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0kuribito · 4 years ago

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バイナンススマートチェーン(BSC)の使い方｜イールドファーミングの始め方

https://www.bulimbaoztag.com/binance-smart-chain/

バイナンススマートチェーン(BSC)の使い方｜イールドファーミングの始め方

バイナンススマートチェーン／Binance Smart Chain（BSC）は、DeFi界隈で人気のイーサリアム仮想マシーン（EVM）との互換性に特化したブロックチェーンです。

ブラウザー拡張で機能する手軽さと超高速取引・低コスト（ガス代が安い）で取引できる点、高利率でのステーキングやマイニングができる点も魅力が詰まっています。

今回は、Binanceの独自ブロックチェーン「バイナンススマートチェーン（BSC）の特徴や仕組み」から「設定方法やファーミングの始め方」まで網羅してお伝えしていきます。

最後まで読むことで、利回り500％以上のプロダクトも多数存在する高配当ファーミングの世界に招待できるので参考にして始めてみて下さいね♪

バイナンススマートチェーン／Binance Smart Chain（BSC）とは｜特徴や仕組み・メリットとデメリット

BSCのメリット BSCのデメリット

イーサリアムとの互換性が高く拡張性も高い

パブリックブロックチェーンでパーミッションレス

アプリケーション開発が可能

クロスチェーン接続が可能

イーサリアムよりブロック生成時間が早い

Proof of Staked Authority

イーサリアムよりガス代が安い（1gwei＝10＝0.00000000001BNB）

成長スピードが早く短期間で大きな進化をする

KYC不要で取引可能

BSC上でしか使えないしか使えないトークンがある

イーサリアム

スマートコントラクトのサポートがない

資産や秘密鍵の自己管理

進化スピードが早く使い方に変化が生じるリスク

手数料支払いがBNB暗号資産に限定されている

上記にもまとめていますが、バイナンススマートチェーン／Binance Smart Chain（BSC）を利用するにはメリットやデメリットを十分に把握しておく必要があります。

バイナンススマートチェーン／Binance Smart Chain（BSC）とは、イーサリアム同様にアプリケーション開発できるBinance独自のブロックチェーンで、ETHと互換性のあるシステムです。

ETHとの互換性があるためイーサリアム上のDAppsをBSCに移行も可能で、非中央集権のDEX（分散型取引所・ノンカストディアル）における高速取引を実現しています。

バイナンススマートチェーン（BSC）の最大の特徴は、DEX（分散型取引所）を使って暗号資産売買する個々人同士が自分の秘密鍵とアドレスを使って取引します。

そのため、資産を取引所に預けるのではなく自分自身で秘密鍵まで管理する必要がありセキュリティ対策等においても自己責任下で利用することになります。

また「BEP2」や「BEP20」などのトークン規格に沿って取引することになり、ブラウザー拡張機能を使った取引やクロスチェーン（別ブロックチェーン通信）も可能な次世代取引ツールと言えます。

教頭

イーサリアムとの互換性があるためETH上で開発されているDEXのPancakeSwapやBeefy.Financeでの取引や、メタマスクなどのEthereumウォレットにも利用可能です。

イーサリアムのERC-20とバイナンススマートチェーンのBEP-20は全く同じ、という解説するほうが分かりやすいかもしれませんね♪

BSCはバイナンスのアカウント開設が必須です

https://www.bulimbaoztag.com/binance-register-login/

バイナンススマートチェーン（Binance Chain）とバイナンスチェーン（Binance Smart Chain）の違い

バイナンスチェーン（Binance Chain）バイナンススマートチェーン（Binance Smart Chain）コンセンサス DPoS（Delegated Proof of Stake） PoSA（Proof of Staked Authority）バリデーター数 11 ～21 平均ブロック数 1秒未満～5秒プログラマビリティ BEP EVM互換のスマートコントラクトクロスチェーン BEP3はハッシュタイマーロックコントラクト関数と、ブロックチェーン間トークンペグを処理するためのさらなるメカニズムを導入しています。 BSCには、効率的なネイティブデュアルチェーン通信が付属しています。高速でスムーズなユーザーエクスペリエンスを必要とする高性能dAppのスケーリング用に最適化されています。

上記にもまとめていますが「バイナンスチェーン（Binance Chain）」と「バイナンススマートチェーン（Binance Smart Chain）」には明確な相違点があります。

「バイナンスチェーン（Binance Chain）」は、高速取引に最適化されているためプログラマビリティが��軟性に欠ける特性を持っています。

「バイナンススマートチェーン（Binance Smart Chain）」は、スマートコントラクト機能とイーサリアム仮想マシン（EVM）互換性があるため、分散型アプリケーションを開発するための環境を備えたブロックチェーンです。

教頭

「バイナンススマートチェーン（Binance Smart Chain）」は「バイナンスチェーン（Binance Chain）」が��フラインでも稼働する独立したプライベートブロックチェーンです。

2者は名前は似ていても異なる性質を持ったブロックチェーンと言えるのです。

バイナンススマートチェーン／Binance Smart Chain（BSC）｜対応DEX取引所・DApps イールドアグリゲーター（Yield Aggregators）

DEX（分散型取引所） DApps（Yield Aggregators｜イールドアグリゲーター）

DexGuru

1inchi.Exchange

Dodo

IDEX

PancakeSwap

Multichain.xyz　など

Autofarm

Beefy Finance

Venus

Harvest

PancakeSwap

BurgerSwap

cream　など

BSC暗号資産（仮想通貨）銘柄の種類一覧

Binance Coin(BNB)

Binance USD(BUSD)

PancakeSwap(CAKE)

The Graph(GRT)

Ontology(ONT)

1inch(1INCH)

Bitcoin Standard Hashrate Token(BTCST)

Venus(XVS)

DODO(DODO)

Reef(REEF)

Alpha Finance Lab(ALPHA)

Swipe(SXP)

Travala.com(AVA)

Wrapped BNB(WBNB)

Linear(LINA)

SafePal(SFP)

BakeryToken(BAKE)

MATH(MATH)

RAMP(RAMP)

Injective Protocol(INJ)

Vai(VAI)

LTO Network(LTO)

Trust Wallet Token(TWT)

MiL.k(MLK)

Beefy.Finance(BIFI)

saffron.finance(SFI)

BSCPAD(BSCPAD)

Nerve Finance(NRV)

Bella Protocol(BEL)

Dego Finance(DEGO)

Unifi Protocol DAO(UNFI)

Phoenix Global(PHB)

Frontier(FRONT)

Belt(BELT)

Bounce Token(AUCTION)

Cream Finance(CREAM)

Spartan Protocol(SPARTA)

FREE Coin(FREE)

Drep [new](DREP)

Helmet.insure(HELMET)

Burger Swap(BURGER)

ZeroSwap(ZEE)

DeXe(DEXE)

JulSwap(JULD)

Anyswap(ANY)

VIDT Datalink(VIDT)

Auto(AUTO)

ForTube(FOR)

suterusu(SUTER)

JustLiquidity(JUL)

Bondly(BONDLY)

AntiMatter(MATTER)

Poolz Finance(POOLZ)

Bounce Token (OLD)(BOT)

BUX Token(BUX)

Oraichain Token(ORAI)

Goose Finance(EGG)

Crowns(CWS)

SwftCoin(SWFTC)

Multiplier(BMXX)

