muslera (Galatasaray), Martin Silva (Vasco da Gama), Martin Campana (Independiente)

Defenders: Diego Godin (Atletico Madrid), Sebastian Coates (Sporting Lisbon), Jose Maria Gimenez (Atletico Madrid), Maximiliano Pereira (FC Porto), Gaston Silva (Independiente), Martin Caceres (Lazio), Guillermo Varela (Penarol)

Midfielders: Nahitan Nandez (Boca Juniors), Lucas Torreira (Sampdoria), Matias Vecino (Inter Milan), Federico Valverde (Real Madrid), Rodrigo Bentancur (Juventus), Carlos Sanchez (Monterrey), Giorgian De Arrascaeta (Cruzeiro), Diego Laxalt (Genoa), Cristian Rodriguez (Penarol), Jonathan Urretaviscaya (Monterrey), Nicolas Lodeiro (Seattle Sounders), Gaston Ramirez (Sampdoria)

Forwards: Cristhian Stuani (Girona), Maximiliano Gomez (Celta Vigo), Edinson Cavani (PSG), Luis Suarez (Barcelona)

source https://www.newssplashy.com/2018/06/russia-2018-heres-final-23-man-squad-of.html

[shakeel786blog]

World Cup preliminary squads Who will be on the plane to Russia?

Ian Darke leads the ESPN panel in predicting the 2018 World Cup winner with names of Germany, Brazil, France and England among the list.

Joachim Low has a deep German squad with World Cup winning experience. Ian Darke leads the discussion as to why the Germans may once again be favourites.

After humiliation on home soil for Brazil in 2014, Ian Darke and ESPN’s expert panel feel redemption could be in the cards for Neymar and company.

Ian Darke leads an expert panel to assess Spain’s World Cup hopes and whether or not Julen Lopetegui will be able to sort out the attack.

With the clock ticking on Lionel Messi’s international career, Ian Darke poses the question whether Argentina have enough firepower to win the World Cup.

Twenty years after winning the 1998 World Cup, the ESPN panel feel Didier Deschamps’ man management will be crucial for France’s World Cup hopes.

Ian Darke asks ESPN’s expert panel if Juan Carlos Osorio’s Mexico, after bowing out in six straight round-of-16s, can overcome their World Cup curse.

Ian Darke likens Belgium to a band who can never get a number one. The ESPN panel question if Roberto Martinez can get it right for Belgium’s golden generation.

While Portugal shocked the world at EURO 2016, Ian Darke and company feel Cristiano Ronaldo’s aging side may not be able to punch above their weight.

Despite England’s recent struggles, Ian Darke and the ESPN panel are cautiously optimistic about England’s World Cup chances.

Ian Darke asks the ESPN panel which of the five African nations has the best chance of making a big splash at the 2018 World Cup.

With the surprise factor gone for Iceland, the ESPN panel feel Iceland’s lack of depth could cause them trouble at the World Cup in Russia.

The ESPN panel in London are skeptical of Australia ahead of the World Cup with Bert van Marwijk’s defensive mindset and an aging squad.

World Cup squads are being announced. Find out who is in contention before FIFA’s final deadline on June 4; the tournament starts on June 14.

Note: Squads below may vary in size ahead of the deadline for 23-man rosters to be submitted. Additionally, names are subject to change.

ARGENTINA: 23-man squad — Injury doubt Sergio Aguero is in, as is Paulo Dybala, but Mauro Icardi has been left out.

Goalkeepers: Sergio Romero (Manchester United), Wilfredo Caballero (Chelsea), Franco Armani (River Plate)

Defenders: Gabriel Mercado (Sevilla), Cristian Ansaldi (Torino), Nicolas Otamendi (Manchester City), Federico Fazio (Roma), Marcos Rojo (Manchester United), Nicolas Tagliafico (Ajax), Marcos Acuna (Sporting CP).

Midfielders: Javier Mascherano (Hebei China Fortune), Eduardo Salvio (Benfica), Lucas Biglia (Milan), Giovani Lo Celso (Paris Saint-Germain), Ever Banega (Sevilla), Manuel Lanzini (West Ham), Maximiliano Meza (Independiente), Angel Di Maria (Paris Saint-Germain), Cristian Pavon (Boca Juniors),

Forwards: Paulo Dybala (Juventus), Lionel Messi (Barcelona), Sergio Aguero (Manchester City), Gonzalo Higuain (Juventus).

AUSTRALIA: 27-man preliminary squad — Originally left out of the squad, Jamie Maclaren was surprisingly recalled on May 28 amid doubts over Tomi Juric’s fitness.

Goalkeepers: Brad Jones (Feyenoord), Mat Ryan (Brighton), Danny Vukovic (Genk)

Defenders: Aziz Behich (Bursaspor), Milos Degenek (Yokohama F. Marinos), Matthew Jurman (Suwon Samsung Bluewings), Fran Karacic (Lokomotiva), James Meredith (Millwall), Josh Risdon (Western Sydney Wanderers), Trent Sainsbury (Grasshoppers)

Midfielders: Josh Brillante (Sydney FC), Jackson Irvine (Hull), Mile Jedinak (Aston Villa), Robbie Kruse (Bochum), Massimo Luongo (Queens Park Rangers), Mark Milligan (Al Ahli), Aaron Mooy (Huddersfield), Tom Rogic (Celtic), James Troisi (Melbourne Victory)

Forwards: Daniel Arzani (Melbourne City), Tim Cahill (Millwall), Tomi Juric (FC Luzern), Mathew Leckie (Hertha Berlin), Andrew Nabbout (Urawa Red Diamonds), Dimitri Petratos (Newcastle Jets), Nikita Rukavytsya (Maccabi Haifa), Jamie Maclaren (Hibernian)

BELGIUM: 28-man preliminary squad — Radja Nainggolan is omitted, and with Michy Batshuayi’s left ankle injury, Christian Benteke has been recalled as cover.

Goalkeepers: Thibaut Courtois (Chelsea), Simon Mignolet (Liverpool), Koen Casteels (Wolfsburg), Matz Sels (Newcastle United)

Defenders: Toby Alderweireld (Tottenham Hotspur), Dedryck Boyata (Celtic), Laurent Ciman (LAFC), Leander Dendoncker (Anderlecht), Christian Kabasele (Watford), Vincent Kompany (Manchester City), Jordan Lukaku (Lazio), Thomas Meunier (Paris Saint-Germain), Thomas Vermaelen (Barcelona), Jan Vertonghen (Tottenham Hotspur)

Midfielders: Yannick Carrasco (Dalian Yifang), Nacer Chadli (West Bromwich Albion), Kevin De Bruyne (Manchester City), Mousa Dembele (Tottenham Hotspur), Marouane Fellaini (Manchester United), Adnan Januzaj (Real Sociedad), Youri Tielemans (Monaco), Axel Witsel (Tianjin Quanjian)

Forwards: Michy Batshuayi (Chelsea), Christian Benteke (Crystal Palace), Eden Hazard (Chelsea), Thorgan Hazard (Borussia Monchengladbach), Romelu Lukaku (Manchester United), Dries Mertens (Napoli)

BRAZIL: 23-man squad — Tite’s roster includes Fagner as a replacement for the injured Dani Alves. Neymar is included as he works his way back to fitness.

