#Reed Sternberg

[macrophagee]

Do not be alarmed but I think this cell is looking at us

[kylejsugarman]

ive done so many practice problems today.....now to shower and do about a 100 more to completely use up my arsenal of practice questions, then ?? i guess flashcards and reviewing my list of fast facts

[wagairah-wagairah]

Ab pata nahi kya kya banana padta hai

ASLI MAZA TOH AMOEBA DRAW KARNE MEIN AATA THA

[alightinthelantern]

Movies on Youtube:

Brief Encounter (1945, David Lean)

Opening Night (1977, John Cassavetes)

Close Up (1990, Abbas Kiarostami)

Taste of Cherry (1997, Abbas Kiarostami)

The Song of Sparrows (2008,  Majid Majidi)

Russian Ark (2002, Alexander Sokurov)

Dreams (1990, Akira Kurosawa)

Dersu Uzala (1975, Akira Kurosawa)

The Idiot (1951, Akira Kurosawa)

Drunken Angel (1948, Akira Kurosawa)

Tokyo Story (1953, Yasujirō Ozu)

Early Summer (1951, Yasujirō Ozu)

Late Spring (1949, Yasujirō Ozu)

The Flavor of Green Tea over Rice (1952, Yasujirō Ozu)

Good Morning (1959, Yasujirō Ozu)

An Autumn Afternoon (1962, Yasujirō Ozu)

Sword for Hire (1952, Inagaki Hiroshi)

Rebecca (1940, Alfred Hitchcock)

Thunderbolt (1929, Josef von Sternberg)

Larceny (1948, George Sherman)

Among the Living (1941, Stuart Heisler)

Andrei Rublev (1966, Andrei Tarkovsky)

Mirror (1975, Andrei Tarkovsky)

Solaris (1972, Andrei Tarkovsky)

Ivan’s Childhood (1962, Andrei Tarkovsky)

Aguirre, the Wrath of God (1972, Werner Herzog)

Fitzcarraldo (1982, Werner Herzog)

Medea (1969, Pier Paolo Pasolini)

Medea (filmed stageplay)

Is It Easy To Be Young? (1986, Juris Podnieks)

We'll Live Till Monday (1968, Stanislav Rostotsky)

Ordinary Fascism (aka Triumph Over Violence) (1965, Mikhail Romm)

Battleship Potemkin (1925, Sergei Eisenstein)

The Third Man (1949, Carol Reed)

Johnny Come Lately (1943, William K. Howard)

Mister 880 (1950, Edmund Goulding)

Beethoven’s Eroica (2003, Simon Cellan Jones)

Katyn (2007, Andrzej Wajda)

Lemony Snicket’s A Series of Unfortunate Events (2004, Brad Silberling)

Mean Girls (2004, Mark Waters)

The Neverending Story (1984, Wolfgang Petersen)

The NeverEnding Story II: The Next Chapter (1990, George T. Miller)

The Thief and the Cobbler (Richard Williams)

Osmosis Jones (2001, myriad directors)

Megamind (2010, Tom McGrath)

Ghost in the Shell (1995, Mamoru Oshii)

Ghost in the Shell 2: Innocence (2004, Mamoru Oshii)

Steamboy (2004, Katsuhiro Otomo)

Badlands (1973), Terrence Malick

Wargames (1983, John Badham)

By the White Sea (2022, Aleksandr Zachinyayev)

White Moss (2014, Vladimir Tumayev)

The Theme (1979, Gleb Panfilov)

The Duchess (2008, Saul Dibb)

Bed and Sofa (1927, Abram Room)

Fate of a Man (1959, Sergei Bondarchuk)

Ballad of a Soldier (1959, Grigory Chukhray)

Uncle Vanya (1970, Andrey Konchalovskiy)

An Unfinished Piece for Mechanical Piano (1977, Nikita Mikhalkov)

Family Relations (1981, Nikita Mikhalkov)

The Seagull (1970, Yuli Karasik)

My Tender and Affectionate Beast (1978, Emil Loteanu)

Dreams (1993, Karen Shakhnazarov & Alexander Borodyansky)

The Vanished Empire (2008, Karen Shakhnazarov)

Winter Evening in Gagra (1985, Karen Shakhnazarov)

Day of the Full Moon (1998, Karen Shakhnazarov)

Zero Town (1989, Karen Shakhnazarov)

The Girls (1961, Boris Bednyj)

The Diamond Arm (1969, Leonid Gaidai)

Operation Y and Shurik's Other Adventures (1965, Leonid Gaidai)

Ivan Vasilievich Changes Profession (1973, Leonid Gaidai)

Unbelievable Adventures of Italians in Russia (1974, Eldar Ryazanov & Franco Prosperi)

Office Romance (1977, Eldar Ryazanov)

Carnival Night (1956, Eldar Ryazanov)

Hussar Ballad (1962, Eldar Ryazanov)

Kin-dza-dza! (1986, Georgiy Daneliya)

The Most Charming and Attractive (1985, Gerald Bezhanov)

Autumn (1974, Andrei Smirnov)

War and Peace: Part 1 (1966, Sergei Bondarchuk)

War and Peace: Part 2 (1966, Sergei Bondarchuk)

War and Peace: Part 3 (1967, Sergei Bondarchuk)

War and Peace: Part 4 (1967, Sergei Bondarchuk)

The Red Tent (first half) (1969, Mikhail Kalatozov)

The Red Tent (second half) (1969, Mikhail Kalatozov)

Sherlock Holmes: The Hound of the Baskervilles (1939, Sidney Lanfield)

The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes (1939, Alfred L. Werker)

Sherlock Holmes and the Voice of Terror (1942, John Rawlins)

Sherlock Holmes and the Secret Weapon (1943, Roy William Neill)

Sherlock Holmes in Washington (1943, Roy William Neill)

Sherlock Holmes Faces Death (1943, Roy William Neill)

Sherlock Holmes: The Spider Woman (1944, Roy William Neill)