DOS Network(DOS)

Berry Data(BRY)

Mettalex(MTLX)

ERC20(ERC20)

Argon(ARGON)

WOWswap(WOW)

BillionHappiness(BHC)

HyperBurn(HYPR)

Seedify.fund(SFUND)

Swirge(SWG)

HyperAlloy(ALLOY)

Hydro(HYDRO)

Innovative Bioresearch Coin(INNBC)

Wealthlocks(WLT)

Ditto(DITTO)

YVS.Finance(YVS)

Cubiex(CBIX)

Shield Protocol(SHIELD)

Space Cow Boy(SCB)

Streamity(STM)

Ethereum Yield(ETHY)

PancakeBunny(BUNNY)

7up Finance(7UP)

JustLiquidity Binance(JULB)

Midas Dollar Share(MDS)

Midas Dollar(MDO)

Wault Finance(WAULT)

CheeseSwap(CHS)

DeFiPie(PIE)

ACryptoS(ACS)

fry.world(FRIES)

RamenSwap(RAMEN)

PayRue (Propel)(PROPEL)

Sashimi(SASHIMI)

Phoswap(PHO)

Friction Finance(TAO)

ETG Finance(ETGF)

Crudeoil Finance(OIL)

DeFi100(D100)

Absorber Protocol(ABS)

ABS(Name)

BSCswap(BSWAP)

Narwhalswap(NAR)

ApeSwap Finance(BANANA)

Battle Pets(PET)

DREP [old](DREP)

CryptoFrog.Finance(FROG)

校長

DEX（分散型取引所）は管理機関なしで動作する分散型の暗号資産取引所です。

Yield Aggregators（イールドアグリゲーター）は、DeFiプロトコルや戦略を活用して利益を最大化ができる収穫農業（Farming）プロセスのことを指します。

イールドアグリゲーターを活用することで、変動又は固定のROIを獲得できます。BSCを使ったファーミングにはバイナンスのアカウントが必要になります。

Binance公式サイト｜BSCで今すぐFarmingを始める！

バイナンススマートチェーン／Binance Smart Chain（BSC）｜BEP2とBEP20の違い

トークン規格特徴取引所 BEP2 DEX取引 DEX（分散型取引所） BEP20 BSC上のDApps取引 DAppsアプリ（イールドアグリゲーター）

「BEP2」は「BSC」のトークン規格のことで「BEP20」は「バイナンススマートチェーン（Binance Smart Chain）」のトークン規格を表しています。

教頭

BSCの入出金ではBEP2やBEP20・ERC20など様々なアドレス規格があるため、クロスチェーン入金には注意しましょう。

「BEP20→BEP20」という形で、外部プラットフォーム規格にマッチしたネットワーク選択をしましょう。暗号資産を失うことになるため十分注意して下さい！

バイナンススマートチェーン／Binance Smart Chain（BSC）の設定方法（やり方・始め方）

バイナンススマートチェーン／Binance Smart Chainで取引を始める前の必須��項が「BSC上アプリと取引できる��ォレット」を用意することです。

BSCチェーンウォレットは、ChromeなどのWEBブラウザーの拡張機能やTrust Wallet・Ledger」などで接続することができますが、直感操作が可能なブラウザ拡張のウォレットです。

校長

Binancce DEXで取引したいなら「BEP2」規格のトークンを使用します。

BSC上のDApps（PancakeSwapなどのイールドアグリゲーター）取引をするなら「BEP20」規格トークンを利用することになります。

通常稼ぐために利用する場合は、後者の「BEP20」のBSCになってきます。

Binance公式サイト｜BSCで今すぐFarmingを始める！

Binance Chain Wallet（バイナンスチェーンウォレット）一覧と作成方法

BSCウォレット特徴セキュリティおすすめ度ダウンロード Binance Chain Wallet ブラウザ拡張ウォレット

Chrome拡張

Firefox拡張

METAMASK DAppsウォレット公式サイト Ledger HardWare Wallet ハードウェアウォレット公式サイト Trust Wallet DAppsウォレット公式サイト

上記にもまとめていますが、BSCウォレットにはいくつかのウォレットがありおすすめは「Binance Chain Wallet・METAMASK」のブラウザ拡張で使えるウォレットです。

初めてのユーザーは驚くほどシームレスで直感的なUIに感動すると思います！今回はブラウザ拡張アドオンを使った「Binance Chain Wallet」の作成方法を解説していきます。

上記の「Binance Chain Walletダウンロード」からブラウザーに合わせた拡張アドオンをブラウザに追加したら以下の手順で進めていきます。

Binance Chain Walletの「ブラウザーの拡張機能」を押下

「I do not own wallet（私は財布を持っていません）」を選択

パスワードを設定する

回復フレーズを「Click to copy」でコピーし大切に保管する

Binance Chain Walletの作成完了

校長

利用環境に合わせてウォレット選定して進めていきましょう！「メタマスクを使ったBSCウォレットの作成方法」なども以下にて解説しているので利用環境に合わせて進めていきましょう。

Binance Smart Chain Connect（バイナンススマートチェーンコネクト）｜アカウント連携方法

Binance Chain Walletと「バイナンスアカウント」を連携させる設定は以下の通りです。

「Binance Chain Wallet」を起動させる

右上の「A」アカウントを押下

連携するアカウントを選択

「Connect to Binance.com account」を押下

バイナンスアカウントとの連携完了

バイナンススマートチェーン／Binance Smart Chain（BSC）の使い方・始め方

Binance Chain Walletの作成が完了したら次はいよいよ実践に進めていきます。BSCの使い方はシンプルです。

Binance Chain Walletの拡張機能を押下

設定したパスワードを入力しログイン

上記の2ステップで「Binance Chain Wallet」にアクセスでき、入金や送金、Wallet Connectなどを行っていきます。

「Binance Chain Wallet」では「「BEP2：Binance Chain Network」と「BEP20：Binance Smart Chain Network」の違い」でも解説しましたが以下の手順で簡単にネットワークの切り替えが可能です。

「Binance Chain Wallet」の拡張機能を押下

ネットワーク名を選択

「BEP2・BEP20・ERC20」の各ネットワークを選択し切り替える

教頭

BSCで取引する場合には通常「Binance Smart Chain」を選択します。DEX取引所でBSCトレードする時は「BEP2：Binance Chain Network」に切り替えて取引します。

バイナンスアカウント内のウォレット資産と簡単に連携できるため、慣れるまでは「Binance Chain Wallet」を使い、慣れてきたらメタマスクなどに切り替えると使いやすいです。

バイナンススマートチェーン／Binance Smart Chain（BSC）｜暗号資産（仮想通貨）ウォレットアドレス確認方法

Binance Chain Walletの確認方法は以下の通りです。

Binance Chainの利用ネットワークを選択

「❏」を押下

ウォレットアドレスのコピー完了

教頭

各ネットワーク毎にアドレスが異なるため注意が必要です。

0xからスタートのアドレスが「Binance Smart Chain」でbnbからスタートするアドレスが「Binance Chain」のアドレスになります。

バイナンススマートチェーン／Binance Smart Chain（BSC）｜暗号資産（仮想通貨）のWallet入出金方法

Binance Smart Chain｜暗号資産（仮想通貨）送金方法

Binance Smart Chainを使った「Binance Chain Walletへの送金方法」は以下の流れで出金手続きを行います。バイナンス取引所の現物ウォレットから送金の流れです。

