#Real Estate Influencer In Agra

[butteryweepingmusic]

Rachna Sharma : Real Estate Influencer In India

[tourporlaindiaseo]

Trump

President Donald Trump is a well-known American politician, businessman, and television personality who led the country as its 45th president from January 20, 2017, to January 20, 2021. Trump was born in Queens, New York City, on June 14, 1946. He is well-known for his media appearances, real estate endeavors, and contentious political career.

Business ventures: Real estate: Trump rose to notoriety in the 1970s and 1980s for his real estate endeavors, which included the construction of opulent homes all around the world, including Trump Tower in New York City.

Hospitality: Under the Trump Organization brand, Trump developed and acquired hotels, resorts, and golf courses, extending his economic empire into this sector.

Media Career: The Apprentice: As the host of the reality television program "The Apprentice," in which competitors vied for positions within his company, Trump rose to national prominence. His signature line, "You're fired!" became associated with the program. Political Career: Presidential Campaign: In June 2015, Trump declared his intention to run for president of the United States, and in 2016 he secured the Republican Party's candidacy. He focused on topics including immigration, trade, and national security during his divisive and unorthodox campaign.

Presidental Term: Tax cuts, deregulation, and attempts to repeal and replace the Affordable Care Act were just a few of the legislative achievements that characterized Trump's administration, along with his divisive leadership style and many scandals.

Trump was the subject of two impeachment processes while in office. In December 2019, the first one charged him with power abuse and obstruction of Congress in connection with his business transactions with Ukraine. In January 2021, he was charged with inciting an insurrection after the Capitol disturbance in the second instance.

Post-Presidential Activities: Social Media: Since being barred from using Twitter and Facebook, among other major social media sites, Trump has looked for other means of reaching out to his followers. He has started a blog and is looking into other platforms.

Political Influence: Trump continues to be a prominent member of the Republican Party, supporting politicians and holding sway over intraparty affairs.

Legal Challenges: Investigations: Trump is currently the subject of numerous ongoing investigations and legal challenges, involving inquiries into his tax returns, commercial transactions, and allegations of wrongdoing from both before and during his administration. In conclusion, polarizing views and changing the political landscape, Donald Trump's presidency had a long-lasting effect on American politics and culture. His political career, media appearances, and commercial endeavors have elevated him to the status of one of the most well-known and contentious individuals in modern American history.

Whether he is seen as a contentious political figure, a successful businessman, or a reality TV celebrity, Trump's legacy is still generating discussion and criticism in the US and abroad.

ALSO READ-

Explore Agra: Travel Packages By Tour Por la India Enterprise Tour Por la India Company's premium travel packages let you discover the captivating city of Agra. Agra is well-known for its breathtaking architecture, rich history, and rich cultural legacy. It is also home to many other amazing attractions, including the famous Taj Mahal. Our painstakingly designed packages provide visitors with a thorough and engaging experience, guaranteeing a remarkable stay in this historic city.

The Tour Por la India Company: Why Choose It? Experienced Guides: Take advantage of the skills and knowledge of knowledgeable guides who guarantee an enjoyable trip and offer perceptive comments.

Comfortable Transportation: Enjoy a hassle-free, pleasurable trip with contemporary, air-conditioned cars.

Customized Itineraries: Make your tour unique to your tastes so you may take your time seeing Agra's main sights.

Highlights of Travel Packages to Agra 1. Taj Mahal Tour: Marvel at the magnificent splendor of the Taj Mahal, a UNESCO World Heritage Site and one of the Seven Wonders of the World. Explore its immaculate white marble construction and discover its interesting history and architectural significance.

Guided Exploration: Take advantage of an in-depth guided tour that offers insights into the monument's distinctive architectural characteristics and the love story that inspired it.

2. Agra Fort Tour Historical Landmark: Take a tour of the magnificent Agra Fort, another UNESCO World Heritage Site, and learn about its elaborate design and rich history. Discover the Mughal era's significance while exploring the palaces, courtyards, and gardens.

Panoramic vistas: From the walls of the fort, take in panoramic vistas of the Yamuna River and the Taj Mahal.

3. Fatehpur Sikri Excursion Ancient City: Spend a brief visit to Fatehpur Sikri, a historic city constructed in the sixteenth century by Emperor Akbar. Discover the historical and architectural value of the well-preserved palaces, mosques, and courtyards.

Immersion in Culture: Take in the rich cultural legacy of this historic city while taking breathtaking pictures of its architectural wonders.

4. Local Market Tour: Discover the vibrant bazaars of Agra and browse for beautiful handicrafts, traditional fabrics, jewelry, and mementos. Engage with the local vendors and craftspeople while taking in the lively atmosphere.

Taste Local Specialties & Street Food to Get a Taste of the Rich Culinary Heritage of the Region. Savor the Flavors of Agra.

Available Tour Packages 1. Same Day Agra Tour Quick Getaway: Designed for time-pressed travelers, this package combines a full day tour of the Taj Mahal, Agra Fort, and nearby marketplaces. 2. Spend a night in Agra and take advantage of an extended tour that takes in the Taj Mahal at dawn or dusk, the Agra Fort, Fatehpur Sikri, and free time to stroll through the local marketplaces. 3. Weekend Agra Tour Relaxed Itinerary: Ideal for a weekend escape, this package has a laid-back schedule that enables you to fully appreciate Agra's natural beauty and rich culture, including all of the city's main attractions. In summary Tour Por la India Company's Agra Tourist Packages provide an immersive and educational experience that enables visitors to discover the rich history, culture, and architectural marvels of Agra. Regardless of your preference for an extended weekend escape, an overnight excursion, or a fast-paced day trip, our packages are made to ensure that your time in this beautiful city is complete and unforgettable.

With Tour Por la India Company, you may start an amazing adventure by scheduling your Agra tour right now.

[limrarealestateagra]

"Limra Real Estate: Nurturing Dreams, Building Futures - A Journey Beyond Bricks

Introduction:

Embark on an immersive journey through the heart of Agra with Limra Real Estate, where innovation meets vision and dreams take tangible form. Founded in 2009 by the indefatigable Mr. Shakeel Ahmad Khan, Limra has evolved into a beacon of transformative real estate. This expansive blog unfolds the myriad dimensions of Limra's influence, from its office address to the diverse realms of investment opportunities, residential projects, agricultural and commercial lands, expert consulting, and corporate land acquisition.

The Heart of Operations:

Limra Real Estate stands tall at 2,3, Mayapura, Fatehabad Road, Agra, Uttar Pradesh - a physical embodiment of its commitment to excellence. This office is not just an address; it's a hub where dreams are conceptualized, plans take shape, and futures are crafted.

Mr. Shakeel Ahmad Khan - Architect of Dreams:

Meet the driving force behind Limra Real Estate - Mr. Shakeel Ahmad Khan. In 2009, he laid the foundation not just for a company but for a legacy that continues to reshape Agra's skyline. His vision is not confined to bricks and mortar; it's a testament to innovation, progress, and the enduring spirit of Agra.

Investment Oasis in Agra:

Dive into the golden opportunities that Limra presents in the investment landscape of Agra. Each opportunity is more than a transaction; it's an invitation to be part of the city's growth story, an opportunity to sow seeds of prosperity and reap the rewards of visionary investments.

Real Estate Tapestry of Agra:

Limra Real Estate has woven a tapestry of real estate marvels across Agra. Explore the residential projects that transcend traditional boundaries, offering not just homes but sanctuaries where families thrive and dreams find their canvas.

Fields of Growth - Agricultural and Commercial Lands:

Venture into the fertile landscapes curated by Limra. Agricultural lands are not just plots; they are canvases for cultivating dreams. Commercial lands redefine Agra's skyline, offering strategic spaces for businesses to thrive and leave an indelible mark.

Consulting Excellence:

Limra's consulting services are a beacon for those navigating the complexities of real estate. Beyond advice, our experts provide a guiding light, ensuring that every decision is informed, strategic, and aligned with your aspirations.

Corporate Expansion: Tailored Land Acquisition:

For companies envisioning expansion, Limra's land acquisition services are tailored for success. We go beyond transactions; we sculpt corporate landscapes, ensuring that every plot acquired is not just land but a foundation for corporate triumph.

Conclusion: Beyond Buildings, Beyond Boundaries:

Limra Real Estate is more than a company; it's an ethos, a commitment to shaping futures and nurturing dreams. As we conclude this journey, let Limra be your partner in building not just structures but a legacy that resonates through the very fabric of Agra's future. Welcome to Limra - where dreams take flight, and futures are built with passion, precision, and an unwavering commitment to excellence.

[fidecorservices]

Interior Designing Services in Agra

In the heart of Uttar Pradesh, Agra stands as a city of historical significance and cultural richness. Home to the iconic Taj Mahal, Agra is not just a tourist destination but also a place where people call home. As the city evolves, so do the tastes and preferences of its residents. This transformation has given rise to a growing demand for interior designing services in Agra, as homeowners seek to create spaces that reflect their unique personalities and aspirations.

