#Photopolymerization

[materialsscienceandengineering]

Researchers propose 3D printing of high-performance elastomers through vat photopolymerization

Acrylate-based ultraviolet (UV)-curable resins are currently used as raw materials to obtain desired performance by adjusting the types and ratios of oligomer and reactive monomers in the resin system. However, due to low degree of free-radical polymerization, the elastomers prepared by vat photopolymerization (VPP) technology show low strength, poor resilience, and unsatisfactory mechanical properties. In a study published in Advanced Materials , the research group led by Prof. Wu Lixin from Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter of the Chinese Academy of Sciences proposed 3D printing of high-performance elastomers through vat photopolymerization. The researchers analyzed the structure-property relationship between molecular weight and mechanical properties, and selected polytetramethylene ether glycols (PTMGs) with different molecular weights (Mn=1000, 2000, 3000 g mol-1, respectively) as reactants to react with isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI). The obtained polyurethane blocked oligomers (PUBs) exhibited high viscosities.

Read more.

[idea-explorer]

[fgmusdentalgroup]

Photopolymerization Advanced Polymerization System (APS), a technology that offers great advances for the photopolymerization of dental materials and greater esthetics.

https://fgmus.com/aps-technology/

[cthulu-in-a-ballgown]

You know that stuff at the dentist's office that hardens when you add light to it? That's a whole class of reaction called photopolymerization and they use to 3D print ceramics. The polymers form a matrix around the clay particles, so when you lock in the matrix by cross-linking (fusing the polymers*), the clay is instantly hard, no heat needed.

[entropy-game-dev]

Photopolymerizer

Another Maza design. I am so glad someone around here can animate rotation.

[marketprofessional]

"Future of Healthcare: Innovations in the 3D Printing Medical Devices Market"

3D Printing Medical Devices Market Overview📊 :

The 3D Printing Medical Devices Market Report is a treasured source of insightful data for business strategists. It provides an in-depth assessment of numerous features of industries like market overview, present progress valuations, historical and future studies, current trends, SWOT valuations, and clients operating in several regions. The study provides valuable information to magnify the understanding, scope, and segments of this report. The report covers a comprehensive analysis of 3D Printing Medical Devices Market segmentation and regional and country breakdowns. This research will offer a clear and exact idea about the whole industry to the readers to make beneficial decisions.

According to Straits Research, the global 3D Printing Medical Devices Market size was valued at USD 2.55 Billion in 2022. It is projected to reach from USD XX Billion in 2023 to USD 9.79 Billion by 2031, growing at a CAGR of 16.1% during the forecast period (2023–2031).

This study pinpoints noteworthy trends influencing the trajectory of the Gesture Recognition market's expansion. Within this recently issued report, crucial dynamics encompassing drivers, limitations, and prospects are underscored. These aspects hold relevance for well-established market entities as well as emerging stakeholders engaged in the realms of production and supply.

Request a Sample Report @ https://straitsresearch.com/report/3d-printing-medical-devices-market/request-sample

Who are the 🏆leading players in 3D Printing Medical Devices Market? 

3D Systems Corporations,

Bio3D Technologies,

Cyfuse Medical K.K.,

EnvisionTEC,

Materialise NV,

Organovo Holdings Inc.,

Oxford Performance Materials Inc.,

SLM Solutions Group AG,

Stratasys Ltd.

Moreover, the competitive analysis of the 3D Printing Medical Devices Market brings insight into the product usability profiles of the leading players. Additionally, the analysis highlights features & pricing, and informant reviews of the key products in the market.

Which segments are covered in 3D Printing Medical Devices Market?

By Component

Printers

Materials

Software & Services

Hardware

By Technology

Electron Beam Melting (EBM)

Laser Beam Melting (LBM)

Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS)

Stereolithography (SLA)

Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM)

Selective Laser Melting (SLM)

Selective Laser Sintering (SLS)

Others (Photopolymerization, Digital Light Processing [DLP], etc.)

By Application

Orthopedic & Cranial Implant

Dental Restorations

Surgical Instruments

Tissue Fabrication

Custom Prosthetics

Prosthetics Implant

Wearable Medical Devices

Dentistry and Orthodontics

Others (Tissue-engineered Products, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgeries, etc.)