バイナンスの現物ウォレット画面へと進めます

「出金」を選択

送金する暗号資産を選択

「Binance Chain Wallet」のBEP20アドレスをペースト

バイナンススマートチェーン（BSC）を選択

送金数量を指定

「提出」を選択

BSCへの送金手続完了

教頭

BSC利用においての手数料は全てBNBにて支払いすることになり、BNBなしには何もできません。

BNBをまずBinance Smart Chain Walletに「BEP20規格」で送金し「BEP2規格」のBinance Chain Walletに練習も兼ねて送金してみると良いです。

Binance Smart Chain｜暗号資産（仮想通貨）出金方法

Binance Chain Wallet��らの出金方法は以下の通りです。出金先のアドレスとのネットワーク規格の整合性を合わせて出金するだけなので慌てず確実に行っていきましょう。

「Binance Chain Wallet」の拡張アドオンを起動

「Binance Smart Chain Network」に切り替える

「Send」を押下

出金する暗号資産を選択

送金先のアドレスを入力

出金数量を指定

「Send」を押下

Binance Chain Walletからの出金完了

メタマスク（METAMASK）でバイナンススマートチェーン／Binance Smart Chain（BSC）接続する方法

メタマスク（METAMASK）はイーサリアムウォレットですが、バイナンススマートチェーン（BSC）設定をすることでBSC接続することができるようになります。

メタマスク（METAMASK）におけるバイナンススマートチェーン（BSC）接続の方法は以下の通りです。

メタマスク（METAMASK）のダウンロード

ウォレット作成（※シードフレーズは安全に保管する）

バイナンススマートチェーン（BSC）を追加・BNB建てウォレット作成

では早速詳しく解説していきたいと思います！諦めず一つ一つ確実に進めていってくださいね♪

メタマスク（METAMASK）公式サイト｜アプリや拡張アドオンのインストール（ダウンロード）

メタマスク（METAMASK）アプリや拡張アドオンは必ず「METAMASK公式サイト」からダウンロード・インストールするようにしましょう。（※フィッシング対策のため）

メタマスクをインストールするデバイスを選択

メタマスクをインストール

拡張アドオンに追加・アプリインストール完了

上記の3ステップでメタマスク（METAMASK）のインストールは完了します。次はメタマスクの設定へと進めていきます。

メタマスク（METAMASK）ウォレットの作成・シードフレーズ保管

メタマスク（METAMASK）のウォレット作成の流れは以下の通りです。

「ウォレットの作成」を選択

パスワード設定

シードプレーズのバックアップ（※復元用に紙に書いたりスクショ撮って保管などを行う）

シードプレーズの確認

メタマスク（METAMASK）ウォレットの作成完了

メタマスク（METAMASK）｜バイナンススマートチェーン（BSC）ネットワークの追加＆BNB建てウォレット作成

メタマスク（METAMASK）ウォレットにおけるバイナンススマートチェーン（BSC）ネットワークを追加する手順は以下のようになります。

メタマスクを起動させる

右上のアイコンを押下し「設定」を選択

「ネットワーク」→「ネットワーク追加」を押下

ネットワーク接続情報を入力する

バイナンススマートチェーン（BSC）接続完了

Binance Smart Chain接続情報

【ネットワーク名】Binance Smart Chain

【新しいRPC URL】https://bsc-dataseed.binance.org/

【チェーンID】56

【シンボル】BNB

【ブロックチェーンエクスプローラーURL】https://bscscan.com

教頭

上記の設定でメタマスクでBSCに資産移動が可能になりました。

入出金の際には必ずネットワーク規格「BEP20（BSC）」のBinance Smart Chainを利用して資産移動させるようにしましょう！

「BEP2」で送金すると暗号資産が失われてしまうので十分注意し送金テストを行うようにして下さい。

校長

BSC送金する時は「事前に必ず少額の送金テスト」を行いましょう！初心者の場合、まず失敗すると思って下さい。

少額の資金で入出金テストを行い、実稼働させるようにして下さい。BSCのテストネットを作ってテストするのもおすすめです！

Binance Smart Chainのテストネット接続情報

【ネットワーク名】Binance Smart Chain TESTNET

【新しいRPC URL】https://data-seed-prebsc-1-s1.binance.org:8545/

【チェーンID】97

【シンボル】BNB

【ブロックチェーンエクスプローラーURL】https://testnet.bscscan.com

「Binance Smart Chain Faucet」で今回作成したメタマスクのテストネットアドレスを入力すると、テスト用の暗号資産が送付されます。その資金を使ってテストしてみましょう。

失敗しても問題ないので何度も送金を行い、どのような仕組みで送金されるのか体験してみましょう。

Binance Smart Chain（BSC）｜イールドファーミング（Yield Farming）・流動性マイニングの特徴・仕組み

イールドファーミング（Yield Farming）は、分散型取引所やDeFiに暗号資産（仮想通貨）を預けて流動性提供することで得られる「配当収入の仕組み」が特徴です。

「イールドファーミング（Yield Farming）」で提供量に応じた手数料獲得でき「流動性マイニング」でガバナンストークン（独自通貨）が獲得できます。

流動性マイニング（イールドファーミング）では「1：1」で流動性提供しプールすることでDAppsにおける独自通貨を配当で得られので、預けたトークン数量によって報酬が異なります。

上記を例にすると「EPS/BNB」ペッグで流動性提供しLPトークンをステーキングするとCAKEトークン」を年利379.14％で報酬支払をしてもらえるということです。

「1:1」で流動性提供するというのは「EPS：BNB」などで等しい価値の数量を提供することで「流動性プールトークンのLPトークン」が獲得できます。

教頭

イールドファーミング（Yield Farming）は、流動性提供として資産を預け入れることで「利息と新しいトークン」を獲得できるためDeFi界隈で大人気で市場規模も拡大しています。

イールドファーミング（Yield Farming）・流動性マイニング｜予備知識・始め方や手順

イールドファーミングを始めるに当たり必要な用語があり、覚えておくことでどこのDAppsでも柔軟に対応することができるようになるので覚えておきましょう♪

イールドファーミング（Yield Farming）の用語

SWAP・・・トークン交換・売買する

Liquidity・・・ファーミングを行うための流動性を追加場所

Farm・・・流動性提供したユーザーが提供量に応じたガバナンストークンを獲得できる場所

Pool・・・資産をステーキングして新トークンで配当獲得できる

Harvest（収穫）・・・流動性マイニングによるガバナンストークンの獲得

LPトークン・・・流動性提供で獲得できる「流動性プールトークン（提供証明書のような存在）」

Approve・・・承認を意味する

上記の項目を覚えていることで、迷わずにイールドファーミングで稼ぐことができるので確実に覚えておく知識として蓄えておきましょう♪

イールドファーミング（Yield Farming）を始めるのに必要なBSCネットワークのウォレットを準備し、資産をBSCに移動させたらスグにでもDAppsから農業を行うことができます。

DAppsは「Binance Smart Chain（BSC）｜対応DEX取引所・DApps イールドアグリゲーター（Yield Aggregators）」でも紹介している「PancakeSwap等」などになります。

