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guanshentai · 2 years ago

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How to choose the servo motor of automation equipment?

　　Servo motors are widely used in the field of automation equipment, and are usually used to drive more precise speed or position control components in projects. Designers of automation equipment often need to face a variety of motor selection problems with different needs, and the motors provided by the suppliers are also varied and have many parameters, which often make beginners confused.

　　1. Application scenarios

　　Control motors in the field of automation can be divided into servo motors, stepper motors, frequency conversion motors, etc. For components that require more precise speed or position control, servo motor drives will be selected. The control method of frequency converter + variable frequency motor is a control method that changes the motor speed by changing the power frequency of the input motor. Generally only used for motor speed control.

　　Compared with stepper motors, servo motors use closed-loop control, while stepper motors use open-loop control; servo motors use rotary encoders to measure accuracy, and stepper motors use step angles. The accuracy of the former at the ordinary product level can reach hundreds of times that of the latter; the control method is similar (pulse or direction signal).

　　2. Power supply

　　Servo motors can be divided into AC servo motors and DC servo motors from the power supply.

　　The two are better choices. For general automation equipment, Party A will provide a standard 380V industrial power supply or 220V power supply. At this time, it is sufficient to select the servo motor corresponding to the power supply, eliminating the need for conversion of the power supply type. However, some equipment, such as the shuttle board in the three-dimensional warehouse, the AGV trolley, etc., due to their own mobile nature, most of them use their own DC power supply, so DC servo motors are generally used.

　　3. Brake

　　According to the design of the action mechanism, consider whether there will be a reverse tendency of the motor in the power-off state or in the static state. If there is a tendency to reverse, it is necessary to choose a servo motor with a brake.

　　4. Selection calculation

　　Before the selection calculation, the position and speed requirements of the end of the mechanism must be determined first, and then the transmission mechanism must be determined. At this point, the servo system and the corresponding reducer can be selected. During the selection process, the following parameters are mainly considered:

　　Power and speed: According to the structure form and the speed and acceleration requirements of the final load, calculate the required power and speed of the motor. It is worth noting that it is usually necessary to select the reduction ratio of the reducer in combination with the speed of the selected motor.

　　In the actual selection process, for example, if the load moves horizontally, the formula P=T*N/9549 often cannot be clearly calculated (the torque cannot be accurately calculated) due to the uncertainty of the friction coefficient and wind load coefficient of each transmission mechanism. In practice, it is also found that the acceleration and deceleration phases often require the greatest power when using servo motors. Therefore, through T=F*R=m*a*R, the power of the required motor and the reduction ratio of the reducer can be quantitatively calculated (m: load mass; a: load acceleration; R: load rotation radius).

　　The following points need to be paid attention to: the power surplus coefficient of the motor; the transmission efficiency of the mechanism; whether the input and output torque of the reducer meet the standard and have a certain safety factor; whether there will be a possibility of increasing the speed in the later stage.

　　Inertia matching: To achieve high-precision control of the load, it is necessary to consider whether the inertia of the motor and the system match.

　　Accuracy requirements: Calculate whether the control accuracy of the motor can meet the requirements of the load after the change of the reducer and the transmission mechanism. The reducer or some transmission mechanisms have a certain backlash, which needs to be considered.

　　Control matching: This aspect is mainly to communicate and confirm with the electrical designer, such as whether the communication mode of the servo controller matches with the PLC, the type of encoder and whether data needs to be exported, etc.

　　5. Brand

　　At present, there are many brands of servo motors on the market, and their performances vary widely. Generally speaking, if you are not short of money, choose European and American ones, and if you are a little short of money, choose Japanese ones, and then Taiwan and mainland China. According to past experience, there is no problem with the basic performance of the domestic servo motor body, but there is a certain gap in the control algorithm, integration and stability of the main servo controller.

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ucamindofficial-blog · 5 years ago

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Why You Should Size Your Rotating Table?

Rotary Table is a precision work positioning device used in CNC machining centers to precisely position the component in desired angle to do multi-face operation in a single setup. Rotary tables can be interpolated as 4th axis with machines X,Y and Z axes to enable machining of profiles such a cam machining, blade machining, helical grooves etc. which is out of reach with a standard 3 axes machining center.

Based on the application one can use only the Rotary Table with some work holding fixture or will have to use some accessories like Dead Center or Revolving Center Tailstocks, Face Plate Tailstocks, Manual or Power Chucks etc.

There are some basic points which needs to be checked for correct sizing of Rotary Table.

Rotary Table selection guidelines

1. Rotary Table Selection based on Component Size

· Check for the swing required on the component

· Check for Center Height of the Table

· For Multi spindle Table check for the center distance between the spindles

· In vertical condition if the length of the component is more than 100 mm it is recommended to use the tail stock support

· Larger component can be used provided load and clamping torque is within capacity of the Rotary table. For larger swing use height Block.

2. Rotary Table Selection based on Clamping Torque

· Check for the machining forces required to do the operation.

· Check for the distance from the center where operation is to be carried out.

· Calculate torque applied during machining ( Torque = Force x Distance)

· Machining torque should be with in Clamp torque capacity of the Table

· Check for the type of clamping required (Hydraulic or Pneumatic )

3. Rotary Table Selection based on Component Weight

· Check the dead weight of the component and fixture.

· The dead weight of component & fixture should be within the capacity of Load capacity of the Rotary Table.

· With tail stock support Load capacity of the Rotary Table in vertical condition will become same as horizontal load capacity.

4. Rotary Table Selection based on Indexing Accuracy

· Check for the accuracy requirement on the component.

· If accuracy specified in mm, check for the diameter at which the accuracy is required.

· Convert Indexing Accuracy of the Rotary Table specified in arc sec to mm at the diameter where the operation is to be carried out

· (A = Tan Ө x R),

o Ө = Indexing Accuracy (Ex: +/- 15” (30”sec))

o R = Radius at which the operation to be carried out

o A = Accuracy in μ

· NOTE: Higher accuracy of +/- 5” can be achieved by using additional high resolution encoder mounted on the table axis.

5. Rotary Table Selection based on Machine Capacity

· Check the Machine Strokes and ensure once Rotary Table is mounted on the Machine Bed, component falls in the machining area.

· Also check for the Tool change position. While tool changing the tool should not foul with Rotary table.

· Total weight of the Rotary table including the work holding should be with the capacity of the machine load capacity.

6. Rotary Table Selection based on fouling with machine guard

· Check for fouling of Rotary table Sheet Guard with Machine guard after mounting on Machine bed locating on the center tenon slot.

· If there is fouling we can use Rear Motor mounting Table, provided there is sufficient space between Machine table and Machine sheet guard when table is in extreme right hand side.