The Role of Interior Designing Services in Agra

Interior designing is more than just choosing colors and arranging furniture; it's an art and science that involves transforming an empty space into a functional and aesthetically pleasing environment. In Agra, interior designers play a crucial role in helping homeowners and businesses realize their vision for their spaces.

Tailored Solutions: One of the key advantages of hiring an interior designer in Agra is the personalized approach they offer. They work closely with clients to understand their preferences, lifestyle, and budget constraints. This allows them to create custom design solutions that perfectly match the client's needs.

Expertise and Experience: Experienced interior designers in Agra bring a wealth of knowledge to the table. They are well-versed in the latest design trends, materials, and technologies, ensuring that the designs are not only visually appealing but also practical and sustainable.

Space Optimization: Agra's real estate market can be competitive, and space is often at a premium. Interior designers excel at optimizing space utilization, making even compact apartments feel spacious and comfortable.

Aesthetic Appeal: Agra's rich cultural heritage is a testament to the city's appreciation for beauty. Interior designers in Agra understand the importance of aesthetics and strive to infuse elements of local culture and artistry into their designs, giving spaces a unique and captivating character.

Stress Reduction: Renovating or decorating a home can be a daunting task. Interior designers take the stress out of the process by managing every aspect of the project, from concept to completion, ensuring a seamless and hassle-free experience for their clients.

The Process of Interior Designing

The journey of transforming a space in Agra typically involves several key stages:

Consultation: The designer meets with the client to discuss their vision, goals, and budget.

Planning: Detailed planning, including space layout, color schemes, and material selection, takes place.

Design Development: This stage involves creating design concepts and presenting them to the client for feedback.

Implementation: Once the design is approved, the project moves into the construction and installation phase.

Finishing Touches: The final step involves adding decorative elements, furnishings, and accessories to complete the look.

Popular Interior Design Styles in Agra

Agra's interior design landscape is diverse, reflecting the city's multicultural influences. Some popular design styles in the region include:

Mughal-Inspired: Agra's historical connection with the Mughal dynasty often inspires design elements such as intricate patterns, arches, and rich, vibrant colors.

Contemporary Minimalism: Many Agra residents prefer a clean and minimalist aesthetic, with a focus on simplicity and functionality.

Eclectic Fusion: Agra's cosmopolitan atmosphere has led to the fusion of various design styles, creating unique and eclectic interiors that blend traditional and modern elements.

Conclusion

Interior designing services in Agra are thriving, offering residents the opportunity to transform their spaces into showcases of style and functionality. Whether you're renovating your home, setting up a new business, or just looking to refresh your space, Agra's talented interior designers can turn your dreams into reality. With their expertise and a deep understanding of the city's cultural heritage, they are well-equipped to create interiors that reflect the beauty and charm of Agra. So, why wait? Elevate your space in Agra with the help of these skilled professionals and make your living or working environment truly exceptional.

[its-kk-me]

My Dombivli, My Runwal Gardens

Offers -  Pay just 10% now and nothing till 2023, Book your dream home today in the finest township of Dombivli Call:  

Once an individual achieves certain milestones in their life on the front of personal and professional endeavors, there is one explicit milestone that is always on the list and that becomes a dream with the passing time and passion. That special and particular Wishlist is to buy a dream home that is well replete with all the amenities and conveniences that not only satisfy our demands but come with affordable prices. And the factor of location with the excellent aspects of connectivity is also one of the attributes that one looks forward to when buying a dream home.

Runwal Gardens, the leading developer in the area, is coming up with such new projects in Dombivli that are a sheer testament to the objectives of quality and astute workmanship including an array of amenities and facilities. Plus their projects are RERA registered that ensure timely possessions and deliver what all is promised during the deal.

Let us look at what Runwal Gardens offers:

A vivacious expanse

Spread across 115 acres of land, with 14+ gardens and 100+ lifestyle amenities, the estate is situated at the Shilphata-Kalyan Road, Dombivli East. Being located amidst the magical setting, the decks offer stunning vistas for one to take in as the sparkling city landscape comes alive. Moreover, the township houses School, Offices, Shopping and entertainment hubs, Retail outlets, Hospitality Center, etc. letting one live a ritzy, extravagant social life. Building up to the stunning Central Park and R-Club, Runwal Dombivli stands a grand avenue-Esque thoroughfare, lined with lush greenery and enchanting surroundings. 

Connectivity that matters

Not too further, you are welcomed by a smooth Kalyan-Shilphata Road, one of the arterial roads that connect runwal dombivli east to Thane and Panvel. Thereafter, there is Agra Road, National Highway 4, and Dombivli Rail Station to be accessible by people. Various industries and IT Parks are in the vicinity. There is an unmistakable, conscious effort to create a living experience that reinvigorates every day. The proposed Airoli- Katai Tunnel, Vasai-Panvel Rail expansion, and Panvel International airport will cut the travel time enhancing connectivity. 

Luxury to be experienced

Another facet of lifestyle which is as abstract as the concept of well-being itself is luxury. Elevated to a level where it remains elusive and fleeting, Runwal Gardens presents R-Club and other central amenities to experience a great life. An in-house Multipurpose Courts, Cafeteria, Mall, Meditation & Fitness Centers, Infinity Swimming Pool, caters to everything, from routine to momentous, from rational to whimsical, and all in between. A true creation in the residential site, it enable its residents to enjoy their perception of luxury in every breath.

Affordable Housing

Housing has been made affordable, after witnessing major traction over the last few years. Covid times and government policy have largely influenced the push for the real estate sector and have gradually attracted institutional capital as well. These times have been recognized as a buyer's market especially for residential projects in Dombivali. Runwal Gardens, one such developer offers new projects in Dombivali with Zero stamp duty, Zero floor rise, Pay just 10% now and nothing till 2023, plus additional deals. Furthermore, reductions in tax on home loan interest, credit-linked subsidy schemes, tax escapes for developers of affordable housing projects have provided the necessary incentives and policy support. 

Thus, luxurious homes with low ticket prices such as Runwal gardens have flexible financing terms with additional drool-worthy amenities provided by reliable builders and developers in Dombivli. 

[lodhapark]

Why you Should Invest In Property At Runwal My City Dombivli

Set up in 1978, Runwal Group is one of Mumbai's driving land designers, working in private, business, and incorporated vertical retail. With a vigorous history of 51 ventures finished with more than 10 thousand families living serenely, the Company has reliably endeavoured to keep up the 'client' as a point of convergence in the plan, planning, and improvement of every one of its undertakings.    With strong monetary strength and an undeniable degree of corporate administration, they have a prepared supervisory crew with a set up history in land development, upheld by widely acclaimed engineering and development the board experts. What's more, in excess of 89 activities have been conveyed in significant public areas across the project.   "Investment" is a concept that is often accompanied by the expectation of a positive return. In the same way, when we invest in real estate, we expect it to give us returns both in monetary and abstract aspects, and when we talk about the return on real estate investment, the factor that influences it the most is its location.   One such location which has the potential to generate a high return on investment is Dombivli. Dombivli has an industrial belt up to Badlapur. This provides people living across the region with good job opportunities. Infrastructure programs to improve connectivity and usability in the area are being planned. CIDCO has also planned to expand the Belapur-Taloja metro rail to Kalyan, and MMRDA has planned to construct road networks in the Dombivli-Kalyan area, including a 29 km Kalyan ring road. All these are anticipated to improve the region's growth and economy. In addition, the connectivity of local trains from Dombivli has made it a popular MMR suburb. Dombivli has a huge industrial complex built by MIDC. The railway station in Dombivli is on the central line and has regular local trains from Mumbai. There are important roads, such as NH-4, Kalyan-Shilphata Road, and Agra Road, that link the area to various parts of the MMR.   Now that we know about a location that can multiply our investment, let us dive in deep to look out for a property that has the same potential in that specific location. Runwal MyCity by the Runwal in Dombivli(East), Mumbai is a residential project of the Runwal Group. The project provides apartments with the right mix of modern architecture and amenities to ensure a relaxed life. Runwal MyCity is built over a gross area of 156 acres of land and has 40% of open space. MyCity has a total of 12 towers and 23 floors per tower. The project consists of 1 BHK, 2 BHK, and 3 BHK flats.

[huntproperty]

Reviving Greater Noida And Noida Markets: Jewar Airport

The development of infrastructure is straightforwardly identified with the development of real estate in an area. Likewise, there are levels of infrastructural developments that influence the area in an unexpected way. Infra developments like airports, metro, railways network, and other such city conveniences give public comfort as well as help hoist the region profile.

We know that proximity to the IGI Airport assisted Gurgaon with setting up an edge over other satellite urban areas. Also, the impending Jewar Airport opens a road for multinationals and different partnerships to stamp their quality around it as worldwide travel will be simple.

We are seeing a furor of exercises by real estate investors in the entire Greater Noida and Yamuna Expressway regions, because of the forthcoming airport. Nonetheless, there are a larger number of investors than end clients as these territories are still to become end client-driven. When the airport appears, it will give the correct push to the zone for development sought after for real estate in Noida, Greater Noida, and its encompassing midtown.