イールドファーミング（流動性マイニング）の手順

流動性提供ペアの選択し「Swap」でトークン購入し「Liquidity」で「1：1」の流動性提供

Farmで「LPトークン」を預ける

Harvestで流動性マイニングの報酬を獲得

Farmの「UnStake（ー）」でステーキング解除

Liquidityで提供している流動性プールトークン（LPトークン）回収＆BSCに資産返却

上記の流れで、イールドファーミング（流動性マイニング）における流動性提供から提供した流動性の回収まで行い提供量に応じた報酬を獲得できます♪

イールドファーミング（Yield Farming）手順①｜Swapで暗号資産購入・Liquidityで流動性マイニング提供

イールドファーミングを行う前に預ける通貨ペアを選別し「1：1」で流動性提供する必要があるため「Swap」で必要な暗号資産購入から行っていきます。

教頭

初心者には通貨変動の少ない組み合わせがおすすめです。例えば「BNB/BUSD」のようなステーブルコインとのペッグなどが代表例となります！

「Trade」→「Exchange」を選択

「Swap」を押下

支払い通貨を選択と数量指定

購入したい通貨を選択

④で指定した通貨の購入完了

次は、Liquidityから流動性投下してきます。

「Liquidity」を押下

流動性提供する通貨ペッグの1つ目を選択

流動性提供する通貨ペッグの2つ目を選択

提供する流動性の数量を選択

「Approve 〇〇○」→「Supply」で「指定ペッグ」のLPトークンを入手

イールドファーミング（Yield Farming）手順②｜Farmで指定ペッグのLPトークンを預ける

指定ペッグの通貨を「1：1」でLiquidity追加したら「Farm」から指定通貨のLPトークンを実際にステーキングしていきます。手順は以下参照。

「Farm」の指定ペッグ部分に進む

「コントラクトを承認」を選択し「Confirm」を押下

「Stake LP」を押下

ステーキングするLPトークン数量を指定し「確定」する

指定ペッグのファーミングスタート

イールドファーミング（Yield Farming）手順③｜Harvestで流動性マイニング報酬を獲得

イールドファーミング（Yield Farming）の収穫方法は以下の通りです。

「Farm」からステーキングしているペッグを選択する

「収穫／Harvest」を押下

流動性マイニング報酬の獲得

校長

※収穫にもガス代が発生します。手数料はBNBで支払いすることになるので「BSCウォレット」にBNB資金がないと収穫することもできないのでご注意下さい。

イールドファーミング（Yield Farming）手順④｜UnStakeでステーキングを解除する方法

ファーミング中のLPトークンをステーキング解除する流れは以下のようになります。

指定ペッグのLPトークンステーキングの「ー」を押下

ステーキング解除

教頭

ステーキング解除すると流動性マイニング報酬も一緒に刈り取る事ができます。

収穫も頻繁に行うと預け入れ数量にもよりますが手数料負けしてしまいます。一定期間以上預けることで手数料負けせず利益を出すことができるのであわせて覚えておきましょう！

イールドファーミング（Yield Farming）手順⑤｜提供しているLPトークンの回収

流動性マイニングによる報酬を獲得し、ステーキング解除すると提供している流動性プールトークン（LPトークン）の回収ができるようになります。

「Liquidity」→「Your Liquidity」を押下

「Remove」を選択

提供しているLPトークンの回収完了

教頭

Liquidityから提供しているLPトークンの回収をすると、提供していたペッグの通貨が返却されBSCのウォレットへ返還されます。

BSCは通常取引よりも手数料は安いですが、すべての取引においてガス代が発生する点は注意が必要です。

バイナンススマートチェーン／Binance Smart Chain（BSC）の利用者による口コミ・評判

bscはbinance取引所があるからethereum経由しなくていい

bscはbinance取引所があるからethereum経由しなくていい。だから独自の世界が形成されやすいというのもあるか。ビットコイン→BNB→BSCに転送して遊ぶ　でいける。

Polygonは普通は無理だけど、JPYCで直Polygon送ればイーサ経由しないでいける！

— ヤマピーブラック (@yamapyblack) April 16, 2021

BSC銘柄は上がる気しかしない

これ上がる度に報告してるかもしれないけど、まだまだ上がる気しかしない🚀だってBSC銘柄だよ？もしバイナンスに上場とかなったらどうなる？買うなら今でしょ！moon🚀$EARNX#BSC#hotbit pic.twitter.com/eUXPyfZgM6

— ハジメちゃん！ (@hahahajime_chan) April 16, 2021

NEON/BNB　APR8000％

NEONインするならこのタイミングだね。まだAPR8000%ほどあるし、運営も更新頑張ってる。

15ドル以下になるとそのままズルズルいきそうだけど・・

$NEON　#BSC #魔界 pic.twitter.com/00y47RlR9h

— 魔人D (@D10567649) April 16, 2021

バイナンススマートチェーン／Binance Smart Chain（BSC）｜よくあるQ&A

Binance Smart Chain（BSC）のウォレット復元方法は？

パスワードを紛失したなどの際のBinance Smart Chainの復元方法は回復フレーズが必須です。回復フレーズを紛失していまうと資産返ってこないので管理にもアイディアが必要です。

復元方法は以下の通りです。

BSC拡張ブラウザーを起動させる

「I own a wallet」を押下

回復フレーズを入力する

新しいパスワードを設定する

Binance Chain Walletの復元完了

BSCはメリットが多いですが、セキュリティパスワードなどに関しては自己管理となるため「回復フレーズ」の取り扱いは改めて注意しておきましょう。

復元フレーズが流出していますと、あなたのウォレット内の資産が全て奪われたり損失してしまうリスクがあります。

Binance Smart Chainとメタマスク（METAMASK）はどちらが初心者向きですか？

Binance Smart ChainとMETAMASKは使い方は基本的に変わりませんが、バイナンスを主流に使っているユーザーは「BSC」が使い勝手が良いかと思います。

「バイナンススマートチェーン／Binance Smart Chain（BSC）の使い方・始め方」も参考にしてみましょう！

バイナンススマートチェーン／Binance Smart Chain（BSC）｜まとめ

今回は、ブラウザー上で動作するウォレットの「バイナンススマートチェーン（BSC）の設定方法」や「イールドファーミングの特徴や仕組み・始め方」などをお伝えしてきました。

BSCはイーサリアムベースのDAppsやブロックチェーンゲームとも連携可能で送金手数料も格安の使いやすいウォレットで稼げるツールです。

イールドファーミングは始めたばかりの時は不安もあり、どうしたら良いのか不安なことも多いかと思うので入念に解説してきたので繰り返し確認しながら設定や取引を行っていただければと思います。

METAMASKやTrust WalletでもBSCは使えるので利用環境に合わせた選択をして、放置でも稼げる枠組みを形成して下さい♪

「バイナンススマートチェーン／Binance Smart Chain（BSC）の設定方法（やり方・始め方）」の再チェックはこちら！

メタマスクで始める：「メタマスク（METAMASK）でBinance Smart Chain（BSC）接続する方法」

0 notes

cryptswahili · 6 years ago

Text

Wrapped Tokens, Crypto-Derivatives and Candidate Ethereum Standards (ERCs).

Architecting an open permissionless financial system has been one of Ethereum's main ambitions, which is why it came about as implementing the blockchain paradigm (of a "a transactional singleton machine with shared-state") in a generalized fashion, capable of accommodating a wider range of applications on a single platform (compared to the somewhat strangely primitive, steampunk character of Bitcoin). For that purpose the Ethereum blockchain is coupled with a simple stack-based virtual machine (the EVM, Ethereum's general-purpose replicated "world computer") as the network's runtime environment for executing code residing on the shared ledger (carried out as blockchain transactions that use the ledger to globally synchronize the current state of the system across the network).

