#Pallas Heinrich Olbers

[seagull-astrology]

Tracking down Pallas

Pallas is the name given to the second asteroid discovered  by German astronomer Heinrich  Wilhelm Olbers. He discovered both asteroids Pallas and Vesta, and named the asteroid for Pallas-Athene from Greek Mythology who was the patron goddess of Athens Greece. Olbers was upset Piazzi had beaten him in the race to find the first asteroid, so he named the asteroid to upset the Roman, him giving it…

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 3.28 (before 1940)

AD 37 – Roman emperor Caligula accepts the titles of the Principate, bestowed on him by the Senate. 193 – After assassinating the Roman Emperor Pertinax, his Praetorian Guards auction off the throne to Didius Julianus. 364 – Roman Emperor Valentinian I appoints his brother Flavius Valens co-emperor. 1065 – The Great German Pilgrimage, which had been under attack by Bedouin bandits for three days, is rescued by the Fatimid governor of Ramla. 1566 – The foundation stone of Valletta, Malta's capital city, is laid by Jean Parisot de Valette, Grand Master of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta. 1776 – Juan Bautista de Anza finds the site for the Presidio of San Francisco. 1795 – Partitions of Poland: The Duchy of Courland and Semigallia, a northern fief of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, ceases to exist and becomes part of Imperial Russia. 1801 – Treaty of Florence is signed, ending the war between the French Republic and the Kingdom of Naples. 1802 – Heinrich Wilhelm Matthäus Olbers discovers 2 Pallas, the second asteroid ever to be discovered. 1809 – Peninsular War: France defeats Spain in the Battle of Medellín. 1814 – War of 1812: In the Battle of Valparaíso, two American naval vessels are captured by two Royal Navy vessels. 1842 – First concert of the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra, conducted by Otto Nicolai. 1854 – Crimean War: France and Britain declare war on Russia. 1860 – First Taranaki War: The Battle of Waireka begins. 1862 – American Civil War: In the Battle of Glorieta Pass, Union forces stop the Confederate invasion of the New Mexico Territory. The battle began on March 26. 1910 – Henri Fabre becomes the first person to fly a seaplane, the Fabre Hydravion, after taking off from a water runway near in France. 1918 – General John J. Pershing, during World War I, cancels 42nd 'Rainbow' Division's orders to Rolampont for further training and diverted it to the occupy the Baccarat sector. Rainbow Division becomes "the first American division to take over an entire sector on its own, which it held longer than any other American division-occupied sector alone for a period of three months". 1918 – Finnish Civil War: On the so-called "Bloody Maundy Thursday of Tampere", the Whites force the Reds to attack the city center, where the city's fiercest battles being fought in Kalevankangas with large casualties on both sides. During the same day, an explosion at the Red headquarters of Tampere kills several commanders. 1920 – Palm Sunday tornado outbreak of 1920 affects the Great Lakes region and Deep South states. 1933 – The Imperial Airways biplane City of Liverpool is believed to be the first airliner lost to sabotage when a passenger sets a fire on board. 1939 – Spanish Civil War: Generalissimo Francisco Franco conquers Madrid after a three-year siege.

[yhwhrulz]

Today's selected anniversaries: 28th March 2023

1802:

German astronomer Heinrich Wilhelm Matthias Olbers discovered Pallas, the second asteroid ever identified, although it was considered to be a planet at the time. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_Pallas

1933:

After an on-board fire that may have been the first incident of airliner sabotage, the Imperial Airways biplane City of Liverpool broke apart in mid-air, killing fifteen people. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1933_Imperial_Airways_Diksmuide_crash

1997:

In the Tragedy of Otranto, the Italian Navy vessel Sibilla collided with the Albanian civilian vessel Kateri i Radës, causing the latter to sink and leading to dozens of deaths. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tragedy_of_Otranto

2015:

A siege of a hotel in Mogadishu by al-Shabaab militants, which began the previous day and killed at least 20 people, ended with the Somali Armed Forces recapturing the premises. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makka_al-Mukarama_hotel_attack

[lindahall]

Heinrich Olbers – Scientist of the Day

Heinrich Wilhelm Matthias Olbers, a German astronomer, was born Oct. 11, 1758.  

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[dianatriformis]

✨Asteroid Pallas (2)✨

Hello everyone! This post is about Pallas and her influence in the natal chart! Her asteroid number on astro.com is 2. Hope you enjoy reading this post :)

✨Asteroid Pallas✨

Pallas is the second asteroid to have been discovered, after Ceres. It is the third-largest asteroid in the Solar System by both volume and mass. When Pallas was discovered by the German astronomer Heinrich Wilhelm Matthäus Olbers on 28 March 1802, it was counted as a planet, as were other asteroids in the early 19th century. The discovery of many more asteroids after 1845 eventually led to the separate listing of 'minor' planets from 'major' planets, and the realization in the 1950s that such small bodies did not form in the same way as (other) planets led to the gradual abandonment of the term 'minor planet' in favor of 'asteroid' (or, for larger bodies such as Pallas, 'planetoid'). Pallas itself has never been visited by spacecraft. Proposals have been made in the past though none have come to fruition. Pallas orbits the sun every 4.63 years, so she stays in each sign for about four months. This celestial body got its name after the Greek goddess of wisdom and justice, Pallas Athena.

✨Pallas in Mythology✨

In mythology, Athena or Athene, often given the epithet Pallas, was the ancient Greek goddess associated with wisdom, handicraft, art and warfare.

Athena was worshipped throughout Ancient Greece. She was the patron goddess of several places, including Athens.

According to the stories, Athena never had a lover, consort, or husband and she was highly respected for her sense of modesty. She is, therefore, referred to as ‘Athena Parthenos‘ or ‘Virgin Athena‘.

She was worshipped at her temple in Athens, Parthenon, which is her most famous temple, which is still standing today. She had her own birthday festival, the Panathenaea, which was celebrated every June (somewhere it says that it‘s actually every July or August, but in general, every source says that it‘s during the summer). The Lesser Panathenaea was an annual event, while the Greater was held every four years. There was also another major festival in honor of Athena called the Pamboeotia, which was also celebrated anually.

Most of the times, Athena is portrayed in two main ways. She is either seen wearing a full-length gown, called a chiton, or as wearing a full suit of armor with a shield. There is also a popular sculpture, called ‘Mourning Athena‘, where she is depicted weary from battle and resting on her staff. She is usually seen carrying a spear, her shield and in the company of an owl, which became a symbol for wisdom.

In Homer‘s Iliad, Athena, as a war goddess, inspires and fights alongside the Greek heroes. Also in the Iliad, Zeus specifically assigns the sphere of war to Ares, the god of war, and Athena.

It might seem contradictory that the goddess of art and wisdom was also the goddess of war, but if you look into it, it makes sense. Her brother Ares was also the god of war, but the main difference between these two was their approach to war. If Ares was offense, Athena was defense. If Ares was pure force and bloodlust, Athena was controlled strength and strategy. Ares was the god of chaotic battle, bloodlust, ferocity, courage and violence. On the other hand, Athena was the goddess of strategy, organized fighting, advanced weaponry, and skilled manipulation on the battlefield.

In other mythologies, she is equivalent, or has rather similar qualities to the Roman goddess Minerva, Norse goddess Vör, and Egyptian goddess Neith.

There are a lot of prominent myths regarding Athena, as she was one of the more famous gods & goddesses of Ancient Greece, so I choose three prominent myths revolving around Athena. The first one is regarding her origins, the second is how she became the patron of the city of Athens, and the third one is how she got the epithet Pallas.

✨Origins✨

As far as goddesses go, Athena is said to have been Zeus’s favorite and many think it is because of how she was born.

