#Op amp comparator applications

[rich2flirs]

Op amp comparator applications, Digital logic gate, hardware electronic device

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[jol2pland]

https://www.futureelectronics.com/p/semiconductors--analog--amplifiers--general-purpose/ts393idt-stmicroelectronics-1027334

Power operational amplifier, power op amp, operational circuits,

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[rymnd2liso]

Comparator applications, NOR gate indicate, Comparator circuit, NAND gates

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[chrl2lamb]

Inverting comparator, comparator applications, voltage comparator

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[teardownit]

Between Analog and Digital: Comparators

Sometimes, there's a need to compare two voltages. A special circuitry stage exists to serve just this purpose—a comparator. Today, I will tell you all about comparators and show a few examples of their use.

What is the field of application for comparators? — It is literally any device; many microcontrollers have built-in comparators of their own!

Remember our post on PWM (https://teardownit.com/posts/pwm-led-dimmer)? That circuit used as many as two comparators—U1A and U2B.

What could be simpler than a comparator? It compares two voltages at its two inputs, and based on the result of this comparison, it connects its output to the positive or negative power line.

When the voltage at the non-inverting input is higher than at the inverting input, it will be a positive supply voltage line and, accordingly, a high voltage level, a logical one. Otherwise, it will be a negative power line, a low level, or a logical zero.

Why does the comparator look like an op-amp in the diagram? Most often, this is the operational amplifier.

U1A switches the timing capacitor C1 to charge or discharge, depending on the voltage at point C, which comes to the non-inverting input of the comparator through resistor R10.

Let me draw your attention to resistor R9, as it is of great importance in this scheme.

We are accustomed to connecting a resistor between an op-amp's output and the inverting input to set the gain. This is negative feedback.

The output of U2A is connected to its inverting input. We should recall two fundamental principles of the operation of an operational amplifier: virtually no current flows through its inputs, and the output voltage, with negative feedback present, will be such that the voltages at the inverting and non-inverting inputs are equal.

Thus, the voltage at the output will equal the voltage at the non-inverting input. We've got a buffer—a voltage follower.

Why do we need such a buffer? Because the input impedance of the operational amplifier is very high, and the output impedance is low.

That means we can transmit input voltage to the load that requires a significant current and simultaneously not overload the circuit generating this voltage and not distort its operation.

And here is a small part of the Fulltone OCD guitar pedal circuit from our post about DIY Dumble-like sounding MOSFET Overdrive. The operational amplifier no longer repeats but amplifies the input voltage.

For simplicity's sake, let's ignore capacitors, although they contribute to impedance. We have to understand the core principle.

The amplifier input is the left terminal of resistor R10. To pull up the non-inverting input of the op-amp to virtual ground, which is half the supply voltage, resistor R12 is used.

R10 and R12 form a voltage divider. The voltage at the non-inverting input will equal the input multiplied by R12 / (R10 + R12) = 220 / 230 = 22/23.

22/23 is almost 1, so we'll assume that the voltage at the non-inverting input, and therefore at the inverting input, is equal to the input.

R13 and R11 are also voltage dividers in the feedback circuit of the operational amplifier. The output voltage will equal the input voltage multiplied by (R13 + R11) / R11 = 189 / 39 = 4.85. Or 4.64, if you insist on multiplying by 22/23.

Let's get back to the PWM regulator circuit. Here, we have the same voltage divider but in a stage of positive rather than negative feedback! And it is assembled with resistors R9 and R10.

Almost no current flows through the inputs of an op-amp; it only goes through R9 and R10. And since this is the same current (let’s denote it as 'I'), we can write the equations of Ohm’s law for resistors R9 and R10.

Let's say the input voltage at the correct pin of R10 is Uin, and the output voltage at the output of U1A is Uout. Call the potential of the non-inverting input U1A 'U', and we obtain the following equations:.

I = (Uout - U) / R9 I = (U - Uin) / R8

Next, we transform our equations to calculate the dependence of U on Uin.

(Uout - U) / 5.6 = (U - Uin) / 2

For simplicity, let's round 5.6 up to 6.