Exceptionally, Sector 150 – Noida is getting the acceptable measure of consideration from the two investors and end clients since the area is honored with the presence of rumored engineers consolidating with different elements like great network, presence of the social system, proximity to the Jewar Airport, and metro. It is the main Sector of Noida or rather Gateway to Noida from Jewar Airport. The region has seen significant development in both private and business section with the dispatch of approx. 4500 units and approx. 3000 units may hit the floor by the end of 2021.

An extraordinary pack of private undertakings is now present in the premium and extravagance fragment. In this fragment, engineers are offering very good quality conveniences, cutting edge configuration, modified automated and spacious homes to coordinate the desires of upper peak homebuyers and this is notwithstanding the global standard game offices which the Noida Authority has commanded for each undertaking. Incidentally, Sector 150 is additionally one of the least dense areas of Noida and the whole NCR.

Accessibility of very good quality living from established architects on a suitable budget is one of the key elements which is driving interest of perspective for home purchasers. The prices are competitive as of now and an appreciation of around 20% - 25% is expected in the future.

The zone has effectively acquired a private venture. For Industrial and Institutional reasons so far close to the Yamuna Expressway and true to form it has begun to draw in more eyeballs of investors. Apart from this, a mega food park is to be set up on 425 acres of land along the Yamuna Expressway in Greater Noida, at the cost of Rs 6,000 crore. It is assessed that this development will produce work for more than 1 lakh individuals.

Microsoft recently announced it would bring the next 4,000 workers to Greater Noida. As announced, the Government of Uttar Pradesh proposes to construct an electronics manufacturing facility near Jewar International Airport along the Yamuna Expressway, which connects Greater Noida with Agra. It has proclaimed that organizations intending to begin assembling will be qualified for subsidies and incentives forced by the state, far beyond what the Center offers.

Numerous organizations like Tata Consultancy Services (TCS), Wipro, and Haier are intending to extend their impressions in the region. They have just started their conversations with the state government for siphoning in the venture for the Noida/Greater Noida districts. When the airport gets moving, Noida and Greater Noida will have the correct fuel to light development in demand for the region. On the whole likelihood, Noida and Greater Noida will arise as the following thousand years city.

The Jewar Airport will be opened to the general public in the next five to six years and the estimated cumulative cost of the airport is approximately Rs 20,000 crore. The air terminal won't just improve the estimation of the area yet additionally compose another development story in Uttar Pradesh.

The NCR – additionally called the 'development motor of North India' – with its arising areas like Noida and Greater Noida is probably going to arise as one of the greatest lodging objections in India. The positive effect of Jewar Airport won't simply work for the Noida and Greater Noida advertises yet additionally the close by hinterlands.

Are you looking for properties in Jewar? Contact Hunt Property (Website: https://www.huntproperty.com/, Phone: +91 9582000508) for more information.

[paarthinfrabuild]

Lucknow housing market – Opportunity for investors and end-users

Lucknow is capital city of Uttar Pradesh, the most populous state of India. Lucknow is always known as the cultural hub of north India and is also fast emerging as the biggest commercial hub of North India outside of Delhi NCR region. The infrastructural facilities in the city rival the best in the country in all aspects. It is the safest  town in Uttar Pradesh with state-of-the-art policing protecting its residents. The medical facilities available in the City both in public as well as in private sector promise to protect people of the city from any eventuality. Lucknow city weaves a magic encapsulating traditional   ambience with Rapid and ambitious futuristic growth. This unique blend of culture with social infrastructure defines the charm of the city and entices large swathes of population to make it their home every year.

While Lucknow has always been known for its culture, it has witnessed some of the best developments in last one decade. The ubiquitous metro rail covering the serpentine lanes below has a place of pride and convenience. The expanded airport connecting its citizenry to destinations across the world has opened the gateway to commercial centers of the world, while the newly constructed expressway connects this airpot to the pockets of commercial excellence within the city. The modern highway to Agra, connecting further to Delhi gives wings to the ambitions of ever-so-eager entrepreneurs from the city. The health infrastructure here stands shoulder to shoulder with any city in the world, what with Sanjay gandhi post graduate institute leading the medical facilities in this part of the world. The private investment has reposed its faith in these initiatives and contributed to creation of job opportunities in different sphere. The swanky complexes of IT companies stand a testimony to these efforts. While Lucknow has never been a manufacturing hub with that title belonging to its twin city Kanpur, the new age industries are finding an elevation to their pitch here. 

Lucknow of yore was dotted with flea markets, but the new buzzing Lucknow challenges the hegemony of traditional retail centers with the giant shopping complexes that balance the nawabi charm and the poetic humdrum with the hustle and bustle of modern busy life, ever so delicately. The Atal bihari Vajpayee international cricket stadium has added to the charm and utility, occasionally acting as a magnet to the city. Quality education is another pillar that has supported the residents of this boom-town in achieving their dreams. From foundation schools to a world class university bringing out the best in its students, the city embraces students from all nationalities and faith and gives them the values that highlight their achievements years later.

The thriving economy and an ambitious middle class population has resulted in this city growing. No wonder then, that it has reported to have one of the highest growth in disposable income in the country in a decade. Exposure to modern life style and a high disposable income has upped the propensity to invest for a better way of life. Residents of  adjoining  towns and cities and also from rest of Uttar Pradesh always invested in Lucknow city. The state being an agrarian rich region, has seen the incomes going up in small towns and cities, resulting in citizens looking for better life-style and therefore heading to Lucknow. A home in Lucknow is a   matter of pride for anybody living in any part of of eastern Uttar Pradesh. It has become more so in recent times as both the business as per the job opportunities give fast in this city. Earlier Kanpur used to be the business hub with Lucknow the Cultural Centre, but now Lucknow holds both these titles.

Lucknow has also seen significant political stability for almost A decade now. It has helped the infrastructure projects to complete in time and the town to  grow in a   planned manner. Private developers of national and international repute have also launched various residential and commercial projects in the city with world class amenities and architecture. This has also enticed old residents of the city living in crowded and less developed localities to buy a home and live in modern housing societies. Therefore, while most of the urban centers in India have struggled to maintain the speed of sales of houses and the prices, Lucknow real estate market has seen a consistent growth, both in terms of price appreciation and number of units sold. Localities like Gomti  Nagar and Kanpur Road have seen significant traction from  buyers. A lot of these projects which were launched a few years back have been completed and residents have shifted in. This has further boosted the confidence of end-users to invest in new properties. This, in turn, has offered incremental returns on investments for investors and therefore they keep flocking to various projects.

Other factors which have influenced this trend are –  availability of land within a reasonable distance from City Centre, relatively low cost of construction and availability of comparatively cheap labour. This has enabled the developers to offer excellent propositions to buyers within their budget. Buying a property in Delhi NCR have continued to be unaffordable for a middle class buyer and the same customer finds excellent choices at affordable price points of between 40 and 70 lacs here. Lucknow city has seen multiple large investments in the real estate housing sector and it is expected to continue to see the same going forward as people across the cities restart their life after the pause due to covid-19.

Lucknow housing market is expected to see hectic activity, as people are looking to stay near the places where educational and medical facilities offered meet the word standard. The availability of ever increasing employment opportunities makes Lucknow even more attractive. The administrative reforms initiated by the present government in last two years have started yielding results making the Civic infrastructure in Lucknow reach newly developing localities. Lucknow reality market is slowly turning into the proverbial gold pot for the investors and the best place to live in for the end user.

[vsplusonline]

Can ambitious infrastructure projects be insulated from policy flip-flops?

New Post has been published on https://apzweb.com/can-ambitious-infrastructure-projects-be-insulated-from-policy-flip-flops/

Can ambitious infrastructure projects be insulated from policy flip-flops?

New governments waste little time in declaring how different they are from the ones they replaced. A crucial part of that is rolling back schemes, policies and, increasingly, projects that often entail huge investments and require large tracts of land. These U-turns have been more prominent in states than at the Centre of late.

This may be good for political grandstanding but sends the wrong signal to private investors at a time when states need them the most. Given the grim prospect of projects being scrapped or reviewed by a new administration, companies can hardly be blamed for not wanting to take up these jobs in the first place.

Though they have legal recourse, excruciating judicial delays preclude a quick recovery of their investment, most of which is borrowed money. All these are costly distractions at the best of times and even more so when the economy is slowing down. That’s why India needs to come up with ways to ring-fence infrastructure projects from the vagaries of politics.

Stop Sign How regime change in states has led to projects being stalled or reviewed

BCCL

Bullet Train

Even before YS Jagan Mohan Reddy took oath as Andhra Pradesh chief minister in May 2019, he had announced his intent to probe some of his predecessor N Chandrababu Naidu’s projects, including the Rs 1.1 trillion development of the new capital, Amaravati, and the Rs 55,550 crore Polavaram irrigation project.

Similarly, a day after Shiv Sena chief Uddhav Thackeray assumed the top job in Maharashtra in November 2019, he put on hold the construction of a contentious metro car shed, and soon after, ordered a review of other major infrastructure projects, including a high-speed train between Mumbai and Ahmedabad, costing over Rs 1 trillion.