As things usually go this way with Zeus, he came to lust after Metis, the goddess (or titan in some versions) of counsel & wisdom, and chased her in his direct way. Metis tried to escape, going so far as to change her form many times; she changed into various creatures such as hawks, fish, and serpents. However, Zeus was both determined and equally proficient at changing form. He continued his pursuit until she relented.

An oracle of Gaea then had a Prophecy that Metis‘ first child would be a girl and that her second child would be a boy that would overthrow Zeus, similarly to what had happened to his father and grandfather. Zeus took this warning to heart, and when he next saw Metis, he initally flattered her and put her at ease. Then, with Metis‘ guards down, Zeus opened his mouth and swallowed her and her unborn child. This was the end of Metis, but also the beginning of Zeus‘ wisdom.

After a time, Zeus developed an unbearable headache, which made him scream out of pain so loudly it could be heard through the earth. The other gods came to see what the problem was. Hermes realised what needed to be done and directed Hephaestus to take a wedge and split open Zeus‘ skull. Out of the skull sprang Athena, fully grown and in a full set of armor.

✨Patron of Athens✨

There once came a time in Ancient Greece when the first king of Athens, Cecrops, who was half man and half serpent, had to find a patron deity for the city-state of Athens. The two gods who were particularly interested in patronage were Poseidon and Athena. They presented themselves before Cecrops, and Cecrops required them to offer a gift of real value to Athens.

Poseidon came first: he struck the earth powerfully and created a fountain with his trident. Immediately, water gushed forth, but the water proved to be salty and not very useful for the people.

Next it was Athena‘s turn. Athena stepped forward, jammed her spear into the ground, knelt down, and planted an olive branch inside. In this way, she created an olive tree that symbolised peace and prosperity on earth.

Cecrops was very impressed by Athena‘s gift. So he chose Athena to be the patron of the city of Athens and the city was named after her. However, Poseidon was not pleased with Cecrops‘ decision and cursed the city of Athens to never have enough water from then on. After that, it is said a great problem of water shortage began in Athens, which continues to this day.

✨Pallas Athena✨

There are actually a lot of versions of how Athena got her epither Pallas, but there is one that is more prominent and frequent than the others.

There was once a nymph named Pallas, which was most often described as the daughter of the sea god Triton. She was said to have lived in the Libyan Lake Tritonis, which was named after her father.

When Athena was born from the head of her father, Zeus, she was fostered by her cousin Triton. During her youth, she and Pallas became inseparable friends and playmates. One thing the two young goddesses shared was a love of martial arts. Unlike many of the other female deities, Pallas and Athena trained together in the use of spears and shields.

According to some legends, the two were practicing with spears when Athena stabbed Pallas by accident. Athena, having accidentally killed her dearest friend, mourned the loss forever.

Another legend claimed that the two were arguing and, rather than having a friendly practice match, had begun to fight. Fearing for his favorite daughter‘s life, Zeus flashed his aegies (which would later become one of Athena‘s symbols) to distract the nymph, allowing Athena to win the fight. Athena had no intention to land a killing blow and was stricken with grief and guilt over the death of her friend.

Athena vowed that her friend would never be forgotten.

First, she fashioned an enormous wooden statue in the likeness of Pallas. It was erected in her temple on the Trojan Acropolis, where it was said to have stood until at least the end of the Trojan War. The statue was named Palladium, and as long as it stood, Athena ensured the protection of the city.

Athena wished for her friend‘s name to be remembered beyond her temple. Therefore, she took the name Pallas as her own. And thus, she was frequently referred to as Pallas Athena.

✨Pallas' Glyph✨

Pallas‘ glyph represents a spear over the cross of matter. Athena being the goddess of war strategy and warfare, the spear symbolises her sharpness in these fields. The cross represent physical reality, and the four elements of matter: air, fire, earth, and water.

✨Pallas in Astrology✨

Astrologically, Pallas provokes us to examine our beliefs and makes us balance our intuition with our logic. It also shows us how to notice patterns and too see the bigger picture. Pallas is also linked to warfare, strategy, skill, wisdom, courage and creative intelligence. As the daughter of Zeus, she also symbolizes our relationship with our fathers as well as all the men we come across in our lives, as opposed to Ceres, which exposes our relationships with our mothers and other women.

Having Pallas Retrograde would represent these energies being internalized and not expressed as easily, or focusing these energies on yourself, rather than the outside world.

✨Pallas through the Signs✨

Pallas in Aries is a rather assertive & competetive position to have. When solving problems, these natives tend to charge in and try to find the fastest solution possible. They have a strong energy and passion which drives them to achieve what they want. Through physical excercise they can connect with their body and their mind, as well as their intuition. These natives have an urge to be pioneers in their own field. They get a surge of adrenaline whenever they finish a task. They are usually leaders, as they don‘t like blending into the background. They are highly intelligent and would often engage in any competition where they can use their mind.

On the downside, Pallas in Aries individual believe that they can do everything on their own and that they don‘t need others support. Sure, it is good to be comfortable with doing things on your own, but these individuals should learn that someone else‘s help doesn‘t make them weak, it gives them strength.

Celebrities with Pallas in Aries: Angelina Jolie, Albert Einstein, Kim Kardashian, Kurt Cobain, Christina Aguilera, Justin Timberlake, Ryan Gosling, Jim Morrison, Jake Gyllenhaal, Charlize Theron

Pallas in Taurus have a strong will to learn more about everything related to finances, as well as the luxurious side of life. These individuals express their inteligence through skills they believe could be used in everyday life. They get endless ideas about making more money, how to improve their financial stability etc. So if a Pallas in Taurus person offers you advice in regards to money, you should probably listen to them. Stubborness is also a key to aquiring knowledge to these individuals. They take their time analysing a problem, and don‘t like to be rushed while doing so. These individuals also have a knack for art, in whichever form. Could be painting, singing, playing instruments etc.

On the downside, they can be quite one-sided. They look at things in two ways, the right way and the wrong way, and guess which way is the right one? You guessed it, their way. It would be good for these individuals to understand that their way isn‘t always the only way, and shouldn‘t push their way of doing things onto others.

Celebrities with Pallas in Taurus: Lana Del Rey, Tom Cruise, Elvis Presley, Emma Watson, Sharon Stone, Brigitte Bardot, Kristen Stewart, Elon Musk, Paris Hilton, Tupac Shakur

Pallas in Gemini express themselves through words. These people use their words, in a quite intelligent way I must say, to get what they want to get. They solve problems easily, and can spin any situation in their favor by only talking to the other person. Don‘t get into debates with these people, since this position could be rather precise and unique in the way they formulate their words. They talk like politicians, and also answer questions like politicians (so basically avoiding the question in the first place). Good placement for multitasking, as their minds are capable of balancing simultaneously multiple information. Absorb information through books and conversations. Because of their natural way with words, these individuals would make a great career of anything related to communication. In the art department, poetry comes to mind.

On the downside, these people dislike being told they are wrong and believe that they have all the answers. They have a tendency to have an inflated ego because of this, so it‘s good for these individuals to ground themselves!

Celebrities with Pallas in Gemini: Nicole Kidman, Nikola Tesla, Benedict Cumberbatch, Jessica Alba, Charlie Chaplin, Gigi Hadid, Winona Ryder, Michelle Pfeiffer, Clint Eastwood, Snoop Dogg

Pallas in Cancer believes that the way to solve anything is with a little empathy. They have a brilliant gift of actually putting themselves in others shoes, and understanding the way that others function emotionally. Highly value empathy, as they themselves are highly emphathetic. Any strategies that these individuals muster up are based highly on intuition, as they trust their gut instinct through most things in their life. They want to be the knight in shining armor to people in need, as they feel the need to help them. They are pacifists, trying to avoid violence as much as possible, but if you in any way offend their family, be ready for a totally different person to come at you.

On the downside, these individuals can let their emotions get the better of them, and thus, like a crab, they will withdraw into their shell, feeling that they are maybe too sensitive. These individuals need to realise that their sensitivity and emphathy are their biggest strengths, not weaknesses.

