#Pharmacological

[dreaminginthedeepsouth]

There will be, in the next generation or so, a pharmacological method of making people love their servitude, and producing dictatorship without tears, so to speak, producing a kind of painless concentration camp for entire societies, so that people will in fact have their liberties taken away from them, but will rather enjoy it, because they will be distracted from any desire to rebel by propaganda or brainwashing, or brainwashing enhanced by pharmacological methods. And this seems to be the final revolution. —Aldous Huxley, speech delivered to the Tavistock Group, California Medical School, University of California, Berkeley, CA, Mar 16, 1961

[Scott Horton]

[happy-smile-flowers]

Chromatography-mass spectrometry for the in vivo metabolite analysis of saponins

Saponins are one of the main active ingredients of many herbal medicines such as ginseng, Polygala tenuifolia, Platycodon grandiflorum, licorice, rhizoma anemarrhenae, and radix bupleurum. Pharmacological studies have shown that saponins have biological activities such as antibacterial, antitumor, modulation of body metabolism and immunity, and treatment of cardiovascular diseases and diabetes mellitus. The in vivo metabolites of saponins were analyzed by chromatography-mass spectrometry to provide favorable evidence for the elucidation of the therapeutic mechanism of Chinese medicine.

Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS) is a bioanalytical technique that combines the high separation performance of high-performance liquid chromatography HPLC with the high sensitivity and specificity of tandem mass spectrometry. It does not require complete chromatographic separation between analytes, and its multi-window detection capability allows the quantitative analysis of multiple components simultaneously.

Medicilon’s Bioanalysis Department boasts a professional, scientific research team with analysis laboratories equipped with advanced instruments. In the context of information management, our experiments and researches are compliant with the standards of FDA/NMPA GLP and involve pharmacokinetics, toxicokinetics, pharmacodynamics, immunogenicity, and bioequivalence, to provide our clients with services, including selection and development, preclinical and clinical researches of micromolecule drugs, biological preparations, vaccines, and biomarkers.

Chinese herbal medicines and their prescriptions are complex in composition. HPLC coupled with UV or DAD detectors can only provide signals such as retention time and UV absorption for individual peaks, while the structural information available for unknown components is quite limited. The identification of chromatographic peaks must have controls, which are difficult to obtain for most of the chemical elements of TCM, and for the in vivo drug analysis of TCM, the general detection techniques are challenging to meet the requirements for the determination of blood concentration after drug administration.

The application of HPLC/MS can combine the advantages of the high separation efficiency of HPLC and the high sensitivity and specificity of tandem mass spectrometry and give the molecular weight information of the measured components. The structural information of the measured substances can also be derived through multi-stage tandem mass spectrometry analysis.

1,Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the analysis of pseudo ginsenoside metabolites in human blood

To establish a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for determining pseudo ginsenoside GQ concentration in human plasma. An appropriate amount of internal standard was added to the plasma samples, extracted with ethyl acetate, and then analyzed by Waters Xevo TQS LC-MS/MS. A Poroshell 120 EC C8 column (2.1 mm×50 mm, 2.7 μm) was used at 40 ℃ with methanol-10 mmol-L-1 ammonium acetate aqueous solution (80:20) as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.3 m L-min-1. The determination was performed in the negative ionization mode using multiple reaction ion monitoring (MRM) in scanning mode with an electrospray ionization source (ESI).

The linear range of the method was 2.500~5 000 ng-m L-1, the minimum limit of quantification was 2.500 ng-m L-1, the intra-day, and inter-day precision was less than 15%, the accuracy was between 85% and 115%, the extraction recovery was about 9%~11%, the matrix effect was about 66%~73%, and the stability investigation results were good. The pharmacokinetic tests showed that the peak time was two h, and the half-life was approximately ten h after static injection of pseudo ginsenoside GQ 120 mg-sub-1 once daily for 5 d. The main pharmacokinetic parameters were the same at d 1 and d 5 of the trial, and the calculated accumulation coefficients were RC max=0.964±0.099 and RAUC=0.965±0.181, both of which were close to 1, respectively.

This method applies to the human pharmacokinetic study of pseudo ginsenoside GQ. Under this dosing regimen, there was no significant accumulation of pseudo ginsenoside GQ in humans, and continuous dosing did not affect the human pharmacokinetic process of pseudo ginsenoside GQ.