BCCL

Metro Shed

The Shiv Sena had opposed these projects even when it was part of the previous dispensation, led by the Bharatiya Janata Party. After the assembly polls, the Sena joined hands with its former rivals, the Congress and the Nationalist Congress Party, to form the government. Vinayak Chatterjee, chairman and managing director of Feedback Infra, a consultancy, points out that while this is not a recent phenomenon, it has worsened in recent times. “This is all about competitive politics and big projects are easy target,” he says.

It could also be states refusing to implement the Centre’s projects. “At times, a new state government can scrap a project or a welfare scheme thought to be foisted on it by the Centre in the past when it was ruled by a different party,” says Ajit Gulabchand, CMD of Hindustan Construction Company.

BCCL

Hyperloop

Realty Check India has grand plans in infrastructure. Union Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman recently announced a Rs 102 trillion infrastructure investment plan over five years, with around 80% of it set to come from the central and state governments and the rest being contributed by the private sector. Even if an infrastructure project is fully or partially funded by the Union government, a state, if it’s ruled by a different party or coalition, may refuse to play ball. And state’s cooperation is essential for acquiring the requisite land and executing the project.

BCCL

Power Purchase

This is what has happened with the Mumbai-Ahmedabad bullet train. Though half the equity for the project is coming from the Centre — with the other half equally divided between Maharashtra and Gujarat — Thackeray has slammed the project, calling it a white elephant. Now its fate hangs in the balance.

Maharashtra is also unlikely to revisit the Rs 3 trillion refinery and petrochemicals complex, which was to be built by Saudi Aramco and three Indian state-owned oil companies. Originally located in coastal Ratnagiri district, the project faced opposition from many quarters, including the Shiv Sena, and was scrapped by the previous BJP-led government under Devendra Fadnavis. Though he had subsequently hinted at reviving the project, not many were hopeful.

Also in limbo is the Rs 70,000 crore Hyperloop project, an untested technology that could carry people in pods through a vacuum tube between Mumbai and Pune in 20 minutes. Prithviraj Chavan, a former Maharashtra chief minister from the Congress, says that when an investor brings a “pie-in-thesky kind of project”, it needs to be reviewed. He has also been critical of the bullet train. “Should this be done at this stage of our development?

There are more pressing demands like healthcare and education.” In addition to halting a project after tying up financing and when land acquisition is underway, as in the case of the bullet train, governments also take ad hoc decisions that affect operational projects.

In July 2019, Andhra Pradesh decided to review power purchase agreements (PPAs) it had signed with wind and solar power developers, saying the tariffs were kept high to benefit some players. This put 5,200 MW of projects — and their `21,000 crore debt — at risk, according to Crisil. Reddy has also terminated a Rs 3,217 crore hydel power contract and withdrawn hundreds of acres allotted for infrastructure, real estate and industrial projects. A project awarded to a Singapore consortium to create a startup district in Amravati was also scrapped.

BCCL

Amravati

“We cannot challenge the right of any party to take decisions. But for the sake of stability and continuity, decisions must follow due process and vetting and not be ad hoc,” says Gulabchand. A government is free to set an agenda different from its predecessor’s but has to tread cautiously to avoid allegations of arbitrariness. “Policy changes by a new government are understandable.

But to cancel a signed contract on the assumption that due process was not followed does not inspire confidence in investors,” says Manish Agarwal, who leads infrastructure advisory at PwC India, a consultancy. “The judiciary will have to act quickly to sort this out.”

The Andhra High Court directed the state electricity regulatory commission to decide on the matter of reviewing PPAs. But these bodies are usually headed by bureaucrats, which does not give private investors much to cheer about.

The Solution Contracts between govt and companies are onesided. Adopt FIDIC contract system — a globally recognised template — putting contractors on an equal footing with the govt

Create a national project board to vet all projects above a certain threshold. Also, create a dispute resolution commercial court with a permanent full bench that dispenses justice within 90 days

Empower state infra regulators like electricity regulatory commissions so that they are free of the influence of state governments

Reasons for U-Turn Power Shift: A new government usually sees scrapping and stalling of large projects of the previous government as setting a new agenda as well as settling a political score

Finger in the Pie: Political parties that roll out big projects benefit from them – as enduring legacy in the long run and possibly kickbacks in the short run “It’s a concern when these bodies get influenced by the government,” says a chief executive of a renewable energy producer, which is executing solar power projects in Andhra. There is an urgent need to empower these quasi-judicial entities and make them fully independent.

There have also been calls for the establishment of a national body, along the lines of the National Company Law Tribunal, dedicated to infrastructure, with separate benches for subsectors like roads and ports. Based on the recommendations of a committee set up to look into public-private partnership (PPP) projects, the Union government in 2016 announced that it would set up such a tribunal. But it is still little more than an idea.

BCCL

States

“There is no platform for investors to go to. Our courts are not in a position to rule in a short period. Infrastructure is a costly affair and that’s why a strict timeframe is critical,” says Hemant Kanoria, chairman of Srei Infrastructure Finance. Undue delays in projects could force developers to default on loans, which in turn will impact the lenders.

Don’t Can the Plan Nara Lokesh, a former information technology minister of Andhra, believes the Centre should intervene when there are such reversals of decisions as in his state. “It’s a national issue. The cascading effect of this will be massive.” The Narendra Modi government did write to Andhra, asking it to honour the clean-energy PPAs, but the Centre currently lacks the means to address these issues.

According to Chatterjee, a possible solution could be the creation of a national project board by an act of Parliament. All projects, above a certain threshold, must be registered with the board and all MoUs and agreements should be submitted to government bodies. A dedicated dispute resolution commercial court with a permanent full bench should be attached to the board. Any breach of promise will be dealth with swiftly by the court.

However, this has to be done in such a way that states do not feel their rights are being trampled upon, especially at a time when states outdo the Union government on key expenditure. Between financial years 2011 and 2020, states accounted for 41% of all infrastructure spending in the country, compared with the Centre’s 31% and the private sector’s 28%, according to Crisil. In FY 2020, states’ capital expenditure is estimated to be 80% higher than the Centre’s.

Unlike earlier, when large infrastructure projects were mostly awarded by central agencies like the National Highways Authority of India, states are also becoming ambitious now. The 300 km Agra-Lucknow expressway, which is operational, and the 700 km Nagpur-Mumbai expressway, which is under construction, are cases in point. While it is important to ensure that contracts are honoured, there is a problem with the contracts themselves.

“The government naturally has an advantage (over infrastructure companies) in these contracts,” says T Harish Rao, finance minister of Telangana. States should look at adopting the FIDIC contract system — an internationally recognised template for contruction and engineering sector — putting contractors on an equal footing with the government.

“There is also unequal bargaining power in projects now. The government should think of itself as a contracting partner,” says Sudipto Sarkar, a member of the PPP committee mentioned earlier. He adds India should also have a panel of international arbitrators to deal with infrastructure disputes.

India’s ambitious infrastructure plans can work only if companies — which may execute a project for the government or raise capital to build, own and operate it — can be confident that the projects they bid for can outlast the administrations that awarded them.

if(geolocation && geolocation != 5 && (typeof skip == 'undefined' || typeof skip.fbevents == 'undefined')) !function(f,b,e,v,n,t,s) if(f.fbq)return;n=f.fbq=function()n.callMethod? n.callMethod.apply(n,arguments):n.queue.push(arguments); if(!f._fbq)f._fbq=n;n.push=n;n.loaded=!0;n.version='2.0'; n.queue=[];t=b.createElement(e);t.async=!0; t.src=v;s=b.getElementsByTagName(e)[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(t,s)(window, document,'script', 'https://connect.facebook.net/en_US/fbevents.js'); fbq('init', '338698809636220'); fbq('track', 'PageView');

Source link

[zanderson48]

Well, procrastination and lots of traveling have gotten the best of me so here is my summary from essentially all of October:

Manali (Photos 1&2): Right after returning from my school trip to Ahmedabad and Gujarat I embarked on a long-weekend solo adventure to Manali. After a twisting and turning 14hr mountain bus ride I made it to “India’s Mountain Bike Capital”. Given this I really had only one goal for the weekend: to bike as much as possible. Delhi has often made me feel restricted and this escape to the mountains was just what I needed. Although, home to really only one real trail I managed to have two decent days of riding around the town. On top of this, I ate great food at Dylan’s Toasted and Roasted (a Bob Dylan themed cafe) and Tibetan food at Chopstick’s Restaurant. I also made friends with Naveen, owner of the Himalayan bike bar, and I would recommend him and his shop to anyone interested in biking in India. 

Delhi: I came home from Manali for about a week and a half of school before embarking on more explorations. However, this short time back in the city allowed me to get back on the field with my friends for Wednesday and Sunday night soccer. I didn’t know then, but, the picture above was probably my last match in Delhi (thanks air pollution...). I also had the chance to grab dinner with my Indian Fulbright friends (Abby, Natasha, and Narayan) who were in Delhi for a few days for mid-year training. 