Celebrities with Pallas in Cancer: Adolf Hitler, Lady Gaga, Robert Pattinson, Megan Fox, Jodie Foster, Chris Evans, Natalie Portman, Prince, Jennifer Lawrence, Elizabeth II

Pallas in Leo are highly creative individuals and express this side of themselves in everything that they do. They don‘t leave things unfinished, as they like to put everything into their work. As with Pallas in Aries, these individuals don‘t like blending into the background, rather they take the center stage and own it in their own creative way. These individuals wear their heart on their sleeve, and are extremely passionate about everything that they do. They lend their hand toward social justice issues and know how to get the right attention to them. They aren‘t very strategic in their way of thinking, instead, their creative mind is what takes the lead of the way they think. These individuals have great artistic talent, and would excell at anything relating to these fields.

On the downside, it may seem that these individuals do things only for attention. They should learn to do things for themselves, and nobody else, because the only person that they need to impress is themselves baby.

Celebrities with Pallas in Leo: Marilyn Monroe, Madonna, Johnny Depp, Beyoncé, Michael Jackson, Kanye West, Shakira, John Fitzgerald Kennedy, Napoleon I, Al Pacino

Pallas in Virgo posses a rather calculated way of thinking and strategising. They might appear cool and down-to-earth on the outside, but their minds are always working. These individuals pay attention to the smallest of details and use this perfections attitude to solve most of their problems. They don‘t like surprises, so they like to prepare for anything. The type of individual to think about how to survive on a plane, without actually planning on going on a plane in the first place (not the best example, but you get the idea). They don‘t allow emotions to cloud their judgement, as they like to work with their mind. Can be quite creative and artistic, and they have a great sense of fashion. They are quite opposite to Pallas in Aries and Leo, as they don‘t like to take center stage because they work better behind the scenes.

On the downside, these individuals put too much focus on their intellectual side, oftentimes ignoring their emotions. These individuals should learn to take their emotions into account more, as they tend to neglect them. They are not your weakness, they are your strength, and would actually help you in the long run.

Celebrities with Pallas in Virgo: Julia Roberts, Cameron Diaz, Oprah Winfrey, Whitney Houston, Céline Dion, Ben Affleck, James Dean, Gwyneth Paltrow, Kylie Minogue, Angela Merkel

Pallas in Libra have a talent for finding balance. They love to help others find what works for them, and they are usually happy to help dissolve a conflict. These individuals can be all about justice, but even it it‘s not like that, they have their own principles and they stick to them. They are passionate about equality and are firmly invested in it. They have a need for peace and will go to extreme lengths to make that happen. They can be disappointed in themselves if their solution doesn‘t satisfy both sides. I can definitely see these individuals working as diplomats and counselors. They also have a knack for art and appreciating it. They have an eye for beauty and would love to express their artistic side in any area in their lives.

On the downside, these individuals might become indecisive in their pursuit to make everyone happy. They need to understand that not everyone will be happy with whatever solution they come up with, and that doesn‘t have anything to do with them. The most important thing is that they did their best.

Celebrities with Pallas in Libra: Britney Spears, Eminem, John Lennon, Drake, Kendall Jenner, Prince William, Duchess Catherine, Timothée Chalamet, Will Smith, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Pallas in Scorpio have an instinctual ability to see and feel what others cannot. They will find out if you are hiding something from them, and they will not be happy about it! They are extremely perceptive and have a gut feeling about what the other person is thinking. The key word here is intuition, as these individuals guide themselves with it. They read between the lines and nothing escapes their attention, which gives them an edge during a conversation. They might isolate themselves during their search for the solution of the problem. These individuals are rather passionate & determined. They rarely give up easily and are always ready to reach the solution that they want.

On the downside, these individuals don‘t like to lose and be proven wrong. They will pull all the cards that they have just so that they can prove that they are right. They need to learn that it‘s alright to be wrong at times, and that sometimes being wrong is better than hurting the feelings of others.

Celebrities with Pallas in Scorpio: Michelle Obama, Brad Pitt, Keanu Reeves, Emmanuel Macron, Bruce Lee, Sandra Bullock, Vincent van Gogh, Zendaya, Blake Lively, Anne Hathaway

Pallas in Sagittarius gives an individual a need to grow. They can be rather ambitious individuals, but they can be rather laidback about it. They know what they want, and they understand that there is enough space for everyone. They love learning and gathering new knowledge. To them, learning is not a chore, but a rather fun activity. Even though they can see the good side of learning, they dislike theory and abstract terms, and rather focus on experiences and practice. Can be quite comfortable about expanding their comfort zone. The key with this placement is to enjoy, explore and grow. They refuse to settle down, and are often categorised as travelers. They love seeing everything that the world has to offer to them. The world is a playground, just waiting for them to explore it. They base their decisions on logic, and they rarely let their hearts lead them.

On the downside, these individuals can be rather impatient and hot-headed, and get triggered rather easily, so the lesson here is to learn to be more patient (but I guess we all can learn that too).

Celebrities with Pallas in Sagittarius: Steve Jobs, Jennifer Lopez, Jennifer Aniston, Selena Gomez, Nicolas Sarkozy, Bill Gates, Freddie Mercury, Monica Bellucci, Nicki Minaj, Leonardo da Vinci

Pallas in Capricorn are rather focused individuals. When they have a goal, they stick to it for a long time. They see everything, even though the won‘t say it. They have a rather perceptive mind that helps them structure their daily life the way they want it to be. They have a rather good concentration, but it can easily be disrupted if their workspace is full of distractions. Pallas in Capricorn doesn‘t like to multitask and they would rather focus on one single thing and do it right, even if it takes them a long time to do it, they want it to be perfect. They are vigorous and career-oriented, and usually stick to themselves and what they know. They take their jobs and responsibilities seriously, and you won‘t see them slacking off. These individuals feel a need for professional success as a sign that they are worthy.

On the downside, these individuals can be focused on only their careers, ignoring their relationships with other people, leading to a life in isolation. They need to learn to balance their career with their relationships.

Celebrities with Pallas in Capricorn: Donald Trump, Leonardo DiCaprio, Rihanna, Miley Cyrus, Billie Eilish, Kylie Jenner, Amy Winehouse, Mariah Carey, Zayn Malik, Jay-Z

Pallas in Aquarius have a rather imaginative and intelligent mind. These individuals rarely think about mundane things, as they focus more on the bigger picture, rather than the details. They believe that humans should dedicate themselves to exploring their surroundings, be it as small as their neighborhood, or as big as the space! They are big humanitarians, and personally believe that people could get far in technology, and in general, if they put their own cruelty and selfishness aside, thus ending violence and wars. These individuals are affected by any kind of cruelty, and find it unimaginable that people are capable of abuse. They might have a knack for predicting the future, relying on their knowledge, previous experiences and intuition. They are future-oriented and can be rather disinterested in love, but when they find someone, they are loyal individuals.

On the downside, these individuals can get too focused on thinking about how the future is going to be like, and trying to control it to be a better place, that they might become anxious. They need to learn to cool down and live a little bit in the moment, so that they can work to make future they want to live in.

Celebrities with Pallas in Aquarius: Martin Luther King, Hillary Clinton, David Bowie, Heath Ledger, Joe Biden, Robin Williams, Robert Downey Jr., Adele, Kourtney Kardashian, Paul McCartney

Pallas in Pisces have a highly spiritual, dreamy and imaginative mind. These individuals fantasize about potential scenarios a lot, and can be quite lost in them. They tend to live in their own little world, sometimes not seeing what is real life and what is their imagination. They avoid responsibilities, as they find them cumbersome. These individuals are in love with, well, love! They are hopeless romantics and would appreciate the world being a little bit more focused on their inner child. They are humanitarians, and love to dream about a world that allows people to be who they want to be, where everyone can do what they want to do. They have a knack for art and creativity, as these areas are in some way important to them. Highly intuitive and emphathetic, they are in touch with their inner-self and their emotions. Their mind is more focused on the imaginative side of our realm, rather than the material one.