(Uout - U) / 3 = U - Uin Uout - U = 3U - 3Uin 3Uin = 4U - Uout U = 3/4Uin + Uout / 4

To understand what Vout might be equal to, we need to refer to the datasheet for the LM358 chip from Texas Instruments.

Our PWM controller has a bipolar power supply of +12 V and -12 V, for a total of 24 volts. These are our power bus voltages. However, due to its design characteristics, the deviation of the operational amplifier's output voltage also depends on the output current.

The load U1A is a parametric voltage stabilizer based on a two-anode Zener diode assembled from two conventional Zener diodes connected in a back-to-back series.

The forward voltage across the Zener diode at the standard shunt regulator current is 0.7 volts. Then, the correct pin of R8 will have a voltage of 5.8 volts with a plus or minus sign, depending on the polarity of the U1A output.

That means the current through R8 will be about 5 milliamps. Then Vout can be somewhere between + (12 - 1.5) = +10.5 V and - (12 - 0.75) = - 11.25 V.

So, when the logic level at the output of the comparator is high, then U = 3/4Uin + 2.63V. When the logic level is low, U = 3/4Uin - 2.8 V.

The potential of the comparator's inverting input is zero since it is connected to the ground through resistor R11.

We need the voltage at the non-inverting input below zero volts to switch the comparator from high to low. And from low to high—above zero volts. Then we get the following equations:

3/4Uin + 2.63V = 0 Uin = -3.5 V

3/4Uin - 2.8 V = 0 Uin = 3.75 V

What will then happen to the comparator in the input voltage range of -3.5 to +3.75 volts? Nothing; the comparator will not change its state.

If its output is high, it will remain high until the input voltage drops below -3.5 volts. And if it was low, then it would wait for the voltage to rise above +3.75 V to switch to high. This means the comparator has so-called hysteresis.

Comparator hysteresis is excellent for protecting against false alarms and interference. And thanks to positive feedback, we got a comparator with memory!

It saves its state and waits for the signal to be set to high or reset to low. It sounds like an RS flip-flop, right?

Sometimes, lathes are actually assembled this way. Suppose an extra comparator or an operational amplifier is left unused in some chip, and we need a flip-flop. Why add an extra element when we already have almost everything we need? Just bring in a couple of resistors.

We have an extra operational amplifier in our PWM regulator. It is U2A, which we've used as a buffer, even though the input impedance of U2B is precisely the same without a repeater. If we needed an RS flip-flop in this circuit, we could easily build it on U2A.

Now, let's build an electronic thermometer with an LED scale.

The temperature sensor is a thermistor TH1 with a negative temperature coefficient. Together with R10, they form a voltage divider.

With TH1's nominal resistance of 10 kOhm, the voltage at the resistor will be 1/11 of the supply voltage, approximately 0.5 volts.

With a total resistance of tuning resistor R9 of 100 kOhm, there will also be approximately 0.5 volts at the left pin of R1. As the resistance R9 decreases, this voltage will increase to 5 volts.

The resistive ladder R1-R8 generates a series of voltages in increments of 1/8 of the voltage at the left pin of R1.

As the temperature of the thermistor increases, its resistance will decrease. Accordingly, the voltage at the non-inverting inputs of the comparators will increase. The higher this voltage is, the more comparators will switch to a high output state, and accordingly, more LEDs will light up.

Resistance R9 can be adjusted so that D4 and D5 correspond to the desired temperature range. If D6 is not lit, the temperature is too low, and if D3 is lit, the temperature is too high.

This thermometer can serve not only as a temperature indicator but also as a temperature regulator. For example, you can do this:

When D6 goes out, the heating turns on, and when D5 lights up, it turns off.

When D3 lights up, ventilation is turned on; when D4 goes out, it turns off. This will provide hysteresis so the heater and fan do not turn on and off too often.

This is another application of hysteresis for which RS flip-flops come in handy. We already know they can be built on identical operational amplifiers in comparator mode.

The terminals for the outer LEDs (D1 and D8) can be connected to an alarm signal. Suppose the temperature in the terrarium or other place where we've installed the thermostat significantly exceeds the permissible limits. In that case, an alarm siren goes off, an SMS is sent to the phone, and so on.

