#Phonological Processor

[joelmichaelmurphy]

The Reading Rope Unwound: Translating Science into Special Education Strategies

The challenges of imparting proficient reading skills are amplified in a middle school special education setting. With the insights gained from the LETRS training, the task of blending theory with practical instructional strategies becomes a promising venture. The objective is clear: to build a bridge from the foundational theories of reading to actionable teaching strategies that cater to the…

[lifeway6231]

Best rehabilitation center in Sharjah

The Importance of Speech Therapy in Hearing Impaired and Cochlear

Prior to and after cochlear implantation, the speech therapist should assess and develop the deaf child's communication abilities. The goals are to first acquire a viable communication system for the deaf child (to avoid a lack of cognitive stimulation) and then to acquire good oral language competencies. The various means of communication available in profoundly deaf education are discussed. It is not recommended that implanted youngsters use only sign language. It has been well established that sole oral communication is connected with a lack of knowledge of the spoken language. Total communication (combination of hearing, speech reading, signing with or without finger printing) is a flawed communication modality that fails to convey the morpho-syntactic and phonologic features of spoken language. The best option appears to be to use a spoken language while manually coding its phonological structures. This alternative's limitations are highlighted. Get the best Speech Therapy Center in Ajman for an excellect treatment and help.

How Speech Therapy Can Benefit Children Who Have Cochlear Implants?

Cochlear implants will not miraculously grant or restore normal hearing. Speech and language therapy is crucial in assisting a child's brain in making sense of the sound information being received.  The best Speech Therapy Center in UAE ensures that all possible help will be given to the child.

Speech-language therapists who work with children who have cochlear implants must recognise the differences in language development among deaf people. Some may advise a child to learn sign language before obtaining cochlear implants to aid language development afterward, especially when it comes to establishing new vocabulary.

What exactly is a cochlear implant?

Cochlear implants are small, complicated electrical devices that can provide a sensation of sound to people who are deaf or hard of hearing. It is not a hearing aid that enhances detected sounds. In surgery, implants are partially put under the skin, with a portion of it sitting behind the ear. A microphone, speech processor, transmitter, and electrodes send impulses to the auditory nerve are all present.

However, and this is critical, cochlear implants do not restore "normal" hearing. Rather, they provide a representation of sounds that can be used to aid in the processing of speech. They function by avoiding damaged cochleae. They do not repair damaged auditory nerves, treat conductive hearing loss, or aid in the treatment of central auditory processing disorders.

[hengehengehenge]

κεντρικός εκτελεστικός επεξεργαστής

Η θεωρία της μνήμης εργασίας επινοήθηκε για να εξηγήσει τα αποτελέσματα ενός ταυτόχρονου φορτίου μνήμης σε διάφορες πειραματικές καταστάσεις από την άποψη της λειτουργίας ενός κεντρικού εκτελεστικού επεξεργαστή και ενός buffer φωνημικής απόκρισης. Εξηγεί επίσης τα αποτελέσματα της φωνημικής ομοιότητας, της αρθρωτικής καταστολής, του μήκους της λέξης και της ομιλίας χωρίς παρακολούθηση. Το πείραμα 1 έδειξε ότι ένα ταυτόχρονο φορτίο μνήμης μείωσε σημαντικά το φαινόμενο φωνημικής ομοιότητας στην άμεση σειριακή ανάκληση, η οποία ελήφθη για να υποστηρίξει την ιδέα μιας προσωρινής μνήμης φωνητικής απόκρισης περιορισμένης χωρητικότητας. Μια πιο λεπτομε��ής ανάλυση των αποτελεσμάτων πρότεινε ότι ένα ταυτόχρονο φορτίο μνήμης μπορεί να επηρεάσει την ικανότητα αποθήκευσης του κεντρικού εκτελεστικού επεξεργαστή και τη μετάφραση ορθογραφικών ερεθισμάτων σε φωνολογικές αναπαραστάσεις, καθώς και την ικανότητα αποθήκευσης του buffer φωνημικής απόκρισης. Το πείραμα 2 έδειξε ότι μια ταυτόχρονη εργασία ελεύθερης ανά��λησης μείωσε το φαινόμενο φωνημικής ομοιότητας στην άμεση σειριακή ανάκληση, αλλά μόνο στην περίπτωση οπτικά παρουσιαζόμενων ακολουθιών στοιχείων. Επιπλέον, η ομιλία χωρίς επίβλεψη βρέθηκε να μην έχει καμία επίδραση στην απόδοση στην άμεση ελεύθερη ανάκληση. Αυτά τα αποτελέσματα ελήφθησαν για να υπονοήσουν ότι το buffer φωνημικής απόκρισης συμβάλλει μόνο στην απόδοση σε γνωστικές εργασίες που απαιτούν την ακριβή διατήρηση των πληροφοριών σειριακής σειράς.