Darjeeling (photos 4 and 5): On the 18th, I left Delhi again for leg one of my final big trip in India to Darjeeling, Kolkata, and Sunderbans, and this time I wasn’t traveling alone. Mary Buford offered to join me as part of her own trip in India. We spend 4 days in Darjeeling touring tea estates, drinking tea, going to museums, eating great food, biking, watching sunrises, and generally exploring Darjeeling. I think we drank over 20 different types of tea, and I am thoroughly sold on the statement that tea from Darjeeling is the “champagne of teas” or as I read in a tea book, maybe champagne is the Darjeeling tea of wine. Anyways, besides tea, I really loved Darjeeling for the Tibetan Buddist influence including many temples and stupas and a museum all about Tibet with items from the Dalai Lama. Also, Darjeeling has a very rich mountaineering history, including being home to Tenzing Norgay, who made the first ascent of Everest with Sir Edmund Hillary in 1953. I happened upon a copy of Tenzing’s autobiography and, I would highly recommend it if you have any interest in mountaineering or mountaineering history. Darjeeling is also home to the Himalayan Mountaineering Institute, which Tenzing became the director of, which has a great museum also.

Kolkata: We made our way south from Darjeeling to Kolkata, which was my first visit to an Indian megalopolis beyond Delhi. Kolkata felt distinctly more colonial than Delhi, which isn’t surprising given the fact that it was the capital for the British (As shown by the palace dedicated to Queen Victoria in photo 6). We explored Kolkata for a day and had great Bengali food, however, Kolkata was really just a jumping-off point for Sunderbans. 

Sunderbans: This mangrove forest shared by India and Bangladesh is the largest mangrove tiger habitat in the world and home to 80+ tigers. We signed up for a day-long tour with hopes to maybe get lucky and see a tiger (despite there being a lot of tigers in this area, they are very rarely seen). Our trip began with an adventure as we had to navigate around a broken-down truck that shut down the only road and stopped an entire village. However, we made it to the boat (photo 7) and had a great cruise around Sunderbans. We saw many kingfishers and deer, but sadly no tigers. It was a good adventure nonetheless. 

Delhi: We went back to Delhi for one day so that I could attend my school's Annual Day function: a celebration of all the achievements of the school and the students over the past year. It was quite the show and the dances, songs, and theatrical performances were great. It was really fun to see my students outside of the classroom setting! 

Rishikesh: After Annual Day, Mary Buford and I set out north to Rishikesh to escape the Delhi pollution for Diwali. Rishikesh is known as the yoga capital of the world and is famous due to the fact that the Beatles came here to study meditation and write almost the entire White Album in the late 1960s. Rishikesh was by far the most touristy place I have been in India and maybe this is just due to my visits to other places being during offseason. However, walking around Laxman Jhula felt as if I was walking around Brooklyn. Here men with dreads and yoga teachers from all over the world eat smoothie bowls and invite you to their Ashram to align your chakras. In many ways, it felt a lot like my time in northern Thailand. However, we were able to escape the Whole Foodies and explore around Rishikesh hiking to a waterfall and different temples. Although I will admit the cafes were all very good, even it did feel like I was in a hipster Whole Foods enclave. 

So now that I am back in Delhi, my big travels in India are over. I am wrapping up all my work here at school this week and early next week, and Mary Buford is off to explore Agra and Rajasthan. I will add more pictures that I couldn’t fit in this post shortly. 

As I get ready to head back to the US I will post some concluding thoughts about my time in India and start looking forward to what is to come in Malaysia. However, right now all I am dreaming of is some clean air! 

Best, 

Zack 

[loveismyrevolution]

Did we talk about this parallel...?

TST

TGG

(I don’t know if anyone talked about this earlier, but it just striked me while rewatching S4... my own ramlings an thoughts under the cut...)

So what do we have? Facts first...

The first shot is of the outside of the Wellsborough estate in TST when Sherlock discovers where the Thatcher bust was smashed.

The case:  The “mysterious” death of Charlie Wellsborough, who wanted to surprise his father at his birthday party. But in place of being in Nepal as his parents expected, he happened to die while being hidden inside his car right outside their family home. And besides that it is about the missing Thatcher bust, which in the end leads Sherlock to the A.G.R.A.-device and with that to Mary...

The second shot is of the outside of Andrew West’s flat in TGG, when John was talking to Westies fiancée Lucy!

The case: The case of missing Andrew West, who had to take care of the (top secret) Bruce Partington plans, but fails to protect them and gets killed (by accident) by his brother in law, who wanted to take hold of the plans to use them for his own goods... Andrew is accused to be a traitor, when he is actually a victim here and is been killed instead of having committed suicide.  And beside that the Bruce-Partington-device leads Sherlock to the meeting at the pool with Moriarty... 

But also the conversations connected with the shots are very interessting and are showing certain parallels:

after the first shot (TST):

JOHN: What’s so important about a broken bust of Margaret Thatcher? SHERLOCK (straightening up): Can’t stand it. Never can. There’s a loose thread in the world. JOHN: Yeah, doesn’t mean you have to pull on it. SHERLOCK: What kind of a life would that be? Besides, I have the strangest feeling. (He has a brief flash of James Moriarty looking into the camera over his right shoulder.) JIM: Miss me? (Sherlock shakes the thought away and stands up, pointing to the black cab parked nearby as he walks towards it.) SHERLOCK: That’s mine. You two take a ... bus. JOHN (laughing in disbelief): Why? SHERLOCK: I need to concentrate, and I don’t want to hit you. (He gets in and tells the cabbie his destination.) SHERLOCK: The Mall, please. 

Where did we hear that earlier?? It was in TRF...

DONOVAN: Brilliant work you did, finding those kids from just a footprint. It’s really amazing. SHERLOCK: Thank you. DONOVAN (pointedly): Unbelievable. (Sherlock hesitates momentarily, then continues on. She watches him go with a thoughtful expression. Outside shortly afterwards, John waits for Sherlock to join him and then looks down the street.) JOHN: Ah. (He raises his hand to hail the approaching taxi. As the boys walk to the edge of the kerb, John looks round to Sherlock.) JOHN: You okay? SHERLOCK: Thinking. (The taxi pulls up at the kerb.) SHERLOCK: This is my cab. You get the next one. JOHN: Why? SHERLOCK: You might talk. (He gets in and closes the door and the taxi pulls away. John stares after him in disbelief, then sighs.)

This is the conversation directly after Donovan hinted her disbelief in Sherlock, which started all the doubts in his investigations and deduction and lead to his discredit and him accused to be a fraud!

And also here the conversation after the second shot (in TGG) is quite interessting

WESTIE’S FLAT. John is sitting on the sofa beside Andrew West’s fiancée. He has been there long enough for her to have made them mugs of something which are on the coffee table in front of them. Lucy is upset throughout the ensuing conversation. LUCY: He wouldn’t. He just wouldn’t. JOHN (gently): Well, stranger things have happened. LUCY: Westie wasn’t a traitor. It’s a horrible thing to say! JOHN: I’m sorry, but you must understand that’s ... LUCY: That’s what they think, isn’t it, his bosses? JOHN (nodding): He was a young man, about to get married. He had debts ... LUCY: Everyone’s got debts; and Westie wouldn’t wanna clear them by selling out his country. JOHN: Can you, um, can you tell me exactly what happened that night? LUCY: We were having a night in, just watching a DVD. (She smiles at the memory.) LUCY: He normally falls asleep, you know, but he sat through this one. He was quiet. (She becomes tearful.) LUCY: Out of the blue, he said he just had to go and see someone. JOHN: And you’ve no idea who? (Shaking her head, Lucy begins to cry.)

The first part about Westie being accused to be a traitor is drawing a direct line to the conversation of the first pic... Sherlock being accused to be a fraud...

and the last part strongly reminded me of some other scenes:

1. TGG just before he met Moriarty at the pool

(John has closed the lid of his laptop and now stands up.)

JOHN: I won’t be in for tea. I’m going to Sarah’s. There’s still some of that risotto left in the fridge. SHERLOCK (his eyes still fixed on the TV): Mm! (John stops at the door.) JOHN: Uh, milk. We need milk. SHERLOCK: I’ll get some. JOHN (turning back with a look of disbelief on his face): Really?! SHERLOCK: Really. JOHN: And some beans, then? SHERLOCK (still not looking away from the TV): Mm. (John hesitates, still surprised, but then nods and walks away. Sherlock continues to gaze at the TV until he hears the downstairs door open and close, then he picks up his computer notebook from where it was tucked down beside him. Putting it on his lap and opening the lid, he stares at the message box on The Science of Deduction website before starting to type. Found. The Bruce-Partington plans. Please collect. He lifts his eyes in thought for a moment, then quirks a small smile before returning to his typing. The Pool. Midnight. He sends the message, then closes the lid, gazing thoughtfully into the distance.)