7. Rotary Table Selection based on controller feasibility

· Check if Machine Controller is capable of taking 4th axis for single axis table and 4th and 5th axis for two axis tables.

· We can also suggest stand-alone controller if the machine is not capable of handling 4th axis, provided component does not need continuous interpolation with machine axes for performing the operation

· In some cases controllers are capable for 4 regular axes and 5th axis can only do indexing.

We would be happy to assist you to provide correct selection of Rotary Table and its accessories. For more details please feel free to write to us at [email protected]

#Tilting Rotary Table #Direct Drive Rotary Table #4th Axis Rotary Table #Index Table #CNC Rotary Table

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dingdangsblog · 3 years ago

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How to Use a Rotary Encoder

A rotary encoder converts the angular position or motion of a shaft or axle to analog or digital output signals, so it is also called a shaft encoder. Absolute encoder and incremental encoder are the two main types. Rotary encoders are applied widely, including situations which require monitoring or control, and mechanical systems. So how to use a rotary encoder?

1. How to Use a Rotary Encoder

Image 1: Autonics Rotary Encoder E20S2-360-3-V-5-S

Image 2: P+F PEPPERL+FUCHS Encoder DSM58N-F3AAGR0BN-1213

The four methods of using a rotary encoder are as follows.

1.1 Modify the Driver

Rotary encoder is a precision instrument. It needs to issue instructions through the program during its use. Driver need to be modified according to the needs of different situations, which determines encoder's effect. Under normal circumstances, modify the reg file directly, and register a table file, rewrite the dynamic link through adding. In the case where it is determined that the dynamic link has been modified, it needs to be added to the kernel.

1.2 Hardware Interface Connection

After the driver is modified, the hardware interface will be connected. In the connection, there are usually two collector output interfaces A and B. In order to ensure the line connectivity, you need to operate on a 3.3V resistor. A and B interfaces are plugged into the CPU respectively. After the hardware interface is successfully connected, check whether the high and low voltage values of the voltage output terminal are correct. For example, after pressing the button, if the P2 port output value is high, it is correct.

1.3 Writing the Stream Interface Driver Program

The writing of the stream interface driver is to prepare for the following interrupt service program. The specific writing step is to create a thread to realize the record of the variable value, and at the same time record whether the value of each port is still high in the case of a line interruption.

1.4 Interruption of Writing Program

The last step is to interrupt the writing of service program. The instructions of using rotary encoders are as follows:

* Determine the detection object that may be speed measurement, distance measurement, angular displacement or counting.

* It is only used for dynamic process, or it also contains static position or state.

* Confirm whether to choose incremental rotary encoder or absolute rotary encoder.

* Determine the range of motion of the object.

* Confirm whether to select a single-turn or multi-turn absolute rotary encoder.

* Determine the maximum speed or frequency of the object.

* Determine the accuracy required of the object.

* Determine the application parameters of the rotary encoder.

* Using environment. Pay attention to the interface mode and protection level of the rotary encoder.

More artical inforamtion please visit https://okmarts.com/news/how-to-use-rotary-encoders-and-the-precautions.html

#encoder #rotary #okmarts

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vaibhavilatane · 4 years ago

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Rotary Encoder Market (covid-19 update) upcoming business reports on size, shares, stocks and many more | forecasting report 2026

The Global Rotary Encoder Market covers in-depth business analysis, taking into account key market dynamics, forecasting parameters and price trends for industry growth. The report forecasts market size at the global, regional and national levels, providing a comprehensive view of industry trends in each market sector and subsector from 2020 to 2025.

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Product Segment Analysis: Incremental Encoders, Absolute Encoders and others

Application Segment Analysis: Elevator Industry, Machine Tool, Servo motor, Metal Forming & Fabrication, Material Handling

Regional Segment Analysis: North America (U.S.; Canada; Mexico), Europe (Germany; U.K.; France; Italy; Russia; Spain etc.), Asia-Pacific (China; India; Japan; Southeast Asia etc.), South America (Brazil; Argentina etc.), Middle East & Africa (Saudi Arabia; South Africa etc.)

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optimuscontrol · 5 years ago

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Optimus Control Industry PLT added 17 new products on 8/10/2019

Optimus Control Industry PLT

Rotary Encoder (1)

BEI SENSOR JHO508 Malaysia Thailand Singapore Indonesia Philippines Vietnam Europe USA

AECO (3)

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AECO SI30-C10 PNP NO Malaysia Thailand Singapore Indonesia Philippines Vietnam Europe USA

AECO SIP000077 SIP10-C2 PNP NO H1 Malaysia Thailand Singapore Indonesia Philippines Vietnam Europe USA

ELCIS ENCODER (1)

ELCIS AX365-G-360-1828-B-F-CD4-R Malaysia Thailand Singapore Indonesia Philippines Vietnam Europe USA

ELTRA (1)

ELTRA ER80A1000S528P8X6CA.014 Malaysia Thailand Singapore Indonesia Philippines Vietnam Europe USA

GEFRAN (1)

Gefran F004215 PY-2-F-010-S01M 0000X000X00 Malaysia Thailand Singapore Indonesia Philippines Vietnam Europe USA

HENGSTLER (1)

HENGSTLER 0533342 RI76TD1000AD.1N20TF-F0 Malaysia Thailand Singapore Indonesia Philippines Vietnam Europe USA

HOHNER (2)

HOHNER H11240-03-500 Malaysia Thailand Singapore Indonesia Philippines Vietnam Europe USA

HOHNER H11321-4000 Malaysia Thailand Singapore Indonesia Philippines Vietnam Europe USA

LiDAR / Laser Scanner (1)

HOKUYO UST-10LX-H01 UST-20LX-H01 LIDAR Malaysia Thailand Singapore Indonesia Philippines Vietnam Europe USA

MARZOCCHI (1)

MARZOCCHI K1PD-3.3-G PUMP Malaysia Thailand Singapore Indonesia Philippines Vietnam Europe USAP

MOOG (1)

MOOG G122-829A001 P-I Servo Amplifier Malaysia Thailand Singapore Indonesia Philippines Vietnam Europe USA

Obstacle Detection Sensor (1)

COLLISION AVOIDACE SENSOR LS LIDAR W SERIES Malaysia Thailand Singapore Indonesia Philippines Vietnam Europe USA

SCHMERSAL (2)

SCHMERSAL 101010237 TKF/90 Malaysia Thailand Singapore Indonesia Philippines Vietnam Europe USA

SCHMERSAL 101189905 Safety Switch BNS36-02Z-ST-R Malaysia Thailand Singapore Indonesia Philippines Vietnam Europe USA

WENGLOR (1)

WENGLOR LD86PCV3 Malaysia Thailand Singapore Indonesia Philippines Vietnam Europe USA

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blogkdmi-blog · 6 years ago

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Global Rotary Encoder Market Size, Share, Growth, Trends, Research and Forecast 2018-2023

According to a comprehensive study by KD Market Insights analyzes and forecasts the Rotary Encoder Market at both global and regional level. The report provides an analysis of 6 years, in which 2017 is the base year, 2018 as an estimated year and 2019-2023 is forecasted period. The report consists of overall market size in 2017 and its anticipated growth in further 6 years. It gives grasp about the high demanding region for Rotary Encoder. It also includes the factors that drive the growth of the market along with emerging and current opportunities. The competitor's strategies for long-term and short-term goals are also a key part of this research methodology.