Sherlock Holmes: The Scarlet Claw (1944, Roy William Neill)

Sherlock Holmes: The Pearl of Death (1944, Roy William Neill)

Sherlock Holmes: The House of Fear (1945, Roy William Neill)

Sherlock Holmes: The Woman in Green (1945, Roy William Neill)

Sherlock Holmes: Pursuit to Algiers (1945, Roy William Neill)

Sherlock Holmes: Terror by Night (1946, Roy William Neill)

Sherlock Holmes: Dressed to Kill (1946, Roy William Neill)

If any of the links don’t work, try looking up the film in this playlist: link

[irhabiya]

this is what reed-sternberg cells look like 2 me

[so-emo-i-fell-apart]

Idk if anyone care but I do and I can kinda explain: so Hank Green posted a tik tok this morning explaing he has Hodgkins Lymphoma. Lymphoma is a cancer of lymphocytes and Lymph nodes. Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell that are essential in body immune response. I could go into more detail on thar if anyone would like.

Anyways lymphomas are generally classified between hodgkins and non-hodgkins. The main differences is that hodgkins favors the upper body usually and also the lymphocytes look like owls kinda and are classified as reed-sternberg cells

Non hodgkins will look abnormal in other ways. (Pictured first) vs a normal lymphocyte (Pictured second)

If hank has the Reed sternberg cells there's therapies developed to target the tumor associated antigens. As well as chemo thay he had mentioned in the video. I'm less familiar with the oncology and therapy side as I work in lab where we mainly monitor conditions via peripheral blood smears and tracking levels of tumor associated antigens and other cancer antigens

[travellingwiththedead]

is that cell in your profile picture that owls eyes thing in hodgkin lymphoma?

Yes, it's a Reed-Sternberg cell in Hodgkin's lymphoma (giving us the side eye xD)

[socialoutsider1a]

Connie Nielsen (Special Agent in Charge Ellen Solberg in the FBI Season 1 series premiere episode, "Pilot") is Danish.

Ebonee Noel (Kristen Chazal) is Guyanese.

Missy Peregrym (Maggie Bell) and Nathaniel Arcand (Clinton Skye) are Canadian.

Zeeko Zaki (OA Zidan) was born in Egypt.

Alexa Davalos (Kristin Gaines) was born in France.

Miguel Gomez (Ivan Ortiz) is Colombian.

Julian McMahon (Jess LaCroix) and Keisha Castle-Hughes (Hana Gibson) are Australian.

Roxy Sternberg (Sheryll Barnes) and Christina Wolf (Amanda Tate on FBI: International) are English.

Christiane Paul is German, a trait she shares with her FBI: International character, Katrin Jaeger.

Eva-Jane Willis (Megan "Smitty" Garretson) is South-African.

And Heida Reed (Jamie Kellet) is Icelandic.

[yourhealthrescue]

Bone Marrow Transplant in India: A Beacon of Hope for Blood Cancer Patients

The essence of life circulates within our veins, fueled by blood—a vital fluid that, although not classified as an organ, sustains the intricate functions of the brain, heart, and other pivotal systems. Blood not only nourishes tissues and organs with essential nutrients but also stabilizes body temperature and fortifies our immunity. Its pivotal components, from clotting agents to repair mechanisms, underscore its indispensable role in sustaining life.

Yet, what transpires when this lifeblood is compromised? Among the most severe repercussions are malignancies such as leukemia and lymphoma—devastating forms of blood cancer that threaten the harmony of the body's internal systems.

Bone Marrow Transplant in India: A Revolutionary Treatment

For patients whose blood cancers resist conventional treatments like chemotherapy or radiation, a bone marrow transplant in India offers renewed hope. This procedure, also called a stem cell transplant, involves replacing damaged marrow with healthy cells to restore blood production.

Decoding Bone Marrow: The Cradle of Blood Cells

Nestled within the cavities of long bones such as the hips, spine, and sternum lies bone marrow—a soft tissue often hailed as the factory of blood cells. This vital tissue is home to stem cells, the progenitors of red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and platelets, through a complex process termed hematopoiesis.

Remarkably, bone marrow generates approximately 220 billion blood cells daily, releasing them into the bloodstream to meet the body's needs. This regenerative prowess ensures a balanced immune response, facilitates tissue restoration, and sustains overall vitality. However, when these stem cells falter, the repercussions can be catastrophic, culminating in disorders like leukemia and lymphoma.

The Onset of Hematologic Maladies: Leukemia and Lymphoma

Bone marrow aberrations often trigger blood-related complications, with mutations serving as the harbinger of cancerous growth. These mutations, resulting in uncontrolled proliferation of blood cells, contribute to a staggering 1.24 million new cases of blood cancer annually.

Leukemia: A Silent Infiltrator

Leukemia originates within the marrow, leading to an abnormal surge of leukocytes (white blood cells). These rogue cells compromise immune defense mechanisms, leaving the body vulnerable to infections.

Leukemia can manifest as:

Lymphocytic Leukemia: Targets lymphocytes, pivotal for immune functionality.

Myeloid Leukemia: Impacts myeloid cells, precursors to RBCs, WBCs (excluding lymphocytes), and platelets.

Both forms can present as acute (rapid progression) or chronic (gradual onset), demanding timely intervention to avert fatal consequences.

Lymphoma: The Tumor of Lymphocytes

In lymphoma, malignancy arises in lymphocytes, typically housed in lymph nodes, spleen, and marrow. Abnormal lymphocytes proliferate uncontrollably, disrupting the lymphatic system.

Hodgkin Lymphoma: Identified by Reed-Sternberg cells, it spreads systematically, making early detection pivotal.

Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma: A heterogeneous group without Reed-Sternberg cells, its erratic progression poses challenges in treatment.

Early diagnosis is essential to restore the immune system’s defense against these malignancies.