2,LC-MS/MS for the analysis of metabolites of yarrow saponin in rat blood

High-performance liquid-phase tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used to determine the content of maidenhair saponin G in rat plasma and to study its pharmacokinetic characteristics in rats. Methods A Phenomenex Luna C18 column (150 mm×2 mm, three μm) was used with acetonitrile-water (containing 0.1% formic acid) as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.2 mL-min~(-1), and ginsenoside Rg3 was used as the internal standard; rats were injected with maidenhair saponin G 0.25, 0.5 and 1 mg-kg-1 in the tail vein, and blood was collected at different time points after drug administration.

The blood was collected at other time points after drug administration, and the blood concentrations were determined by LC-MS/MS method as described above. The pharmacokinetic parameters were fitted by DAS 3.0 software and a non-atrial model.

The results showed good linearity between 0.01~1.0 μg-m L-1 yari saponin G and peak area, and the methodological investigations all followed the requirements; the plasma pharmacokinetic parameters of rats after intravenous administration were: t1/2=3.447±0.898 h, MRT0-∞=4.568±1.075 h, CL=0.858±0.171 L-h-1-kg, and the AUC and Cmax increased equivalently with the increase of the administered dose. The AUC and Cmax increased equiproportionally with increasing amounts, which was consistent with linear pharmacokinetics. This method is simple, sensitive, and accurate and is suitable for determining yarrow saponin G in rat plasma and its pharmacokinetic study.

Some researchers have also used HPLC-ESI-MS/MS for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of saponins in blood saponin injection. Other researchers used pressurized solution extraction (PLE) with the HPLC-DAD-MS technique to determine nine saponins and two poly ethynyl alcohols in ginseng leaves and ginseng, a rapid method for the detection of herbal medicines and help control the quality of ginseng.

Establishing a reliable analytical method is a precursor to performing in vivo metabolite analysis of drugs. With the development of modern chromatographic coupling techniques, separating and identifying multiple trace metabolites in vivo has become a continuous process. In particular, LC-MS sample pretreatment is simple and generally does not require hydrolysis or derivatization treatment. LC-MS technology avoids the complicated and tedious work of separating and purifying metabolites and allows the separation and identification of difficult-to-identify in vivo trace metabolites.

[martblogs]

Pharmacological Antidotes Market Key Drivers and Restraints, Opportunities, Industry Share & Trend Analysis Report to 2028

This report provides a comprehensive analysis of current Global Pharmacological Antidotes Market based on segmented types and downstream applications. Major product development trends are discussed  under major downstream segment scenario. This report also focuses on major driving factors and inhibitors that affect the market and competitive landscape. Global and regional leading players in the Pharmacological Antidotes industry are profiled in a detailed way, with sales data and market share info. This report also includes global and regional market size and forecast, drill-down to top 20 economies.

 According to this survey, the global Pharmacological Antidotes market is estimated to have reached $ xx million in 2020, and projected to grow at a CAGR of xx% to $ xx million by 2028.

 Get Request Sample Report @ https://martresearch.com/contact/request-sample/2/63126

 Covid-19 pandemic has impacted the supply and demand status for many industries along the supply chain. Global Pharmacological Antidotes Market Status and Forecast 2022-2028 report makes a brilliant attempt to unveil key opportunities available in the global Pharmacological Antidotes market under the covid-19 impact to help readers in achieving a better market position. No matter the client is industry insider, potential entrant or investor, the report will provide useful data and information.

 The Global Pharmacological Antidotes Market has been exhibited in detail in the following chapters

Chapter 1 displays the basic product introduction and market overview.

Chapter 2 provides the competition landscape of global Pharmacological Antidotes industry.

Chapter 3 provides the market analysis by type and by region

Chapter 4 provides the market analysis by application and by region

Chapter 5-10 presents regional and country market size and forecast, under the context of market drivers and inhibitors analysis.

Chapter 11 analyses the supply chain, including process chart introduction, upstream key raw material and cost analysis, distributor and downstream buyer analysis.

Chapter 12 provides the market forecast by type and by application

Chapter 13 provides the market forecast by region

Chapter 14 profiles global leading players with their revenue, market share, profit margin, major product portfolio and SWOT analysis.