Goalkeepers: Alisson (Roma), Ederson (Manchester City), Cassio (Corinthians)

Defenders: Miranda (Inter Milan), Marquinhos (Paris Saint-Germain), Thiago Silva (Paris Saint-Germain), Geromel (Gremio), Marcelo (Real Madrid), Fagner (Corinthians), Danilo (Manchester City), Filipe Luis (Atletico Madrid)

Midfielders: Casemiro (Real Madrid), Fernandinho (Manchester City), Paulinho (Barcelona), Renato Augusto (Beijing Guoan), Philippe Coutinho (Barcelona), Willian (Chelsea), Fred (Shakhtar Donetsk)

Forwards: Neymar (Paris Saint-Germain), Gabriel Jesus (Manchester City), Firmino (Liverpool), Taison (Shakhtar Donetsk), Douglas Costa (Juventus)

COLOMBIA: 35-man preliminary squad — Eleven players carry over from the 2014 World Cup, while Radamel Falcao is included after missing out then through injury.

Goalkeepers: David Ospina (Arsenal), Camilo Vargas (Deportivo Cali), Ivan Arboleda (Banfield), Jose Fernando Cuadrado (Once Caldas)

Defenders: Santiago Arias (PSV Eindhoven), Frank Fabra (Boca Juniors), Davinson Sanchez (Tottenham), Cristian Zapata (AC Milan), Yerry Mina (Barcelona) Johan Mojica (Girona), Bernardo Espinosa (Girona), Oscar Murillo (Pachuca), Farid Diaz (Olimpia), Stefan Medina (Monterrey), William Tesillo (Leon)

Midfielders: Abel Aguilar (Cali), Wilmar Barrios (Boca Juniors), James Rodriguez (Bayern Munich), Carlos Sanchez (Espanyol), Jefferson Lerma (Levante), Giovanni Moreno (Shanghai Shenhua), Juan Fernando Quintero (River Plate), Edwin Cardona (Boca Juniors), Juan Guillermo Cuadrado (Juventus), Gustavo Cuellar (Flamengo), Sebastian Perez (Boca Juniors), Mateus Uribe (America)

Forwards: Radamel Falcao (Monaco), Carlos Bacca (Villarreal), Duvan Zapata (Sampdoria), Miguel Borja (Palmeiras), Jose Izquierdo (Brighton), Luis Muriel (Sevilla), Teofilo Gutierrez (Junior), Yimmi Chara (Junior).

COSTA RICA: 23-man squad — Real Madrid goalkeeper Keylor Navas heads the provisional 23-man squad.

Goalkeepers: Keylor Navas (Real Madrid), Patrick Pemberton (Liga Deportiva Alajuelense), Leonel Moreira (Herediano)

Defenders: Cristian Gamboa (Celtic), Ian Smith (Norrkoping), Ronald Matarrita (New York City), Bryan Oviedo (Sunderland), Oscar Duarte (Espanyol), Giancarlo Gonzalez (Bologna), Francisco Calvo (Minnesota United), Kendall Waston (Vancouver Whitecaps), Johnny Acosta (Aguilas Dorados)

Midfielders: David Guzman (Portland Timbers), Yeltsin Tejeda (Lausanne-Sport), Celso Borges (Deportivo La Coruna), Randall Azofeifa (Herediano), Rodney Wallace (New York City), Bryan Ruiz (Sporting CP), Daniel Colindres (Saprissa), Christian Bolanos (Saprissa)

Forwards: Johan Venegas (Saprissa), Joel Campbell (Real Betis), Marco Urena (LAFC)

CROATIA: 24-man preliminary squad — Luka Modric and Ivan Rakitic are part of the provisional squad for what could be their final tournament as midfield partners.

Goalkeepers: Danijel Subasic (Monaco), Lovre Kalinic (Gent), Dominik Livakovic (Dinamo)

Defenders: Vedran Corluka (Lokomotiv Moscow), Domagoj Vida (Besiktas), Ivan Strinic (Sampdoria), Dejan Lovren (Liverpool), Sime Vrsaljko (Atletico Madrid), Josip Pivaric (Dynamo Kiev), Tin Jedvaj (Bayer Leverkusen), Matej Mitrovic (Club Brugge), Duje Caleta-Car (Red Bull Salzburg)

Midfielders: Luka Modric (Real Madrid), Ivan Rakitic (Barcelona), Mateo Kovacic (Real Madrid), Milan Badelj (Fiorentina), Marcelo Brozovic (Inter), Filip Bradaric (Rijeka)

Strikers: Mario Mandzukic (Juventus), Ivan Perisic (Inter), Nikola Kalinic (Milan), Andrej Kramaric (Hoffenheim), Marko Pjaca (Schalke), Ante Rebic (Eintracht).

DENMARK: 35-man preliminary squad — Coach Age Hareide has picked veterans Michael Krohn-Dehli and Nicklas Bendtner among his wider group.

Goalkeepers: Kasper Schmeichel (Leicester), Jonas Lossl (Huddersfield), Frederik Ronow (Brondby), Jesper Hansen (FC Midtjylland)

Defenders: Simon Kjaer (Sevilla), Andreas Christensen (Chelsea), Mathias Jorgensen (Huddersfield), Jannik Vestergaard (Borussia Moenchengladbach), Andreas Bjelland (Brentford), Henrik Dalsgaard (Brentford), Peter Ankersen (FC Copenhagen), Jens Stryger (Udinese), Riza Durmisi (Real Betis), Jonas Knudsen (Ipswich), Nicolai Boilesen (FC Copenhagen)

Midfielders: William Kvist (FC Copenhagen), Thomas Delaney (Werder Bremen), Lukas Lerager (Bordeaux), Lasse Schone (Ajax), Mike Jensen (Rosenborg), Christian Eriksen (Tottenham), Daniel Wass (Celta Vigo), Pierre-Emile Hojbjerg (Southampton), Mathias Jensen (FC Nordsjaelland), Michael Krohn-Dehli (Deportivo La Coruna), Robert Skov (FC Copenhagen)

Strikers: Pione Sisto (Celta Vigo), Martin Braithwaite (Bordeaux), Andreas Cornelius (Atalanta), Viktor Fischer (FC Copenhagen), Yussuf Poulsen (RB Leipzig), Nicolai Jorgensen (Feyenoord), Nicklas Bendtner (Rosenborg), Kasper Dolberg (Ajax), Kenneth Zohore (Cardiff)

EGYPT: 29-man preliminary squad — Mohamed Salah is the headline name but also included is 45-year-old goalkeeper Essam El-Hadary.