So, with the help of comparators, one can turn analog values into logical events and organize automated control with a convenient visual indication.

At the same time, we did not need any microcontroller; two LM324 chips were just enough.

The operation and assembly process of the electronic thermometer are shown in the video.

[avaqsemi]

NE5532 vs TL072: What are Differences and How to Choose 2023

The NE5532 and TL072 are both operational amplifiers (op-amps) frequently used in electronic circuits, but they have some differences in terms of specifications and performance characteristics. Choosing between them depends on your specific application requirements. As of my last knowledge update in September 2021, here are the key differences and considerations for choosing between the NE5532 and TL072 in 2023:

Noise and Distortion:

NE5532: The NE5532 is known for its low noise and low distortion characteristics, making it suitable for high-fidelity audio applications. It has a lower total harmonic distortion (THD) and lower input noise voltage compared to the TL072.

TL072: The TL072 is also a low-noise op-amp but typically has slightly higher noise and distortion levels compared to the NE5532. However, it may still be suitable for many audio and general-purpose applications.

Bandwidth and Slew Rate:

NE5532: The NE5532 generally has a wider bandwidth and higher slew rate compared to the TL072. This makes it better suited for high-frequency applications.

TL072: The TL072 has a lower bandwidth and slew rate compared to the NE5532, so it may not be ideal for applications requiring high-frequency response.

Power Supply Voltage:

Both the NE5532 and TL072 typically operate with dual power supplies, but they can also work with single-supply configurations with some limitations. Be sure to check the specific datasheets for voltage requirements and limitations.

Input Bias Current:

The TL072 usually has lower input bias current compared to the NE5532. This can be important in applications where input current offsets can impact performance.

Price and Availability:

The TL072 is often more cost-effective and readily available compared to the NE5532. If your project is cost-sensitive, the TL072 may be a preferred choice.

Application Considerations:

Choose the op-amp that best suits your application's requirements. If you're working on audio equipment or other high-fidelity applications where low noise and distortion are critical, the NE5532 may be the better choice. For less demanding applications or when cost is a factor, the TL072 can be a suitable alternative.

[techtycoons7]

Analog Marvels: Exploring the Wonders of Integrated Circuits

Analog IC (Integrated Circuit) refers to a type of electronic circuit that is designed to process and manipulate continuous analog signals. Unlike digital ICs that operate with discrete binary values (0s and 1s), analog ICs work with continuous voltage levels. These circuits are crucial in various applications, including audio and video processing, signal conditioning, amplification, and sensor interfaces.

Analog ICs typically consist of several components integrated onto a single chip, such as operational amplifiers (op-amps), comparators, voltage regulators, filters, and oscillators. These components work together to perform specific functions, allowing analog signals to be accurately processed and modified. Analog ICs require precise design and fabrication techniques to maintain signal integrity, reduce noise, and ensure optimal performance. The advancement of analog IC technology has led to the development of highly integrated and high-performance devices that have revolutionized fields such as telecommunications, audio equipment, and medical instrumentation.

Designing and manufacturing analog ICs present unique challenges due to the complexity of analog signal processing and the need for accurate parameter matching. However, analog ICs offer significant advantages, including lower power consumption, reduced component count, smaller form factors, and improved reliability compared to discrete analog circuits. These integrated circuits play a vital role in a wide range of applications where continuous signals need to be processed, making them an essential building block of modern electronic systems.

Read More: https://thetechnologynews-24.blogspot.com/2023/06/amplifying-analog-world-guide-to-analog.html

[fuzzkaizer]

NINT - Molecular Clipping Overdrive Prototype

“... The team of chemists/physicists at NINT have been working on a new kind of molecular diode for the last several years, a diode that's formed by a single atomic layer of a conductor on a substrate.  Called a molecular junction, it has special properties over a regular diode.  They have cutting edge applications in special video displays, sensors, high frequency info.. nanotech kinda stuff.