The report includes an in-depth price chain analysis, that provides an in depth read of the world Rotary Encoder Market. The Porter’s 5 Forces analysis provided within the report helps to know the competitive state of affairs within the international Rotary Encoder Market. The study incorporates market attractiveness analysis, whereby the market segments for product type and application square measure benchmarked supported their market size, rate of growth, and attractiveness in terms of chance. so as to grant an entire analysis of the general competitive state of affairs within the Rotary Encoder Market, each geographical area mentioned within the report is supplied with attractiveness analysis.

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A market Overview chapter explains the market trends and dynamics that embody the market drivers, restraining factors, and opportunities for the present and future Rotary Encoder Market. Market outlook analysis has been provided globally within the report. to boot, the report conjointly provides analysis of various business ways being adopted by market leaders of the Rotary Encoder Market. Market introduction chapter assists in gaining an inspiration of various trends and services associated with Rotary Encoder.

The research offers a comprehensive analysis of Rotary Encoder Market with respect to various sub-markets. The segmentation of Rotary Encoder is by Product Type, by application and by global regions. By Product Type, the market is sub-segmented into directed Incremental Rotary Encoders, Absolute Rotary Encoders. By Application, the market is sub-segmented into directed Elevator Industry, Machine Toolm Motor, Food & Packaging, Others.

The report covers every segment so that every segment is analyzed properly, and every area is considered while preparing the report so that requirements from that particular area can be analyzed and further modification can be made accordingly. The Geographical areas covered in this report are North America (U.S. & Canada), Europe (Germany, United Kingdom, France, Italy, Russia, Spain and rest of Europe), Middle East & Africa (GCC, North Africa, South Africa and Rest of Middle East & Africa), Latin America (Argentina, Mexico, Brazil and Rest of Latin America). The report covers the leading trends in the market, insights and plan and policies adopted by the competitors in the market that can hamper the conditions of the market.

The report describes the key competitors ruling in the market and plans and strategies adopted by them to grab their target market and working with consistency in the market so that company can prepare itself beforehand for the unforeseen circumstances. The key players profiled in the global Rotary Encoder Market includes Heidenhain, Danaher, Tamagawa, Baumer, Nemicon, P+F, Kubler, Koyo, Omron, Leine & Linde, Sick, TR Electronic, BEI, Rep Avago, Yuheng and Others Major & Niche Key Players. Companies are focusing on expanding their business through strategic acquisitions and partnerships with several end-use industries.

In the last section of the report, the current scenario of the market has been shown to provide a better overview of the market. The report highlights the data collected by the report. A perfect combination of the primary, as well as secondary research, has been made to collect all the facts and figures about the market and the company itself. Primary data research includes telephonic interviews; e-mail conversation, face to face interviews whereas secondary research includes the annual report depicting the financial position of the company, government regulations, shareholders reviews and statistical database. The further secondary method has been considered as a reliable method as a comparison to primary data.

By Product Type

- Incremental Rotary Encoders

- Absolute Rotary Encoders

By Application

- Elevator Industry

- Machine Tool

- Motor

- Food & Packaging

- Others

Competitive Landscape

- Heidenhain

- Danaher

- Tamagawa

- Baumer

- Nemicon

- P+F

- Kubler

- Koyo

- Omron

- Leine & Linde

- Sick

- TR Electronic

- BEI

- Rep Avago

- Others Prominent Players

Browse Full Report With TOC@ https://www.kdmarketinsights.com/product/global-rotary-encoder-market-outlook-2018-2023