Goalkeepers: Essam El-Hadary (Al Taawoun), Mohamed El-Shennawy (Al Ahly), Sherif Ekramy (Al Ahly), Mohamed Awad (Ismaily)

Defenders: Ahmed Fathi (Al Ahly), Saad Samir (Al Ahly), Ayman Ashraf (Al Ahly), Mahmoud Hamdy (Zamalek), Mohamed Abdel-Shafy (Al Fath) Ahmed Hegazi (West Brom), Ali Gabr (West Brom), Ahmed Elmohamady (Aston Villa), Karim Hafez (RC Lens), Omar Gaber (LAFC), Amro Tarek (Orlando City)

Midfielders: Tarek Hamed (Zamalek), Mahmoud Abdel Aziz (Zamalek), Shikabala (Al Raed), Abdallah Said (KuPS), Sam Morsy (Wigan), Mohamed Elneny (Arsenal), Kahraba (Ittihad), Ramadan Sobhi (Stoke City), Mahmoud “Trezeguet” Hassan (Kasimpasa), Amr Warda (Atromitos)

Forwards: Marwan Mohsen (Al Ahly), Ahmed Gomaa (Al Masry) Ahmed “Koka” Mahgoub (SC Braga), Mohamed Salah (Liverpool)

ENGLAND: 23-man squad — Liverpool’s uncapped youngster Trent Alexander-Arnold was called up by Gareth Southgate, who omitted Joe Hart and Jack Wilshere.

Goalkeepers: Jack Butland (Stoke City), Jordan Pickford (Everton), Nick Pope (Burnley)

Defenders: Phil Jones (Manchester United), Gary Cahill (Chelsea), Kyle Walker (Manchester City), Kieran Trippier (Tottenham Hotspur), Trent Alexander-Arnold (Liverpool), Danny Rose (Tottenham Hotspur), Ashley Young (Manchester United), John Stones (Manchester City), Harry Maguire (Leicester City)

Midfielders: Eric Dier (Tottenham Hotspur), Jordan Henderson (Liverpool), Fabian Delph (Manchester City), Ruben Loftus-Cheek (Chelsea), Jesse Lingard (Manchester United), Dele Alli (Tottenham Hotspur)

Forwards: Harry Kane (Tottenham Hotspur), Marcus Rashford (Manchester United), Jamie Vardy (Leicester City), Raheem Sterling (Manchester City), Danny Welbeck (Arsenal).

FRANCE: 23-man squad — Full-backs Benjamin Mendy and Djibril Sidibe have been included, despite recent injury concerns. Anthony Martial was left out.

Goalkeepers: Hugo Lloris (Tottenham Hotspur), Steve Mandanda (Marseille), Alphonse Areola (Paris Saint-Germain)

Defenders: Djibril Sidibe (Monaco), Benjamin Pavard (Stuttgart), Adil Rami (Marseille), Raphael Varane (Real Madrid), Samuel Umtiti (Barcelona), Presnel Kimpembe (Paris Saint-Germain), Benjamin Mendy (Manchester City), Lucas Hernandez (Atletico Madrid)

Midfielders: Paul Pogba (Manchester United), Blaise Matuidi (Juventus), Corentin Tolisso (Bayern Munich), N’Golo Kante (Chelsea), Steven N’Zonzi (Sevilla)

Forwards: Kylian Mbappe (Paris Saint-Germain), Olivier Giroud (Chelsea), Antoine Griezmann (Atletico Madrid), Thomas Lemar (Monaco), Ousmane Dembele (Barcelona), Florian Thauvin (Marseille), Nabil Fekir (Lyon)

GERMANY: 27-man preliminary squad — There is no place for Mario Gotze, whose goal won the 2014 World Cup, but Nils Peterson is a surprise inclusion.

Goalkeepers: Manuel Neuer (Bayern Munich), Marc-Andre ter Stegen (Barcelona), Bernd Leno (Bayer Leverkusen), Kevin Trapp (Paris Saint-Germain)

Defenders: Mats Hummels (Bayern Munich), Jerome Boateng (Bayern Munich), Joshua Kimmich (Bayern Munich), Jonas Hector (Cologne), Marvin Plattenhardt (Hertha Berlin), Jonathan Tah (Bayer Leverkusen), Matthias Ginter (Borussia Monchengladbach), Niklas Sule (Bayern Munich), Antonio Rudiger (Chelsea)

Midfielders: Toni Kroos (Real Madrid), Mesut Ozil (Arsenal), Sami Khedira (Juventus), Thomas Muller (Bayern Munich), Sebastian Rudy (Bayern Munich), Marco Reus (Borussia Dortmund), Leon Goretzka (Schalke), Leroy Sane (Manchester City), Julian Draxler (Paris Saint-Germain), Ilkay Gundogan (Manchester City), Julian Brandt (Bayer Leverkusen)

Forwards: Timo Werner (RB Leipzig), Mario Gomez (Stuttgart), Nils Petersen (Freiburg)

ICELAND: 23-man squad — Playmaker Gylfi Sigurdsson and captain Aron Gunnarsson have been called up, even though both midfielders are injured.

Goalkeepers: Hannes Halldorsson (Randers), Runar Runarsson (Nordsjaelland), Frederik Schram (Roskilde)

Defenders: Kari Arnason (Aberdeen), Holmar Eyjolfsson (Levski Sofia), Rurik Gislason (Sandhausen), Sverrir Ingason (Rostov), Hordur Magnusson (Bristol City), Birkir Saevarsson (Valur), Ragnar Sigurdsson (Rostov), Ari Skulason (Lokeren)

Midfielders: Birkir Bjarnason (Aston Villa), Samuel Fridjonsson (Valerenga), Johann Gudmundsson (Burnley), Aron Gunnarsson (Cardiff City), Emil Hallfredsson (Udinese), Gylfi Sigurdsson (Everton), Olafur Skulason (Karabukspor), Arnor Traustason (Malmo)

Forwards: Jon Bodvarsson (Reading), Alfred Finnbogason (Augsburg), Albert Gudmundsson (PSV), Bjorn Sigurdarson (Rostov)

IRAN: 24-man preliminary squad — Iran coach Carlos Queiroz has reduced his 35-man provisional 2018 World Cup squad to 24, leaving out veteran defender Seyed Jalal Hosseini in a surprise move.