... it's a circuit that shows off the molecular junctions through the most popular and common amplifying devices:  a MOSFET, an NPN transistor, and an op amp.  Each device is a single gain stage and they go from high to low, the FET is a dirty boost, the NPN is a medium gain fuzz, and the op amp is a high gain distortion.  Each gain stage has a gain control and then there's an overall treble control and a master volume.  It's buffered in and out so it's not as susceptible to external variations and performs consistently. 

For each gain stage there's a rotary switch that selects between 2 junctions, silicon diodes, or no diodes, so the junctions can be quickly compared to other popular diodes or no diodes, all socketed for experimentation.  There's LED lights for the gain stages and the clipping stages so one can look at the circuit quickly and tell how it's set. “

cred: ilovefuzz.com/Ryan

[gadgetslite297]

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[quartz-components]

UA741 General Purpose Op-Amp IC

If you have been into electronics for quite some time and have started with Op-Amps then you should have for sure come across the name UA741. It is a single package Op-Amp that has been widely used by engineers and students for quite a long time now. This Op-Amp can be used for many general purpose applications like, Voltage follower, Buffers, Comparators, Amplifiers, Adders and much more. So if you looking for a plain old Op-Amp just for some basic circuit design then this IC might be the right choice for you.

Learn more about UA741 Op-amp here: https://components101.com/ics/ua741-op-amp-pinout-datasheet

[bdelectronics]

NEW JAPAN RADIO | BD Electronics

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[amaxchipamaxchip]

TL072QDREP

TL072QDREP is a JFET- input operational amplifier with low input bias and offset currents and fast slew rate, i.e., 13V/μs. Slew rate is defined because the maximum rate at which an amplifier can answer a sudden glitch within the input level. Moreover, it's low harmonic distortion; for that reason, it's ideal to use in audio preamplifier applications.

 Some of the important facts about the module TL072QDREP are as under:

Low input power

It has low input bias     and offset currents.

It features a harmonic     distortion of around 0.003%. The important factor is that it ensures the     standard of output.

The slew rate of about     13V/μs.

It has high input     impedance. For a perfect amplifier, input impedance should be infinite.     The upper input impedance of the module TL072QDREP ensures the best     behavior of the module.

 Module TL072QDREP offers the benefits that are desired in many audio applications. Module TL072QDREP could be a suitable op-amp for audio applications, having higher gain and better bandwidth. In the high input stage, giving verily low bias currents, the only drawback of the module TL072QDREP is its offset voltage limitation. TL072QDREP's Input offset voltage isn't particularly low and can be temperature sensitive.

 NE5534 is another module that will replace TL072QDREP. The NE5534 is additionally an improved' part compared to the 741 benchmarks, but it has been improved in alternative ways. With a low noise bipolar input stage and plenty of bandwidth. Its bandwidth is tailored to the chip's compensation capacitor for sale being required externally. The user can choose where to pitch the dominant pole or select more complex compensation schemes. It's an output stage that will source plenty more current than the TL072 families. However, a challenge is that the low noise/wide bandwidth features are achieved by running moderate gain bipolar transistors within the input stage at significant DC currents. Therefore the bias currents flowing in its input pins are vast.

 The module TL072QDREP encompasses many applications because of its efficient parameters. The most straightforward and demanding application is an Oscilloscope that amplifies the signal for better visibility and reading the voltage. Another essential application of module TL072QDREP is Audio mixers. Audio mixers take various inputs via an appropriate resistor to virtual earth points, mixing different sounds and audio signals. Another advantage of the module is sound reproduction (Hi-Fi). The term above refers to the high-quality reproduction of sound with lower latency, accuracy in 3D sound, and more cross-browser compatibility. Audio amplifiers have Inaudible noise and distortion and neutral frequency response within the human hearing range.

[utsourceic]

Irf3205 switch circuit_irf3205 typical application circuit

Irf3205 switch circuit_irf3205 typical application circuit

irf3205（get on utsource.net） is a field effect tube widely used at present. This article brings you an introduction to three typical application circuits of irf3205.