Table of Contents@

Research Methodology

Market Definition and List of Abbreviations

1. Executive Summary

2. Growth Drivers & Issues in Global Rotary Encoder Market

3. Global Rotary Encoder Market Trends

4. Opportunities in Global Rotary Encoder Market

5. Recent Industry Activities, 2017

6. Porter's Five Forces Analysis

7. Market Value Chain and Supply Chain Analysis

8. Global Rotary Encoder Market Size (USD Million), Growth Analysis and Forecast, (2017-2023)

9. Global Rotary Encoder Market Segmentation Analysis, By Product Type

9.1. Introduction

9.2. Market Attractiveness, By Product Type

9.3. BPS Analysis, By Product Type

9.4. Incremental Rotary Encoder Markets

9.5. Absolute Rotary Encoder Markets

10. Global Rotary Encoder Market Segmentation Analysis, By Application

10.1. Introduction

10.2. Market Attractiveness, By Application

10.3. BPS Analysis, By Application

10.4. Elevator Industry

10.5. Machine Tool

10.6. Motor

10.7. Food & Packaging

10.8. Others

11. Geographical Analysis

11.1. Introduction

11.2. North America Rotary Encoder Market Size (USD Million) & Volume, 2017-2023

11.2.1. By Product Type

11.2.2. By Application

11.2.3. By Country

11.2.3.1. Market Attractiveness, By End-user

11.2.3.2. BPS Analysis, By End-User

11.2.3.3. U.S. Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2023

11.2.3.4. Canada Market Size (USD Million 2017-2023

11.3. Europe Rotary Encoder Market Size (USD Million) & Volume, 2017-2023

11.3.1. By Product Type

11.3.2. By Application

11.3.3. By Country

11.3.3.1. Market Attractiveness, By Country

11.3.3.2. BPS Analysis, By Country

11.3.3.3. Germany Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2023

11.3.3.4. United Kingdom Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2023

11.3.3.5. France Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2023

11.3.3.6. Italy Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2023

11.3.3.7. Spain Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2023

11.3.3.8. Russia Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2023

11.3.3.9. Rest of Europe Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2023

11.4. Asia Pacific Rotary Encoder Market Size (USD Million), 2017-2023

11.4.1. By Product Type

11.4.2. By Application

11.4.3. By Country

11.4.3.1. Market Attractiveness, By Country

11.4.3.2. BPS Analysis, By Country

11.4.3.3. China Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2023

11.4.3.4. India Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2023

11.4.3.5. Japan Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2023

11.4.3.6. South Korea Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2023

11.4.3.7. Indonesia Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2023

11.4.3.8. Taiwan Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2023

11.4.3.9. Australia Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2023

11.4.3.10. New Zealand Market Size (USD Million, 2017-2023

11.4.3.11. Rest of Asia Pacific Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2023

11.5. Latin America Rotary Encoder Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2023

11.5.1. By Product Type

11.5.2. By Application

11.5.3. By Country

11.5.3.1. Market Attractiveness, By Country

11.5.3.2. BPS Analysis, By Country

11.5.3.3. Brazil Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2023

11.5.3.4. Mexico Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2023

11.5.3.5. Rest of Latin America Market Size (USD Million, 2017-2023

11.6. Middle East & Africa Rotary Encoder Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2023

11.6.1. By Product Type

11.6.2. By Application

11.6.3. By Geography

11.6.3.1. Market Attractiveness, By Geography

11.6.3.2. BPS Analysis, By Geography

11.6.3.3. GCC Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2023

11.6.3.4. North Africa Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2023

11.6.3.5. South Africa Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2023

11.6.3.6. Rest of Middle East & Africa Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2023

Continue…

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#Rotary Encoder Market #Rotary Encoder Market Size #Rotary Encoder Market Share #Rotary Encoder Market Research

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trikitlamp-blog · 4 years ago

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This waveform is equivalent High-end waterproof motor factory

DC servo motor has been widely used in CNC feed servo system. It has good speed regulation and torque characteristics, but it has a complicated structure, high manufacturing cost and large volume. Moreover, the brushes of the motor are easy to wear and change direction. The generator will generate sparks, which will limit the capacity and application of the DC servo motor. AC servo motors do not have structural shortcomings such as brushes and commutators; and with the development of new power switching devices, ASICs, computer technology and control algorithms, the development of AC drive circuits has been promoted, making AC servo driven The speed regulation characteristics can better meet the requirements of the feed servo system of CNC machine tools. Modern CNC machine tools tend to use AC servo drive. AC servo drive has a tendency to replace DC servo drive. 1. Structure of AC servo motor AC motor is divided into AC induction motor and AC synchronous motor. The AC induction motor has a simple structure, large capacity, and low price, and is generally used as a driving motor for main motion. Permanent magnet synchronous AC servo motor is used as the driving motor for feed motion, and its structure is shown in Figure 1.

The motor consists of a stator, a rotor, and a detection element. The stator is formed by stacking punching sheets, and its shape is polygonal, without a base, which is good for heat dissipation. A three-phase winding with a certain number of poles is embedded in the stator cogging. The rotor is also formed by stacking punched sheets, and a permanent magnet is installed in the rotor. The number of pole pairs is the same as that of the stator. Permanent magnets include aluminum-nickel-cobalt alloys, iron-oxygen alloys, and neodymium-iron-boron alloys, which are rare earth permanent magnet alloys. The performance of rare earth permanent magnet alloys is the best. The detection components are generally pulse encoders, or rotary transformers and speed measuring generators can be used to detect the angular position, displacement and rotational speed of the motor, so as to provide absolute position information, position feedback and speed feedback of the rotor of the permanent magnet AC synchronous motor. the amount. 2.The relationship between the rotation speed n of the AC servo motor's variable frequency speed-regulated AC motor and the AC power frequency f, the number of motor pole pairs p, and the speed slip ratio s is (1) for asynchronous motor s \u0026 ne; 0, for synchronous motor Then s = 0. It can be known from formula (1) that when the frequency f of the power source is changed, the rotation speed n of the motor changes in proportion to f.

It can also be seen from the torque formula &led water proof light fixture manufacturers65292; that the value of \u0026 Phi; decreases and the induced current I2 of the motor rotor decreases accordingly, which will inevitably lead to the reduction of the allowable output torque M of the motor. In addition, if the phase voltage U is constant, as f decreases, the air gap magnetic flux \u0026 Phi; will increase, which will saturate the magnetic circuit, increase the excitation current and cause a sharp increase in iron loss, and the power factor will decrease. Therefore, when changing the frequency f for speed regulation, the phase voltage U of the stator needs to be changed at the same time to maintain the value of \u0026 Phi; close to constant, so that M is also close to constant. It can be seen that the key problem of frequency conversion and speed regulation of AC servo motor is to obtain AC power with frequency and voltage regulation.There are many types of FM voltage regulators. The AC-DC-AC conversion circuit is usually used to achieve this.The main component of this circuit is a three-phase current inverter. Figure 2 shows the principle circuit diagram of the most widely used voltage type power transistor (GTR) three-phase inverter. The AC-DC conversion diode rectifier circuit obtains a constant DC voltage Ud. The power transistor switching elements T1, T4, T3, T6, T5, and T2 form a three-phase PWM inverter. The capacitor C tries to maintain the inverter input. The DC voltage Ud is constant, so this line is called a voltage inverter. Inverter switching elements T1, T2, and T3 are controlled by triangle wave 1 and sine wave 2 with a certain frequency and voltage amplitude generated according to the speed control control requirements. The waveforms 1 and 2 are used to generate equal-amplitude and equal-distance signals. The rectangular pulses 3 of unequal width are used as control signals to control their on and off. As a result, three sets of rectangular pulses similar to the control waveform 3 are obtained at the output of # the inverter. This waveform is equivalent High-end waterproof motor factory to the three-phase sinusoidal voltage 4 when driving the motor. As can be seen from the above discussion, the key to the frequency conversion and voltage regulation of the inverter is to obtain the required control waveform 3 from the inverter control end. The realization of the control waveform (that is, the motor speed control method) is now widely adopted as vector transformation control. Figure 3 is an example of the schematic diagram of an AC servo speed control system. The system consists of a power converter and a control platform. The power converter is composed of a rectifier and an inverter. The role of the rectifier is to convert the input three-phase AC power into DC power, as shown in the upper left part of Figure 3. The inverter converts the DC power into the DC power according to the requirements of the control signal. For the required three-phase AC power, high-performance inverters often use new IPM power modules with higher switching frequencies, as shown in the upper right of Figure 3. The controller platform adopts the DSP + FPGA solution on the hardware, as shown in the lower part of Figure 3. The main function of FPGA (field programmable gate array) device and DSP (digital signal processor) is to work with software to realize the scheduling of all control tasks, the processing of input and output signals, the generation of inverter control signals, and other controls. Features, etc. The single-chip microcomputer AT89C52 realizes the management of the display digital tube, keyboard (for debugging and parameter setting) and serial port. Due to space limitations, the detailed role of each module will not be discussed in detail here.