These persistent scripts, so-called "smart contracts", are triggered to execute when a transaction calls their account address. They can be thought of as stateful objects or automata that contain some custom logic exposed through API functions within the distributed peer-to-peer network and its address space, that way capable of serving the role of anything from a virtual safety deposit box, a pawnshop or an exchange, to a vending machine, a certificate registry or a notary of some sort, to a formalized pyramid scheme, a game or a money sucking trap of some sort or another. So, within the Ethereum ontology, one deals with designated objects identified through their public key or address - be those wallets or contracts.

The EVM is a stack-based machine. A stack is an abstract data type of a collection of elements that has two basic operations - push (adding an element to the collection) and pop (removing the most recently added one). This "last in, first out" (LIFO) order gives its name (a stack, or items stacked on top of each other). The above represents a simple stack's runtime (such with only push and pop operations). The EVM has a much longer list of opcodes.

These components together give the necessary base conditions for articulating more complex value statements in an open permissionless peer-to-peer network, allowing for building protocol overlays, composing specific dApps and refining interfaces that target particular audiences and interest groups as going further across the different levels of abstraction - from low-level bytecode to back-end contract logic and web application front-ends. Trying to extend Bitcoin with protocol overlays in efforts to accommodate the representing of other kinds of assets proved insufficient or inadequate based on that foundation. (A protocol overlay is similar to how HTTP, for instance, runs on top of the TCP/IP stack in the application layer of the Internet protocol suite, i.e. is an overlay on top of it.) Well-known efforts to formalize useful Bitcoin overlays and associate real-world assets with Bitcoin addresses were mastercoins and colored coins, the limitations of and frustration with which had also been one of the motivations driving the creation of Ethereum.

Account-keeping on the Bitcoin blockchain. Addresses in Bitcoin are neither wallets, nor accounts and do not carry balances. Instead, they are only used for receiving payments (there is no concept of a 'from' address) and a new address is usually generated for every new transaction. Essentially, the Bitcoin ledger only keeps track of unspent remainders of transactions (UTXOs) and wallets handle the logic in the back-end. Source: Bitcoin.org Developer Guide

Ethereum took the basic premise of Bitcoin at the time, advancing the general concept a step further, beyond primitive UTXO coin payments (the state of the Ethereum blockchain is defined by record-keeping of accounts and their balances, rather than keeping track of unspent transaction outputs) and into something that could possibly lay the foundations for supporting an entire financial system, capable of expressing more sophisticated financial products and instruments, financial and crypto derivatives and catalyzing experimental crypto-economies (which had until then been either practically impossible or difficult and prohibitively expensive to implement within the constraints of the more conservative Bitcoin protocol). Inevitably, this also comes with its own set of problems along its path of trial-and-error (most notably, the catastrophic DAO hack which cooled everybody's enthusiasm for a long while), but a commitment to non-stagnation and continuous experimentation/innovation has also been a defining trait of Ethereum's ethos and community.

The Ethereum block architecture. Things get significantly more complex. To mention just a few, uncles are blocks which were very close to being "correct" and appended to the chain, so miners who mined uncle blocks are also rewarded for their investment, participation, and efforts to secure the network regardless. The Gas Limit field defines the maximum amount of gas that all combined transactions in the whole block are allowed to consume (similar to the maximum block size limit in Bitcoin which is measured in bytes). All block header field definitions are available in section 4.3 of the yellow paper. Source: StackExchange

As Ethereum matures to develops into a decentralized, open financial system, parallel to the traditionally existing structures, advanced mechanisms and means for abstracting various kinds of assets and reliably capturing value from 'outside' (e.g., tokenizing commodities and precious metals, pegging to fiat currencies and currency baskets, etc.) become necessary, with various formulas and protocols proposed and discussed, some of which eventually getting implemented and gradually adopted across platforms and applications within the growing ecosystem.

Cross-chain interoperability and exchangeability of diverse crypto-assets across different systems and bridging between platforms is among the list of priorities in the present state of crypto-economic affairs and doing that via stablecoin mechanisms is one tendency right now which, combined with open standards and common protocols (such as the 0x protocol for decentralized off-chain exchange) together bring a set of primitives and engineering tools, easily integrated with all kinds of applications in more sophisticated structures which gradually contribute to organic growth and increased liquidity, accelerating network effects (though, as they say, Rome wasn't built in a day).

An interface contract declaring the required functions and events meeting the ERC-20 standard. The approve, allowance and transferFrom APIs expose the levers for operating on a token contract, allowing the transfer of an amount of tokens from one token holder's account balance to another.

Established technical standards and commonly recognized conventions and routines are also essential to codifying universally agreed upon formats and procedures, and some such as the ERC-20 specification of a token contract have been tremendously successful (at the cost of triggering a wave of scam-in-a-box ICOs throughout 2017-2019, as nobody would deny), while others, such as the ERC-721 standard for non-fungible tokens and collectibles might have been a bit premature, considering the subsequent clogging of network capacity as a result of the somewhat bizarre Cryptokitties mania. (All of which highlight the necessarily experimental nature of the project - in both the technical and societal sense of an experiment.)

Pushing the absurdity to the extreme just because. "MindBreed is a special type of Brainfuck interpreter that doesn't understand text input - only the fur patterns on CryptoKitties. Instead of simply typing out instructions, you must sacrifice an innocent kitty to the EVM for each added instruction." The Github repository with the Solidity contracts here.

Another up-and-coming mechanism for representing asset-backed tokens was introduced with so-called "wrapped" tokens. Which basically means converting an asset to an ERC-20 compatible token (and thereby, integrating it within Ethereum's crypto-economy), usually carried out in two ways:

Algorithmic, partially or entirely controlled by smart contracts and autonomous feedback mechanisms (e.g., locking an amount of collateral and issuing an equivalent amount of some other token or asset or automatically diluting the supply of some DAO governance tokens to re-calibrate a stablecoin's peg when market value falls below a certain critical threshold, as the case with MakerDAO, etc.), or

Semi-centralized/Federated by a consortium DAO of involved institutions and relevant bodies, trustworthy agencies and reputable parties which vote on decisions, proposals and system parameters and, importantly, operate transparently with verifiable proofs of reserves, registered and observable on the blockchain.

Obviously, this isn't a completely trustless arrangement where automation and algorithmic enforcement perfectly substitute for trusted third parties, system operators and an administrating bureaucracy (if it were that, it would quickly slide into inertia). What it tries to develop and institute instead is a regime of operating and an environment naturally conductive of healthy, beneficial market and governance behaviors via game theoretic alignments pulling the right actors and expertise where they naturally belong. While at the same time weeding out and discouraging other undesirable behaviors and ensuring there are no glaring, immediate technical or other loopholes to exploit so that one could relax assumptions under some clearly defined circumstances.