Goalkeepers: Alireza Beiranvand (Persepolis ), Rashid Mazaheri (Zob Ahan), Amir Abedzadeh (Maritimo, Portugal)

Defenders: Ramin Rezaeian (KV Oostende, Belgiium), Mohammad Reza Khanzadeh (Padideh), Morteza Pouraliganji (Al Saad, Qatar), Pejman Montazeri (Esteghlal ), Seyed Majid Hosseini (Esteghlal), Milad Mohammadi (Akhmat Grozny, Russia), Roozbeh Cheshmi (Esteghlal)

Midfielders: Saeid Ezatolahi (Amkar Perm, Russia), Masoud Shojaei (AEK Athens, Greece), Mehdi Torabi (Saipa), Ashkan Dejagah (Nottingham Forest, England), Omid Ebrahimi (Esteghlal), Ehsan Hajsafi (Olympiacos, Greece) Vahid Amiri (Persepolis), Ali Gholizadeh (Saipa) Karim Ansarifard (Olympiacos, Greece)

Forwards: Alireza Jahanbakhsh (AZ, Netherlands), Saman Ghoddos (Ostersunds FK, Sweden), Mahdi Taremi (Al-Gharafa, Qatar), Sardar Azmoun (Rubin Kazan, Russia) Reza Ghoochannejhad (Heerenveen, Netherlands)

JAPAN: 23-man squad — Takuma Asano of Arsenal and Leeds United’s Yosuke Ideguchi were among the players cut as Japan confirmed their final squad.

Goalkeepers: Eiji Kawashima (Metz, France), Masaaki Higashiguchi (Gamba Osaka), Kosuke Nakamura (Kashiwa Reysol)

Defenders: Yuto Nagatomo (Galatasaray, Turkey), Tomoaki Makino (Urawa Reds), Maya Yoshida (Southampton, England), Hiroki Sakai (Marseille, France), Gotoku Sakai (Hamburger SV, Germany), Gen Shoji (Kashima Antlers), Wataru Endo (Urawa Reds), Naomichi Ueda (Kashima Antlers)

Midfielders: Makoto Hasebe (Frankfurt, Germany), Keisuke Honda (Pachuca, Mexico), Takashi Inui (Eibar, Spain), Shinji Kagawa (Dortmund, Germany), Hotaru Yamaguchi (Cerezo Osaka), Genki Haraguchi (Fortuna Dusseldorf, Germany), Takashi Usami (Fortuna Dusseldorf, Germany), Gaku Shibasaki (Getafe, Spain), Ryota Oshima (Kawasaki Frontale)

Forwards: Shinji Okazaki (Leicester, England), Yuya Osako (Werder Bremen, Germany), Yoshinori Muto (Mainz, Germany)

MEXICO: 27-man preliminary squad — Juan Carlos Osorio included 39-year-old Rafa Marquez, a veteran of four World Cups, in his initial squad, but the Mexican federation revealed Nestor Araujo was sent home on May 23 because of an existing injury.

Goalkeepers: Guillermo Ochoa (Standard Liege), Alfredo Talavera (Toluca), Jesus Corona (Cruz Azul)

Defenders: Diego Reyes (FC Porto), Carlos Salcedo (Eintracht Frankfurt), Hector Moreno (Real Sociedad), Oswaldo Alanis (Getafe), Miguel Layun (Sevilla), Jesus Gallardo (Pumas), Hugo Ayala (Tigres), Edson Alvarez (America)

Midfielders: Hector Herrera (Porto), Andres Guardado (Real Betis), Rafa Marquez (Atlas), Jonathan dos Santos (LA Galaxy), Marco Fabian (Eintracht Frankfurt), Jesus Molina (Monterrey), Erick Gutierrez (Pachuca), Giovani dos Santos (LA Galaxy)

Forwards: Javier Aquino (Tigres), Jesus “Tecatito” Corona (Porto), Raul Jimenez (Benfica), Oribe Peralta (Club America), Javier Hernandez (West Ham United), Carlos Vela (LAFC), Hirving Lozano (PSV Eindhoven), Jurgen Damm (Tigres)

MOROCCO: 23-man squad — Sofiane Boufal is the most notable omission, while Youssef Ait Bennasser has made the cut after recovering from injury.

Goalkeepers: Mounir El Kajoui (Numancia), Yassine Bounou (Girona), Ahmad Reda Tagnaouti (Ittihad Tanger)

Defenders: Medhi Benatia (Juventus), Romain Saiss (Wolves), Manuel Da Costa (Basaksehir), Badr Benoun (Raja Casablanca), Nabil Dirar (Fenerbahce), Achraf Hakimi (Real Madrid), Hamza Mendyl (LOSC)

Midfielders: Mbark Boussoufa (Al Jazira), Karim El Ahmadi (Feyenoord), Youssef Ait Bennasser (Caen), Sofyan Amrabat (Feyenoord), Younes Belhanda (Galatasaray), Faycal Fajr (Getafe), Amine Harit (Schalke 04)

Forwards: Khalid Boutaib (Malatyaspor), Aziz Bouhaddouz (Saint Pauli), Ayoub El Kaabi (Renaissance Berkane), Nordin Amrabat (Leganes), Mehdi Carcela (Standard de Liege), Hakim Ziyech (Ajax)

NIGERIA: 30-man preliminary squad — Nigeria coach Gernot Rohr has named uncapped pair Junior Lokosa and Simeon Nwankwo.

Goalkeepers: Ikechukwu Ezenwa (Enyimba FC), Francis Uzoho (Deportivo La Coruna), Daniel Akpeyi (Chippa United); Dele Ajiboye (Plateau United)

Defenders: Abdullahi Shehu (Bursaspor), Tyronne Ebuehi (Ado Den Haag), Olaoluwa Aina (Hull), Elderson Echiejile (Cercle Brugge), Brian Idowu (Amkar Perm), Chidozie Awaziem (Nantes), William Ekong (Bursaspor), Leon Balogun (Mainz), Kenneth Omeruo (Kasimpasa), Stephen Eze (Lokomotiv Plovdiv)

Midfielders: Mikel John Obi (Tianjin Teda), Ogenyi Onazi (Trabzonspor), Wilfred Ndidi (Leicester), Oghenekaro Etebo (Las Palmas), John Ogu (Hapoel Be’er Sheva), Uche Agbo (Standard Liege), Joel Obi (Torino), Mikel Agu (Bursaspor)

Forwards: Ahmed Musa (CSKA Moscow), Kelechi Iheanacho (Leicester), Moses Simon (KAA Gent), Victor Moses (Chelsea), Odion Ighalo (Changchun Yatai), Alex Iwobi (Arsenal), Nwankwo Simeon (Crotone), Junior Lokosa (Kano Pillars)

PANAMA: 23-man squad — Hernan Dario Gomez’s final group includes six Major League Soccer-based players.