On the downside, these individuals tend to get lost in their own little bubble, and can be rather disappointed with the realisation that the real world doesn‘t look like their imaginary one. They need to find a balance between the real world and their imagination, and find a way to implement their ideas to make this world a better place.

Celebrities with Pallas in Pisces: Barack Obama, Taylor Swift, Justin Bieber, George Clooney, Princess Diana, Harry Styles, Ariana Grande, Katy Perry, Scarlett Johansson, Sharon Tate

✨Pallas through the Houses✨

Pallas in the 1st house individuals give of the image of Athena herself – intelligent, independent, detached, unemotional etc. They have an ability to see the paterns of actions, or simply put, how one action leads to another.

Celebrities with Pallas in the 1st house: Barack Obama, Johnny Depp, Lady Gaga, George Clooney, Britney Spears, David Bowie, Kylie Jenner, Leonardo da Vinci, Catherine Zeta-Jones, Ryan Gosling

Pallas in the 2nd house individuals are capable of organizing money and possessions in a good and unique way. Gives the ability to recognize patterns in financial businesses, real-estate, as well as anything related to finances.

Celebrities with Pallas in the 2nd house: Ariana Grande, Kanye West, Julia Roberts, Christina Aguilera, Cameron Diaz, Prince Harry, Drake, Mother Theresa, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Jim Morrison

Pallas in the 3rd house individuals have an innate ability to recognize patterns in conversations and have an easier way of understanding how one word leads to another. Might have siblings or neighbors that give of Athena vibes.

Celebrities with Pallas in the 3rd house: Steve Jobs, Princess Diana, Keanu Reeves, Scarlett Johansson, Jennifer Aniston, Nicolas Sarkozy, Hillary Clinton, Cristiano Ronaldo, Duchess Catherine, Timothée Chalamet

Pallas in the 4th house individuals have an ability to recognise family patterns and the way other family members function. Have a good sense of how to implement their family into their bigger picture (good examples would be Kim Kardashian and Paris Hilton).

Celebrities with Pallas in the 4th house: Taylor Swift, Leonardo DiCaprio, Justin Bieber, Kim Kardashian, Katy Perry, Robert Pattinson, Jay-Z, Paris Hilton, Jim Carrey, Marilyn Manson

Pallas in the 5th house individuals have an ability to see the patterns and trends in creative endeavors. They understand how art, gambling and simple hobbies influence the world in their own respective way.

Celebrities with Pallas in the 5th house: Donald Trump, Harry Styles, Selena Gomez, Shakira, Vladimir Putin, Elvis Presley, Brigitte Bardot, Grace Kelly, Ted Bundy, Demi Lovato

Pallas in the 6th house individuals have a good ability for understanding the patterns of dieting, working conditions and overall the daily routine. They can be good at implementing this understanding into their career and work.

Celebrities with Pallas in the 6th house: Michael Jackson, Bill Gates, Mahatma Gandhi, John Lennon, Kendall Jenner, Elizabeth II, Will Smith, Mark Zuckerberg, Sandra Bullock, Ashton Kutcher

Pallas in the 7th house individuals have an ability to understand patterns in relationships, both personal and business related. They might attract individuals that give off the vibe of Athena.

Celebrities with Pallas in the 7th house: Lana Del Rey, Megan Fox, Tom Cruise, Uma Thurman, Marion Cotillard, Whitney Houston, Robert Downey Jr. Orlando Bloom, Carl Jung, Charlize Theron

Pallas in the 8th house individuals have a strong intuitive ability, even psychic, and can see patterns in emotional lives. They might also see their own patterns considering their sexual partners, as well as for others.

Celebrities with Pallas in the 8th house: Kurt Cobain, Nicole Kidman, Miley Cyrus, Sharon Tate, Jodie Foster, Emma Watson, Chris Evans, Amy Winehouse, Natalie Portman, Prince

Pallas in the 9th house individuals have an ability to see patterns in education, religion, and politics, and might be rebels in these areas. They might also use this to their own advantage, both good and bad.

Celebrities with Pallas in the 9th house: Angelina Jolie, Adolf Hitler, Emmanuel Macron, Sharon Stone, Mariah Carey, Justin Timberlake, Prince William, Arnold Schwarzenegger, Adele, Jake Gyllenhaal

Pallas in the 10th house individuals have an innate understanding of how authority, career and their father figure, influence the world and themselves, in one way or another. They have an ability to see patterns in the business world.

Celebrities with Pallas in the 10th house: Rihanna, Albert Einstein, Martin Luther King, Eminem, Monica Bellucci, Billie Eilish, John Fitzgerald Kennedy, Elon Musk, Napoleon I, Jessica Alba

Pallas in the 11th house individuals have an ability to recognise patterns in groups and societal organisations, and they know how to use this to their own advantage. They might give off Athena vibes to their friends, or they might attract Athena like people into their friend group.

Celebrities with Pallas in the 11th house: Brad Pitt, Beyoncé, Heath Ledger, Bruce Lee, Zac Efron, Ryan Reynolds, David Beckham, Che Guevara, Gordon Ramsay, Margot Robbie

Pallas in the 12th house individuals have an understanding of the spiritual realm. They can see spiritual patterns in other people, as well as themselves, and might excell in jobs regarding spirituality.

Celebrities with Pallas in the 12th house: Marilyn Monroe, Zayn Malik, Kristen Stewart, Al Pacino, Kourtney Kardashian, Mick Jagger, Gwen Stefani, Halle Berry, Henry Cavill, Michael Jordan

I thank you all for reading my post on Pallas, and I would really like to know if any of it resonated with you!

Sending love,

Xx

[therealuniverse]

THE MAIN ASTEROID BELT The Main Asteroid Belt is the region of our solar system where the greatest concentration of asteroids can be found, between the planetary orbits of Mars and Jupiter. The Main Belt formed early in the formation of our solar system, over 4.5 billion years ago. Dust and gas orbiting the Sun were gradually pulled together by gravity into planetesimals, then protoplanets, and finally into planets. The Main Belt once contained enough material to form a planet nearly four times as large as Earth. The gravity of Jupiter, the largest of the planets in our solar system, disrupted the formation process for the planetesimals nearby and prevented them from coalescing into larger forms; Jupiter’s gravity also swept a lot of this material clear.