Bone Marrow Transplantation: A Lifesaving Treatment Modality

When conventional therapies such as chemotherapy, radiation, or immunotherapy fail, bone marrow transplantation (BMT) emerges as a vital alternative. Known also as a stem cell transplant, BMT revitalizes the marrow by replacing diseased cells with healthy ones, either from the patient (autologous) or a donor (allogeneic).

Autologous BMT

This self-derived approach involves harvesting the patient’s stem cells before high-dose therapy and reintroducing them post-treatment to restore marrow function. It is frequently employed in leukemia treatment.

Allogeneic BMT

Stem cells from a genetically compatible donor—either related or unrelated—are transplanted to the patient. Compatibility is determined by human leukocyte antigens (HLAs), crucial for minimizing transplant rejection and maximizing success.

Challenges and Risks in BMT

Despite its transformative potential, BMT is not devoid of risks:

Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD): Donor cells may attack the recipient’s tissues, causing severe complications.

Infections: The suppressed immune state post-transplant heightens susceptibility to pathogens.

Organ Damage: Liver, lungs, and other organs may endure harm during the procedure.

Rejection: The recipient’s body might resist the transplanted cells, leading to failure.

Comprehensive pre-transplant evaluation and robust post-operative care are paramount to mitigating these risks.

Medaviate: Bridging the Path to Recovery

Medaviate, a distinguished healthcare facilitator in India, stands as a trusted ally for global patients seeking advanced medical care. By connecting individuals with leading cancer specialists and state-of-the-art hospitals, Medaviate ensures access to cutting-edge bone marrow transplant procedures.

FAQs

1. What is the cost of a bone marrow transplant in India? The cost varies based on the procedure type and hospital, ranging between ₹10–25 lakhs.

2. How long is the recovery period post-transplant? Full recovery may take several months, with close monitoring for infections and complications.

3. Why choose India for BMT? India offers world-class medical expertise, advanced facilities, and cost-effective treatment options.

4. Can international patients access Medaviate's services? Absolutely. Medaviate specializes in assisting international patients with end-to-end support, including visa arrangements and post-treatment care.

Conclusion

The advances in Bone Marrow Transplant in India have changed the prognosis for leukemia and lymphoma patients. With Medaviate constant support and India's medical brilliance, many people find hope and recovery. For people suffering from life-threatening blood malignancies, this lifesaving treatment represents a second chance at life.

[lindabrown1812]

What are the different types of blood cancer and their symptoms?

Blood cancers, also known as hematologic cancers, affect the blood, bone marrow, and lymphatic system. The three primary types of blood cancer are leukemia, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma. These cancers interfere with the production and function of blood cells, leading to various health challenges. Here’s an overview of each type, its subtypes, and common symptoms, as highlighted by cancer organizations like the National Coalition for Cancer Survivorship (NCCS).

1. Leukemia

Leukemia originates in the blood and bone marrow, where it disrupts the formation of white blood cells. This type of cancer is categorized based on how quickly it progresses (acute or chronic) and the type of blood cell affected (lymphocytic or myeloid).

Subtypes of Leukemia:

Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL): More common in children, but adults can also develop it.

Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML): Common among adults, particularly older individuals.

Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL): Progresses slowly and usually affects older adults.

Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML): Progresses slowly and primarily affects adults.

Common Symptoms:

Fatigue and weakness

Frequent infections and fevers

Easy bruising or bleeding

Bone and joint pain

Swollen lymph nodes or spleen

2. Lymphoma

Lymphoma targets the lymphatic system, a crucial part of the immune system. This cancer starts in lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell) and can spread throughout the body. The two main types are Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL).

Hodgkin Lymphoma (HL):

Recognized by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells in the lymph nodes.

More treatable than non-Hodgkin lymphoma, with a high survival rate if caught early.

Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL):

Comprises a broad category of lymphatic cancers that develop in lymph nodes and other lymphoid tissues.

Includes various subtypes, such as diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and follicular lymphoma.

Common Symptoms:

Swollen lymph nodes, often painless

Unexplained weight loss

Persistent fatigue

Night sweats

Abdominal pain or swelling

3. Multiple Myeloma

Multiple myeloma affects plasma cells, a type of white blood cell in the bone marrow. This cancer disrupts the production of healthy blood cells and the immune system, leading to complications throughout the body.

Common Symptoms:

Bone pain, especially in the spine or chest

Frequent infections

Fatigue and weakness

High blood calcium levels, which can cause nausea and constipation

Anemia-related symptoms

Conclusion

Blood cancers present distinct symptoms but often overlap, making early detection challenging. The National Coalition for Cancer Survivorship and similar cancer organizations emphasize the importance of awareness and regular health screenings to help detect these cancers early.

To know more visit: https://canceradvocacy.org/

[ramachannel270]

What Is Lymphoma? Understanding “มะเร็งต่อมน้ำเหลือง” and Its Implications

Lymphoma, or "มะเร็งต่อมน้ำเหลือง," is a type of cancer that originates in the lymphatic system, which is an essential part of the immune system. Understanding lymphoma is crucial for recognizing its symptoms and seeking timely treatment. Here are five key points to know about this condition.

Types of Lymphoma Lymphoma is primarily classified into two main types: Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Hodgkin lymphoma is characterized by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells, while non-Hodgkin lymphoma includes a diverse group of lymphomas that vary in severity and treatment options.

Common Symptoms Symptoms of lymphoma can include swollen lymph nodes, unexplained weight loss, fever, night sweats, and fatigue. These symptoms may be similar to other illnesses, making it essential to seek medical evaluation if they persist.

Risk Factors Several factors can increase the risk of developing lymphoma, including age, weakened immune system, certain infections (like Epstein-Barr virus), and exposure to chemicals or radiation. Awareness of these factors can help in monitoring health.

Diagnosis Diagnosis typically involves a physical examination, imaging tests (like CT scans), and a biopsy of the affected lymph nodes. Early diagnosis is vital for effective treatment, so prompt medical attention is essential.