The theory of working memory was devised to explain the effects of a concurrent memory load in various experimental situations in terms of the operation of a central executive processor and a phonemic response buffer. It also explains the effects of phonemic similarity, articulatory suppression, word length, and unattended speech. Experiment 1 demonstrated that a concurrent memory load markedly reduced the phonemic similarity effect in immediate serial recall, which was taken to support the concept of a limited-capacity phonemic response buffer. A more detailed analysis of the results suggested that a concurrent memory load may affect the storage capacity of the central executive processor and the translation of orthographic stimuli into phonological representations, as well as the storage capacity of the phonemic response buffer. Experiment 2 showed that a concurrent free-recall task reduced the phonemic similarity effect in immediate serial recall, but only in the case of visually presented sequences of items. Moreover, unattended speech was found to have no effect upon performance in immediate free recall. These results were taken to imply that the phonemic response buffer contributes only to performance in cognitive tasks that require the accurate retention of serial-order information.

[duskforged]

can definitely back up Biblaridion's stuff, though he's mentioned wanting to update it fairly recently (this could have been years ago, my memory is a soft cheese). he also has a series on alien biology if you're into that, and making a more detailed conlang.

another i've found really helpful is the wikibooks' conlang series, which starts from beginner (like choosing sounds and creating basic grammar), to intermediate (like more detailed grammar and derivation), and finally advanced (which tackles things such as cultural links between language and culture).

if you're having trouble keeping track of it, i've started using google sheets (though you could use excel or something similar), so i can keep grammar, syntax, phonology, evolution, and such all in one document via pages. there's probably other ways to do it - just a word processor and even specifically designed programs like Polyglot.

if i had any advice to give, i'd say - feel free to consider it as a personal project rather than for a sprawling fantasy world. also please don't be scared to mess up - you can always start over, evolve the language, and more besides. the world is your oyster and you are the gleaming pearl.

Hey! I'm new to conlanging and I'm wondering if there's anywhere you'd recommend looking, on Tumblr or elsewhere, for beginner conlangers to learn and get advice. I love the idea of conlang but it's hard to wrap my head around sometimes.

apologies if i am bothering you. I am just not sure where else to ask.

Warmest regards :)

I have a book out called The Art of Language Invention you can buy or borrow from the library. If your library doesn't have it, they'll probably get it, if you ask them to do so (or some other might have it via interlibrary loan). I'd love for my book to be in more libraries.

The book has two covers, by the way. This is the original:

And this is the extra crispy new edition:

The new edition has a whole new chapter, and also some corrected typos (well, the latest latest one does), and it also has some of @quothalinguist's work. If you can find the new one, that's the better one.

Incidentally, when I was initially deciding on the cover, I had to decide between blue on black and black on blue. I ultimately decided for blue on black, but I really liked the other one. It made me so, so, so happy to know that both covers now get to exist. It's freaking awesome.

There's also plenty of good intro conlang stuff on YouTube. I've got a channel. Biblaridion's is good. And you can poke around.

Plus, anyone who happens to see this can feel free to reblog/reply with comments with other resources.

Hope that helps!

[mrfog6]

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[gil-estel]

my brain can no longer process phonological processors

I'm so sorry to this presenter but it's after 6:30 and she saved brain parts and function for the end and I am CHECKED OUT

[helsinki-bread-revolution-blog1]

Memory Span Experiment Report

Introduction

In psychology, the term memory span is extensively applicable when referring to the maximum list of figures, items, and other concepts that a person can recall from a previous experience or exposure (Piper et al. 2014). People’s daily thinking hugely relates to our memory span as well as the daily experiences. As scientists, we can only improve our productivity by linking our cognitive abilities with the intuitive memories. This experiment seeks to exploit the maximum number of items people can recall from a given list.