A MOSFET drive circuit based on irf3205 design

The triangle in the figure below is an op amp. We can see that this op amp is now acting as a comparator. I will give him a constant level of 1V at the reverse end of the comparator (of course, 0.5V/1.5V will work. ), if MCU_IO (connected to the control port of the microcontroller) outputs a high level (the voltage must be higher than 1V), the output result of the comparator is close to VCC. It should be noted here, what is the output voltage of this comparator? At this time, the so-called high level output by the comparator is actually the power supply voltage VCC of the comparator. When you supply the comparator with the power supply voltage, you will output how much (slightly less than VCC). For example, here we are supplying power to the comparator. The voltage is 12V (this is also the best operating voltage of the MOSFET). At this time, the comparator outputs 12V. This 12V is added to the gate of the MOSFET, the MOSFET will be turned on, and the load will be energized. You can use any operational amplifier chip to build this comparator, such as LM358/LM324 and so on.

MOSFET drive circuit based on irf3205 design two

The driving circuit is a resistor R17 and a transistor Q4. When MCU_IO is high level 1, the transistor is turned on and the gate voltage of the MOSFET drops to low level. At this time, the MOSFET is turned off. When MCU_IO is low level, The transistor Q4 is turned off, and the MOSFET is turned on at this time.

High-power square wave inverter designed based on irf3205

This inverter is a high frequency inverter, completely abandoning the bulky power frequency transformer, not only reduces the volume, but also improves the efficiency, and there is no buzzing sound from the power frequency transformer. This inverter is a typical high frequency inverter power frequency output structure: DC-AC-DC-AC structure (12VDC-330VAC0 30KHz-330VDC-230VAC 50HZ). The inverter is equipped with voltage stabilization and output overcurrent protection functions.

[shunlongwei]

Sell Toshiba MG25J6ES40 New Stock #MG25J6ES40 Toshiba MG25J6ES40 New 6IGBT: 25A600V, MG25J6ES40 pictures, MG25J6ES40 price, #MG25J6ES40 supplier ------------------------------------------------------------------- Email: sales@shunlongwei.com https://www.slw-ele.com/mg25j6es40.html ------------------------------------------------------------------- MG25J6ES40 Description MG25J6ES40 is the device with six IGBT chips in one package. It is guaranteed to deliver six times as much of the performance and six times as much as the power compared to a single IGBT. It is a high-speed, cost-effective IGBT module from Toshiba. With the power of six IGBTs inside it’s package, it can deliver speed and power that never seen before. And don’t worry about the space and weight. It only takes a space as a single IGBT, and it only weighs at a very light 0.5 pounds. MG25J6ES40 also guarantees reliability, efficiency and cost-effectiveness with your chosen application. MG25J6ES400.50 lbs Target_Applications MG25J6ES40 could be used in HIGH POWER SWITCHING / MOTOR CONTROL APPLICATIONS Features N-CHANNEL IGBT 6IGBT: 25A600V Shunlongwei Inspected Every MG25J6ES40 Before Ship, All MG25J6ES40 with 6 months warranty. Part Number Manufacturer Packaging Descript Qty 1812B-38Ever Ohms Technology Co LtdFixed Resistor, Thin Film, 0.25W, 38.3ohm, 100V, 0.1% +/-Tol, -25,25ppm/Cel, 1812 517 PCSTY8MVEE300J2C847U-4GJ1TOSHIBAQFP 607 PCSTSV324IYPTSTTSSOP14General purpose low voltage rail to rail input/output op-amp 9200 PCSHZU18B2JTRFRENESASSOD-323 6090 PCSLTC6102HVIMS8#TRPBFLINEARMSOP8 10056 PCSIDT92HD88B3X5NDGIDTQFN 3205 PCSBAS70W-06DIODESSOT-323 6090 PCSTIP41C-BPMicro Commercial CoPower Bipolar Transistor, 6A I(C), 100V V(BR)CEO, 1-Element, NPN, Silicon, TO-220AB, Plastic/Epoxy, 3 Pin, ROHS COMPLIANT, PLASTIC, TO-220, 3 PIN 1008 PCSVI-B4V-EVVICORIGBT moduleDC-DC Booster Module, 150W 176 PCSTA8210AHTOSHIBAIGBT moduleIC 22 W, 2 CHANNEL, AUDIO AMPLIFIER, PSFM17, Audio/Video Amplifier 104 PCS