#led water proof light fixture manufacturers

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promarketstatistics · 5 years ago

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Rotary Encoders Market ReportOn a global scale, the Rotary Encoders market is currently showing significant development. The Rotary Encoders market is experiencing a growth velocity due to the new product prototype versions, world market dynamics, topological variations, economic statistics, product demands and sales that is taking place in the present day. The innovative methods and market study have helped many of the major players , Heidenhain, Danaher, Tamagawa, Baumer, Nemicon, P+F, Kubler, Koyo, Omron, Leine & Linde, Sick, TR Electronic, BEI, Rep Avago, Yuheng Optics, to carve a name for them in the competitive market. The plethora of Rotary Encoders market analysis has helped detailed out each and every detail in a summary format for all the clients. The informative report mentions every bifurcation of the product types, end-users, regions, market segmentation, and more in depth knowledge. The geographical segmentation clearly helps to understand the development and growth of the Rotary Encoders market in various regions. The given Rotary Encoders market report provides customers with current and forecast trends. Why Purchase this Report:Analyzing the market outlook with the recent trends and SWOT analysisRotary Encoders Market dynamics scenario with market growth opportunities in the futureMarket segmentation analysis including qualitative and quantitative research incorporating the economic and non-economic impactglobal and country level market analysis integrating the demand and sales that are influencing the market growthMarket value and volume data for each segment and sub-segmentCompetitive landscape involving the market share of major players, along with strategies adopted by market players in the past five yearsComprehensive company profiles covering the product offerings, recent developments, key financial information, SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats) analysis, and strategies employed by major companies. Follow Us: The key insights of the report:The report provides key market statistics on the market status of the Rotary Encoders manufacturers and is an important source of guidance and direction for individuals and companies interested in the industry.The report provides industry overview including its definition, applications and manufacturing technology.The report presents the company profile, product specifications, production value, capacity, and 2013-2019 market shares for key market players.The total Rotary Encoders market report is further divided by company, by application, by type and by country for the competitive landscape analysis.The report estimates 2019-2025 market development trends of Rotary Encoders industry.Analysis of upstream raw materials, current market dynamics and downstream demandThe report makes some important proposals for a new project of Rotary Encoders Industry before evaluating its feasibility. Want more information? Talk to an expert now

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#Information and Communication Technology

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akanchhakdanalyst · 5 years ago

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Rotary Encoder Market Report Overview: Industry Players, Type, Applications and Growth Analysis 2019-2024

KD Market insights has showcased a study on ‘Rotary Encoder Market - By Product Type (Incremental Rotary Encoders, Absolute Rotary Encoders) By Application (Elevator Industry, Machine Tool, Motor, Food & Packaging, Others) & Global Region - Market Size, Trends, Share & Forecast 2018-2023’. The report is sorted in multiple parts, including market dynamics, market sizing, competitive analysis and more. The results of the global Rotary Encoder market study are gained using different analytical methods such as top-down approach, bottom-down approach, Porter’s analysis, PEST analysis and more. In competitive landscape area, KD Market Insights has strongly focused on companies profiling, market positioning, market share analysis and more.

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Table of Contents

Research Methodology Market Definition and List of Abbreviations 1. Executive Summary 2. Growth Drivers & Issues in Global Rotary Encoder Market 3. Global Rotary Encoder Market Trends 4. Opportunities in Global Rotary Encoder Market 5. Recent Industry Activities, 2017 6. Porter's Five Forces Analysis 7. Market Value Chain and Supply Chain Analysis 8. Global Rotary Encoder Market Size (USD Million), Growth Analysis and Forecast, (2017-2023)

Global Rotary Encoder Market Segmentation Analysis, By Product Type 9.1. Introduction 9.2. Market Attractiveness, By Product Type 9.3. BPS Analysis, By Product Type 9.4. Incremental Rotary Encoder Markets 9.5. Absolute Rotary Encoder Markets

Global Rotary Encoder Market Segmentation Analysis, By Application 10.1. Introduction 10.2. Market Attractiveness, By Application 10.3. BPS Analysis, By Application 10.4. Elevator Industry 10.5. Machine Tool 10.6. Motor 10.7. Food & Packaging 10.8. Others

Geographical Analysis 11.1. Introduction 11.2. North America Rotary Encoder Market Size (USD Million) & Volume, 2017-2023 11.2.1. By Product Type 11.2.2. By Application 11.2.3. By Country 11.2.3.1. Market Attractiveness, By End-user 11.2.3.2. BPS Analysis, By End-User 11.2.3.3. U.S. Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2023 11.2.3.4. Canada Market Size (USD Million 2017-2023

11.3. Europe Rotary Encoder Market Size (USD Million) & Volume, 2017-2023 11.3.1. By Product Type 11.3.2. By Application 11.3.3. By Country 11.3.3.1. Market Attractiveness, By Country 11.3.3.2. BPS Analysis, By Country 11.3.3.3. Germany Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2023 11.3.3.4. United Kingdom Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2023 11.3.3.5. France Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2023 11.3.3.6. Italy Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2023 11.3.3.7. Spain Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2023 11.3.3.8. Russia Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2023 11.3.3.9. Rest of Europe Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2023

11.4. Asia Pacific Rotary Encoder Market Size (USD Million), 2017-2023 11.4.1. By Product Type 11.4.2. By Application 11.4.3. By Country 11.4.3.1. Market Attractiveness, By Country 11.4.3.2. BPS Analysis, By Country 11.4.3.3. China Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2023 11.4.3.4. India Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2023 11.4.3.5. Japan Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2023 11.4.3.6. South Korea Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2023 11.4.3.7. Indonesia Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2023 11.4.3.8. Taiwan Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2023 11.4.3.9. Australia Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2023 11.4.3.10. New Zealand Market Size (USD Million, 2017-2023 11.4.3.11. Rest of Asia Pacific Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2023

11.5. Latin America Rotary Encoder Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2023 11.5.1. By Product Type 11.5.2. By Application 11.5.3. By Country 11.5.3.1. Market Attractiveness, By Country 11.5.3.2. BPS Analysis, By Country 11.5.3.3. Brazil Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2023 11.5.3.4. Mexico Market Size (USD Million) 2017-2023 11.5.3.5. Rest of Latin America Market Size (USD Million, 2017-2023

Continue#@

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#Rotary Encoder #rotary encoder market size

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reportsandmarkets · 5 years ago

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Absolute Rotary Encoders Market Top key Players Heidenhain , Tamagawa , Nemicon , P+F , TR Electronic , Baumer , Kuebler ,Danaher(Hengstler) , Omron , Koyo, BEI , Sick , Yuheng Optics

This report on Absolute Rotary Encoders Market detailed analysis on the main challenges and growth prospects in the market. This research study is anticipated to help the new and existing key players in the market that will help in making current business decisions as well as to sustain in the severe competition of the global Absolute Rotary Encoders Market.