The total mass of the Main Belt is estimated to be 3.0 to 3.6×1021 kilograms; this is about 4 percent of the Earth's Moon. About 220 of the asteroids within the asteroid belt have a diameter larger than 100 kilometres. Vesta, Pallas, and Hygiea are more than 400 kilometres in diameter. The largest of the objects in the asteroid belt and responsible for a third of the total mass is Ceres. Ceres is categorised as a dwarf planet and is about 1000 kilometres in diameter. Ceres, Vesta, Pallas, and Hygiea between them contain about half the mass of the belt. None of the asteroids are large enough to maintain an atmosphere but there is evidence that some asteroids contain water. The temperature of the Main Belt varies: for dust particles within the belt, temperatures range from 200 K (−73 °C) at 2.2 AU down to 165 K (−108 °C) at 3.2 AU. The surface temperature of an asteroid can vary depending on rotation, as the sides are alternately exposed to solar radiation and then to the stellar background. This large population of asteroids means the belt is a very active environment, where collisions occur regularly (in astronomical terms). These collisions can fragment the asteroids into smaller pieces or can meld the two asteroids together if the collision occurs at low speeds. Tens of thousands of the asteroids within the belt are currently known and it is likely that the total number of asteroids is in the billions, possibly even the trillions. Despite these collisions, the asteroid material within the belt is very thinly distributed; many unmanned spacecraft have travelled through it without incident. In the 18th century astronomer Johann Titius noted that there was a mathematical pattern in the layout of the planets. He used this pattern to predict the existence of a planet between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. Astronomers searched the skies for years for evidence of this mystery planet; in 1800 Baron Franz Xaver von Zach recruited 24 other astronomers to form the Vereinigte Astronomische Gesellschaft ("United Astronomical Society"), otherwise known as the Celestial Police. Members of the group included Herschel, the British Astronomer Royal Nevil Maskelyne, Charles Messier, and Heinrich Olbers. Each member was assigned their own 15 degrees of the zodiac to search for the mystery planet. It was not a member of the Celestial Police that discovered the first planetary body in this region however; that honour went to Italian astronomer Giuseppe Piazzi who named the object Ceres. Pallas was found a little over a year later by Heinrich Wilhelm Olbers. Because of the small size of these objects and their rapid movement being the only way to distinguish them from stars, William Herschel suggested in 1802 that they be placed into a new category called asteroids, after the Greek asteroeides, meaning "star-like". It remained the common practice for several decades however to refer to them as ‘planets’. The discovery rate of these objects increased: by 1807 two new objects in the region, Juno and Vesta had been discovered; in 1845 astronomers detected Astraea; and shortly after this time period objects were found at an accelerated rate. Including these objects among the planets became increasingly cumbersome. By the early 1850’s they were referred to as ‘asteroids’. The Japanese astronomer Kiyotsugu Hirayama noticed in 1918 that the orbits of some of the asteroids had similar parameters, and essentially formed families or groups. About a third of the asteroids in the Main Belt are within an asteroid family. They share similar orbital elements, such as semi-major axis, eccentricity, and orbital inclination as well as similar spectral features; these indicate they share a common origin in the breakup of a larger body. So far, there are about 20–30 associations that are most likely to be asteroid families. Asteroids within the Main Belt are categorised by their spectra, and most fall into three basic groups: carbonaceous (C-type), silicate (S-type), and metal-rich (M-type). -Carbonaceous asteroids are carbon-rich and dominate the belt’s outer regions; they represent over 75% of the visible asteroids. These asteroids have a more reddish hue than other asteroids and have a very low albedo (http://on.fb.me/134cw4D). Their spectra match the primordial composition of the early solar system. -Silicate-rich asteroids are more common in the inner region of the belt and contain no significant carbonaceous compounds. They have a relatively high albedo and represent about 17% of the asteroid population. Their spectra show the presence of silica and some metals; they have likely been significantly modified from their primordial composition. -Metal-rich asteroids represent about 10% of the total population. Their spectra show they are of iron-nickel composition. Some are thought to have formed from metallic cores of planetary bodies that were impacted by other asteroids. One of these, Psyche, is the target of an upcoming NASA mission of the same name. -Basaltic asteroids, aka V-type, are very rare. Until 2001, most of the basaltic bodies discovered in the Main Belt were thought to have originated from Vesta. The asteroid 1459 Magnya however showed a slightly different chemical composition from the other basaltic asteroids discovered beforehand which suggested a different origin. In 2007 two asteroids in the outer belt, 7472 Kumakiri and (10537) 1991 RY, were discovered to have differing basaltic composition that could not have originated from Vesta. Pioneer 10 was the first spacecraft to journey through the asteroid belt, in 1972. There have been a total of 12 missions that have made it through the belt. In 2007, NASA's Dawn probe was launched; its aim to explore and study Vesta and Ceres. The probe entered orbit around Vesta on July 16, 2011 reached asteroid Ceres in February 2015, where it's mission ended. -TEL http://www.space.com/16105-asteroid-belt.html http://www.universetoday.com/32856/asteroid-belt/#ixzz2LREBMBvB Image shows the location of the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter. © Sophie DesRosiers, Planétarium de Montréal

[astroimages]

Um novo estudo liderado por Pierre Vernazza (Laboratoire d’Astrophysique de Marseille, França) realizado usando instalações do ESO, observou o asteroide Palas pela primeira vez com uma resolução angular extremamente alta. O asteroide pôde ser observado com tanto detalhe graças ao SPHERE, um instrumento que utiliza óptica adaptativa e que se encontra montado no Very Large Telescope (VLT) do ESO. Palas foi inicialmente descoberto a 28 de março de 1802 pelo astrônomo alemão Heinrich Wilhelm Matthäus Olbers. Com o nome da deusa grega Palas Atena, o asteroide — juntamente com muitos outros asteroides descobertos no século XIX — foi inicialmente classificado como planeta. No entanto, com o passar do tempo e a evolução da tecnologia, Palas foi mais tarde reclassificado como sendo um asteroide. Atualmente, este objeto é famoso por ser o terceiro maior asteroide do Sistema Solar, com um diâmetro médio de 512 km. Apesar de Palas ser o maior asteroide conhecido do Sistema Solar depois de Ceres e Vesta, é o único destes grandes asteroides que ainda não foi visitado por uma sonda espacial. Isso se deve à sua órbita, que apresenta uma inclinação, relativamente ao plano da órbita da Terra, incomumente alta — o que significa que é particularmente desafiador pousar uma sonda neste asteroide. Estas novas imagens mostram que a superfície de Palas apresenta estruturas topográficas muito interessantes, sugerindo uma violenta história colisional. Podemos ver várias crateras enormes em ambos os hemisférios, formando uma superfície que se assemelha a uma bola de golfe. As duas enormes bacias de impacto bastante distintas que vemos na sua superfície podem estar relacionadas com um impacto de formação familiar — uma colisão que fez com que o objeto original se tenha fragmentado em vários corpos separados. O ponto brilhante que aparece no hemisfério sul de Palas (imagem à direita) faz lembrar os depósitos de sal de Ceres. Crédito: ESO/M. Marsset et al./MISTRAL algorithm (ONERA/CNRS) Fonte: https://www.eso.org/public/brazil/images/potw2008a/

[launchpadastro]

Lets put this another way.

The year is 1801. Giuseppe Piazzi is working on a catalog of all the stars in the sky. He has to make note not to count the wanderers (the Sun, Moon, and the six planets besides Earth [Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus], for a total of seven planets), when he realizes another “fixed star” is moving in a pattern similar to that of the planets. He names this new wanderer Ceres after the goddess of the harvest, and it is declared the eighth planet, located in an orbit between Mars and Jupiter.

1802, Heinrich Wilhelm Matthias Olbers discovers the ninth planet, Pallas. It too is located between Mars and Jupiter.

In 1804, Karl Ludwig Harding discovers Juno, the tenth planet. Guess where it’s located.

Vesta is then also discovered by Olbers in 1807. Hopefully by now you can guess where it’s orbiting. (Hint: farther than Mars, closer than Jupiter.)

Astronomers had a little bit of breathing room then until the 1845 discovery of Astraea by Karl Ludwig Hencke, located between Mars and Jupiter. It was hailed as the 12th planet.

Neptune itself was finally discovered in 1845, and was dubbed the 13th planet, and five more planets were discovered between Mars and Jupiter in the late 1940s. It only took another five or so discoveries of additional “planets” between Mars and Jupiter for astronomers to realize these things were some other special category and not just planets, and demote them en masse to be asteroids, leaving Neptune as the 8th planet. Today we know of more than 750,000 asteroids.

Pluto’s story is the same as that of Ceres. When we discovered it, we called it a planet. And then we found another one in a similar orbit, and another, and another... today we only have a few dozen, but we’ll get to hundreds of thousands someday just like we did with the asteroids.

—ACS

Can I ask what the problem is with classifying Pluto as the ninth planet?

Because it’s not. When the scientific community makes an informed decision about the classification of celestial bodies based on new information, you don’t just get to shove your fingers in your ears and ignore it because you don’t like it.