Treatment Options Treatment for lymphoma may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, or immunotherapy, depending on the type and stage of the disease. Consulting an oncologist is crucial for determining the most appropriate treatment plan tailored to the individual’s needs.

If you or someone you know is affected by lymphoma, understanding this condition can empower you to seek the necessary support and treatment. For more information on lymphoma and related health topics, visit Ramachannel for expert insights and resources. Staying informed is an essential step toward better health and well-being!

[harshnews]

Hematologic Malignancies Market Size, Share, Trends, Growth and Competitive Analysis

"Global Hematologic Malignancies Market – Industry Trends and Forecast to 2029

Global Hematologic Malignancies Market, By Type (Leukaemia, Lymphoma, Myeloma), Therapy Type (Chemotherapy, Immunotherapy, Targeted Therapy), Diagnosis (Blood Tests, Biopsy, Imaging Tests, Others), Route of Administration (Oral, Parenteral, Others), Dosage Form (Tablets, Capsules, Injections, Others), End-Users (Hospitals, Specialty Clinics, Homecare, Others), Distribution Channel (Hospital Pharmacy, Retail Pharmacy, Online Pharmacy, Others) – Industry Trends and Forecast to 2029

Access Full 350 Pages PDF Report @

**Segments**

- Leukemia: Leukemia, a type of hematologic malignancy, is characterized by the rapid production of abnormal white blood cells in the bone marrow, leading to complications in the immune system's function. The leukemia segment is significant in the hematologic malignancies market, with a high prevalence globally. Factors such as genetic predisposition, exposure to radiation, and certain chemotherapy drugs contribute to the development of leukemia.

- Lymphoma: Lymphoma is another key segment in the hematologic malignancies market, affecting the lymphatic system and lymphoid tissues. There are two main types of lymphoma: Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Hodgkin lymphoma is characterized by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells, while non-Hodgkin lymphoma comprises a diverse group of lymphomas with varying characteristics and prognosis. The lymphoma segment is witnessing advancements in treatment options, including immunotherapy and targeted therapies.

- Myeloma: Multiple myeloma is a type of hematologic malignancy that affects plasma cells in the bone marrow. This segment of the market is characterized by the abnormal production of monoclonal proteins, leading to bone damage, renal complications, and other symptoms. The myeloma segment has seen significant progress in treatment modalities, including proteasome inhibitors, immunomodulatory drugs, and monoclonal antibodies. The market for myeloma therapies continues to expand, with a focus on improving patient outcomes and quality of life.

**Market Players**

- Roche: Roche is a prominent player in the hematologic malignancies market, offering a range of innovative therapies for leukemia, lymphoma, and myeloma. The company's portfolio includes targeted therapies, immunotherapies, and personalized medicine options for patients with hematologic malignancies. Roche invests heavily in research and development to introduce novel treatments and improve existing standards of care for these conditions.

- Novartis: Novartis isIn the competitive landscape of the hematologic malignancies market, Roche and Novartis stand out as key market players with a significant presence and impact on the industry. Roche, a Swiss multinational healthcare company, has established itself as a leader in providing innovative therapies for leukemia, lymphoma, and myeloma. With a diverse portfolio that includes targeted therapies, immunotherapies, and personalized medicine options, Roche continues to drive advancements in treatment options for patients with hematologic malignancies. The company's strong focus on research and development enables it to introduce novel treatments that address unmet medical needs and improve patient outcomes in this complex and challenging disease area.

Novartis, another major player in the hematologic malignancies market, has made substantial contributions to advancing the field of oncology with its portfolio of innovative therapies. The company's commitment to developing cutting-edge treatments for leukemia, lymphoma, and myeloma has made it a key player in the market. Novartis's emphasis on precision medicine and personalized treatment approaches has led to the development of targeted therapies that aim to improve the efficacy and safety profiles of treatments for hematologic malignancies. By investing in research and collaborations with key stakeholders in the healthcare ecosystem, Novartis continues to drive progress in addressing the evolving needs of patients with these complex diseases.

Both Roche and Novartis play a vital role in shaping the hematologic malignancies market through their focus on innovation, research, and patient-centric approaches to therapy development. These companies leverage their expertise in oncology and biotechnology to bring forward novel treatment options that have the potential to transform the standard of care for patients with leukemia, lymphoma, and myeloma. In addition to developing new therapies, Roche and Novartis also engage in strategic partnerships, regulatory initiatives, and patient advocacy efforts to drive awareness, access, and affordability of hematologic malignancy treatments on a global scale.

As the landscape of hematologic malignancies continues to evolve with advancements in technology**Segments:**

- Leukemia: Leukemia, a type of hematologic malignancy, is a significant segment in the market due to its high prevalence globally and the complexities associated with the rapid production of abnormal white blood cells. Factors such as genetic predisposition and exposure to certain chemicals play a role in the development of leukemia. The market for leukemia treatments is driven by continuous research and development efforts to improve patient outcomes and quality of life.

- Lymphoma: Lymphoma, affecting the lymphatic system, comprises Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Advancements in treatment options, including immunotherapy and targeted therapies, have significantly impacted the lymphoma market. The focus on personalized medicine and precision therapies is shaping the future of lymphoma treatment, with a strong emphasis on improving therapeutic efficacy and reducing adverse effects for patients.

- Myeloma: Multiple myeloma, characterized by the abnormal production of monoclonal proteins, poses challenges such as bone damage and renal complications. The myeloma segment has witnessed remarkable progress in treatment modalities, with the introduction of novel therapies such as proteasome inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies. The market for myeloma therapies is expanding, driven by the need to address unmet medical needs and enhance patient care.

**Global Hematologic Malignancies Market:** - By Type: Leukemia, Lymphoma, Myeloma - Therapy Type: Chemotherapy, Immunotherapy, Targeted Therapy

Key points covered in the report: -

The pivotal aspect considered in the global Hematologic Malignancies Market report consists of the major competitors functioning in the global market.