By Material

Plastics

Biomaterial Inks

Metals and Alloys

By End User

Hospitals and Surgical Centers

Dental and Orthopedic Clinics

Academic Institutions and Research Laboratories

Pharma-Biotech and Medical Device Companies

Clinical Research Organizations

The market is largely fragmented and the vast majority of the players functioning in the global 3D Printing Medical Devices Market are taking steps to raise their market footprint, by concentrating on product diversification and development, therefore making them seize a larger share of the market. The study highlights current market trends and provides a forecast. We also have highlighted future trends in the 3D Printing Medical Devices Market that will impact the demand during the forecast period. Overall, this report is an important resource for businesses seeking to stay ahead of the competition in the 3D Printing Medical Devices Market industry. With its complete analysis of recent developments and the latest emerging trends, it offers valuable insights into the market that can be used to grow effective growth strategies and enhance market positioning.

Access Detailed Segmentation @ https://straitsresearch.com/3d-printing-medical-devices-market/segmentation

Regional Analysis

Largest Market: The 3D Printing Medical Devices Market is dominated by North America, which holds the largest share due to factors such as advanced infrastructure, high consumer awareness, and significant investment in related industries. The region's well-established specific sectors further bolster its leading position in the market.

Fastest Growing Market: The fastest-growing market for 3D Printing Medical Devices Market is Europe. This growth is driven by a combination of rising disposable incomes, increasing adoption of specific products or services, and supportive government initiatives. Additionally, the expanding related industries in this region contribute to its rapid market expansion.

Our Report Offers:

– Market share assessments for the regional and country-level segments.

– Strategic recommendations for the new entrants.

– Competitive landscaping mapping the key common trends.

– Company profiling with detailed strategies, financials, and recent developments.

– Supply chain trends mapping the latest technological advancements.

Buy Now full 3D Printing Medical Devices Market report @ https://straitsresearch.com/buy-now/3d-printing-medical-devices-market/

An international 3D Printing Medical Devices Market research report delves into the competitive landscape of global markets, scrutinizing companies and manufacturers. The report's competitive analysis spotlights the strategic actions undertaken by key players across diverse industries. These actions encompass a spectrum of activities including new product introductions, expansions, agreements, joint ventures, partnerships, and recent acquisitions. This comprehensive market report sheds light on a myriad of facets within marketing research, spanning crucial industry trends, market size, estimated market share, sales volume, emerging patterns, product consumption, customer inclinations, historical data, forward-looking forecasts, and meticulous analysis of key players.

Global 3D Printing Medical Devices Market Research Report Forecast 2031

Chapter 1:- 3D Printing Medical Devices Market Overview

Chapter 2:- Economic Impact on Industry

Chapter 3:- Production, Business Opportunities with Potential Analysis

Chapter 4:- Rising Trends and New Technologies with Key Players

Chapter 5:- 3D Printing Medical Devices Market Manufacturing Cost Analysis

Chapter 6:- Technology Progress, Development Process and Downstream Buyers

Chapter 7:- Marketing Strategy Analysis, Distributors/Traders

Chapter 8:- Market Share by Key Countries in These Regions

Chapter 9:- Show the Market by Type and Application, With Sales Market Share and Growth Rate

Chapter 10:- Appendix and Data Source

Click to View the Full Report TOC: https://straitsresearch.com/report/3d-printing-medical-devices-market/toc

Key Questions Answered by Our 3D Printing Medical Devices Market Report

What are the key drivers of growth in the 3D Printing Medical Devices Market, and how do they vary across regions and segments?

How are advancements in technology and innovation affecting the 3D Printing Medical Devices Market, and what new opportunities and challenges are emerging as a result?

Which market players are currently leading the pack in terms of market share and product innovation, and what strategies are they employing to maintain their positions?

What regulatory and policy changes are on the horizon that could affect the 3D Printing Medical Devices Market, and how are market players adapting to these changes?

What are the emerging trends and market disruptors that are likely to shape the 3D Printing Medical Devices Market in the years to come, and what can businesses do to stay ahead of the curve?

How are consumer preferences and behaviors evolving with regard to 3D Printing Medical Devices Market, and what implications do these trends have for market players?

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[industrynewsupdates]

Dental 3d Printing Market Size, Trends, and Business Outlook 2024 - 2030

The global dental 3D printing market size was estimated at USD 3.1 billion in 2023 and is expected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 26.4% from 2024 to 2030. 