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 3.28

AD 37 – Roman emperor Caligula accepts the titles of the Principate, bestowed on him by the Senate. 193 – After assassinating the Roman Emperor Pertinax, his Praetorian Guards auction off the throne to Didius Julianus. 364 – Roman Emperor Valentinian I appoints his brother Flavius Valens co-emperor. 1566 – The foundation stone of Valletta, Malta's capital city, is laid by Jean Parisot de Valette, Grand Master of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta. 1776 – Juan Bautista de Anza finds the site for the Presidio of San Francisco. 1795 – Partitions of Poland: The Duchy of Courland and Semigallia, a northern fief of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, ceases to exist and becomes part of Imperial Russia. 1801 – Treaty of Florence is signed, ending the war between the French Republic and the Kingdom of Naples. 1802 – Heinrich Wilhelm Matthäus Olbers discovers 2 Pallas, the second asteroid ever to be discovered. 1809 – Peninsular War: France defeats Spain in the Battle of Medellín. 1814 – War of 1812: In the Battle of Valparaíso, two American naval vessels are captured by two Royal Navy vessels. 1842 – First concert of the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra, conducted by Otto Nicolai. 1854 – Crimean War: France and Britain declare war on Russia. 1860 – First Taranaki War: The Battle of Waireka begins. 1862 – American Civil War: In the Battle of Glorieta Pass, Union forces stop the Confederate invasion of the New Mexico Territory. The battle began on March 26. 1910 – Henri Fabre becomes the first person to fly a seaplane, the Fabre Hydravion, after taking off from a water runway near in France. 1918 – General John J. Pershing, during World War I, cancels 42nd 'Rainbow' Division's orders to Rolampont for further training and diverted it to the occupy the Baccarat sector. Rainbow Division becomes "the first American division to take over an entire sector on its own, which it held longer than any other American division-occupied sector alone for a period of three months". 1918 – Finnish Civil War: On the so-called "Bloody Maundy Thursday of Tampere", the Whites force the Reds to attack the city center, where the city's fiercest battles being fought in Kalevankangas with large casualties on both sides. During the same day, an explosion at the Red headquarters of Tampere kills several commanders. 1920 – Palm Sunday tornado outbreak of 1920 affects the Great Lakes region and Deep South states. 1933 – The Imperial Airways biplane City of Liverpool is believed to be the first airliner lost to sabotage when a passenger sets a fire on board. 1939 – Spanish Civil War: Generalissimo Francisco Franco conquers Madrid after a three-year siege. 1941 – World War II: First day of the Battle of Cape Matapan in Greece between the navies of the United Kingdom and Australia, and the Royal Italian navy. 1942 – World War II: A British combined force permanently disables the Louis Joubert Lock in Saint-Nazaire in order to keep the German battleship Tirpitz away from the mid-ocean convoy lanes. 1946 – Cold War: The United States Department of State releases the Acheson–Lilienthal Report, outlining a plan for the international control of nuclear power. 1959 – The State Council of the People's Republic of China dissolves the government of Tibet. 1965 – An Mw  7.4 earthquake in Chile sets off a series of tailings dam failures, burying the town of El Cobre and killing at least 500 people. 1968 – Brazilian high school student Edson Luís de Lima Souto is killed by military police at a student protest. 1969 – Greek poet and Nobel Prize laureate Giorgos Seferis makes a famous statement on the BBC World Service opposing the junta in Greece. 1970 – An earthquake strikes western Turkey at about 23:05 local time, killing 1,086 and injuring at least 1,200. 1978 – The US Supreme Court hands down 5–3 decision in Stump v. Sparkman, a controversial case involving involuntary sterilization and judicial immunity. 1979 – A coolant leak at the Three Mile Island's Unit 2 nuclear reactor outside Harrisburg, Pennsylvania leads to the core overheating and a partial meltdown. 1979 – The British House of Commons passes a vote of no confidence against James Callaghan's government by 1 vote, precipitating a general election. 1990 – United States President George H. W. Bush posthumously awards Jesse Owens the Congressional Gold Medal. 1994 – In South Africa, African National Congress security guards kill dozens of Inkatha Freedom Party protesters. 1999 – Kosovo War: Serb paramilitary and military forces kill at least 130 Kosovo Albanians in Izbica. 2001 – Athens International Airport Eleftherios Venizelos begins operation. 2003 – In a friendly fire incident, two American A-10 Thunderbolt II aircraft attack British tanks participating in the 2003 invasion of Iraq, killing one soldier. 2005 – An earthquake shakes northern Sumatra with a magnitude of 8.6 and killing over 1000 people. 2006 – At least one million union members, students and unemployed take to the streets in France in protest at the government's proposed First Employment Contract law.

[seagull-astrology]

Discovering Pallas

Our featured image is a painting by Gustav Klimt of Pallas Athena, the patron goddess of Athene Greece.  It is one of his early works. Mythologically According to the Pelasgians (prehistoric peoples inhabiting Mediterranean lands), Athene was born beside the lake or river Triton and nurtured by three NYMPHS. Athene accidentally slew her childhood friend, Pallas, when demonstrating her abilities.…

[releasesoon]

We Just Got Our Closest Look Yet at a Strange 'Golf Ball Asteroid'

We Just Got Our Closest Look Yet at a Strange ‘Golf Ball Asteroid’

In 1802, German astronomer Heinrich Olbers observed what he thought was a planet within the Main Asteroid Belt. In time, astronomers would come to name this body Pallas, an alternate name for the Greek warrior goddess Athena.

  The subsequent discovery of many more asteroids in the Main Belt would lead to Pallas being reclassified as a large asteroid, the third-largest in the Belt after Ceres

[worldstop10]

New Post has been published on Top 10 of Anything and Everything!!!

New Post has been published on http://theverybesttop10.com/largest-exceptional-asteroids/

The Top 10 Largest Exceptional Asteroids Located Within Our Solar System

The Top 10 Largest Exceptional Asteroids Located Within Our Solar System

While tracking an ‘exceptional’ asteroid is pretty easy these days making a guess on their size is not due to their irregular shapes and motion. So while this list might be well off the mark, its still a pretty good estimate on the largest, esspecialy when it comes to geometric mean…

  The Top 10 Largest Exceptional Asteroids Located Within Our Solar System

  Eunomia Exceptional Asteroid

10 – Eunomia – Diameter: 268

Discovered by Italian astronomer Annibale de Gasparis on July 29th, 1851 it was named after Eunomia, one of the Horae, a personification of order and law in old Greek mythology.

Cybele Exceptional Asteroid

9 – Cybele – Diameter: 273

Located in the outer sections of the asteroid belt it is an X-type asteroid, meaning that it is dark in colour and carbonaceous in composition.

Sylvia Exceptional Asteroid

8 – Sylvia – Diameter: 286

Located beyond the core of the asteroid belt it is a member of the Cybele group and is also known to have more than one moon body orbiting it.

Davida Exceptional Asteroid

7 – Davida – Diameter: 289

Discovered by R.S.Dugan in 1903 it was one of ten large asteroids he found. Its named after an astronomy professor at Amherst College called “David Peck Todd”

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Europa Exceptional Asteroid

6 – Europa – Diameter: 315

This ‘triaxial ellipsoid’ was discovered by Hermann Goldschmidt from his balcony in Paris. It was named after Europa, one of Zeus’s conquests.

Interamnia Exceptional Asteroid

5 – Interamnia – Diameter: 326

Located close to the sun it was discovered on the 2nd of October by Vincenzo Cerulli. It was named after the Latin name for Teramo, Italy, where Vincenzo Cerulli worked at the time.

Hygiea Exceptional Asteroid

4 – Hygiea – Diameter: 431±7

Located within the asteroid belt (like most on this list are) it is an oblong asteroid that is a class of dark C-type asteroids with a carbonaceous surface. Astronomers also note that it’s a dim asteroid and doesn’t show up very well at all despite its exceptional size.