The level of memory span affected has a close link with the mode of exposure. The main mode of exposure includes visual, verbal as well as video aids. Psychologists can determine memory capability and the ability to recall through two different methods. They include using memory span and the regency effect. In this experiment, the span is used to determine the brain's ability to recall stimuli after some time. Three different forms of stimuli were involved in the memory span experiment; they were digits, letters, and words. Series of the stimulus were presented to the participants, and after a couple of minutes, they were asked to remember what was presented. However, several scholars have postulated that memory span has a close link with the performance areas such as the level of intelligence and task performance. Using standardized tests, problem-solving skills as well as various daily cognitive abilities, the researchers validated that these abilities can only manifest based on the memory span of the individuals.

Hypothesis

H1: The memory span is an effective indicator of working memory capacities of the brain.

H0: The memory span is not an effective indicator of the working memory capacities of the brain.

Literature Review

Several scholars have shown interest in the cognitive abilities of the brain. Baddeley et al. (2014) asserts that there are various cognitive theories to discuss the relations in the memory span. The ability of the brain to retain the data before the system processes into useful information that is further stored in mind into long-term memory explains one of the theories ever postulated. While the author explains the potential of the human mind's capacity to retain the data, it is not clear as to whether the memory span is an indication of the working capability of the brain, or the two variables are independent.

Similarly, in theory, the element of the brain's performance shows a possibility of retaining memories of the exposure in short-term or the working memory. Thus, Anderson and Bower (2014) asserts that the ability of the mind to retain the vital information has both maximum and minimum limits in the cognitive scales. In their findings, they claim that the extent of information retention is on the scale of 5 to 9 bits. The information presented in this literature postulates a case in which the memory span has three major aspects. These included limited capacity, limited duration of stimuli storage and encoding which entails acoustics. This fact is also backed up by Wingfield et al. (2013) that suggest the existence of the levels of information storage by persons. In addition, the authors posit that the individual memory span indicated a potential link to the level of performance of intelligence, reading skills, solving problems, and standardized tests. Thus, the study presents a multitude of similar cases to examine the individual potential in retaining memories and retrieving information from the cognitive cells of the brain.

In theory, the short-term memory consists of a phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, and an episodic buffer, which acts like the three slaves for the proper functioning of the memory span (Yu, 2016). The Phonological information, which is also known as the sound language has its storage placed in the phonological loop. This information is articulated in content to prevent its decay. Conversely, the visual and the spatial sketchpad slave helps in storing visual and spatial information. In application, it, therefore, applies that the memory system in this arena plays a major role in constructing and manipulating visual images to create mental maps. Such maps from an episode of buffer system and integrate the information system to distinguish the elements of the information contents. These authors present a vivid explanation of the data retention and management systems using various study findings and practical cases. The information is written in a simple and definite language that can be analyzed by any scholar in search of relevant information.

Interestingly, much of the literature content presented postulates that most adults recall up to seven digits in the correct order while others recall up to eight numbers. They associated this span of memory, recalling with regular training on an encoding strategy. It is also evident that the participants recognized more of the digits than words and words in a majority of the experimental studies presented in the literature content (Cowan, 2010). These show the variety of cognitive abilities as identified by the scholars while using the memory span of different psychology students and other individuals in the same learning setups.

Methodology

Study design

This was an experimental study, which used some randomized study design to explore the relationship between the variables. The research used some random samples to validate the correlations between the variables.

 Variables

Independent variables: The independent variable is the list types to be recalled.

Dependent variables: The dependent variable was the length of the last list identified by the participant correctly.

Participants

In the experiment, 150 students volunteered as participants. There were 80 males and 70 females with their ages ranging from 16-25 years. All those involved in the experiment had normal sight and were free to use glasses to see and read the stimulus vividly.

Equipment

In the evaluation process, the researcher used a computer and monitor. These included E4300 Gateway computer with Pentium4 processor and an FPD1565 monitor model with a resolution of 1024 × 780 pixels, 15 inches in size and LCD screen. The experiment screen was 190mm × 350mm with gray as its background color.