3D printing dentistry has established a strong position in today’s dental products due to the combination of state-of-art technology and a potential footprint. The design and development of advanced products such as invisible aligners, advanced fabrication to provide an aesthetic look, and delivery positioning are some of the factors that are increasing the demand and adoption of dental 3D printers. The user-friendliness and ease of 3D printing procedures have promoted the dentistry industry to print products that can meet the dental requirements of different individuals. These printers will increase the output and also reduce fabrication time. Furthermore, the digitalized workflow will also overcome procedural discomfort and enhance customer satisfaction.

The market is growing at a significant rate and is expected to grow further in emerging economies. The American College of Prosthodontists stated that about 15% of the edentulous population makes dentures each year. Edentulism affects the most vulnerable populations – economically disadvantaged and aging populations. Around 120 million people in the U.S. are missing at least one tooth and more than 36 million Americans do not have any teeth. These numbers are expected to grow in the next two decades. The majority of aged population needs to go for replacements of the tooth. However, even partially toothless, aged or young people undergo dental procedures as they view dental implants as a viable option.

Gather more insights about the market drivers, restrains and growth of the Dental 3D Printing Market

Dental 3D Printing Market Report Highlights

• By application, the orthodontics segment dominated the market in 2023 and is expected to witness significant growth over the forecast period. The growth of the segment is due to the increasing number of patients with misalignment and gaps in the teeth. Such factors are driving the market players to focus on the development of products associated with orthodontics

• Based on the technology, the others segment is projected to register the highest growth rate in the market owing to the rising investments in R&D related to material jetting, electron beam melting, and binder jetting techniques

• The dental laboratories was the dominant segment in the end-use segment in 2023. The segment is anticipated to exhibit the highest CAGR of 26.7% during the forecast period. The growing adoption of advanced technologies in laboratories is augmenting the growth of the segment

• North America is expected to maintain its lead in the dental 3D printing market owing to the technological advancements, rising R&D, and presence of major medical device manufacturers in the region

Browse through Grand View Research's Medical Devices Industry Research Reports.

• The global smart orthopedic implants market size was valued at USD 25.7 billion in 2023 and is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.5% from 2024 to 2030. 

• The global pulse electromagnetic field (PEMF) therapy devices market size was valued at USD 523.4 million in 2023 and is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.0% from 2024 to 2030.

Dental 3D Printing Market Segmentation

Grand View Research has segmented the global dental 3D printing market on the basis of application, technology, end-use, and region:

Dental 3D Printing Application Outlook (Revenue, USD Billion, 2018 - 2030)

• Orthodontics

• Prosthodontics

o Dentures

o Temporary Tooth

o Permanent Tooth

• Implantology

Dental 3D Printing Technology Outlook (Revenue, USD Billion, 2018 - 2030)

• Vat Photopolymerization

o Stereolithography

o Digital Light Processing

• Polyjet Technology

• Fused Deposition Modelling

• Selective Laser Sintering

• Others

Dental 3D Printing End-use Outlook (Revenue, USD Billion, 2018 - 2030)

• Dental Clinics

• Dental Laboratories

• Academic And Research Institutes

Dental 3D Printing Regional Outlook (Revenue, USD Billion, 2018 - 2030)

• North America

o U.S.

o Canada

• Europe

o U.K.

o Germany

o France

o Italy

o Spain

o Denmark

o Sweden

o Norway

• Asia Pacific

o China

o Japan

o India

o Australia

o South Korea

o Thailand

• Latin America

o Brazil

o Mexico

o Argentina

• Middle East & Africa

o South Africa

o Saudi Arabia

o UAE

o Kuwait

Order a free sample PDF of the Dental 3D Printing Market Intelligence Study, published by Grand View Research.

[digitrenndsamr]

North America 3D Printing for Aerospace: Enhancing Design and Manufacturing Capabilities

North America 3D Printing Market Report, published by Allied Market Research, forecasts that the North American 3D Printing market is expected to garner $5.01 billion by 2022, registering a CAGR of 20.1% during the period 2016-2022. Development of customized complex products using a wide range of materials drives this market. Higher accuracy, reduction in production cost and time coupled with minimized human error supplement its growth.