WETH: Wrapped Ether

Wrapped Ether or WETH is an ERC-20 compliant Ether. Since Ether (ETH), Ethereum's native proto-currency, does not itself conform to the ERC-20 standard specification (that defines how Ethereum tokens, or Ethereum-derived meta-currencies, are to be transferred and exchanged between one another while keeping a consistent record of the interactions within the Ethereum network), wrapping Ether as an ERC-20 eliminates the handling logic specific to ETH, allowing for directly trading it with other tokens on decentralized platforms within the ecosystem (such as Radar Relay). Technically, it's a stablecoin pegged to the price of Ether and implementing the standard token interface for the purpose of building more efficient and performant dApps, introducing standardization across them and establishing safer contract coding conventions.

"Wrapping" ETH really means exchanging it for an equivalent amount of WETH via a smart contract, while "unwrapping" it back to plain ETH means exchanging it back again (the smart contract instituted on the immutable ledger acting as a sort of back and forth vending machine). WETH is usually acquired via Radar Relay or 0x Portal through the provided interfaces there. Wrapped Ether (WETH) and its contract code can be seen on-chain on etherscan.io and a version of the Solidity code is also available on Github.

The app interface for wrapping Ether before trading on Radar Relay.

Sending ETH to the contract with the CreateToken function sends back the equivalent amount of "wrapped" ERC-20 ETH while calling the withdraw function with the number of tokens to redeem destroys them, sending back the ETH deposit. In a word, WETH makes Ether behave and transact like a token, which may be practical in the case of many applications (such as decentralized exchange). Eventually, WETH may become replaced by some Ethereum standard or another (something along the lines of ERC-223) or made obsolete after some upgrades to the codebase and the EVM itself.

WBTC: Wrapped Bitcoin

WBTC is a fully Bitcoin-backed (in 1:1 ratio) DAO-managed ERC-20 that officially launched on January 31st (now available for trading on several platforms). Tokenizing Bitcoin on Ethereum allows for much faster and cheaper Bitcoin transactions, enabling a whole host of Ethereum dApps to integrate and begin using it, that way giving both Bitcoin and Ethereum additional exposure and liquidity (most decentralized exchanges have only ETH/token and not BTC/token pairs, a gap WBTC is meant to bridge). One can think about it as an Ethereum certificate for ownership of bitcoin.

Wrapped BTC is governed by a consortium of institutions (below) performing different roles in the system. BitGo is the custodian that holds the assets (Bitcoins) and the keys to minting WBTC tokens. Kyber and the Republic Protocol are the authorized merchants who purchase the minting of tokens and from whom tokens are burnt as bitcoins enter into and exit out of circulation in Ethereum exchanges.

The parties forming the WBTC DAO. WBTC had been jointly initiated by Kyber, Ren (Republic Protocol) and BitGo, while partners include Maker, Dharma, bZx, Airswap, Hydrogen, Gnosis, Radar Relay, Blockfolio and others.

Each merchant has a key for initiating minting and burning of wrapped tokens. After acquiring wrapped tokens, users can transact them like any other ERC-20. Contract changes, adjustments and additions or removals of custodians or merchants are controlled by a multi-signature contract, the keys to which are held by institutions that are part of the managing DAO.

Custodian: BitGo

The custodian provides reliable, institutional-grade security for the tokenized ERC-20 Bitcoin and all WBTC in circulation is fully-backed, verified through on-chain proof of reserves. As the world's largest processor of on-chain BTC transactions (handling around 15% of all Bitcoin transactions globally), BitGo specializes in providing cryptocurrency financial services and regulatory compliant custodial solutions with high-security guarantees.

In 2018, BitGo launched the BitGo Trust Company introducing BitGo Custody as the first qualified purpose-built custodian for storing digital and crypto-assets. For WBTC, BitGo provides a pooled cold wallet (using off-line multi-signature keys) for supplying merchants and performs the minting (creation of WBTC) and burning (reducing the supply of WBTC when "unwrapping") operations that can be tracked by anyone through the public blockchain explorer.

Essentially, WBTC holders hold BTC by proxy via BitGo and on-chain contract arrangements. Upon redemption of BTC claimed by the ERC-20 coupon, the tokenized WBTC is burnt out of circulation. Making sure of the content of reserves is easier than, for example, with the notorious Tether (USDT) stablecoin since the accounting of both blockchains is public and open for audit and analysis at any time.

Merchants: Republic Protocol and Kyber Network

Merchants are the parties authorized to request minted WBTC tokens from the custodian. They are the institutions to which wrapped tokens are minted to and burnt from, in possession of the keys initiating either operation. Merchants play the important role of distributing the tokens, in this case, taken up by Kyber and Republic Protocol. Decentralized exchanges like these seem to be increasingly positioning themselves as Ethereum institutional and regulatory agencies, working to utilize the full potential of what Ethereum can offer.

Kyber's on-chain liquidity protocol enables instant token swap services that could be integrated into any application, while Republic Protocol provides dark pool exchanges for trading large volumes of assets via hidden order books, leveraging secure multi-party computations and zero-knowledge proofs (zkSNARKs). The Ren Project evolved from Republic Protocol as a separate virtual machine (RenVM) built around zero-knowledge protocols and strong privacy and security guarantees. When acquiring wrapped tokens through an authorized merchant, KYC'd users can atomically swap their bitcoin (via Kyberswap) for an equivalent amount of WBTC.

Swapping tokens with KyberSwap.

Other DAO Members

WBTC launched with a total of 26 partners and 15 DAO members. Among them are MakerDAO, Dharma, Gnosis, OmiseGO, Set Protocol, Kyber, BitGo, AirSwap, Blockfolio, Compound, Hydro, and others. DAO details such as member addresses can be seen here and the applications to join is open to all that wish to apply.

MakerDAO's address for WBTC Dao Membership: 0xd5d4aB76e8F22a0FdCeF8F483cC794a74A1a928ehttps://t.co/eflCGm5BFd#WBTC #WBTCDAO

— Maker (@MakerDAO) January 30, 2019

A "Bitcoin maximalist" interpretation. Only, a sidechain by definition relies on the security and jurisdiction of its mainchain, i.e. Plasma sidechains are accountable to the Ethereum mainchain (which is not the case here). WBTC is simply a tokenized representation of BTC on Ethereum.

Overall, this introduces another important metric of measure in the crypto-economy given Bitcoin's status in that landscape. It must be reminded that the same thing is always much easier to implement in Ethereum than it is in Bitcoin, but sidechains as such are accountable to the main chains they derive from. Some decentralized exchanges can be conceived of as sidechains. And so-called Bitcoin maximalism appears to be a strange, supposedly radical expression of the crypto-libertarian ideology which claims influence from Austrian economics. One couldn't help but sometimes wonder, what would Hayek do/think about all this?

Wrapped Bitcoin Proof of Assets and Reserves

Bitcoin reserves backing WBTC can be publicly verified by opening the WBTC network order book. The "on-chain validation” link leads to the proof of asset page at wbtc.network/dashboard/audit. The token contract link on Etherscan is found here. All associated contracts have been audited by established firms including Solidified Technologies, ChainSecurity, Coinspect, and are publicly available. Any ERC-20 compliant Ethereum wallet can interact with WBTC by adding the token address: 0x2260fac5e5542a773aa44fbcfedf7c193bc2c599.

Publicly auditable proof of assets, accessible at wbtc.network/dashboard/audit. Also, see WBTC on coinmarketcap.