The report includes profiles of companies with prominent positions in the global market.

The sales, corporate strategies and technical capabilities of key manufacturers are also mentioned in the report.

The driving factors for the growth of the global Hematologic Malignancies Market are thoroughly explained along with in-depth descriptions of the industry end users.

The report also elucidates important application segments of the global market to readers/users.

This report performs a SWOT analysis of the market. In the final section, the report recalls the sentiments and perspectives of industry-prepared and trained experts.

The experts also evaluate the export/import policies that might propel the growth of the Global Hematologic Malignancies Market.

The Global Hematologic Malignancies Market report provides valuable information for policymakers, investors, stakeholders, service providers, producers, suppliers, and organizations operating in the industry and looking to purchase this research document.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Part 01: Executive Summary

Part 02: Scope of the Report

Part 03: Research Methodology

Part 04: Market Landscape

Part 05: Pipeline Analysis

Part 06: Market Sizing

Part 07: Five Forces Analysis

Part 08: Market Segmentation

Part 09: Customer Landscape

Part 10: Regional Landscape

Part 11: Decision Framework

Part 12: Drivers and Challenges

Part 13: Market Trends

Part 14: Vendor Landscape

Part 15: Vendor Analysis

Part 16: Appendix

Countries Studied:

North America (Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, Peru, United States, Rest of Americas)

Europe (Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Russia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, Rest of Europe)

Middle-East and Africa (Egypt, Israel, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, United Arab Emirates, Rest of MEA)

Asia-Pacific (Australia, Bangladesh, China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Taiwan, Rest of Asia-Pacific)

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About Data Bridge Market Research:

Data Bridge set forth itself as an unconventional and neoteric Market research and consulting firm with unparalleled level of resilience and integrated approaches. We are determined to unearth the best market opportunities and foster efficient information for your business to thrive in the market. Data Bridge endeavors to provide appropriate solutions to the complex business challenges and initiates an effortless decision-making process.

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[ruaahomecareblog]

Understanding Lymphoma: Causes, Symptoms, Treatments, and Global Awareness Efforts!

Lymphoma, a cancer affecting the lymphatic system, is one of the most prevalent cancers globally. Despite its commonality, there is still a need for increased public awareness of this disease. World Lymphoma Awareness Day, held annually on September 15, serves as a reminder to educate people about lymphoma, share vital information, and encourage early detection.

Our hope in this paper is to be able to help further understand, and build better awareness across the globe that may bring the very best outcome for the sufferers and their families-from knowledge on lymphoma symptoms and treatment to its cause. The most primary question one could ask, if given a chance, is what lymphoma is.

What is lymphoma?

Broadly viewed, the term lymphoma refers to cancers afflicting the lymphatic system, which is part of the human body's infection and disease fighting apparatus. It is commonly defined as an abnormal and unregulated growth of lymphocytes, which leads to the forming of tumors either inside the lymph nodes or other parts of the body.

Generally, lymphomas are divided into two main groups: Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

It is a tumor composed of Reed-Sternberg cells. Hodgkin's lymphoma is a class of cancer originating either from B-cells or T-cells; the two major subtypes of lymphocytes. In each of those two, of course, there are great numbers of subtypes—more than 60 in non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

Causes of Lymphoma: Getting to Know Your Risks

Though, the real lymphoma causes are unknown, there are a few well-documented risk factors whose presence would ensure increased chances of a person getting the disease. In these respects, it would be apt to mention that these are not causing lymphoma in real terms but merely providing greater chances for it to develop.

1. Immune Deficiency: Probably one of the most easily recognizable risk factors in lymphoma is immune deficiency in such well-known cases as the disease in transplant organ receivers who take immuno-suppressive drugs and in advanced HIV/AIDS, for which the body's defense cannot contain the growths of abnormal cells.

2. Infections: Also, viral and bacterial infections of an individual are known to be the reasons for certain lymphoma diseases.

For example, the bacterium Helicobacter pylori, now known to be a leading cause of gastric ulcers, has also been shown to induce a type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma that most often arises in the stomach lining

3. Age and Sex: Lymphoma can occur at any age but regarding the conditions, the distribution is different. Hodgkin’s Lymphoma most commonly occurs during the ages of 15-35 years, non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma most commonly occurs at > than 60 years of age. On a broad note, most commonly males are at a greater risk compared to females for developing non - Hodgkin's lymphoma.

4. Genetics and Family History: Like any other cancer, lymphoma has an increased risk of incidence in a person if they have a positive family history. To put it simply if your immediate family member was unfortunate enough to encounter it, it increases your chances of having them as well. Hence making it essential for close family members to undergo screening. Although Lymphoma has been known to affect several patients with no known family history as well.

5. Environmental and Occupational Exposure: Long-term use or exposure to pesticides, herbicides, and other noxious chemicals/toxic substances can be linked to lymphomas, more so in an agricultural or industrial setup where a worker is quite exposed to such chemicals.

6. Autoimmune diseases: Diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and celiac disease already cause chronic inflammation or autoimmune malfunction and thereby increase risks for lymphoma. In one way or another, chronic immune activation predisposes atypical cells to proliferate.

Symptoms of lymphoma: making an early diagnosis.

In fact, all slogans follow the closely related synonyms on early detection, and that is the very precept of World Lymphoma Awareness Day.

In fact, the earlier the symptoms are identified and proper treatment instituted, the prognosis would have been better for the patient. However, since lymphoma mainly presents itself with nonspecific symptoms most of which may easily be confused with other less malignant illnesses, the disease may fairly be difficult to diagnose. The most common symptoms of lymphoma that one should be well conversed with include:

 1. Lymphadenopathy: Painless enlarged lymph nodes especially in the neck, armpits, or groin are the most concerning way with which lymphoma presents itself among all signs and symptoms. Most cases of swelling of the lymph nodes result from infections. If a swelling remains over weeks, it could be a sign of lymphoma.