3D printing is used across various industries, including consumer products, aerospace, automotive, healthcare, defense, and education and research. It enables efficient management of resources and increases production output while minimizing wastage and operating costs. 3D printing is implemented for various applications that include development of prototypes, functional models, presentation models, artistic products, and custom parts. The consumer products sector accounted for a major revenue share of the North American 3D printing market, constituting 21.4% of the total market revenue in 2015, followed by the automotive sector which accounted for 18.3% share in the same year.

A wide variety of 3D printers are available in the market based on different technologies. Stereolithography, fused deposition modeling, selective laser sintering, laminated object manufacturing, and electron beam melting are some of the technologies used for 3D printing. Stereolithography-based 3D printers accounted for a major share in the North American 3D printing market, constituting 33.2% of the total market revenue in 2015. The use of these printers for designing models and molding patterns has increased owing to its high accuracy and better surface finish. Stereolithography is an additive manufacturing technology that implements layer-by-layer production technique using photopolymerization for the development of prototypes and functional models. Electron beam melting technology-based 3D printers are likely to register the highest CAGR from 2016 to 2022.

3D printing uses diverse materials such as polymers, ceramics, and metal & alloys among others. Polymers occupied a major share in the North American 3D printing materials segment, accounting for over 40% of the total materials market revenue in 2015. Metals & alloys is expected to be the fastest growing material segment during the forecast period.

Key findings of North America 3D Printing Market:

The North America 3D printing market is likely to grow at a high rate in the future owing to high need of efficient manufacturing with high accuracy and reduced costs.

The 3D printing services segment accounts for a major share in this market.

The application of 3D printing in defense sector is anticipated to register the highest CAGR of 24.7% from 2016 to 2022.

The U.S. is the highest revenue-generating country in this market.

The major players in this market include 3D Systems, Stratasys Ltd., The ExOne Company, Autodesk Inc., Optomec, Inc., Organovo Holdings, Inc., and Arevo Labs. These players consistently launch new products and enhance their existing portfolios to expand their customer base and strengthen their market position. Partnerships and collaborations provide growth opportunities to these players for geographic expansion.

[credenceresearchdotblog]

The polymerization initiators market is projected to grow from USD 1425.38 million in 2024 to USD 2061.42 million by 2032, reflecting a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.72%.The polymerization initiators market is a crucial segment within the broader chemical industry, playing a vital role in the production of polymers, which are the backbone of numerous industries. These initiators are chemical compounds that help start the polymerization process, where small molecules called monomers combine to form long-chain polymers. The demand for polymerization initiators is directly linked to the growth of industries like automotive, construction, electronics, packaging, and textiles, which are heavily reliant on polymer-based products.

Browse the full report at https://www.credenceresearch.com/report/polymerization-initiators-market

Market Overview

The global polymerization initiators market has been experiencing steady growth, driven by the increasing demand for polymers in various end-use industries. Polymers like polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and polystyrene are essential materials in manufacturing a wide array of products ranging from plastic bags and containers to pipes and automotive parts. As the demand for these products continues to rise, so does the need for efficient and reliable polymerization initiators.

Polymerization initiators can be broadly classified into thermal initiators, photoinitiators, and redox initiators, each with its specific applications and advantages. Thermal initiators, such as peroxides, are the most widely used due to their effectiveness in a range of polymerization processes. Photoinitiators are particularly important in the production of UV-cured coatings, inks, and adhesives, while redox initiators are used in emulsion polymerization processes, which are essential for producing polymers like latex.

Key Drivers

1. Rising Demand in End-Use Industries: The burgeoning demand for polymers in sectors like automotive, construction, and packaging is a major driver for the polymerization initiators market. The automotive industry, for instance, relies heavily on lightweight, durable, and corrosion-resistant polymer materials to improve fuel efficiency and reduce emissions. Similarly, the construction industry uses polymers for insulation, piping, and flooring applications, all of which require effective polymerization initiators.

2. Technological Advancements: Advances in polymerization techniques and the development of new polymer grades have spurred the demand for more specialized and efficient initiators. Innovations in photopolymerization, for example, have led to the creation of new photoinitiators that enable faster curing processes and improved product performance.

3. Growing Focus on Sustainability: The increasing emphasis on sustainability and environmental protection is also influencing the polymerization initiators market. The shift towards bio-based and recyclable polymers has led to the development of new initiators that are compatible with these materials, thereby reducing the environmental impact of polymer production.