Pallas Exceptional Asteroid

3 – Pallas – Diameter: 512±3

Pallas is thought to be a remnant protoplanet ( a large planetary embryo that originated within a protoplanetary disc). It was once considered a possible dwarf planet because of its size, but its shape revealed otherwise.

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Vesta Exceptional Asteroid

2 – Vesta – Diameter: 525.4±0.2 km

Located within the asteroid belt this large space object was discovered by the German astronomer Heinrich Wilhelm Olbers on the 29th of March 1807 and it was named after Vesta, the virgin goddess of home and hearth

Ceres Exceptional Asteroid

1 – Ceres – Diameter: 946±2 km

Said to be the largest object so far found within our solar system it lies between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter and is said to be mostly made of rock and ice.

[solar-system-en-blog]

4 Vesta

This article is about the asteroid. For other uses, see Vesta (disambiguation). Vesta, minor-planet designation 4 Vesta, is one of the largest objects in the asteroid belt, with a mean diameter of 525 kilometres (326 mi). It was discovered by the German astronomer Heinrich Wilhelm Olbers on 29 March 1807 and is named after Vesta, the virgin goddess of home and hearth from Roman mythology. Vesta is the second-most-massive and second-largest body in the asteroid belt after the dwarf planet Ceres, and it contributes an estimated 9% of the mass of the asteroid belt. It is slightly larger than Pallas, though significantly more massive. Vesta is the last remaining rocky protoplanet (with a differentiated interior) of the kind that formed the terrestrial planets. Numerous fragments of Vesta were ejected by collisions one and two billion years ago that left two enormous craters occupying much of Vesta's southern hemisphere. Debris from these events has fallen to Earth as howardite–eucrite–diogenite (HED) meteorites, which have been a rich source of information about Vesta. Vesta is the brightest asteroid visible from Earth. Its maximum distance from the Sun is slightly greater than the minimum distance of Ceres from the Sun,[c] though its orbit lies entirely within that of Ceres. NASA's Dawn spacecraft entered orbit around Vesta on 16 July 2011 for a one-year exploration and left orbit on 5 September 2012 en route to its final destination, Ceres. Researchers continue to examine data collected by Dawn for additional insights into the formation and history of Vesta. More details Android, Windows

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 3.28

AD 37 – Roman emperor Caligula accepts the titles of the Principate, bestowed on him by the Senate. 193 – After assassinating the Roman Emperor Pertinax, his Praetorian Guards auction off the throne to Didius Julianus. 364 – Roman Emperor Valentinian I appoints his brother Flavius Valens co-emperor. 1566 – The foundation stone of Valletta, Malta's capital city, is laid by Jean Parisot de Valette, Grand Master of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta. 1776 – Juan Bautista de Anza finds the site for the Presidio of San Francisco. 1795 – Partitions of Poland: The Duchy of Courland and Semigallia, a northern fief of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, ceases to exist and becomes part of Imperial Russia. 1801 – Treaty of Florence is signed, ending the war between the French Republic and the Kingdom of Naples. 1802 – Heinrich Wilhelm Matthäus Olbers discovers 2 Pallas, the second asteroid ever to be discovered. 1809 – Peninsular War: France defeats Spain in the Battle of Medellín. 1814 – War of 1812: In the Battle of Valparaíso, two American naval vessels are captured by two Royal Navy vessels. 1842 – First concert of the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra, conducted by Otto Nicolai. 1854 – Crimean War: France and Britain declare war on Russia. 1860 – First Taranaki War: The Battle of Waireka begins. 1862 – American Civil War: In the Battle of Glorieta Pass, Union forces stop the Confederate invasion of the New Mexico Territory. The battle began on March 26. 1910 – Henri Fabre becomes the first person to fly a seaplane, the Fabre Hydravion, after taking off from a water runway near in France. 1918 – General John J. Pershing, during World War I, cancels 42nd 'Rainbow' Division's orders to Rolampont for further training and diverted it to the occupy the Baccarat sector.[17] Rainbow Division becomes "the first American division to take over an entire sector on its own, which it held longer than any other American division-occupied sector alone for a period of three months". 1918 – Finnish Civil War: On the so-called "Bloody Maundy Thursday of Tampere", the Whites force the Reds to attack the city center, where the city's fiercest battles being fought in Kalevankangas with large casualties on both sides. During the same day, an explosion at the Red headquarters of Tampere kills several commanders. 1920 – Palm Sunday tornado outbreak of 1920 affects the Great Lakes region and Deep South states. 1933 – The Imperial Airways biplane City of Liverpool is believed to be the first airliner lost to sabotage when a passenger sets a fire on board. 1939 – Spanish Civil War: Generalissimo Francisco Franco conquers Madrid after a three-year siege. 1942 – World War II: A British combined force permanently disables the Louis Joubert Lock in Saint-Nazaire in order to keep the German battleship Tirpitz away from the mid-ocean convoy lanes. 1946 – Cold War: The United States Department of State releases the Acheson–Lilienthal Report, outlining a plan for the international control of nuclear power. 1959 – The State Council of the People's Republic of China dissolves the government of Tibet. 1965 – An Mw  7.4 earthquake in Chile sets off a series of tailings dam failures, burying the town of El Cobre and killing at least 500 people. 1968 – Brazilian high school student Edson Luís de Lima Souto is killed by military police at a student protest. 1969 – Greek poet and Nobel Prize laureate Giorgos Seferis makes a famous statement on the BBC World Service opposing the junta in Greece. 1970 – An earthquake strikes western Turkey at about 23:05 local time, killing 1,086 and injuring at least 1,200. 1978 – The US Supreme Court hands down 5–3 decision in Stump v. Sparkman, a controversial case involving involuntary sterilization and judicial immunity. 1979 – A coolant leak at the Three Mile Island's Unit 2 nuclear reactor outside Harrisburg, Pennsylvania leads to the core overheating and a partial meltdown. 1979 – The British House of Commons passes a vote of no confidence against James Callaghan's government by 1 vote, precipitating a general election. 1990 – United States President George H. W. Bush posthumously awards Jesse Owens the Congressional Gold Medal. 1994 – In South Africa, African National Congress security guards kill dozens of Inkatha Freedom Party protesters.[35] 1999 – Kosovo War: Serb paramilitary and military forces kill at least 130 Kosovo Albanians in Izbica. 2003 – In a friendly fire incident, two American A-10 Thunderbolt II aircraft attack British tanks participating in the 2003 invasion of Iraq, killing one soldier. 2005 – An earthquake shakes northern Sumatra with a magnitude of 8.6 and killing over 1000 people. 2006 – At least 1 million union members, students and unemployed take to the streets in France in protest at the government's proposed First Employment Contract law.