2. Unexplained Fevers: Most of the patients with this condition, namely, lymphoma, say that one complains of unexplained occurrences of fever. The fevers go away, come back; no signs of infection or something else may appear and give a clue that something in the body is going horribly wrong.

3. Nighttime Sweating: Cardinal symptoms of lymphoma diagnosis include the drenching sweats, especially nocturnal. The night sweat is obstinate, with wetting of clothes and bedding that cannot be accounted for by surroundings in respect to temperature and climate.

4. Unintentional Weight Loss: Such drastic reduction in weight could be reasoned by the fact that the lymphoma hasn't made the patient change their particular diet and exercise. The alarming bell would ring at such time when one loses 10 percent or above of body weight within just six months, which in this case forces him to visit the doctor.

5. Fatigue: Lymphoma fatigue is universal and will not be improved, even by taking rest. Further, lymphoma fatigue does not occur in the usual course of events when one feels tired after an extremely heavy schedule or from sleep deprivation. If lymphoma fatigue has started to interfere with routine activity, then the degree of weakness an individual may feel can become markedly debilitating.

6. Pruritus or Itching: Often chronic, cause not apparent, but most of the time seems to emanate from the lower limbs. Perhaps considered as a prodromal sign for lymphoma, it is often then generalized. The pruritus may turn out to be refractory to classical treatments such as antihistamines and others.

7. Anorexia: There is generalized loss of appetite; this may also present as a feeling of fullness even after very little intake. This will progress to demonstrate weight loss and is one of the worst ominous signs for the disease.

8. Shortness of breath and chest pain: Lymphoma may lead to the development of faulty lymph nodes in the chest, sometimes tending to press on the trachea, lungs, or any other structure within the chest. It may therefore cause a chronic cough, chest pain, and shortness of breath.

These symptoms are quite non-specific and can thus be mistaken with far less serious diseases; as such, most of the patients will only present themselves to the doctor after the disease has existed for a considerable amount of time. "The doctors and patients who are aware of symptoms ascribed to Lymphoma Awareness can hence help in recognizing early signs and symptoms.".

Staging Procedures to Confirm Diagnosis of Lymphoma

Diagnosis of lymphoma involves several tests and investigations, which are conducted to confirm the suspicions of the disease and further inform on the type and stages involved.

Usually, it includes:

1. Examination: The doctor carries out a physical examination, looking for the physical appearance of lymphoma signs like swelling of lymph nodes, spleen, and liver enlargement.

2. Blood Tests: Certainly, a blood test by itself cannot reveal lymphoma, but it does give an overview of general health and functioning of all body organs and helps in ruling out other disorders. With the use of blood tests, one would look for the level of some sort of blood cells that may reflect some abnormality typical for lymphoma patients.

 3. Imaging studies are radiographic techniques involving X-ray, CT scan, MRI, and PET scan, through which very lucid details about the body enable the clinician to locate swollen lymph nodes and defects in any organ of the body. They, therefore, become major contributors to the very important role that lymphoma staging plays in treatment planning.

4. Lymph node biopsy: It can diagnose lymphoma when a biopsy is taken. A small piece of tissue from the affected lymph node or other involved area can be placed under a microscope to determine if cells indicative of a patient's having cancer are present. Bone Marrow Biopsy

5: These suspicions consist of those in which the lymphoma has already set deeply inside the bone marrows at an advanced stage. A sample is taken from inside such a bone in the case of a bone marrow biopsy for examination. This process occurs over and over again many times when the lymphoma is at a pretty advanced stage.

6. Genetic and Molecular Testing: Currently, diagnosis of lymphoma greatly depends on the genetic and molecular testing applied over the years. These tests will show specific abnormalities or changes in the lymphoma cells, and as such guide options for treatments.

Lymphoma Staging

Understand Disease Extent - Having diagnosed lymphoma, physicians would work towards understanding its stage. It is based on one significant premise that the staging then becomes a foundation for the treatment strategy besides reflecting on the prognosis of the patient. In most instances, staging includes assessment of how far the lymphoma has spread in the lymphatic system and whether it has infiltrated other organs.

Stage I: The pathology of lymphoma is localized only in one group of the lymphatic nodes or restricted to only one organ, except for the lymphatic nodes.

Stage II: Disease in two or more lymph node areas, with or without the presence of diseases in adjacent organs and it is additionally restricted to above the diaphragm.

Stage III: The cancer involves lymph nodes both above and below the diaphragm and/or has extended to the spleen or to adjacent organs like the lung, testicles, or breast.

Stage IV: Cancer has spread to far sites from the location of concern, for example, the liver, lungs, or marrow.

Lymphoma Treatments

There are several ways of treatment for lymphoma. Very often, the doctor combines a few different kinds of therapeutics in order to achieve the best results. Among the most frequent treatments are:

1. Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy has remained to be the primary form of treatment afforded to lymphoma patients. This is due to the reason that chemotherapy uses powerful medicines that kill fast-dividing cancer cells or stop them from growing and dividing again. The treatments are delivered through various methods: intravenous or oral. Treatment with chemotherapy can be given to patients suffering from both Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Chemotherapy is usually given in cycles, thereby giving the body a little respite and time of recovery between such treatments. As chemotherapy kills the normal, healthy cells as well, its common side effects include but are not limited to hair loss, fatigue, nausea, vulnerability to infection due to low WBC counts, and so on and so forth.

2. Radiation therapy

Targeted destructions against the cancerous cells can be made by the use of high-energy rays, mostly X-rays. It is most commonly referred to as radiation therapy. Radiation therapy works best when lymphoma is in only one part of the body, as it is most often seen in early stages of Hodgkin lymphoma. Therefore, in advanced stages, radiations may also be given concomitantly with chemotherapy.

3. Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Immunotherapy Treatments

The new mode of treatment is such that it uses the natural immune system in our bodies to kill the cancer cells. Therefore, promising results of treating non-Hodgkin lymphoma with one special kind of immunotherapy are represented by monoclonal antibodies. In most indications, biological agents are about the prescription of a specific drug, in particular Rituximab, which acts selectively against B cells in many types of non-Hodgkin lymphomas. Other immunotherapies being tried on these resistant lymphomas include checkpoint inhibitors in which the drugs act on the mechanisms by which the tumor cells may escape an immune response and are hence acting directly on the tumor cells themselves.

4. Targeted Therapy

These are a class of treatments that selectively hone in on and block a very small number of signals which would otherwise allow these tumor cells to survive and grow. In general, it has been proven where targeted therapies work through specific genetic abnormalities or mutations in some lymphomas. Side effects from targeted therapies are relatively less than those associated with conventional treatment, namely chemotherapy.

5. CAR T-Cell Therapy

Perhaps other than CAR T-cell therapy, no cancer treatment has developed as much lately as lymphoma treatment. In this highly developed form of immunotherapy, the patient's very own T cells will be genetically engineered to attack and kill lymphoma cells. These treatments have been quite effective in some types of aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphomas, particularly those patients who are resistant to other treatments.

6. Stem Cell Transplant

Those with very aggressive lymphomas, or those whose lymphoma had recurred, may be eligible for a stem cell transplant, where an extensive amount of chemotherapy and/or radiation is administered and it should have killed the disease cells, then the healthy stem cells regenerate bone marrow in the patient.

Cells for the transplant can be obtained from the patient, which would make it an autologous transplant, or alternatively, from a donor, in which case the procedure would be termed an allogeneic transplant.

7. Vigilant Waiting

Some kinds of lymphoma don't need to be treated right away. Sometimes nothing at all is the best treatment - your doctor may call this "watchful waiting.". It may be an effective treatment only when the actual disease is at an inactive stage and monitored well, that is, when the lymphoma just started to grow. At the same time, all side effects of the treatment will be possible to prevent in due time, while carefully monitoring the disease condition of an individual.

So much is happening in research on lymphoma that totally new horizons are unfolding for patients. Continuous research and trials during this period further promise a brighter tomorrow in view of this aspect. More so, emerging immunotherapy and targeted treatment may fare better by increasing survival rates for patients with lower side effects. Other fast-expanding areas in the management of lymphoma are through personalized medicine. This might open a Pandora's Box of options that concern one's own genetic material. The more one learns about lymphomas' molecular driving forces, the more options open up. Perhaps the most exciting of all the breakthroughs of recent years was that of CAR T-cell therapy, which at last brought major aid and some sort of hope in patients with aggressive or relapsed lymphoma. It is an achievement and one of those giant strides taken in a different direction toward therapies using the immune system of the human body in its battle against cancer. Aside from this, another emerging role of investigation in lymphoma treatment by gene therapy is the action on genetic mutation that causes or aggravates the disease. With all these relentless developments in treatment, it is now being hoped that curative potentials can be extended even into the most complex forms of lymphoma diseases.

Personalizing: Living With Lymphoma – Survivor Stories and Support  

Living with lymphoma involves more than just managing physical symptoms; it also requires emotional resilience. This perhaps explains why one hears so often survivors of lymphoma telling their stories related to World Lymphoma Awareness Day about surviving and coping well with the disease leading them to becoming highly inspiring for all people currently suffering from the disease. These are stories of hope giving evidence of early detection, effective treatment, and conquering spirit of body and mind against such adversities. The patient advocacy groups help some lymphoma patients and their family members to easily cope with various dimensions of the disease. These groups join the resource pool, support groups, and education in new treatments for the person to make decisions about their care.

Global Fight Against Lymphoma: Awareness Towards a Cure

The awareness campaigns about lymphoma information, its research, and advocacy for its patients struck the embers to fight against the disease globally. Its importance in trying to demystify these diseases, educating the masses, and bringing down barriers that form delays in the diagnosis and treatment of the same has consequently been pretty important. Great awareness forms a relationship between lymphoma and better understanding, thus less stigmatization of patients and creating much more chances of being saved out there. That is, enormous strides have been made toward understanding lymphoma, but one can only hope these giant leaps in treatments continue to be made and that public education on the subject until a time when the disease no longer needs to be managed, but rather cured.

[vitc-killscancer]

Acknowledgments

Special Thanks to the Following:

NUTGAP coordinated by Dr. Gerardo Mackenzie and Dr. Diane Beckles, Dr. Carole Hom, Bryshal Moore, Rosa Fragello, all presenters/faculty & staff of UC Davis and allied outreach, & UC Davis Nutritional Biology Department

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Outline of The Role of Ascorbic Acid on Hodgkin's Lymphoma

Introduction

Hodgkin’s Lymphoma(HL) is a blood cancer affecting the lymphatic system

Tumors are mainly characterized by formation of Reed-Sternberg cells (H-RS)

HL has hyperactivation of the NF-kB pathway, which H-RS cells depend on for growth and survival

Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C) acts as a antioxidant, yet in highdoses reached by IV, can act as a prooxidant which selectively kills cancer cells

Objectives

To investigate mechanisms describing how Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C) kills Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

To visualize growth suppression & apoptosis (cell death)

Methodology

Cell Culture/Stock

Cell Proliferation

Immunohistochemistry

Antibody Probing

Cell Viability Assays

Image J Quantification

Results

Fig 2. Immunohistochemistry staining for PCNA and Bcl-xL were performed in L540 xenograft sections. Photographs were taken at 20x magnification )Below). Results were expressed as percent of PCNA+, and Bcl-xL+ area (mean ± SD) per 20x field.