Goalkeepers: Jose Calderon (Chorrillo FC), Jaime Penedo (Dinamo Bucharest), Alex Rodriguez (San Francisco FC)

Defenders: Felipe Baloy (CSD Municipal), Harold Cummings (San Jose Earthquakes), Eric Davis (DAC Dunajska Streda), Fidel Escobar (New York Red Bulls), Adolfo Machado (Houston Dynamo), Michael Murillo (New York Red Bulls), Luis Ovalle (CD Olimpia), Roman Torres (Seattle Sounders)

Midfielders: Edgar Barcenas (Cafetaleros de Tapachula), Armando Cooper (Club Universidad de Chile), Anibal Godoy (San Jose Earthquakes), Gabriel Gomez (Bucaramanga), Valentin Pimentel (Plaza Amador), Alberto Quintero (Universitario de Lima), Jose Luis Rodriguez (KAA Gent)

Forwards: Abdiel Arroyo (LD Alajuelense), Ismael Diaz (Deportivo La Coruna), Blas Perez (CSD Municipal), Luis Tejada (Sports Boys), Gabriel Torres (CD Huachipato)

PERU: 25-man preliminary squad — Captain Paolo Guerrero will be in Russia after his doping ban was temporarily lifted by the Court of Arbitration for Sport.

Goalkeepers: Pedro Gallese (Veracruz), José Carvallo (UTC), Carlos Caceda (Municipal)

Defenders: Luis Abram (Vélez Sarsfield), Luis Advíncula (Lobos), Miguel Araujo (Alianza Lima), Aldo Corzo (Universitario), Nilson Loyola (Melgar), Christian Ramos (Veracruz), Alberto Rodríguez (Junior), Anderson Santamaría (Puebla), Miguel Trauco (Flamengo)

Midfielders: Pedro Aquino (Lobos), Wilmer Cartagena (Veracruz), Christian Cueva (Sao Paulo), Edison Flores (Aalborg), Paolo Hurtado (Vitória Guimaraes), Sergio Pena (Grenade), Andy Polo (Portland Timbers), Renato Tapia (Feyernoord), Yoshimar Yotún (Orlando City)

Strikers: Paolo Guerrero (Flamengo), André Carrillo (Watford), Raul Ruidiaz (Morelia), Jefferson Farfan (Lokomotiv Moscow).

POLAND: 35-man preliminary squad — Robert Lewandowski and Wojciech Szczesny are the big names, while Arkadiusz Milik has proved his fitness. 

Goalkeepers: Bartosz Białkowski (Ipswich Town), Lukasz Fabianski (Swansea City), Lukasz Skorupski (AS Roma), Wojciech Szczesny (Juventus Turin)

Defenders: Jan Bednarek (Southampton), Bartosz Bereszynski (Sampdoria), Thiago Cionek (SPAL), Kamil Glik (AS Monaco), Marcin Kaminski (VfB Stuttgart), Tomasz Kedziora (Dynamo Kyiv), Lukasz Piszczek (Borussia Dortmund), Artur Jedrzejczyk (Legia Warsaw), Michal Pazdan (Legia Warsaw)

Midfielders: Jakub Blaszczykowski (VfL Wolfsburg), Pawel Dawidowicz (Palermo), Przemyslaw Frankowski (Jagiellonia Bialystok), Jacek Goralski (Ludogorets Razgrad), Kamil Grosicki (Hull City), Damian Kądzior (Gornik Zabrze), Grzegorz Krychowiak (West Bromwich Albion), Rafal Kurzawa (Gornik Zabrze), Karol Linetty (Sampdoria), Maciej Makuszewski (Lech Poznan), Krzysztof Mączynski (Legia Warsaw), Slawomir Peszko (Lechia Gdańsk), Maciej Rybus (Lokomotiv Moscow), Sebastian Szymanski (Legia Warsaw), Piotr Zielinski (Napoli), Szymon Żurkowski (Gornik Zabrze)

Forwards: Dawid Kownacki (Sampdoria), Robert Lewandowski (Bayern Munich), Arkadiusz Milik (Napoli), Krzysztof Piątek (Cracovia), Lukasz Teodorczyk (Anderlecht), Kamil Wilczek (Brondby IF)

PORTUGAL: 23-man squad — Renato Sanches, Euro 2016’s Golden Boy, was omitted, as was Nani; both players started the Euro 2016 final vs. France.

Goalkeepers: Anthony Lopes (Lyon), Beto (Goztepe), Rui Patricio (Sporting Lisbon).

Defenders: Bruno Alves (Rangers), Cedric Soares (Southampton), Jose Fonte (Dalian Yifang), Mario Rui (Napoli), Pepe (Besiktas), Raphael Guerreiro (Borussia Dortmund), Ricardo Pereira (Porto), Ruben Dias (Benfica)

Midfielders: Adrien Silva (Leicester), Bruno Fernandes (Sporting Lisbon), Joao Mario (West Ham), Joao Moutinho (Monaco), Manuel Fernandes (Lokomotiv), William Carvalho (Sporting Lisbon)

Forwards: Andre Silva (AC Milan), Bernardo Silva (Manchester City), Cristiano Ronaldo (Real Madrid), Gelson Martins (Sporting Lisbon), Goncalo Guedes (Valencia), Ricardo Quaresma (Besiktas)

RUSSIA: 28-man preliminary squad — Sergei Ignashevich came out of international retirement to replace Ruslan Kambolov, who was originally included after being the subject of a FIFA doping investigation.