Market Challenges

Despite the positive growth trajectory, the polymerization initiators market faces several challenges. One of the primary concerns is the volatility in raw material prices, which can significantly impact the production costs of initiators. Additionally, stringent environmental regulations related to the use and disposal of chemical compounds pose challenges for manufacturers, requiring them to invest in cleaner and more sustainable production processes.

Another challenge is the competition from alternative materials. While polymers offer numerous advantages, industries like packaging are exploring alternatives such as biodegradable materials and paper-based products, which could potentially reduce the demand for traditional polymers and, consequently, polymerization initiators.

Regional Insights

The polymerization initiators market is geographically diverse, with key regions including North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, and the Middle East & Africa. Asia-Pacific is the largest and fastest-growing market, driven by rapid industrialization, urbanization, and the expansion of manufacturing industries in countries like China, India, and Japan. North America and Europe also hold significant market shares, supported by strong demand from the automotive, construction, and electronics industries.

In these regions, the market is characterized by a high level of technological innovation and a focus on sustainable practices. The Middle East & Africa region, while smaller in comparison, is expected to witness steady growth due to the increasing demand for polymers in construction and infrastructure projects.

Future Outlook

The future of the polymerization initiators market looks promising, with continued growth expected in the coming years. The ongoing developments in polymer chemistry, coupled with the rising demand for high-performance materials in various industries, will likely drive the market forward. Additionally, the growing focus on sustainability and the development of eco-friendly initiators will open new avenues for growth and innovation in the market.

Key Player Analysis:

Arkema

BASF SE

LANXESS

ADEKA Corporation

Fujifilm

Akzo Nobel N.V.

United Initiators

Celanese Corporation

LyondellBasell Industries

Evonik Industries

Segmentations:

By Type

Azo Compounds

Persulfate

Peroxides

Others

By Application

Polystyrene

Polypropylene

Polyvinyl Chloride

Polyethylene

ABS (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene)

Other Applications

By End-User

Construction

Automotive

Electronics

Packaging

Other

By Region

North America

US

Canada

Mexico

Europe

Germany

France

UK

Italy

Spain

Rest of Europe

Asia Pacific

China

Japan

India

South Korea

South-east Asia

Rest of Asia Pacific

Latin America

Brazil

Argentina

Rest of Latin America

Middle East & Africa

GCC Countries

South Africa

Rest of Middle East and Africa

Browse the full report at https://www.credenceresearch.com/report/polymerization-initiators-market

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[bestresin3dprinter]

Welcome to 3D Printer

While filament-based 3D printers have captured the attention of many due to their ease of use and affordability, the realm of resin 3D printing offers a fascinating alternative with unique advantages. Resin 3D printers operate using a photopolymerization process, where ultraviolet (UV) light cures liquid resin layer by layer to create highly detailed objects. These printers are renowned for their exceptional precision, making them ideal for applications requiring intricate details such as jewelry design, dental models, and miniature figures.

One of the key benefits of resin 3D printer is its capability to produce objects with a smoother surface finish compared to filament printers, often reducing the post-processing work needed. However, potential users should be aware of the additional considerations that come with resin printing, such as the handling and disposal of liquid resin, which is more complex and requires greater care for safety and environmental reasons.

I. Unveiling the Core Factors of Best Resin 3D Printer

Selecting the right resin 3D printer is an art unto itself. Below are the core factors to consider when stepping into the resin printing domain.

1. Printer Type

There are two primary types of resin printers: DLP (Digital Light Processing) and SLA (Stereolithography). While both use similar underlying technology, DLP printers typically provide faster print speeds due to their entire layer being cured simultaneously.

2. Build Volume and Bed Size

The size of the 3D objects you can print is directly related to the build volume of the printer. Larger build volumes offer the capacity for bigger prints and the ability to print multiple small models in a single session.

3. Material Compatibility

Resin printers are highly specific when it comes to the materials they can use. Ensure your choice offers a range of resins compatible with the kind of work you intend to pursue.

4. Print Quality and Resolution

Resin printers are renowned for their superior print quality and resolution, offering fine details that are often unachievable with other 3D printing technologies.

5. Ease of Use and Setup

Newer models come with user-friendly interfaces and simpler calibration, making the setup process less daunting.

6. Cost and Budget

Resin printers vary significantly in cost, ranging from affordable entry-level models to professional-grade machines that command a higher investment.