Fig 1.Tumor Growth progression following treatment with Ascorbic Acid (AA)

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Fig 2. Images of Xenograft staining sections up close for PCNA and Bcl-xL

PCNA (+)

PCNA (-)

Bcl-xL (+)

Bcl-xL (-)

Conclusions

Tumor growth was inhibited when treated with ascorbic acid by a rate of 59%

Bcl-xL percent area showed no significant difference in staining when compared to control group

PCNA percent area showed no significant reduction in comparison to control group

L540 cells were revived, but were not viable for future experiments

Future Research

Determine the efficacy of Ascorbic Acid when combined with other chemotherapeutic drugs

Test if Curcumin (a tumeric bioactive) can effectively be combined with Ascorbic acid

Test Curcumin + Ascorbic Acid

Evaluate detailed mechanisms of action using HL L540 cells (using Western Blot)

References

1. Böttger F, Vallés-Martí A, Cahn L, Jimenez CR. High-dose intravenous vitamin C, a promising multi-targeting agent in the treatment of cancer. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2021 Oct 30;40(1):343. doi: 10.1186/s13046-021-02134-y. PMID: 34717701; PMCID: PMC8557029.

2. Guorgui J, Wang R, Mattheolabakis G, Mackenzie GG. Curcumin formulated in solid lipid nanoparticles has enhanced efficacy in Hodgkin's lymphoma in mice. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2018 Jun 15;648:12-19. doi: 10.1016/j.abb.2018.04.012. Epub 2018 Apr 18. PMID: 29679536.

3. Mackenzie GG, Queisser N, Wolfson ML, Fraga CG, Adamo AM, Oteiza PI. Curcumin induces cell-arrest and apoptosis in association with the inhibition of constitutively active NF-kappaB and STAT3 pathways in Hodgkin's lymphoma cells. Int J Cancer. 2008 Jul 1;123(1):56-65. doi: 10.1002/ijc.23477. PMID: 18386790.

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Thank you for stopping by!

[alightinthelantern]

Books read and movies watched in 2022, and whether I’d recommend them:

Books:

The Seven Deaths of Evelyn Hardcastle (Stuart Turton): Yes

The Devil and the Dark Water (Stuart Turton): No

At Bertram’s Hotel (Agatha Christie): Yes

A Murder is Announced (Agatha Christie): Eh

The Murder at the Vicarage (Agatha Christie): Yes

Destination Unknown (Agatha Christie): Eh

A Pocket Full of Rye (Agatha Christie): Eh

Pavilion of Women (Pearl S. Buck): Yes

O Caledonia (Elspeth Barker): Yes

The Mask Carver’s Son (Alyson Richman): Yes

(Poetry) Ordinary Words (Ruth Stone): Yes

(Poetry) Thirst (Mary Oliver): No

(Poetry) Howl & Other Poems (Allen Ginsberg): Yes

Movies:

Lady Bird (2017, Greta Gerwig): Yes

High Treason (1929, Maurice Elvey): Eh

Brief Encounter (1945, David Lean): Yes

Les Visiteurs du Soir/The Devil’s Envoys (1942, Marcel Carné): Yes

Casablanca (1942, Michael Curtiz): No

Rear Window (1954, Alfred Hitchcock): Yes

North By Northwest (rewatch) [1959, Alfred Hitchcock]: Yes

Once Upon A Time in America (1984, Sergio Leone): NO

A River Runs Through It (1992, Robert Redford): No

The African Queen (1951, John Huston): No

Tokyo Story (1953, Yasujirō Ozu): Eh

Rebecca (1940, Alfred Hitchcock): No

I Married a Witch (1942, René Clair): No

La Belle et la Bete (1946, Jean Cocteau): No

Medea (1969, Pier Paolo Pasolini): No

The Letter (1940, William Wyler): Yes

Among the Living (1941, Stuart Heisler): No

Johnny Come Lately (1943, William K. Howard): Yes

Thunderbolt (1929, Josef von Sternberg): Yes

The Plane that Disappeared (1961, Reginald Le Borg): No

Larceny (1948, George Sherman): Yes

The Woman in the Window (1944, Fritz Lang): No

The Spiral Staircase (1946, Robert Siodmak): No

High Sierra (1941, Raoul Walsh): No

Raising Arizona (1987, Joel Coen): YES

Close-Up (1990, Abbas Kiarostami): Yes

Night Train to Munich (1940, Carol Reed): Yes

Mister 880 (1950, Edmund Goulding): Yes

Encanto (2021, Jared Bush & Byron Howard): Yes

[daniamedicare]

Lymphoma Treatment cost in India

Lymphoma is a type of blood cancer that affects the lymphatic system. The disease develops in the lymphocytes, which are a kind of white blood cells. These blood cells play a key role in boosting the immune defence of the body and fighting against diseases. It is about 54 per cent of the total blood cancer cases found to be lymphoma.

 Lymphatic System

A web of thin lymphatic channels, organs including the thymus and spleen and lymph nodes make up the lymphatic system.

Besides, it forms a vital part of the body’s immune system. Lymph, along with the lymph nodes, comprises white blood cells known as lymphocytes that help to defend against diseases. Most importantly, lymphocytes develop in the bone marrow that is discharged into the bloodstream after maturity. These cells go into the lymphatic system.

Types of Lymphoma/ Hodgkins Lymphoma (Hl)/ Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma (Nhl)

There are basically two types of lymphoma – Hodgkins Lymphoma (Hl) and Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma (Nhl).

Hodgkin Lymphoma: Hodgkin lymphoma, also known as Hodgkin’s disease, is a rare category of lymphoma. In simple words, it is a cancerous disease that develops in the lymphatic system. This type of lymphoma usually develops in the B-lymphocytes of the bone marrow. It begins when there is a drastic change in the lymphatic cells of the lymph system and leads to uncontrollable swells. Consequently, it turns into a tumour.

The Reed-Sternberg cells’ existence interprets Hodgkin’s lymphoma. The RS cells are abnormally bigger cells diagnosed in the blood samples of patients dealing with Hodgkin’s lymphoma.

Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma: The most common lymphoma type found, especially among older people, is Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), which refers to several types of lymph system cancer different from Hodgkin’s lymphoma. This cancerous disease indicates the absence of the Reed-Sternberg cells.

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