Goalkeepers: Igor Akinfeev (CSKA Moscow), Vladimir Gabulov (Brugge), Soslan Dzhanaev (Rubin Kazan), Andrei Lunev (Zenit St. Petersburg)

Defenders: Vladimir Granat (Rubin Kazan), Ruslan Kambolov (Rubin Kazan), Fedor Kudryashov (Rubin Kazan), Ilya Kutepov (Spartak Moscow), Roman Neustadter (Fenerbahce), Konstantin Rausch (Dynamo Moscow), Andrei Semenov (Akhmat Grozny), Igor Smolnikov (Zenit St. Petersburg), Mario Fernandes (CSKA Moscow), Sergei Ignashevich (CSKA Moscow)

Midfielders: Yuri Gazinsky (Krasnodar), Alexander Golovin (CSKA Moscow), Alan Dzagoev (CSKA Moscow), Alexander Erokhin (Zenit), Yuri Zhirkov (Zenit), Daler Kuzyaev (Zenit), Roman Zobnin (Spartak Moscow), Alexander Samedov (Spartak Moscow), Anton Miranchuk (Lokomotiv Moscow), Alexander Tashaev (Dynamo Moscow), Denis Cheryshev (Villareal)

Forwards: Artem Dzyuba (Arsenal Tula), Alexei Miranchuk (Lokomotiv Moscow), Fyodor Smolov (Krasnodar), Fyodor Chalov (CSKA Moscow)

SAUDI ARABIA: 28-man squad – There were few surprises in Juan Antonio Pizzi’s selection, which includes three players — Fahad Al-Muwallad, Salem Al Dawsari and Yahya Al-Shehri loaned to La Liga clubs in January.

Goalkeepers: Assaf Al-Qarny (Al-Ittihad), Mohammed Al-Owais (Al Ahli), Yasser Al-Musailem (Al Alhi), Abdullah Al-Mayuf (Al Hilal).

Defenders: Mansoor Al-Harbi (Al Ahli), Yasser Al-Shahrani (Al Hilal) Mohammed Al-Breik (Al HIlal), Saeed Al-Mowalad (Al Ahli), Motaz Hawsawi (Al Ahli), Osama Hawsaw (Al Hilal)i, Omar Hawsawi (Al Nassr), Mohammed Jahfali (Al Hilal), Ali Al-Bulaihi (Al Hilal).

Midfielders: Abdullah Al-Khaibari (Al Shabab), Abdulmalek Al-Khaibri (Al Hilal), Abdullah Otayf (Al Hilal), Taiseer Al-Jassim (Al Ahli), Houssain Al-Mogahwi (Al Ahli), Salman Al-Faraj, Nawaf Al-Abed, Mohamed Kanno (all Al Hilal), Hattan Bahebri (Al Shabab), Mohammed Al-Kwikbi (Al Ettifaq), Salem Al-Dawsari (Villarreal, Spain), Yehya Al-Shehri (Leganes, Spain).

Forwards: Fahad Al-Muwallad (Levante, Spain), Mohammad Al-Sahlawi (Al Nassr), Muhannad Assiri (Al Ahli).

SENEGAL: 23-man squad — Cheikhou Kouyate and Kara Mbodji have overcome injury scares to make Aliou Cisse’s squad.

Goalkeepers: Abdoulaye Diallo (Stade Rennes), Alfred Gomis (SPAL), Khadim Ndiaye (Horoya)

Defenders: Lamine Gassama (Alanyaspor), Saliou Ciss (Valenciennes), Kalidou Koulibaly (Napoli), Kara Mbodii (Anderlecht), Youssouf Sabaly (Bordeaux), Salif Sane (Hannover 96), Moussa Wague (Eupen)

Midfielders: Idrissa Gueye (Everton), Cheikhou Kouyate (West Ham United), Alfred Ndiaye (Wolverhampton Wanderers), Badou Ndiaye (Stoke City), Cheikh Ndoye (Birmingham City), Ismaila Sarr (Stade Rennes)

Forwards: Keita Balde (Monaco), Mame Biram Diouf (Stoke City), Moussa Konate (Amiens), Sadio Mane (Liverpool), Mbaye Niang (Torino), Diafra Sakho (Stade Rennes), Moussa Sow (Bursaspor)

SERBIA: 23-man squad — Striker Luka Jovic, 20, is one of several untested players selected by Mladen Krstajic.

Goalkeepers: Vladimir Stojkovic (Partizan Belgrade), Predrag Rajkovic (Maccabi Tel Aviv), Marko Dmitrovic (Eibar)

Defenders: Aleksandar Kolarov (Roma), Branislav Ivanovic (Zenit St Petersburg), Dusko Tosic (Guangzhou R&F), Antonio Rukavina (Villarreal), Milos Veljkovic (Werder Bremen), Milan Rodic (Red Star Belgrade), Uros Spajic (Krasnodar), Nikola Milenkovic (Fiorentina)

Midfielders: Nemanja Matic (Manchester United), Luka Milivojevic (Crystal Palace), Sergej Milinkovic-Savic (Lazio), Marko Grujic (Liverpool), Adem Ljajic (Torino), Dusan Tadic (Southampton), Filip Kostic (Hamburg), Andrija Zivkovic (Benfica), Nemanja Radonjic (Red Star Belgrade)

Forwards: Aleksandar Mitrovic (Newcastle), Aleksandar Prijovic (PAOK Salonika), Luka Jovic (Benfica)

SOUTH KOREA: 23-man squad — Lee Chung-Yong had his dreams of a third World Cup dashed as he was one of three players cut by coach Shin Tae-Yong.

Goalkeepers: Kim Seung-Gyu (Vissel Kobe, Japan), Kim Jin-Hyeon (Cerezo Osaka, Japan), Cho Hyun-Woo (Daegu FC)

Defenders: Kim Young-Gwon (Guangzhou Evergrande, China), Jang Hyun-Soo (FC Tokyo, Japan), Jung Seung-Hyun (Sagan Tosu, Japan), Yun Yong-Sun (Seongnam FC), Oh Ban-Suk (Jeju United), Kim Min-Woo (Sangju Sangmu), Park Joo-Ho (Ulsan Hyundai), Hong Chul (Sangju Sangmu), Go Yo-Han (FC Seoul), Lee Yong (Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors)

Midfielders: Ki Sung-Yueng (Swansea City, England), Jung Woo-Young (Vissel Kobe, Japan), Ju Se-Jong (Asan Mugunghwa FC), Koo Ja-Cheol (FC Augsburg, Germany), Lee Jae-Sung (Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors), Lee Seung-Woo (Hellas Verona, Italy), Moon Seon-Min (Incheon United),

Forwards: Kim Shin-Wook (Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors), Son Heung-Min (Tottenham Hotspur, England), Hwang Hee-Chan (FC Red Bull Salzburg, Austria)

SPAIN: 23-man squad — Cesc Fabregas, who assisted Andres Iniesta’s winning goal in the 2010 final, and Alvaro Morata were omitted though Diego Costa will feature.