Stimuli                                                      

The two independent variables used included the type or sort of stimulus and the stimuli length. Type of stimulus includes either a digit, word or letter while the duration of the stimulus included either it is long or short. Short digits stimulus was made of three digits while long digits were made of 10 digits both ranging from zero to nine. Short words were created out of three to four letters, and long words have been set up from 7 to 10 letters.

The Procedure Used

The Memory Experiment was carried out in the computer through Cognition Laboratory, where both cognitive experiments and program run. Both the experiment and the program were written in Java. Pencil and paper were used to collect the practical results and response from the participants. The participants entered the room with pencils and a piece of paper only. This was to ensure no previous records would find their way into the experimental room.

Consequently, the researcher presented different digits, letters, and words to the various participants at random. They recorded their findings and each respondent's detail, then analyzed to derive at the conclusion.

Study limitations and delimitations

Using these experimental findings in representing the general populace presents a biased outcome. This is because the study did not take into account the various psychological, emotional, and social concerns of the participants. This implies that the intrinsic factors like age, gender, pathological conditions, and class were not put into consideration among the volunteers and thus will alter the expected results if compared to restricted study designs.

Results

On average, the score of the participant ranged from 2 to 9 with a standard deviation of 1.4 for the digit stimulus. Additionally, the score for the word stimulus ranged from 2 to 9 with almost similar standard deviation of 1.41 among the participants. On similar account, the score for these participants ranged from 2 to the maximum score of 6 with a standard deviation of 0.92. Further analysis, on an alpha level of 0.05 by ANOVA carried out to examine the data gathered and figure out the similarity amongst the mean averages of the three conditions shows details of the participants. The researcher used the length as the major significant factor in recognition of the words, letter, or the digits since participant has recognized short words, letters, and digits with more accuracy than long ones. Similarly, the type of stimuli affected the recalling ability of the participants. As a result, the participants recognized digits and letters with a lot of ease and accuracy than words. From the experimental results, a T-test was done to determine the ordinary means of the independent variables. The T-test exhibited that when the respondents were given words, accuracy increased as the word length increases while the accuracy decreased when they were presented with increasing number of digits-values

Discussion

From the study, it is evident that most individuals recall much of the digits that words and letters. At the same time, many respondents who could recall long words had a little problem recalling the digits as well. This further proves that the respondents were able to recall more digits than words and letters in the experiment. Similarly, the tabular results portray a situation in which the respondent proves the theoretical perceptions as depicted in the previous study results. Theoretically, Individuals who have a broad memory span can accommodate different stimuli. The attribute gives these people an advantage for a wide variety of intellectual tasks. Memory span has a great link to the presentation on standardized tests, intelligence tests, problem-solving, reading skills and other mental tests (Hartshorne & Germine, 2015). Such theories apply to the general performance of the human brains and the differences in the daily performances at all levels. The most important aspect of the study focus should include the mode of deliverance among the subjects in contention. Verbal information tends to occupy higher potential for recall that the visual bit of information. However, a combination of both audio and visual aids in teaching or delivering information increases the chances of the students' performances in all fields of study.

Conclusion

Hitherto, memory span can apply as a measure of the working memory capacity of the brain. This implies that the correlation with the length of the list and the recalled capacity portrays the cognitive abilities of the brain, which in turn can measure the performance outcome of an individual in both long-term and short-term basis. However, the topic will remain a subject discussion following its diversified nature of approach and the variety of variables involved. These findings may be used to validate future findings.

[phonologicalawarenessinlowi-blog]

I found this video to give a more in depth look into specific programs being put into place to help bridge the word gap and promote phonological awareness and development in a low income family. This video shows how a program for language development in which children are given digital language processors, or word counters. This digital language processor counts the number of words that a child is exposed to throughout the day. A social worker is assigned to them, she visits them and shows them graphs of how many words the child has been exposed to daily throughout the week. I think it’s amazing that a year later, the parents of this specific child in a low income community increased their word count by 500 more words a day than when they first started. Although this increase is still not enough for the children to catch up to other children, I think it is amazing. This video shows the great importance parents have in the development of their child’s phonological awareness.

[joelmichaelmurphy]

Navigating Language Processors: A Middle School Special Education Perspective

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