Chapter 15 conclusions

 Segmented by Type

l Injection

l Tablet

 Segmented by Application

l Pesticide Poisoning

l Heavy Metal Poisoning

l Animal Bites Poisoning

l Cyanide Poisoning

l Others

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 Segmented by Country

   North America

       United States

       Canada

       Mexico

   Europe

       Germany

       France

       UK

       Italy

       Russia

       Spain

   Asia Pacific

       China

       Japan

       Korea

       Southeast Asia

       India

       Australasia

   Central & South America

       Brazil

       Argentina

       Colombia

   Middle East & Africa

       Iran

       Israel

       Turkey

       South Africa

       Saudi Arabia

 Get Discount Report @ https://martresearch.com/contact/discount/2/63126

 Key manufacturers included in this survey

l Roche

l Pfizer

l Novartis

l Mylan

l Johnson & Johnson

l GSK

l Furen Pharmaceutical

l Fresenius Kabi

l Eli Lilly

l Boehringer Ingelheim

l Bayer

l Baxter

 Contact Us:-

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[theopiumeater]

The Encyclopedia of Psychoactive Drugs Series (various editions)

[spooniestrong]

[jolteonmchale]

Jeff and Britta + we dated btw

based on this twitter thread

[mindblowingscience]

It's increasingly clear that microplastics are everywhere, but scientists are still learning about how bad the health implications could be. Now a new study in mice shows these tiny bits of plastic can be passed from a mother into their unborn offspring, where they persist beyond birth. Previous studies have shown that micro and nanoplastics (MNPs), smaller than grains of sand, can pass into the placenta. This latest research finds the tiny plastic fragments can remain in the growing mouse pup for at least two weeks after birth, according to this data.

Continue Reading.

[advanced-fangirlism]

Pierce deserves death by hanging on this episode but at least we got Troy in a bee costume out of it

(Edit: If you noticed the drawing changed, no you didn’t)

[lokilysolbitch]

older adults are astounding i tell them my POTS means i need to consume more salt and ill send multiple sources and everyone over 40 is like “nooo bc salt bad” just go fight the doctor directly at this point

[virtuosicstudyblr]

Exams coming up!

[bootleg-nessie]

Illiterate pharmacist who can only tell medications apart by crushing them up and tasting the molecules

[wikipediapictures]

Cocaine

“Cocaine hydrochloride for medicinal use. This is a CII controlled substance in the United States.” - via Wikimedia Commons

[happy-smile-flowers]

Pharmacological effects and metabolite analysis of Matrine

The metabolite content of drugs in organisms is minimal, and it is not easy to isolate and prepare pure products. The metabolite structure is complex, and it is also challenging to obtain metabolites by chemical synthesis. Thus the study of metabolite analysis of drugs in organisms is minimal.

Bitter ginseng is the dried root of bitter legume ginseng. The secondary metabolites currently isolated from bitter ginseng are mainly alkaloids and flavonoids, in addition to a few phenolic, triterpenoid, phenylpropanoid, fatty acid, and amino acid components. Domestic and foreign research focuses on its alkaloid components. The alkaloids extracted, isolated, and identified from the bitter ginseng plant now include bitter ginseng alkaloids, oxymatrine, iso-bitter ginseng alkaloids, hydroxy bitter ginseng alkaloids, lacustrine, oxymatrine, etc. Bitter ginseng alkaloids are extracted from the dried roots, plants, and fruits of bitter ginseng by organic solvents such as ethanol and are generally total bitter ginseng alkaloids, of which bitter ginseng alkaloids and oxidized bitter ginseng alkaloids have the highest content.

Metabolite identification refers to identifying and characterizing the small molecules (metabolites) present in a biological sample, such as blood, urine, or tissue. This can be accomplished using various techniques, including mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and chromatography.

The use of liquid mass spectrometry (LCMS) technology allows for the separation and purification of metabolite samples and the identification and quantitative analysis of trace drug metabolites that were previously difficult to identify. Medicilon can provide drug metabolite analysis services for our customers.

Pharmacological study of bitter ginseng alkaloids

In Preclinical research, pharmacological studies are research studies that investigate the effects of drugs on living organisms. These studies are conducted to understand the mechanisms of drug action, the optimal dosage, and potential side effects. Various pharmacological studies include in vitro, in vivo, and clinical trials.