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 3.28

AD 37 – Roman emperor Caligula accepts the titles of the Principate, bestowed on him by the Senate. 193 – After assassinating the Roman Emperor Pertinax, his Praetorian Guards auction off the throne to Didius Julianus. 364 – Roman Emperor Valentinian I appoints his brother Flavius Valens co-emperor. 1566 – The foundation stone of Valletta, Malta's capital city, is laid by Jean Parisot de Valette, Grand Master of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta. 1737 – The Marathas under Baji Rao I attack and defeat the Mughals in the Battle of Delhi. 1776 – Juan Bautista de Anza finds the site for the Presidio of San Francisco. 1794 – Allies under Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld defeat French forces at Le Cateau. 1795 – Partitions of Poland: The Duchy of Courland and Semigallia, a northern fief of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, ceases to exist and becomes part of Imperial Russia. 1801 – Treaty of Florence is signed, ending the war between the French Republic and the Kingdom of Naples. 1802 – Heinrich Wilhelm Matthäus Olbers discovers 2 Pallas, the second asteroid ever to be discovered. 1809 – Peninsular War: France defeats Spain in the Battle of Medellín. 1814 – War of 1812: In the Battle of Valparaíso, two American naval vessels are captured by two Royal Navy vessels of equal strength. 1842 – First concert of the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra, conducted by Otto Nicolai. 1854 – Crimean War: France and Britain declare war on Russia. 1860 – First Taranaki War: The Battle of Waireka begins. 1862 – American Civil War: In the Battle of Glorieta Pass, Union forces stop the Confederate invasion of the New Mexico Territory. The battle began on March 26. 1871 – The Paris Commune is formally established in Paris. 1883 – Tonkin Campaign: French victory in the Battle of Gia Cuc. 1910 – Henri Fabre becomes the first person to fly a seaplane, the Fabre Hydravion, after taking off from a water runway near Martigues, France. 1918 – General John J. Pershing, during World War I, cancels 42nd 'Rainbow' Division's orders to Rolampont for further training and diverted it to the occupy the Baccarat sector. Rainbow Division becomes "the first American division to take over an entire sector on its own, which it held longer than any other American division-occupied sector alone for a period of three months". 1920 – Palm Sunday tornado outbreak of 1920 affects the Great Lakes region and Deep South states. 1933 – The Imperial Airways biplane City of Liverpool is believed to be the first airliner lost to sabotage when a passenger sets a fire on board. 1939 – Spanish Civil War: Generalissimo Francisco Franco conquers Madrid after a three-year siege. 1942 – World War II: A British combined force permanently disables the Louis Joubert Lock in Saint-Nazaire in order to keep the German battleship Tirpitz away from the mid-ocean convoy lanes. 1946 – Cold War: The United States Department of State releases the Acheson–Lilienthal Report, outlining a plan for the international control of nuclear power. 1951 – First Indochina War: In the Battle of Mạo Khê, French Union forces, led by World War II hero Jean de Lattre de Tassigny, inflict a defeat on Việt Minh forces commanded by General Võ Nguyên Giáp. 1959 – The State Council of the People's Republic of China dissolves the government of Tibet. 1968 – Brazilian high school student Edson Luís de Lima Souto is killed by military police at a protest for cheaper meals at a restaurant for low-income students. 1969 – Greek poet and Nobel Prize laureate Giorgos Seferis makes a famous statement on the BBC World Service opposing the junta in Greece. 1970 – An earthquake strikes western Turkey at about 23:05 local time, killing 1,086 and injuring 1,260. 1978 – The US Supreme Court hands down 5–3 decision in Stump v. Sparkman, a controversial case involving involuntary sterilization and judicial immunity. 1979 – A coolant leak at the Three Mile Island's Unit 2 nuclear reactor outside Harrisburg, Pennsylvania leads to the core overheating and a partial meltdown. 1979 – The British House of Commons passes a vote of no confidence against James Callaghan's government by 1 vote, precipitating a general election. 1990 – United States President George H. W. Bush posthumously awards Jesse Owens the Congressional Gold Medal. 1994 – In South Africa, African National Congress security guards kill dozens of Inkatha Freedom Party protesters. 1999 – Kosovo War: Serb paramilitary and military forces kill 146 Kosovo Albanians in Izbica. 2003 – In a friendly fire incident, two American A-10 Thunderbolt II aircraft attack British tanks participating in the 2003 invasion of Iraq, killing one soldier. 2005 – An earthquake shakes northern Sumatra with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VI (Strong), leaving 915–1,314 people dead and 340–1,146 injured. 2006 – Massive protests are mounted against France's First Employment Contract law, meant to reduce youth unemployment.

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 3.28

AD 37 – Roman emperor Caligula accepts the titles of the Principate, entitled to him by the Senate. 193 – Roman Emperor Pertinax is assassinated by Praetorian Guards, who then sell the throne in an auction to Didius Julianus. 364 – Roman Emperor Valentinian I appoints his brother Flavius Valens co-emperor. 1566 – The foundation stone of Valletta, Malta's capital city, is laid by Jean Parisot de Valette, Grand Master of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta. 1776 – Juan Bautista de Anza finds the site for the Presidio of San Francisco. 1794 – Allies under Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld defeat French forces at Le Cateau. 1795 – Partitions of Poland: The Duchy of Courland and Semigallia, a northern fief of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, ceases to exist and becomes part of Imperial Russia. 1801 – Treaty of Florence is signed. 1802 – Heinrich Wilhelm Matthäus Olbers discovers 2 Pallas, the second asteroid ever to be discovered. 1809 – Peninsular War: France defeats Spain in the Battle of Medellín. 1814 – War of 1812: In the Battle of Valparaíso, two American naval vessels are captured by two Royal Navy vessels of equal strength. 1842 – First concert of the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra, founded by Otto Nicolai. 1854 – Crimean War: France and Britain declare war on Russia. 1860 – First Taranaki War: The Battle of Waireka begins. 1862 – American Civil War: In the Battle of Glorieta Pass, Union forces stop the Confederate invasion of the New Mexico Territory. The battle began on March 26. 1871 – The Paris Commune is formally established in Paris. 1883 – Tonkin Campaign: French victory in the Battle of Gia Cuc. 1910 – Henri Fabre becomes the first person to fly a seaplane, the Fabre Hydravion, after taking off from a water runway near Martigues, France. 1920 – Palm Sunday tornado outbreak of 1920 affects the Great Lakes region and Deep South states. 1933 – The Imperial Airways biplane City of Liverpool is believed to be the first airliner lost to sabotage when a passenger sets a fire on board. 1939 – Spanish Civil War: Generalissimo Francisco Franco conquers Madrid after a three-year siege. 1941 – World War II: Britain's Mediterranean Fleet sinks three heavy cruisers and two destroyers of Italy's Regia Marina. 1942 – World War II: A British combined force permanently disables the Louis Joubert Lock in Saint-Nazaire in order to keep the German battleship Tirpitz away from the mid-ocean convoy lanes. 1946 – Cold War: The United States Department of State releases the Acheson–Lilienthal Report, outlining a plan for the international control of nuclear power. 1951 – First Indochina War: In the Battle of Mạo Khê, French Union forces, led by World War II hero Jean de Lattre de Tassigny, inflict a defeat on Việt Minh forces commanded by General Võ Nguyên Giáp. 1959 – The State Council of the People's Republic of China dissolves the government of Tibet. 1968 – Brazilian high school student Edson Luís de Lima Souto is killed by military police at a protest for cheaper meals at a restaurant for low-income students. 1969 – Greek poet and Nobel Prize laureate Giorgos Seferis makes a famous statement on the BBC World Service opposing the junta in Greece. 1970 – An earthquake strikes western Turkey at about 23:05 local time, killing 1,086 and injuring 1,260. 1978 – The US Supreme Court hands down 5–3 decision in Stump v. Sparkman, a controversial case involving involuntary sterilization and judicial immunity. 1979 – A coolant leak at the Three Mile Island's Unit 2 nuclear reactor outside Harrisburg, Pennsylvania leads to the core overheating and a partial meltdown. 1990 – United States President George H. W. Bush posthumously awards Jesse Owens the Congressional Gold Medal. 1994 – In South Africa, African National Congress security guards kill dozens of Inkatha Freedom Party protesters. 1999 – Kosovo War: Serb paramilitary and military forces kill 146 Kosovo Albanians in Izbica. 2003 – In a friendly fire incident, two American A-10 Thunderbolt II aircraft attack British tanks participating in the 2003 invasion of Iraq, killing one soldier. 2005 – An earthquake shakes northern Sumatra with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VI (Strong), leaving 915–1,314 people dead and 340–1,146 injured. 2006 – Massive protests are mounted against France's First Employment Contract law, meant to reduce youth unemployment.