Public accountability and transparency are what is of critical importance in that context, not forgetting the original motivation and raison d'être of distributed crypto-economies and so-called crypto-currencies post-2008. But no less important is the issue of reconciling traditional structures and institutions with this newly emerging socio-technical paradigm of institutional technology and socio-economic coordination. Particularly given how the two are in many fundamental ways different in nature (as originating from and building upon an already globally distributed technology whose character is defined by open access and hyper-connectivity, or is otherwise rhizomatic).

DigixDAO and the DGX Token: Tokenized and Notarized Gold Assets on Ethereum

Digix is a Singapore-based early Ethereum DAO dedicated to tokenizing gold and precious metals within Ethereum via yet another Proof of Assets (PoA) protocol. At each step of the PoA process, proof records and audit trails are published permanently with IPFS and Ethereum. DGX tokens are divisible units representing one gram of gold redeemable from the custodian vault (The Safe House, located in Singapore).

PoA asset cards are stamped with the digital signatures of the entities involved in the chain of custody (and further validated with proofs of purchase and depository receipts, parmanently uploaded onto IPFS), namely Vendor, Custodian and Auditor. The Vendor, ValueMax Singapore, is a publicly listed company that sells London Bullion Market Associate certified gold bullion bars. The independent Auditor, Bureau Veritas Inspectorate, a recognized world leader in testing, inspection and certification services (with a 180 years history), checks the quality and quantity of the gold every quarter.

The Safe House, Singapore is DigixDAO's custodian vault.

The participating Custodian Vault, The Safe House, is located in Singapore. Their vault can store up to 30 tons of gold, but in the future, Digix will look to include more vaults around the globe for regulatory redundancy. The Safe House takes full advantage of Singapore's jurisdictional and counterparty risk protections, particularly focusing on and specializing in providing such safe haven storage vaults.

Product life cycle. Source: Digix white paper ("The Gold Standard in CryptoAssets")

Similar to the Maker DAO, the Digix DAO operates via two distinct tokens - a governance token (DGD) that grants holders the rights to vote on how the DAO allocates funds and allows them to make “active managerial decisions to any proposals submitted to DigixDAO.” And the DGX token, the actively managed product which the DAO ensures it represents a gram of redeemable gold (which can be purchased from Kyber or directly from the Digix marketplace app).

The big advantage tokenized gold has over traditional ways of trading it is the divisibility of the token without incurring any additional costs and "premiums". Also, it introduces a valuable kind of stablecoin to the Ethereum ecosystem, one which is not too correlated with the 'crypto' market overall and which the Maker DAO has planned integrating into its multi-collateral system (allowing to create CDPs, collateralized debt positions, with DGX and other kinds of assets).

sETH: Wrapped Short and Leveraged Positions via dY/dX Protocol

The dY/dX protocol is an Ethereum protocol for expressing crypto-derivatives (asset classes that derive their value from some underlying blockchain-based asset) and enabling margin trades. Derivatives are considered factors increasing market efficiency for the underlying asset by facilitating price discovery and allowing individuals to express more complex statements on price and volatility. As such, dY/dX consists of a set of protocols specifying the operation and execution of different types of financial products.

The "dY/dX" notation (also called Leibniz's notation) is known as the derivative operator, the basic rule of financial derivatives and formula for generally expressing gradients of difference (implicit differentiation) mathematically. If dY denotes the rising gradient (change in Y), dX is the lower bound or run gradient (change in X), and dY/dX is really (dY2 - dY1)/(dX2 - dX1) - the remainder from the difference. The dY/dX protocol makes use of 0x channels for decentralized off-chain exchange. Lenders sign a message in which they offer loans which are aggregated and listed on other platforms (both on-chain and off-chain).

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz was a prominent German polymath and philosopher in the history of mathematics and the history of philosophy. His most notable accomplishment was conceiving the ideas of differential and integral calculus, independently of Isaac Newton's contemporaneous developments.

A trader can open a margin position by sending a transaction to the dY/dX margin smart contract that contains the offer and locks in the deposit sent for issuing the market position contract. The on-chain contract autonomously mediates the exchange and issuing of margin trading short and long positions (as Nick Szabo first gave the example of the vending machine as the primitive precursor of smart contracts - they execute some instructions upon being triggered by what they've been programmed to react in response to).

Short Tokens and Margin Trading

In a margin trade, a trader borrows an asset and promptly trades it for another asset. The asset must be repaid to the lender, usually along with some interest, at some later specified date. Margin trading includes both short sells and leveraged longs. In a short sell, an investor borrows an asset and sells it for the quote currency, making money should the price of the asset decrease (as rebuying the asset to pay back the lender costs less than what it was originally bought for). The investor loses money if the price of the asset rises, since, vice versa, rebuying the asset to repay the lender would now cost more than the original sell-price.

That considered, a Short Token is a short position wrapped in an Ethereum token. Short tokens can be directly traded via Radar Relay like any other ERC-20. When holding a Short Token, one's return depends on the inverse price movement of the underlying token. In sETH/Dai for example, when ETH goes down, the price of sETH goes up (Dai, the MakerDAO managed stablecoin, is used to fund, buy and sell the token). Short tokens are useful in hedging risk and gaining upside in a downtrend, adding another market lever to Ethereum and the crypto-economy.

Diagram illustrating the dynamics of constructing short tokens. Source: shorttokens.io

Short token positions are opened via the dY/dX protocol and last for 28 days. By the end of the 28th day the token expires and locks to the market price. Every short token is labled by the asset being shorted and the expiration (e.g., sETH 6/11). Short tokens can be either sold on Radar Relay or paid out upon expiration at expotrading.com.

dY/dX along with projects like the Dharma protocol for tokenized debt issuance are important developments for Ethereum and exemplify the possibilities of what could be accomplished within such distributed framework of decentralized exchange unbound from cultural and geopolitical constraints and state-governmental and bureaucratic regulatory limitations.

Universal Ethereum Standards and Contract Form Templates

Universally accepted technical standards that set a commonly accepted frame or format of how particular assets and objects are represented, registered and accounted for in the shared ledger are obviously an important component in ensuring frictionless flows of value, exchange and ease of interaction. EIPs (Ethereum Improvement Proposals) become ERCs (Ethereum Request for Comment) upon community approval. The informal governance process of Ethereum is similar to the well-known RFCs (Request for Comments).

"Ethereum Improvement Proposals (EIPs) describe standards for the Ethereum platform, including core protocol specifications, client APIs, and contract standards."

An RFC is authored by engineers and computer scientists that may come from many different agencies and bodies such as the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), the Internet Research Task Force (IRTF), the Internet Architecture Board (IAB). They take the form of a memorandum describing methods, behaviors, formal procedures, research or innovations applicable to the workings of the Internet and Internet-connected systems. Ethereum takes the same approach to standardizing protocols, methods and formal specifications within its infrastructure.

ERC-223: Token with Transactions Behaving like Ether Transactions

Originally proposed by an Ethereum Classic dev (Dexaran), ERC-223 defines the inverse of what WETH does - it makes token transfers behave like Ether transactions and offers a solution to losing tokens when mistakenly sending them to contract addresses. ERC-223 utilizes event handling that prevents tokens from being lost in unhandled transactions, making the transfer function throw an error on invalid transfers and canceling the transaction so no funds are lost, irreversibly locked in contracts that do not support/recognize them.

ERC-223 transaction handling. Checking if a given address (_to) contains bytecode (codeLength) to determine if it is a contract address or a wallet. If tokens are sent to a contract address, that contract must implement the tokenFallback function, else the transaction fails (the same way as if one would send Ether to a contract without the called function being explicitly defined as payable). The receiver contract interface is found here.