Pharmacological studies are essential to drug development and are used to understand new drugs' potential benefits and risks. In vitro studies are conducted in laboratory settings using cell cultures or isolated tissues. These studies provide information on the cellular and molecular mechanisms of drug action.

In vivo studies are conducted on living organisms like animals or humans. These studies provide information on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs and their safety and efficacy.

Pharmacological studies on bitter ginseng alkaloids found that its pharmacological effects are pervasive, mainly antitumor, anti-liver damage, treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, anti-virus, hypolipidemic, anti-inflammatory, and other pharmacological effects.

(1) Anti-tumor effects

Studies have shown that matrine can inhibit the proliferation of tumor cells and induce tumor cell differentiation. The mechanism is that matrine can interfere with the tumor cell cycle, inhibit the telomerase activity of tumor cells, and change the expression of oncogenes and tumor-related proteins.

Matrine can induce apoptosis and inhibit autophagy of tumor cells and has a particular inhibitory effect on tumor invasion and metastasis. Some researchers in China studied the effects of matrine on apoptosis and PEG10 gene expression in hepatocellular carcinoma cells and found that marine had an inhibitory effect on HepG2 proliferation at a mass concentration of more than 0.1g·L(-1), and the inhibitory effect was enhanced with the increase of drug concentration and action time; the mitochondrial membrane potential of HepG2 cells treated with matrix decreased significantly, and the expression levels of PEG10 gene and protein were downregulated.

The mitochondrial membrane potential of HepG2 cells was significantly reduced, and the PEG10 gene and protein expression levels were down-regulated by bitter ginseng. In addition, bitter ginseng alkaloids could regulate the telomerase activity of HepG2 cells and affect their cell cycle, which is closely related to the antitumor activity of bitter ginseng alkaloids.

(2) Anti-liver injury effect

Matrine can inhibit hepatitis B surface antigen and e antigen secreted by cells during hepatitis B virus DNA transfection, and the rate of inhibition increases with the increase of drug concentration. After entering the transfected cells, bitter ginseng alkaloids can rapidly close the DNA genetic information of the hepatitis B virus, further destroy the DNA replication template of the hepatitis B virus, and at the same time, change the biochemical characteristics of hepatocyte plasma to inhibit hepatitis B virus replication without causing hepatitis B virus mutation. Picrasidine can also indirectly improve patients' clinical symptoms and promote the recovery of liver function by regulating the body's immune function.

Analysis of metabolites of Matrine Liquid mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS), also called liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, uses liquid chromatography as the separation system and mass spectrometry as the detection system. The sample is ionized and separated from the mobile phase in the mass spectrometry part. Then the ion fragments are separated by mass number by the mass analyzer of the mass spectrometry, and the detector obtains the mass spectra.

The experimental conditions of liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization ion trap mass spectrometry were optimized to study the primary metabolites of bitter ginseng base and oxidized bitter ginseng base in rats. The urine samples were collected from 0 to 24 h. The metabolites in the urine samples were enriched and purified by a C18 column and then injected into the samples for analysis under optimal conditions.

Liquid mass spectrometry combines the high separation performance of chromatography and the high discriminatory characteristic ability of mass spectrometry to form a perfect modern analytical technique, so it is crucial to apply liquid mass spectrometry to the study of bitter ginseng alkaloid metabolite analysis.

[mayhemspreadingguy]

This one is for my beloved sibling @roxiusagi who bullied me into drawing something for them 😌💖

[theopiumeater]

various substances and their effects on perception

[she-posts-nerdy-stuff]

Pharmacologists really have the audacity to sit you down in your first lecture of their module and say okay so examples of extravascular include subcutaneously and then there’s obviously massive impacts on bioavailability because of this, and also because of tissue binding but you all know that, now imagine that the body is a cylinder containing an unknown volume of water so now you know that drug conc = dose/C0, now imagine there are two cylinders and one is the body and one is the plasma and they’re connected by a tube, okay now go back to your original body cylinder and imagine that there’s a filter getting rid of the drugs out of the water now you know that CLtotal = CLrenal + CLhepatic and that means that CL = rate of drug elimination/C,so the ester of elimination = k x A -> CL = k x A/C -> CL = k x v x c/c -> CL = k x v so with all that in mind it’s easy to derive that the equation you need is obviously CL = 0.693 x V / t1/2 and then look you in the eye and say the words “very simple”

I do not sense greatness for myself in this module