2. TRF after Sherlock and John left Kitty’s flat and he realised what Moriarty was up to

SHERLOCK: He’s been sowing doubt into people’s minds for the last twenty-four hours. There’s only one thing he needs to do to complete his game, and that’s to ... (He stops dead. John, who has been rifling through the folder, looks up at his friend, who is turned away from him.) JOHN: Sherlock? SHERLOCK: Something I need to do. JOHN: What? Can I help? SHERLOCK: No – on my own. (He briskly walks away. John watches him, sighing, then looks down at the papers again. He looks up and down the road and then apparently decides where he needs to go and heads off in the opposite direction.)

and also

3. TRF at Barts when he lures John away to meet Moriarty on the roof

SHERLOCK: What is it? JOHN: Paramedics. Mrs Hudson – she’s been shot. SHERLOCK: What? How? JOHN (frantically): Well, probably one of the killers you managed to attract ... Jesus. Jesus. She’s dying, Sherlock. Let’s go. (He turns towards the door.) SHERLOCK (disinterestedly): You go. I’m busy. (John turns back towards him, his face appalled.) JOHN: Busy? SHERLOCK: Thinking. I need to think. JOHN: You need to ...? Doesn’t she mean anything to you? You once half killed a man because he laid a finger on her. SHERLOCK (shrugging): She’s my landlady. JOHN (furiously): She’s dying ... (He flails a hand in front of himself in utter disbelief at Sherlock’s attitude.) JOHN: You machine. (He looks down, shaking his head.) JOHN: Sod this. Sod this. (He heads towards the door.) You stay here if you want, on your own. SHERLOCK: Alone is what I have. Alone protects me.

(with the last one also pay attention to the similarity to the “cab”-conversations from the first shot!! Like a circle is closing...)

So what do we have? A shot and a following conversation that both point back to two of the most crucial turning points in Sherlock’s developement and his relationship with John: TGG and TRF. 

But the two shots are set apart for 2 series, 6 episodes (+special) and about 6 years ....

(sidenote: poor writing and filming when digging up an actual SIMLIAR shot after 6 years??? Really...???)

But what could this mean? What could that scene in TST reflect of the past? Thoughts:

- Charlie Wellsboroug (as often pointed out) acts as a Sherlock mirror in TST, travelling to Nepal, trying to come back to surprise a loved one, which doesn’t play out as expected... both in disguise, Charlie as well as Sherlock... Charlie died unexpectedly of a seizure... did Sherlock also die (inside) the moment he wanted to show up????

- And it happens to be that Lucy (fiancée of Westie) is a strong John mirror! Even their flats look alike! And the reaction of grieving Lucy to the accusations of her fiancée strongly remind me of another grieving someone

- what Lucy mentioned about Westie just dashing of “seeing someone” without telling her is a very common theme of course. This is something Sherlock’s doing constantly as also can be seen in the parallels drawn in the conversations above. But most of all it is the main problem of TRF which influences the whole relationship between Sherlock and John since then! That Sherlock left John without letting him know, without informing him! It left John with the feeling, that Sherlock didn’t trust him and that he failed Sherlock... And we also see this back in the sane episode as the first shot (TST) when John feels not good enough for Sherlock...

- and then again and again one of the main issues of Sherlock: “alone is what protects me”! But then when in the end he really IS alone, he feels what being alone really is about

- and finally the parallel between the devices leading to Moriarty/Mary... to me this such an obvious parallel that the thought strikes me again - IS Mary Moriarty?? Is Mary even real (I doubt it) which would lead to: is S3 even real?

So here is what I think... but of course there is obviously much more to say...:

To me it’s remarkable that all this so strongly points back to TRF. This gives me the feeling that TST is actually about the issues of TRF (even if it supposes to be about Mary and AGRA...). This raises the question.... what is all this really about???

To me it seems as if there is someone dealing with the past! Could it be that Sherlock is still dealing with the consequences his choices in TRF had?? Leaving John behind? Dashing of alone? Facing Moriarty alone? Not trusting John??? 

And actually that fits very well with the writers own interpretation of S4:

[Season 4] is going to be… I suppose you’d say… consequences. It’s consequences. Chickens come to roost. It’s dark in some ways—obviously it’s great fun and a Sherlock Holmes romp and all that—but there’s a sense of… things… coming back to bite you

Steven Moffat for “entertainment weekly” back in march 2015 (X)

Just that it’s not about the consequences we see on the surface but it’s about consequences with which Sherlock is dealing in his mind experiments, his mind plays he’s setting up to figure things out - Sherlock is in his MP!! It’s metaphoric and in my oppinion it’s actually about TRF.... 

I would like to hear your thoughts...

@ebaeschnbliah @gosherlocked @monikakrasnorada @isitandwonder @tjlcisthenewsexy @tendergingergirl @sianbrooke @sarahthecoat @221bloodnun @shadow3214 @impatient14

(tell me if you don’t want to be tagged!) thanks to @callie-ariane for all the subscripts

[marymosley]

ABOLITION OF PRIVATE LANDLORDISM

INTRODUCTION

A landlord is the owner of a house, apartment, condominium, land, or real estate which is rented or leased to an individual or business, who is called a tenant or a lessee. The Other term for the owner is lessor. The term landlady may be used for female owners, and lessor/ lessee may be used regardless of gender.[1]

The notion of a landlord came from the feudal system of manoralism, where the lord of the manor is the proprietor of the estate.  The lower nobility which  were  ranked as knights during the higher medieval period, holding their fief  through  subinfeudation,  although  in  few instances  the land may also precisely be affiliated under   the  higher nobility, just like the king was the owner or proprietor of the royal domain, or as the villages were owned by the emperor in the  Roman Empire.

In modern times, landlord describes any individual(s) or entity (e.g. government body or institution) providing housing for persons who cannot afford or do not want to own their own homes.[2]

LAND REVENUE SYSTEM DURING THE BRITISH RULE

The major source of revenue for the kings and emperors in the ancient times was through taxes collected from the land. But there were changes over the time in the ownership pattern of land. At the time when Kingship was in existence, the land was branched as Jagirs, and they   were alloted to Jagirdars, these Jagirdars distributed this land to subordinate Zamindars. The peasants cultivated the zamindars’ land and, in-return they collected a particular share of their revenue as tax.

Three major systems of land revenue collection existed in pre independent India. They were – Zamindari, Ryotwari and Mahalwari.

Zamindari System:

Lord Cornwallis in 1793 formulated a system called the Zamindari System through the Permanent Settlement Act in Bengal, Bihar, Orissa and Varanasi which made approximately 19% of British India. This system is also known as the Permanent Settlement System[3]. In this the owners or the proprietor of the land were the Zamindars, who had the right to   charge the   rent from the farmers. The accrued amount would be split into 11 parts. 1/11 of the stake was accorded to Zamindars and 10/11 of the stake belonged to the East India Company[4]. The revenue administration came in the hands of the East India Company in 1765[5]. The system of dual government was introduced in Bengal[6] and subsequently the entire administration of Bengal was annexed by the East India Company[7].  With this an improved style of economic system was initiated which was called `Annual Bidding System`. The main feature of  this system was that the land was divided into estates and the authority  to charge the  taxes from these estates were bargained  in bidding and as per the understanding  the revenue had to be paid in entirety on winning the bid. But a drawback to this procedure was that the collector of taxes, kept on changing frequently and this drove them to a state of chaos which resulted in systemic corruption. The person collecting taxes, used to collect large chunk of excess tax from the lands. In order to avoid such problems of `Annual Bidding System`, Zamindari System` was introduced.

PROVISIONS OF ZAMINDARI SYSTEM

  Zamindars were accepted as owners of the lands.

They were authorised to collect the payment from the farmers.

The realized amount would be divided into 11 parts. 1/11 of the share belonged to Zamindars and 10/11 of the share belonged to East India Company. The amount to be paid to the company was called as `Peshwash[8]`.

There used to be a contract for ten years, which could be extended, also, this could be inherited by the future generations of the Zamindars.

The amount of tax to be collected was on the discretion of the zamindars.

ADVANTAGES TO THE BRITISHERS

  The Britishers did not have to collect tax as this duty was carried out by the locals[9]. .

There was stability and security in the earning as the amount of revenue was pre-determined and fixed. .

The system of tax collection was durable and long-lasting.

One reason why the British did not quit India was because of the Loyalty of the zamindars, who supported them.

  DIS-ADVANTAGES TO THE INDIANS

  Since the zamindars were in a position of authority, the hapless farmers were exploited by them by levying huge amounts of taxes.

The status of farmers was not safeguarded.

The main focus of landlord was collection of output though; he never participated in any of the production activities. This was called ‘absentee landlordism’[10] .

As famines were frequent occurrences, no one came forward to support the farmers in harsh times.

  Ryotwari System

Thomas Munro brought in the Ryotwari System in 1820 in the provinces of Madras, Bombay, parts of Assam and Coorgh provinces of British India[11],[12] wherein, the proprietorship was in the hands of the farmers. Taxes were charged from the farmers directly. Under this system, farmers had to pay 50% for the dry lands and 60% for irrigated land.

Ryotwari system was introduced as an experiment and it was proved to be successful. British conquered many territories within a span of 9 years[13].  In 1799, Mysore was conquered. In 1801, Carnatic was conquered and Madras province was created subsequently in the same year. In 1818, Maratha territories were conquered and Bombay presidency came into being.  Ryotwari System was introduced in all these territories.