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soukacatv · 5 years ago

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What is digital modulation? Digital modulation transforms digital signals | Soukacatv.com

Digital modulation schemes transform digital signals like the one shown below into waveforms that are compatible with the nature of the communications channel. There are two major categories of digital modulation. One category uses a constant amplitude carrier and the other carries the information in phase or frequency variations (FSK, PSK). The other category conveys the information in carrier amplitude variations and is known as amplitude shift keying (ASK). The past few years has seen a major transition from the simple amplitude modulation (AM) and frequency modulation (FM) to digital techniques such as Quadrate Phase Shift Keying (QPSK), Frequency Shift Keying (FSK), Minimum Shift Keying (MSK) and Quadrate Amplitude Modulation (QAM).

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For designers of digital terrestrial microwave radios, their highest priority is good bandwidth efficiency with low bit-error-rate. They have plenty of power available and are not concerned with power efficiency. They are not especially concerned with receiver cost or complexity because they do not have to build large numbers of them. On the other hand, designers of hand-held cellular phones put a high priority on power efficiency because these phones need to run on a battery. Cost is also a high priority because cellular phones must be low-cost to encourage more users.

Accordingly, these systems sacrifice some bandwidth efficiency to get power and cost efficiency. Every time one of these efficiency parameters (bandwidth, power or cost)is increased, another one decreases, or becomes more complex or does not perform well in a poor environment. Cost is a dominant system priority. Low-cost radios will always be in demand. In the past, it was possible to make a radio low-cost by sacrificing power and bandwidth efficiency. This is no longer possible. The radio spectrum is very valuable and operators who do not use the spectrum efficiently could lose their existing licenses or lose out in the competition for new ones. These are the tradeoffs that must be considered in digital RF (Radio Frequency) communications design. If you understand the building blocks, then you will be able to understand how any communications system, present or future, works.

Introduction – Cont.

Why use Digital?

The move to digital modulation provides more information capacity, compatibility with digital data services, higher data security, better quality communications, and quicker system availability. Developers of communications systems face these constraints:

available bandwidth

permissible power

inherent noise level of the system

The RF spectrum must be shared, yet every day there are more users for that spectrum as demand for communications services increases. Digital modulation schemes have greater capacity to convey large amounts of information than analogue modulation schemes. The Fundamental Trade-off:

Introduction – Cont.

Industry trends over the past few years a major transition has occurred from simple analogue Amplitude Modulation (AM) and Frequency/Phase Modulation (FM/PM) to new digital modulation techniques. Examples of digital modulation include:

FSK (Frequency Shift Keying)

QPSK (Quadrature Phase Shift Keying)

QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation)

MSK (Minimum Shift Keying)

Now that we understand the basic principles of modulation you should be ready to take the first tutorial.

Frequency Shift Keying – FSK

What is FSK?

The two binary states, logic 0 (low) and 1 (high), are each represented by an analogue waveform. Logic 0 is represented by a wave at a specific frequency, and logic 1 is represented by a wave at a different frequency.

Below shows the basic representation. With binary FSK, the center or carrier frequency is shifted by the binary input data. Thus the input and output rates of change are equal and therefore the bit rate and baud rate equal. The frequency of the carrier is changed as a function of the modulating signal (data), which is being transmitted. Amplitude remains unchanged. Two fixed-amplitude carriers are used, one for a binary zero, the other for a binary one. You can see from the movie below how the FSK wave form is generated. Note when the edge of a new logic level enters the transmitter the frequency of the output. Frequency Shift Keying – Cont. If two or more of the same logic level are received in secession the frequency will remain the same until the logic level changes

As illustrated below

Frequency Shift Keying – Cont.

How the Waveform is generated. The general analytic expression for FSK is; si(t) = Acos2p Æ’i t 0 = t = T and i = 1,….,M Where; Æ’i = (Æ’0 + 2i – M)Æ’d Æ’0 denotes the carrier frequency. Generation of these waveforms may be accomplished with a set of M separate oscillators, each tuned to the frequency. It can be observed below that the error probability for a given signal-to-noise ratio decrease as M increases, contrary to other modulation scheme (i.e. PSK and QAM), but on the other hand the bandwidth efficiency decrease as M increases, it value being given by; Below shows error probability of coherently demodulated FSK where P (e) is the probability of error.

Frequency Shift Keying – Cont.

The FSK Transmitter. Below shows a block diagram of a FSK modulator where the input signal M equaled to either 2-,4-or 8-level impulses separated by the baud period, T. It is first filtered by v(t) to control the bandwidth of the base band signal which, in turn, partially controls the FSK signal spectrum. The filter output signal level is then adjusted and input to a phase modulator. The phase modulator centers the signal at frequency. The choice f a controls the frequency deviation, away from the center frequency for each symbol. Different choices of the low-pass filter characteristic and signal gain, a, control the signal bandwidth and inter symbol interference (ISI) on the base band signal. A common filter characteristic uses a rectangular pulse shape. It does not cause ISI but the bandwidth is relatively wide. Another choice is to use a Nyquist filter that introduces controlled ISI but complicates the demodulator timing recovery. More aggressive filtering, such as Gaussian filters, provide very good bandwidth control but require ISI compensation in the demodulator. Note that base band-filtering-induced ISI is different from multi-path-induced ISI that causes distortion on the FM signal rather than the base band.

Frequency Shift Keying – Cont.

Uses of FSK.

Today FSK Modems are used for short haul data communication over private lines or any

dedicated wire pair. These are many used for communication between industrial applications

like railroad signaling controls and mobile robotic equipment. The short haul modem offers

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In the past FSK was used in the Bell 103 and Bell 202. These were the first data modem but due to their low bit rate there not being used any more. The Bell 103 had a data rate of only 300 bauds. This modem was predominant until the early 1980s Analog modulation methods In analog modulation, the modulation is applied continuously in response to the analog information signal.

Analog signal An Analog or analogue signal is any continuous signal for which the time varying feature (variable) of the signal is a representation of some other time varying quantity, i.e. analogous to another time varying signal. It differs from a digital signal in terms of small fluctuations in the signal which are meaningful. Analog is usually thought of in an electrical context; however, mechanical, pneumatic, hydraulic, and other systems may also convey analog signals.