Goalkeepers: Kepa Arrizabalaga (Athletic Bilbao), David De Gea (Manchester United), Pepe Reina (Napoli)

Defenders: Cesar Azpilicueta (Chelsea), Dani Carvajal (Real Madrid), Jordi Alba (Barcelona), Nacho (Real Madrid), Nacho Monreal (Arsenal), Alvaro Odriozola (Real Sociedad), Gerard Pique (Barcelona), Sergio Ramos (Real Madrid)

Midfielders: Isco (Real Madrid), Thiago Alcantara (Bayern Munich), Sergio Busquets (Barcelona), David Silva (Manchester City), Andres Iniesta (Barcelona), Saul Niguez (Atletico Madrid), Koke (Atletico Madrid)

Forwards: Marco Asensio (Real Madrid), Iago Aspas (Celta Vigo), Diego Costa (Atletico Madrid), Rodrigo (Valencia), Lucas Vazquez (Real Madrid)

SWEDEN: 23-man squad — Zlatan Ibrahimovic has been left out as expected but so has Jakob Johansson, scorer of the goal that clinched qualification.

Goalkeepers: Karl-Johan Johnsson (Guingamp), Kristoffer Nordfeldt (Swansea), Robin Olsen (FC Copenhagen).

Defenders: Ludwig Augustinsson (Werder Bremen), Andreas Granqvist (Krasnodar), Filip Helander (Bologna), Pontus Jansson (Leeds), Emil Krafth (Bologna), Mikael Lustig (Celtic), Victor Lindelof (Manchester United), Martin Olsson (Swansea).

Midfielders: Viktor Claesson (Krasnodar), Jimmy Durmaz (Toulouse), Albin Ekdal (Hamburger SV), Emil Forsberg (Leipzig), Oscar Hiljemark (Genoa), Sebastian Larsson (Hull City), Marcus Rohden (FC Crotone), Gustav Svensson (Seattle Sounders).

Forwards: Marcus Berg (Al Ain), John Guidetti (Alaves), Isaac Kiese Thelin (Waasland-Beveren), Ola Toivonen (Toulouse).

SWITZERLAND: TBC

TUNISIA: 29-man preliminary squad — Attacking star Youssef Msakni misses out with a knee injury and will be a huge loss for manager Nabil Maaloul.

Goalkeepers: Mathlouthi Aymen (Al Batin), Ben Cherifia Moez (ES Tunis), Ben Mustapha Farouk (Al Shabab), Moez Hassen (LB Chateauroux)

Defenders: Hamdi Nagguez (Zamalek), Dylan Bronn (Gent), Rami Bedoui (ES Setif), Yohan Ben Olouane (Leicester City), Siyam Ben Youssef (Kasimpasa), Yessine Meriah (CS Sfaxien), Bilel Mohsni (Dundee United), Khalil Chammam (ES Tunis), Oussama Haddai (Dijon), Ali Maaloul (Al Ahly)

Midfielders: Elyess Skhiri (Montpellier), Mohamed Amine Ben Amor (Al Ahly), Ghaylene Chalali (ES Tunis), Karim Laaribi (Cesena), Ferjani Sassi (Al Nassr), Ahmed Khlil (Club Africain), Seifeddine Khaoui (Troyes), Mohamed Wael Arbi (Tours)

Forwards: Fakhreddine Ben Youssef (Al Ittifaq), Anice Badri (ES Tunis), Bassem Srarfi (Nice), Ahmed Akaichi (Al Ittihad), Wahbi Khazri (Rennes), Naim Sliti (Dijon), Sabeur Khlifa (Club Africain)

URUGUAY: 26-man preliminary squad — No surprises as star strikers Luis Suarez and Edinson Cavani headline Oscar Tabarez’s La Celeste.

Goalkeepers: Fernando Muslera (Galatasaray), Martin Silva (Vasco da Gama), Martin Campana (Independiente)

Defenders: Diego Godin (Atletico Madrid), Sebastian Coates (Sporting CP), Jose Maria Gimenez (Atletico Madrid), Maximiliano Pereira (FC Porto), Gaston Silva (Independiente), Martin Caceres (Lazio), Guillermo Varela (Penarol)

Midfielders: Nahitan Nandez (Boca Juniors), Lucas Torreira (Sampdoria), Matias Vecino (Inter Milan), Federico Valverde (Real Madrid), Rodrigo Bentancur (Juventus), Carlos Sanchez (Monterrey), Giorgian De Arrascaeta (Cruzeiro), Diego Laxalt (Genoa), Cristian Rodriguez (Penarol), Jonathan Urretaviscaya (Monterrey), Nicolas Lodeiro (Seattle Sounders), Gaston Ramirez (Sampdoria)

Forwards: Cristhian Stuani (Girona), Maximiliano Gomez (Celta Vigo), Edinson Cavani (PSG), Luis Suarez (Barcelona)

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[lov-ely1]

Celebrity Porno

As indicated by a current report by a gathering of agents from the Universities of Tilburg and Groningen, control is a more grounded indicator of betrayal than sex. They observed the rate of unfaithfulness to be generally equivalent among men and ladies in likewise controlled positions. The reason we hear more about men conferring sex outrages is there are numerous a greater number of men in intense positions than ladies.

Studies show that VIPs are not any more prone to have illicit relationships than the normal individual. However, they face a daily reality such that usually shows open doors for easygoing sex, making it less demanding and less unsafe and once in a while, even empowered. Robert Weiss, LCSW, CSAT, Director of Clinical Programming at Life Healing Center in Santa Fe says that open figures bolster off the consistent consideration and approval from others. Then again, Ronald F. Levant, a clinician at the University of Akron says that power encourages terrible conduct; it doesn't cause it. What's more, capable individuals regularly get almost no legitimate criticism. Most everybody in their circle is subject to them for something. This outcomes in making them less inclined to get honest examination or feedback. They're frequently shielded from torment the results of their transgressions, which makes them feel invulnerable. In this manner, they never gain from their mix-ups. Some of the time, the sentiment strength drives specifically to capable individuals supposing they'll never get captured. Their sentiments of quality and boldness combined with not enduring results frequently makes awesome, capable pioneers, but rather issues may emerge when these pioneers never again consider themselves to be human. Fruitful, capable individuals, in particular legislators, famous people and games stars, as a rule need to go out on a limb than the normal national. The characteristics that make them great at what they do, including certainty, appeal and magnetism, and high hazard taking identities, additionally improve their probability for treachery. Regularly, rather than looking after themselves by backing off and deepfakes deep fake taking care of their passionate needs, effective individuals may wind up maladjusted and take part in impermanent, externally fulfilling rehearses as a methods for amusement, incitement or stress discharge. The less their passionate needs are being met, the more inclined they are to search for quick, however to a great extent exhaust, solace to rest easy. They may not in any case acknowledge, or recognize, that anything is absent from their lives. This could prompt sentiments of void. At that point, their sentiments of qualification and invulnerability can prompt poor choices and over-liberality. Unfortunately, VIPs oppose looking for treatment for sexual or relationship issues because of societal marks of shame as well as attention harm. This is, to some extent, a grievous aftereffect of the present data age. In any case, untreated sex-related scatters, regardless of whether physical or mental, could inevitably prompt genuine results: broken connections, capture and sickness, and even demolition of vocations and money related demolish, and ought not be disregarded or limited. At times even an ardent conciliatory sentiment at a well-time question and answer session won't do.