The economy of ERC-223 is such that users can send tokens to both contracts and wallets (both represented by public addresses on Ethereum) with the same function in a single step (instead of two, as commonly done in ERC-20), thereby increasing efficiency and lowering gas expenditure. At present, however, most Ethereum wallets don't support ERC-223 tokens.

ERC-223 contract interface. Unlike ERC-20, there's no allowance, approve and transferFrom functions. Instead of calling approve and then transferFrom, users can transfer tokens to contracts as simple as they would Ether.

Instead of abstracting away at the user interface level of an application (with the ERC-20 approve + doSomething) and therefore needing to trust the UI/UX developers, ERC-223 follows the Ethereum Classic reasoning of "code if law", implementing security on the lower levels.

ERC-777: More Transaction Handling Mechanisms, Token Registry and Event Hooks

Another fungible token aiming to improve upon and solve the issues with ERC-20 that relies on the ERC-820 (also backwards compatible with ERC-20). ERC-777 is focused on providing a wide range of transaction handling mechanisms and advanced features for interacting with tokens. It is highly customizable, allowing people to build extra functionality on top of tokens (such as a mixer contract for improved privacy or an emergency recovery function for bailing out upon loss of private keys).

ERC-777 logo.

ERC-820 uses a central registry of smart contracts on the Ethereum network. ERC-777 takes advantage of the same central registry to make contract functions easy to verify and instead of the 'transfer' and 'approve' functions it uses a 'send' function for transferring Ether itself (similar to the ERC-223 'transfer'). Another aspect of ERC-777 is allowing for 'approved operators' - parties that can approve smart contracts to move tokens on their behalf.

The above is the ERC-777 contract interface that the token contract must implement. The granularity function returns the smallest non-divisible unit of a token.

Both contracts and regular/external addresses can control, accept and reject which tokens they send or receive via the tokensToSend and tokensReceived functions (also that way avoiding the double call approve/transferFrom required in ERC-20). Wallets that do not contain the tokensReceived function can be backwards compatible via a proxy contract deployed for the wallet.

A Solidity reference contract is available on Github here. The EIP describing all the methods and rationale in more detail is found here.

ERC-1155: A Multi-Token Standard

The ERC-1155 was announced by Witek Radomski, the CTO for the video gaming company Enjin. ERC-1155 takes a new method to describing tokens (non-fungible and otherwise). Items are stored in a single contract with the minimum possible amount of data necessary to distinguish one token from another. The contract state contains configuration data per token ID and all the behavior governing the collection.

The on-chain contract serving as an items registry that describe the properties and parameters of a given token.

In ERC-1155, one can send any number of items to one or multiple recipients in a single transaction, reducing gas costs and congestion on the Ethereum transaction pool (as was the case with Cryptokitties and ERC-721). The transfer, approve, melt, and trade functions all take arrays as parameters, which lets one perform between 100–200 such operations packed in a single transaction.

An ERC-1155 minting service is available here, with tokens compatible with and supported by the Enjin wallet.

Summary and Conclusion

All the above should give one a good idea of the present state of development and maturity of Ethereum, as well as the explored avenues and areas of ongoing research. The direction Ethereum has taken significantly differs from the philosophy of Ethereum Classic, where a slower, more gradual and conservative approach to development and innovation is taken (one closer to the philosophy of Bitcoin). Regardless, one cannot deny that the entire space has been learning from the mistakes and mishaps of Ethereum, and while some never missed the chance to jump on the bandwagon of critique and tireless efforts to discredit and even disseminate aggressive, self-serving disinformation, others have quietly been taking notes on the side and yet others exploited opportunities to launch yet another "Ethereum killer". Either way, the value Ethereum has brought to the space - in experience and knowledge (the value of well-documented failures is more valuable than that of accidental success and the following desperate attempts by others to replicate it or improve upon it) is undeniable.

And while nobody can know for sure how things will unravel in the future ahead, continuous experimentation and active community discussion and debates in the long road ahead are fundamental prerequisites to the possibility of success. The incubation and hype periods seem to have cooled down beginning 2019, entering a more mature, stable phase and one more critical, self-reflective and less ideologically driven. And in the historical juncture we seem to find ourselves at, this critical phase transition characterized by rapid loss of confidence in governments and public institutions and eroding trust in traditional structures and even capital itself, paralel structures and institutions that we could transit to or fall back on are of fundamental importance in preventing a possible collapse and disintegration down to simpler levels of organization and operation, or in other words, an entering into a period of a dark age. As such, frameworks like Ethereum seem to offer a possible safety net of security, as when things get too unstable and unpredictable capital tends to flee to safety. Stablecoins and the volatility insurance institutions like the MakerDAO seem to actively work on developing could prove tremendously important (with the introduction of multi-collateral Dai and support for a wide range of assets to hedge risk with), but we mustn't forget that they are still in a way laboratories that need the parameters of reality and observing how assets behave and correlate in different circumstances. The periodic failures that take place are the price we pay for learning the way forward.

Dai, the MakerDAO managed stablecoin. MakerDAO is to Ethereum like what the International Monetary Fund is to the global economy or the Federal Reserve to the US economy. (Originally, it was proposed that Dai be pegged to IMF's SDR currency basket instead of the US dollar. But the end-goal is to diversify into all possible configurations of stability providing assets as collateral - such as DGX, REP and others, and develop a platform for flexible volatility insurance that provides protection against all kinds of scenarios and multi-shaded black swans.)

System-wide standardization and widely adopted simple mechanisms for smoothening friciton and paving the roads for capital flows are just as critically important, but we must also consider the levels of possible centralization they may in some circumstances introduce and what degree of centralization is acceptable in any particular circumstance. The Ethereum community has so far proven honest and genuine in their intentions, efforts and ethics and as such is self-regulating (despite the often unintended consequences), but we must always maintain a healthy and sober critical thinking attitude and extrapolate the effects of given set of conditions to their possible extreme manifestations, because as history has shown (for example), republics always tend to eventually develop into oligarchies just as stagnation (political, intellectual, economic) tends to allow corruption and rot to creep in. We must not forget our original motivations, neither allow them to turn into empty slogans of repetitive cliches. Instead of seeking opportunities to exploit quick profits in the rigged casino of the market, we should better consider investments and trading as making statements and pulling towards desirable futures to be. By making an effort to gain better understanding and not be cheated by people with questionable ethics, we contribute to the overall health and well-being of the system and by setting an example with what we do, we help trigger a cascading ripple effect across the system. We should consider things like Ethereum as toolkits and frameworks for building institutions - whether local, regional or international or commerical, financial, academic, professional or political. The rest is the creative efforts of our collective imagination and desire.

Links and Additional Resources

WETH website.

WBTC network official site.

DigixDAO official website.

Short tokens and dY/dX white paper.

Radar relay.

0x protocol.

Ethereum EIPs sorted in lists of categories.

Ethresear.ch, the official discussion forum for all things Ethereum.

The EVM specification known as the Ethereum yellow paper

The MakerDAO Medium and Rocketchat.

The OpenZeppelin repository of audited and secure Solidity contracts/implementations.

Kyber network (decentralized exchange) and the Kyberswap dApp for quick ERC-20 swaps.

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