An analog signal uses some property of the medium to convey the signal’s information. For example, an aneroid barometer uses rotary position as the signal to convey pressure information. Electrically, the property most commonly used is voltage followed closely by frequency, current, and charge. Any information may be conveyed by an analog signal; often such a signal is a measured response to changes in physical phenomena, such as sound, light, temperature, position, or pressure, and is achieved using a transducer. For example, in sound recording, fluctuations in air pressure (that is to say, sound) strike the diaphragm of a microphone which induces corresponding fluctuations in the current produced by a coil in an electromagnetic microphone, or the voltage produced by a condenser microphone. The voltage or the current is said to be an “analog” of the sound. An analog signal has a theoretically infinite resolution. In practice an analog signal is subject to noise and a finite slew rate. Therefore, both analog and digital systems are subject to limitations in resolution and bandwidth. As analog systems become more complex, effects such as non-linearity and noise ultimately degrade analog resolution to such an extent that the performance of digital systems may surpass it. Similarly, as digital systems become more complex, errors can occur in the digital data stream. A comparable performing digital system is more complex and requires more bandwidth than its analog counterpart. In analog systems, it is difficult to detect when such degradation occurs. However, in digital systems, degradation can not only be detected but corrected as well. A low-frequency message signal (top) may be carried by an AM or FM radio wave.

Common analog modulation techniques are:

Amplitude modulation (AM) (here the amplitude of the modulated signal is varied)

Double-sideband modulation (DSB)

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Double-sideband modulation with unsuppressed carrier (DSB-WC)

(used on the AM radio broadcasting band)

Double-sideband suppressed-carrier transmission (DSB-SC)

Double-sideband reduced carrier transmission (DSB-RC)

Single-sideband modulation (SSB, or SSB-AM),

SSB with carrier (SSB-WC)

SSB suppressed carrier modulation (SSB-SC)

Vestigial sideband modulation (VSB, or VSB-AM)

Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM)

Angle modulation

Frequency modulation (FM) (here the frequency of the modulated signal is

varied)

Phase modulation (PM) (here the phase shift of the modulated signal is varied

Modulation is the process of varying one waveform in relation to another waveform. In telecommunications, modulation is used to convey a message, or a musician may modulate the tone from a musical instrument by varying its volume, timing and pitch. Often a high frequency sinusoid waveform is used as carrier signal to convey a lower frequency signal. The three key parameters of a sine wave are its amplitude (“volume”), its phase (“timing”) and its frequency (“pitch”), all of which can be modified in accordance with a low frequency information signal to obtain the modulated signal.

A device that performs modulation is known as a modulator and a device that performs the inverse operation of modulation is known as a demodulator (sometimes detector or demod). A device that can do both operations is a modem (short for “Modulator-Demodulator”)

Analog modulation methods in analog modulation, the modulation is applied continuously in response to the analog information signal. A low-frequency message signal (top) may be carried by an AM or FM radio wave.

Common analog modulation techniques are:

Amplitude modulation (AM) (here the amplitude of the modulated signal is varied)

Double-sideband modulation (DSB)

Double-sideband modulation with unsuppressed carrier (DSB-WC)

(used on the AM radio broadcasting band)

Double-sideband suppressed-carrier transmission (DSB-SC)

Double-sideband reduced carrier transmission (DSB-RC)

Single-sideband modulation (SSB, or SSB-AM),

SSB with carrier (SSB-WC)

SSB suppressed carrier modulation (SSB-SC)

Vestigial sideband modulation (VSB, or VSB-AM)

Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM)

Angle modulation

Frequency modulation (FM) (here the frequency of the modulated signal is

varied)

Phase modulation (PM) (here the phase shift of the modulated signal is varied)

Digital modulation methods in digital modulation, an analog carrier signal is modulated by a digital bit stream. Digital modulation methods can be considered as digital-to-analog conversion, and the corresponding demodulation or detection as analog-to-digital conversion. The changes in the carrier signal are chosen from a finite number of M alternative symbols (the modulation alphabet).

A simple example: A telephone line is designed for transferring audible sounds, for example tones, and not digital bits (zeros and ones). Computers may however communicate over a telephone line by means of modems, which are representing the digital bits by tones, called symbols. If there are four alternative symbols (corresponding to a musical instrument that can generate four different tones, one at a time), the first symbol may represent the bit sequence00, the second 01, the third 10 and the fourth 11. If the modem plays a melody consisting of 1000 tones per second, the symbol rate is 1000 symbols/second, or baud. Since each tone represents a message consisting of two digital bits in this example, the bit rate is twice the symbol rate, i.e. 2000 bits per second. According to one definition of digital signal, the modulated signal is a digital signal, and according to another definition, the modulation is a form of digital-to-analog conversion. Most textbooks would consider digital modulation schemes as a form of digital transmission, synonymous to data transmission; very few would consider it as analog transmission.

Fundamental digital modulation methods

These are the most fundamental digital modulation techniques:

In the case of PSK, a finite number of phases are used.

In the case of FSK, a finite number of frequencies are used.

In the case of ASK, a finite number of amplitudes are used.

In the case of QAM, a finite number of at least two phases and at least two amplitudes are used.

In QAM, an in phase signal (the I signal, for example a cosine waveform) and a quadrature phase signal (the Q signal, for example a sine wave) are amplitude modulated with a finite number of amplitudes, and summed. It can be seen as a two-channel system, each channel using ASK. The resulting signal is equivalent to a combination of PSK and ASK. In all of the above methods, each of these phases, frequencies or amplitudes are assigned a unique pattern of binary bits. Usually, each phase, frequency or amplitude encodes an equal number of bits. This number of bits comprises the symbol that is represented by the particular phase.

If the alphabet consists of M = 2N

symbol rate

alternative symbols, each symbol represents a message

consisting of N bits. If the (also known as the baud rate) is fS

baud

symbols/second (or), the data rate is NfS

For example, with an alphabet consisting of 16 alternative symbols, each symbol represents 4bits. Thus, the data rate is four times the baud rate bit/second.

In the case of PSK, ASK or QAM, where the carrier frequency of the modulated signal is constant, the modulation alphabet is often conveniently represented on a constellation diagram, showing the amplitude of the I signal at the x-axis, and the amplitude of the Q signal at the y-axis, for each symbol. Modulator and detector principles of operation PSK and ASK, and sometimes also FSK, are often generated and detected using the principle f QAM. The I and Q signals can be combined into a complex-valued signal I+jQ (where j is the imaginary unit). The resulting so called equivalent low pass signal or equivalent baseband signal is a complex-valued representation of the real-valued modulated physical signal (the so called pass band signal or RF signal).

These are the general steps used by the modulator to transmit data:

1. Group the incoming data bits into code words, one for each symbol that will be transmitted.

2. Map the code words to attributes, for example amplitudes of the I and Q signals (the equivalent low pass signal), or frequency or phase values.

3. Adapt pulse shaping or some other filtering to limit the bandwidth and form the spectrum of the equivalent low pass signal, typically using digital signal processing.