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 3.23

1400 – The Trần dynasty of Vietnam is deposed, after one hundred and seventy-five years of rule, by Hồ Quý Ly, a court official. 1540 – Waltham Abbey is surrendered to King Henry VIII of England; the last religious community to be closed during the Dissolution of the Monasteries. 1568 – The Peace of Longjumeau is signed, ending the second phase of the French Wars of Religion. 1775 – American Revolutionary War: Patrick Henry delivers his speech – "Give me liberty, or give me death!" – at St. John's Episcopal Church, Richmond, Virginia. 1801 – Tsar Paul I of Russia is struck with a sword, then strangled, and finally trampled to death inside his bedroom at St. Michael's Castle. 1806 – After traveling through the Louisiana Purchase and reaching the Pacific Ocean, explorers Lewis and Clark and their "Corps of Discovery" begin their arduous journey home. 1821 – Greek War of Independence: Battle and fall of city of Kalamata. 1848 – The ship John Wickliffe arrives at Port Chalmers carrying the first Scottish settlers for Dunedin, New Zealand. Otago province is founded. 1857 – Elisha Otis's first elevator is installed at 488 Broadway New York City. 1862 – American Civil War: The First Battle of Kernstown, Virginia, marks the start of Stonewall Jackson's Valley Campaign. Although a Confederate defeat, the engagement distracts Federal efforts to capture Richmond. 1868 – The University of California is founded in Oakland, California when the Organic Act is signed into law. 1879 – War of the Pacific: The Battle of Topáter, the first battle of the war is fought between Chile and the joint forces of Bolivia and Peru. 1885 – Sino-French War: Chinese victory in the Battle of Phu Lam Tao near Hưng Hóa, northern Vietnam. 1888 – In England, The Football League, the world's oldest professional association football league, meets for the first time. 1889 – The Ahmadiyya Muslim Community is established by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad in Qadian, British India. 1901 – Emilio Aguinaldo, only President of the First Philippine Republic, is captured at Palanan, Isabela by the forces of General Frederick Funston. 1905 – Eleftherios Venizelos calls for Crete's union with Greece, and begins what is to be known as the Theriso revolt. 1909 – Theodore Roosevelt leaves New York for a post-presidency safari in Africa. The trip is sponsored by the Smithsonian Institution and National Geographic Society. 1913 – A tornado outbreak kills more than 240 people in the central United States, while an ongoing flood in the Ohio River watershed was killing 650 people. 1918 – First World War: On the third day of the German Spring Offensive, the 10th Battalion of the Royal West Kent Regiment is annihilated with many of the men becoming prisoners of war 1919 – In Milan, Italy, Benito Mussolini founds his Fascist political movement. 1931 – Bhagat Singh, Shivaram Rajguru and Sukhdev Thapar are hanged for the killing of a deputy superintendent of police during the Indian independence movement. 1933 – The Reichstag passes the Enabling Act of 1933, making Adolf Hitler dictator of Germany. 1935 – Signing of the Constitution of the Commonwealth of the Philippines. 1939 – The Hungarian air force attacks the headquarters of the Slovak air force in Spišská Nová Ves, killing 13 people and beginning the Slovak–Hungarian War. 1940 – The Lahore Resolution (Qarardad-e-Pakistan or Qarardad-e-Lahore) is put forward at the Annual General Convention of the All-India Muslim League. 1956 – Pakistan becomes the first Islamic republic in the world. This date is now celebrated as Republic Day in Pakistan. 1965 – NASA launches Gemini 3, the United States' first two-man space flight (crew: Gus Grissom and John Young). 1977 – The first of The Nixon Interviews (12 will be recorded over four weeks) is videotaped with British journalist David Frost interviewing former United States President Richard Nixon about the Watergate scandal and the Nixon tapes. 1978 – The first UNIFIL troops arrived in Lebanon for peacekeeping mission along the Blue Line. 1980 – Archbishop Óscar Romero of El Salvador gives his famous speech appealing to men of the El Salvadoran armed forces to stop killing the Salvadorans. 1982 – Guatemala's government, headed by Fernando Romeo Lucas García is overthrown in a military coup by right-wing General Efraín Ríos Montt. 1983 – Strategic Defense Initiative: President Ronald Reagan makes his initial proposal to develop technology to intercept enemy missiles. 1988 – Angolan and Cuban forces defeat South Africa in the Battle of Cuito Cuanavale. 1991 – The Revolutionary United Front, with support from the special forces of Charles Taylor's National Patriotic Front of Liberia, invades Sierra Leone in an attempt to overthrow Joseph Saidu Momoh, sparking the 11-year Sierra Leone Civil War. 1994 – At an election rally in Tijuana, Mexican presidential candidate Luis Donaldo Colosio is assassinated by Mario Aburto Martínez. 1994 – A United States Air Force (USAF) F-16 aircraft collides with a USAF C-130 at Pope Air Force Base and then crashes, killing 24 United States Army soldiers on the ground. This later became known as the Green Ramp disaster. 1994 – Aeroflot Flight 593 crashed into the Kuznetsk Alatau mountain, Kemerovo Oblast, Russia, killing 75. 1996 – Taiwan holds its first direct elections and chooses Lee Teng-hui as President. 1999 – Gunmen assassinate Paraguay's Vice President Luis María Argaña. 2001 – The Russian Mir space station is disposed of, breaking up in the atmosphere before falling into the southern Pacific Ocean near Fiji. 2003 – Battle of Nasiriyah, first major conflict during the invasion of Iraq. 2008 – Official opening of Rajiv Gandhi International Airport in Hyderabad, India 2009 – FedEx Express Flight 80: A McDonnell Douglas MD-11 flying from Guangzhou, China crashes at Tokyo's Narita International Airport, killing both the captain and the co-pilot. 2018 – President of Peru Pedro Pablo Kuczynski resigns from the presidency amid a mass corruption scandal before certain impeachment by the opposition-majority Congress of Peru. 2019 – The Kazakh capital of Astana was renamed to Nur-Sultan. 2019 – The US-backed Syrian Democratic Forces declared military victory over the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant after four years of fighting, although the group maintains a scattered presence and sleeper cells across Syria and Iraq. 2020 – UK Prime Minister, Boris Johnson put the UK into its first national lockdown in response to Covid 19.