The reason why the Zamindari System was not introduced in these territories was because the system was unfavourable in following ways:

There was a need for more revenue at that time, the Ryotwari system was considered more lucrative.

There was a lack of powerful and loyal zamindari class in these territories; therefore, the zamindari system was not enforced.

ANALYSIS OF THE RYOTWARI SYSTEM

The system was beneficial to the farmers, as they could not be fleeced. Theoretically, this system was considered to be more beneficial than the Zamindari System, but practically it was not. The fact was that the ryotwari System was popularised in those areas where farmers were poor, and famines were a frequent recurrence.  The farmers under the zamindari system were better-off than those under the Ryotwari System. However, no exemption or mercy was shown towards the tax rates to the farmers during the famine.  High corruption was prevalent among the revenue officials and the money lenders, who oppressed and abused the poor farmers. Therefore, the obligation or the indebtedness was high in villages, which were under the ryotwari system.

Mahalwari System

William Bentick came up with the idea of Mahalwari system and it was implemented in 1833, in the Central Province, North-West Frontier, Agra, Punjab, Gangetic Valley, etc of British India[14]. These places comprised of about 29% of the British India.  It came into existence at the time of Warring Hastings.

The Mahalwari system was a combination of both the Zamindari System and Ryotwari System. In this system, the land was divided into Mahals and each Mahal constituted one or more villages. The proprietorship rights were with the farmers, whereas the responsibility for charging taxes lied with the village committee.

PROVISIONS OF MAHALWARI SYSTEM

In case villages under the Mahals were too small, then two or three villages were combined to form a Mahal.

A fixed revenue was charged after the evaluation of the entire Mahal.

The accountability for charging taxes was with the village committee.

The farmers were given the Ownership rights.

Moneylenders used to abuse and were cruel to the farmers

The British used to charge high taxes.

ABOLITION OF THE INTERMEDIARIES

Removing the intermediaries from the system was the first effort towards agricultural reform to divide the agricultural assets equally in a fair manner.[15]

  REASONS BEHIND THE ABOLITION OF INTERMEDIARIES

During the pre- independence era, the rich land proprietors influenced the Indian administration and the Indian economy even at village level. Land could be owned just by paying a minimal amount to the British government.

An intermediate class was also created by the British government to ease their process of collection of taxes. This class had no personal involvement with the land and agriculture, but they could easily take over the land to any extent. This act exploited the sharecroppers, small and marginal farmers and forced them to transfer land to the big landlords. Due to which employment level as well as the productivity level decreased, and they lost their motivation to work.

In the post-independence period, the Indian Government initiated the agricultural reforms again with the aim to dissolve the intermediaries or else the division of lands would have been challenging for the Government.[16]

  PROCESS OF THE ABOLITION

The land was taken from the intermediaries, and the expense of small landowners was reimbursed, by the government for submitting their lands. The reimbursed amount was inversely proportional to the amount of profit or income obtained from the land.

  EFFECTS

Government spending in the agricultural sector had increased as a result of the reimbursement to the peasants. Many pension schemes were introduced for the intermediaries who were not able to start an earning afresh. Therefore, this was a big strain on the government.

Due to the removal of the intermediate classes, millions of peasants in India had associated themselves personally with the government, which resulted in a hike in tax revenue received from the villages. This made up for the loss that the Government was incurring. As a result, the monetary stability of the peasants upgraded and productivity and employment also went up, but the sub tenants remained unaffected.[17]

  LAND REFORMS

During the pre-independence times, the peasants as individuals did not have any ownership of land. The proprietorship remained with the intermediaries, i.e. the zamindars, jagirdars etc. The peasant would work on the land and pay revenue to these intermediaries. They however, did not spend enough on farming and agriculture, because their main interest was in minting money through charging the tillers. As a result, the land and its tiller, both were at a loss.

During the post-independence period, it was found that the production from farming could not sustain the whole country. And therefore, to overcome this problem, the government came to the conclusion that the tillers of the land should be made the owners of the land which will boost the production. Thus, the land reforms took place by removing the intermediaries.[18]

  OBJECTIVES OF THE LAND REFORMS

After independent the Indian government kept the following points in view to initiate these land reforms.

The main aim was to bring about a total transformation to the agricultural structure of the country in a methodical way.

The other objective was to put an end to the zamindari system

It brought impartiality in the economy and society and safeguarded social justice from the atrocities faced by the peasants in the past.

These reforms also put an end to any kind of exploitation of the tenant peasants by the landlords.

Lastly, to enforce such practices which inspire these peasants and give a boost to the agrarian production

  STEPS IMPLEMENTED UNDER THE LAND REFORMS[19]

Many Indian states passed the Zamindari Abolition Act post-independence. In the states of Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar etc the excess and unused lands of the landlords were taken away by the states. The Supreme Court found the Act unconstitutional, but the legislature rectified the article and changed their actions. By this, a few crore tenants were given proprietorship of the lands. Thus, positive effect of the reformation was now visible.

Another vital advancement was the implementation of the act of land ceiling, according to which it was to be decided as to how much total land an individual or family can own. Also, if an individual had land exceeding the fixed limit, the government could take it away and give it to the landless peasants, in an unbiased manner. The purpose of introduction of such a land ceiling law was to dissuade the concentration of land among few individuals. It also encompassed the consolidation of holdings. That is, if a peasant owned various small pieces of land scattered in the village, then these pieces would amalgamate into one big chunk of land. This was possibly done by trading or swapping of lands by the farmers.

Small land tilling was a drawback to commercial farming. This drawback could be overcome by applying the strategy of co-operative farming, which would eventually help the government overcome the problems of sub-division of land and financial crisis. Unfortunately, the strategy of co-operative farming has not been too successful in India.

  CONCLUSION

The main motive of these land reforms is to benefit the farmers and the land cultivators at the micro level. The Government realised that if these peasants are not exploited they would work hard and willingly on their lands. The Government need to safeguard their interests and give them financial support. And if the cultivators were made the proprietors, they could put in their best to increase investment so as to cultivate their lands to the maximum.

Another important benefit of land reform was on a macro level to boost the agricultural output of the country, without any major investment of capital.

India struggled with massive famines in the past and could not manage to have sufficient production for survival. With these cost efficient land reforms, India could manage to give a boost to its agricultural production. If the farmer has enough grains to sustain his family he would sell the extra grains in the market, and this would in turn help the national economy.

These land reforms were a way to improve close interaction between the peasants and the government. During the pre-independence era, these farmers were oppressed and hence became helpless and powerless. These reforms helped unblock the communication between the government and the peasants. They both now work in tandem to develop the agricultural sector of our economy.

The land reforms were also one of the important goals of the five-year plan. This provided social justice to the crores of peasants in the country.  It ensured that the peasants gained from their hard work and helped in promoting equality of wealth distribution in the society.[20]

  REFERENCES

  https://www.toppr.com/

yourarticlelibrary.com

wiktionary.org

https://encyclopedia

jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/land

economywatch.com/agrarian/india/abolition-intermediaries.html

com/education/Zamindari-System

clearias.com/land-revenue-systems-zamindari

merriam-webster.com/dictionary/absentee landlord

[1]en.wiktionary.org

[2]https://encyclopedia2

[3] hubpages.com/education/Zamindari-System

[4] The amount to be collected was called Peshwash

[5] 1765

[6] 1765-1772

[7] 1772-1793

[8] hubpages.com/education/Zamindari-System

[9] https://ift.tt/2NpmoCc

[10] ww.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/absentee landlord

[11] byjus.com/free-ias-prep/ncert-notes-ryotwari-and..

[12] 52% of British India was covered.

[13] 1799-1818

[14] secureias.com/mahalwari-system

[15] https://ift.tt/2VarSEV

[16] www.economywatch.com/agrarian/india/abolition-intermediaries.html

[17]https://ift.tt/1zcxLSx

[18] https://ift.tt/2B1O8tW.

[19] https://ift.tt/37Yak4m

[20] https://www.toppr.com/

Disclaimer: This article has been published in Legal Desire International Journal on Law, ISSN 2347-3525, Issue 22 ,Vol. 7

KRITI BHATNAGAR

Student of Law, Amity Law School, Noida, Amity University, Uttar Pradesh

The post ABOLITION OF PRIVATE LANDLORDISM appeared first on Legal Desire.

ABOLITION OF PRIVATE LANDLORDISM published first on https://immigrationlawyerto.tumblr.com/

[business2businessposts-blog]

Street Entrepreneurs: - The Original Entrepreneurs of India

Street Entrepreneurs: - The Original Entrepreneurs of India

Nearly five centuries ago, Agra was the commercial nerve center of the prosperous Mongol empire. Thanks to the monuments built by kings and emperors, including the Taj Mahal, this Uttar Pradesh was just a little more than a tourist station.

But, almost unnoticed, Agra has come to illustrate another economic revolution. Despite its dilapidated state and civil infrastructure, it has become a center of Original Entrepreneurs of India new opportunities in the service sector. The impact of these opportunities was that by the end of 2004, until the data became available, more than six out of 10 people were now working alone, compared to just five years earlier.