7. Additional Features

Look for features such as touch screens, off-line printing, and automatic bed leveling for added convenience.

[materialsscienceandengineering]

Swift 4-D printing with shape-memory polymers

Shape-memory polymers or shape-shifting materials are smart materials that have gained significant attention within materials science and biomedical engineering in recent years to build smart structures and devices. Digital light processing is a vat photopolymerization–based method with significantly faster technology to print a complete layer in a single step to create smart materials. Fahad Alam and a team of scientists in electrical and computer engineering, and nuclear engineering at the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Saudi Arabia developed a facile and fast method to 3D print shape-memory polymer-based smart structures with a digital light printing 3D printer and custom resin. They combined a liquid crystal (a material that can change its shape with temperature) with resin, to introduce shape-memory properties to directly 3D print thermoresponsive structures—while avoiding the complexity of resin preparation. The team printed the structures with different geometries and measured the shape-memory response. The shape-memory polymers can be conveniently prepared for use as smart tools, toys, and meta-materials.

Read more.

[idea-explorer]

How SLA Enhances Product Design

One of the standout features of SLA is its accuracy. Traditional methods often struggle with intricate details, but SLA delivers impressive precision. This level of detail is crucial for industries like aerospace and medical devices, where every tiny element matters. For instance, custom implants made with SLA can significantly improve patient care. Thus, SLA not only boosts design quality but also contributes to better outcomes. Click the link and visit our website for more information!

[fgmusdentalgroup]

How Can Good Oral Hygiene Help To Improve Mental Health?

Stained and crooked teeth can make a person introverted, and it can affect the mental health of the person. Healthy white teeth will visibly increase the confidence level of the person, and you will notice that oral hygiene is interrelated with mental health. 

You will be astonished to know that the improved and elevated mood releases serotonin and dopamine which produce good vibes and it improves mental health. And to do that, you need Camphorquinone for teeth whitening. 

Fresh breath 

It is quite obvious that no one wants smelly breath. Therefore, the only way you can prevent bad breath is to take care of oral hygiene properly. The bad smells often signal you, and it may work as a symptom of any oral disease. 

To maintain good oral health, you need to keep a proper routine to clean your mouth by using teeth-cleaning products. You should also opt for Camphorquinone to get the best possible results. 

You may get the teeth whitening with photopolymerization option which will help you to purchase the product, and in a way, you can improve the smell of your breath. 

The products related to photopolymerization come along with the teeth whitening discount code which helps the consumers to purchase the product to improve oral hygiene. 

Therefore, for cavity-free and white teeth, a regular dental care routine can help you to stay away from you from oral diseases. So, the next time you are feeling low, invest in the best dental products and beautify your smile.  

[crimsonpublishers-medical]

Enhancing Radical-Mediated Photopylomerization Efficacy and Crosslink Depth: Kinetic Modeling of a Two-Monomer System

Enhancing Radical-Mediated Photopylomerization Efficacy and Crosslink Depth: Kinetic Modeling of a Two-Monomer System- Crimson Publishers

The kinetics and rate equations are derived to analyze the enhanced cross-linking via a two-monomer system, in which the photoinitiator (PI) triplet excited state interacts with monomers, [A] and [B], to form reactive intermediates radicals, which could interact with oxygen, [A],[B], and bimolecular termination. Quasi-steady-state conditions are employed to solve for radicals which are used to find the temporal prpfiles of the monomer efficacy and cosslink depth, as a function of light intensity, exposure time, and concentrations of PI, [A] and [B]. Higher light intensity and radical coupling rate constant lead to faster depletion of PI and oxygen concentration; and faster transient rising efficacy, but a lower steadystate efficacy. Conversion efficacy is an increasing function of the ratio [B]/[A]. In contrast, efficacy is a decreasing function of the reaction rate ratio of oxygen and triplet state, resulted by the stronger oxygen inhibition. Efficacy may be improved by additive enhancer-monomer or extended lifetime of photosensitizer triplet-state or oxygen singlet, in consistent with the measured clinical data. Oxygen inhibition effect may be reduced by the presence of D2O, which extends the lifetime of singlet oxygen. Our analytic formulas provide useful guidance for the scaling laws for further clinical studies.

For more open access journals in crimson publishers Please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com

For more articles on Research in Medical & Engineering Sciences Please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com/rmes/