4. Perform digital-to-analog conversion (DAC) of the I and Q signals (since today all of the above is normally achieved using digital signal processing, DSP).

5. Generate a high-frequency sine wave carrier waveform, and perhaps also a cosine quadrature component. Carry out the modulation, for example by multiplying the sine and cosine wave form with the I and Q signals, resulting in that the equivalent lowpass signal is frequency shifted into a modulated pass band signal or RF signal. Sometimes this is achieved using DSP technology, for example direct digital synthesis using a waveform table, instead of analog signal processing. In that case the above DAC step should be done after this step.

6. Amplification and analog band pass filtering to avoid harmonic distortion and periodic spectrum

At the receiver side, the demodulator typically performs:

1. Band pass filtering.

Automatic gain control, AGC (to compensate for attenuation, for example fading).

Frequency shifting of the RF signal to the equivalent baseband I and Q signals, or to an intermediate frequency (IF) signal, by multiplying the RF signal with a local

Scillator sine wave and cosine wave frequency (see the super heterodyne receiver principle).

Sampling and analog-to-digital conversion (ADC) (Sometimes before or instead of the above point, for example by means of under sampling).

Equalization filtering, for example a matched filter, compensation for multipath propagation, time spreading, phase distortion and frequency selective fading, to avoid inter symbol interference and symbol distortion.

Detection of the amplitudes of the I and Q signals, or the frequency or phase of the IF signal.

Quantization of the amplitudes, frequencies or phases to the nearest allowed symbol values.

Mapping of the quantized amplitudes, frequencies or phases to code words (bit groups).

Parallel-to-serial conversion of the code words into a bit stream.

Pass the resultant bit stream on for further processing such as removal of any error-correcting codes. As is common to all digital communication systems, the design of both the modulator and demodulator must be done simultaneously. Digital modulation schemes are possible because the transmitter-receiver pair have prior knowledge of how data is encoded and represented in the communications system. In all digital communication systems, both the modulator at the transmitter and the demodulator at the receiver are structured so that they perform inverse operations.

Non-coherent modulation methods do not require a receiver reference clock signal that is phase synchronized with the sender carrier wave. In this case, modulation symbols (rather than bits, characters, or data packets) are asynchronously transferred. The opposite is coherent modulation.

List of common digital modulation techniques The most common digital modulation techniques are:

Phase-shift keying (PSK):

Binary PSK (BPSK), using M=2 symbols

Quadrature PSK (QPSK), using M=4 symbols

8PSK, using M=8 symbols

16PSK, using M=16 symbols

Differential PSK (DPSK)

Differential QPSK (DQPSK)

Offset QPSK (OQPSK)

p/4-QPSK

Frequency-shift keying (FSK):

Audio frequency-shift keying (AFSK)

Multi-frequency shift keying (M-ary FSK or MFSK)

Dual-tone multi-frequency (DTMF)

Continuous-phase frequency-shift keying (CPFSK)

Amplitude-shift keying (ASK)

On-off keying (OOK), the most common ASK form

M-ary vestigial sideband modulation, for example 8VSB

Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) – a combination of PSK and ASK:

Polar modulation like QAM a combination of PSK and ASK.

Continuous phase modulation

(CPM) methods:

Minimum-shift keying (MSK)

Gaussian minimum-shift keying (GMSK)

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) modulation:

Discrete multitone (DMT) – including adaptive modulation and bit-loading.

Wavelet modulation

Trellis coded modulation (TCM), also known as trellis modulation

Spread-spectrum techniques:

Direct-sequence spread spectrum (DSSS)

Chirp spread spectrum (CSS) according to IEEE 802.15.4a CSS uses pseudo stochastic coding

Frequency-hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) applies a special scheme for channel release MSK and GMSK are particular cases of continuous phase modulation.

Indeed, MSK is a particular case of the sub-family of CPM known as continuous-phase frequency-shift keying (CPFSK) which is defined by a rectangular frequency pulse (i.e. a linearly increasing phase pulse) of one symbol-time duration (total response signaling). OFDM is based on the idea of frequency division multiplexing (FDM), but is utilized as a digital modulation scheme. The bit stream is split into several parallel data streams, each transferred over its own sub-carrier using some conventional digital modulation scheme. The modulated sub-carriers are summed to form an OFDM signal. OFDM is considered as a modulation technique rather than a multiplex technique, since it transfers one bit stream overone communication channel using one sequence of so-called OFDM symbols.

OFDM can be extended to multi-user channel access method in the Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) and MC-CDMA schemes, allowing several users to share the same physical medium by giving different sub-carriers or spreading codes to different users. Of the two kinds of RF power amplifier, switching amplifiers (Class C amplifiers) cost less and use less battery power than linear amplifiers of the same output power. However, they only work with relatively constant-amplitude-modulation signals such as angle modulation (FSK or PSK) and CDMA, but not with QAM and OFDM. Nevertheless, even though switching amplifiers are completely unsuitable for normal QAM constellations, often the QAM modulation principle are used to drive switching amplifiers with these FM and other waveforms, and sometimes QAM demodulators are used to receive the signals put out by these switching amplifiers.

Digital baseband modulation or line coding

The term digital baseband modulation (or digital baseband transmission) is synonymous to line codes. These are methods to transfer a digital bit stream over an analog baseband channel (a.k.a. low pass channel) using a pulse train, i.e. a discrete number of signal levels, by directly modulating the voltage or current on a cable. Common examples are unipolar, non-return-to zero (NRZ), Manchester and alternate mark inversion (AMI) coding. Pulse modulation methods Pulse modulation schemes aim at transferring a narrowband analog signal over an analog baseband channel as a two-level signal by modulating a pulse wave. Some pulse modulation schemes also allow the narrowband analog signal to be transferred as a digital signal (i.e. as a quantized discrete-time signal) with a fixed bit rate, which can be transferred over an underlying digital transmission system, for example some line code. These are not modulation schemes in the conventional sense since they are not channel coding schemes, but should be considered as source coding schemes, and in some cases analog-to-digital conversion techniques.

Analog-over-analog methods:

Pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM)

Pulse-width modulation (PWM)

Pulse-position modulation (PPM)

Analog-over-digital methods:

Pulse-code modulation (PCM)

Differential PCM (DPCM)

Adaptive DPCM (ADPCM)

Delta modulation (DM or .-modulation)

Sigma-delta modulation (S.)

Continuously variable slope delta modulation (CVSDM), also called Adaptive-delta modulation (ADM)

Pulse-density modulation (PDM) Miscellaneous modulation techniques

The use of on-off keying to transmit Morse code at radio frequencies is known as continuous wave (CW) operation.

Adaptive modulation

Space modulation A method whereby signals are modulated within airspace, such as that used in Instrument landing systems

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