Agra is just a showcase for a new generation of second-tier Indian cities outside the Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Bangalore and Kolkata regions, which have begun to enjoy the benefits of India's economic growth of 8% over the past four years.

A five-year comprehensive government survey places the city of Agra behind Varanasi as a city of more self-employed workers, followed by Bhopal, Indore and Pattna. A few years ago, Agra was not in this picture with Varanasi, Patna, Pune, Lucknow and Kolkata among the five largest cities in terms of independent men.

As a result, apart from 40% of the population who rely heavily on agriculture, and some still depend on the traditional works of leather, footwear and iron foundries, most people in Agra now work in professions as "self-employed".

According to the National Organization for Sampling Survey, in 1999-2000, 431 of every 1000 workers were self-employed in the city. This increased to 603 per 1,000 in 2004-2005. At the national level, the number of self-employed persons has also increased, from 368 to 395 per thousand, and nowhere in Agra and in many similar cities.

Kids new genius

Tell people like Yatendra Singh, 21 years old. When he graduated from the local university in 2005, he never imagined that in less than three years he would share ownership of two Internet cafes. "The Internet started to take off in Agra, I would have survived another way, but maybe I would not run an independent company," he says.

The Internet boom came a bit later to lure to Delhi or Mumbai, but now it is within walking distance of the small Singh vault in the Bodhla-Flint Road, and the entry from Agra Sikandra. It marks the burial place of the great Mongol emperor. The surrounding area has been rebuilt to meet demand for housing. "At least eight Internet cafes, big or small, have appeared since 2004 in this area," says Singh. Pigters also dry cleaners, public providers of telephone calls, real estate brokers and mail delivery shops, all in the midst of busy, packed with motorcycles and  Street Entrepreneurs of India.

It seems part of the reason that Agra moved to free work to be better connected with Delhi and neighboring countries. It is building a new fast track to connect it to Noida near New Delhi, while the city government is reaffirming its position on the metro system. It also has the distinction of being one of only five cities in a very large state, apart from Varanasi, Merot, Lucknow and Kanpur. All these qualities seem to make Agra the perfect service center, despite low industrial activity. Big Brother Singh, Krapal, for example, is now juggling between Agra and Noida, a five-hour drive, and setting up his second Internet cafe family in the electronics city.

Growing needs

At the same time, the government expect UP residents of Agra city by 3.84% per year to reach 2.20 million in 10 years and 2.7 million for 2031.

This, for the state administration, can only mean that Internet cafes, post offices, taxis, hotels, education centers and realtors will continue to snowball.

"We are growing very rapidly and the city is changing.The only way to adapt to these changes is to find new forms of employment through investment and modernization of the city," says Ashok Kumar, commissioner of Agra.

As Commissioner, Kumar is the Managing Director of Agra, responsible for monitoring development programs and the planned government. "A great deal of self-employment now comes from occupations that either did not exist a decade ago or were small," he says.

The increase in self-employment is evident throughout the country, although analysts differ on what it means. Arvind Fermani, chief economic adviser to the Planning Committee, planning for the country's most important agency, says the transition to free labor suggests a part of the eventual shift from unskilled labor to skilled farming and manufacturing jobs.

Free work is the usual way of working as it rises in the value chain from agriculture to industry, Fermani wrote in a 2006 paper on employment and equitable growth of the Commission. "The fact that the ultimate change to more skilled jobs in manufacturing already occurs in India depends on other factors, such as skills development and more rational labor laws, to encourage employment in the industry," he says. .

But Arjun Sengupta, a member of parliament and a former member of the Planning Committee, sees in the direction of self-employment, a decline in farm wealth exacerbated by delayed industrial activity.

"This needs attention: we must promote industrial activity and increase agricultural productivity to stimulate better paying jobs that have decent conditions," he says.

Also Visit : Original Entrepreneurs of India

Opportunities in abundance

Analysts say the increase in self-employment shows a change in the way the Indian economy works. "The increase in self-employment shows that people are finding work outside the traditional sectors," said Duncan Campbell, Director of Policy Integration at the ILO.

The new opportunities mean that many have been able to influence the career change they did not expect.

Take Rajendar Yadav, 25, who is already a veteran of the city's traditional industry: shoes. In 2002-2003, when the city's exports of shoes reached $ 350 million (Rs.1,435 crore), Yadav decided to leave his well-paid job as a production manager at Superhouse, a shoe exporter.

By 2005, he established himself in a new role as an independent shoe and accessory manufacturer within Agra, Delhi, Noida and Chennai. A recently settled businessman. He now buys leather-making machines and sells many things, such as embossed beads, to five regular customers.

"What is the point of continuing to work for others while all the commercial sectors of the city thrive?" Yadav said in his office, a room furnished on the roof of his two-story house in Awas Vikas. New colony. Developed by the Agra Development Authority since 1999. It seems that most of his work is carried out through his mobile phone.

Yadav represents the changing employment pattern that is being revealed in Indian cities. The survey data reflect this trend in 29 first-tier cities with a population of more than 1 million, including Hawara in the east to Kalyan-Dumbili in the west and Hyderabad in the south to Lodiana in the north.

The owner of the Internet cafe and the bleeding-skin worker are the top end of the self-employed: they also understand employers. However, the largest proportion of self-employed workers in the country are so-called domestic workers, self-employed or who produce a contractor / subcontractor, part of a long value chain. According to the 1999-2000 surveys, there are about 29 million households dependent on this industrial work. While many are women, Agra today has the second highest proportion of self-employed men in India, after Varanasi, where 757 of the 1,000 workers were self-employed in 2004-2005.

Also Visit: Street Entrepreneurs of India

[2bhkflatinmumbai-blog]

Flat on Agra Road Jaipur: Real Estate for Professionalism

Real Estate Professional Courses

The business of real estate requires more and more professionalism. Anyone who aspires to become a seller of real estate must have a broad knowledge of the market in which he will operate, as well as marketing strategies and forms of financing.

Users can find more Flat, Apartments and Villas on Free Classified Website in Jaipur for many areas in Jaipur like:

Flat in Jaipur

Flat in Jagatpura Jaipur

Flat in Mansarovar Jaipur

Flat in Vaishali Nagar Jaipur

Flat in Malviya Nagar Jaipur

Flat in Sanganer Jaipur

Flat on Ajmer Road Jaipur

Flat on Kalwar Road Jaipur

Flat on Sikar Road Jaipur

Flat on Agra Road Jaipur

Flat on Sirsi Road Jaipur

Flat on Delhi Road Jaipur

Flat on Tonk Road Jaipur

And users can Post Free Classified Ads in Jaipur on these classified websites.

It is also necessary to handle legal and administrative aspects. Finally, it is necessary to know what is the professional insertion offered by the career of real estate broker. In some countries, such as the United States for example, it is necessary to have a broker license to perform in the business of buying and selling real estate.

Users can find more 2 BHK Flats, Apartments and Villas on Free Classified site in Jaipur for many areas in Jaipur like:

2 BHK Flats in Jaipur

2 BHK Flats in Jagatpura Jaipur

2 BHK Flats in Mansarovar Jaipur

2 BHK Flats in Vaishali Nagar Jaipur

2 BHK Flats in Malviya Nagar Jaipur

2 BHK Flats in Sanganer Jaipur

2 BHK Flats on Ajmer Road Jaipur

2 BHK Flats on Kalwar Road Jaipur

2 BHK Flats on Sikar Road Jaipur

2 BHK Flats on Agra Road Jaipur

2 BHK Flats on Sirsi Road Jaipur

2 BHK Flats on Delhi Road Jaipur

2 BHK Flats on Tonk Road Jaipur

And users can Post Free Ads in Jaipur on these classified websites.

The emergence of new technologies also requires training in the use of computer tools, database management, Internet search engines and social networks. Just a decade ago it was hard to imagine someone offering their property on the Internet. However today the real estate business does not escape the influence of the virtual stores. The formation of the corridor also implies the handling of conjuncture situations such as economic crises and political changes. So dynamic is the business, and therefore requires all possible tools to address it.

Users can find more 3 BHK Flats, Apartments and Villas on Free Classified Website in Jaipur for many areas in Jaipur like:

3 BHK Flats in Jaipur

3 BHK Flats in Jagatpura Jaipur

3 BHK Flats in Mansarovar Jaipur

3 BHK Flats in Vaishali Nagar Jaipur

3 BHK Flats in Malviya Nagar Jaipur

3 BHK Flats in Sanganer Jaipur

3 BHK Flats on Ajmer Road Jaipur

3 BHK Flats on Kalwar Road Jaipur

3 BHK Flats on Sikar Road Jaipur

3 BHK Flats on Agra Road Jaipur

3 BHK Flats on Sirsi Road Jaipur

3 BHK Flats on Delhi Road Jaipur

3 BHK Flats on Tonk Road Jaipur

And users can Post Ads in Jaipur on these classified websites.

The chambers of realtors or groups of the like usually offer courses and open talks. In the network you can also find a wide range of online courses, many of them free of charge. However, be wary of those whose motto is "Make yourself a millionaire by selling real estate." For this, as for any other kind of business, there are no magic recipes. Honesty and credibility make up the basic capital of every seller.