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teshknowledgenotes · 4 years ago

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BOOK: 23 THINGS THEY DON’T TELL YOU ABOUT CAPITALISM - HA-JOON CHANG

WHY?

This was listed as a good book on most websites when I searched good books about economics. It was an interesting book and I found it cool to see the mindset of other intelligent people on economics, capitalism and how the world works

NOTES

Thing 1: There is no such thing as a free market. What they tell you is that markets need to be free. When the government interferes to dictate what market participants can or cannot do, resources cannot flow to their most efficient use. If people cannot do the things that they find most profitable, they lose the incentive to invest and innovate. Thus, if the government puts a cap on house rents, landlords lose the incentive to maintain their properties or build new ones.

What they don't tell you is that the free market doesn't exist. Every market has some rules and boundaries that restrict freedom of choice. A market looks free only because we so unconditionally accept its underlying restrictions that we fail to see them

A lot of the things that are outside the market today have been removed by political decision, rather than the market process itself – human beings, government jobs, electoral votes, legal decisions, university places or uncertified medicines. There are still attempts to buy at lease of these things illegally (bribing government officials, judges or voters) or legally (using expensive lawyers to win a lawsuit, donations to political parties, etc.), but even though there have been movements in both directions, the trend has been towards less marketization

Thing 2: Companies should not be run in interest of their owners. What they tell you is that shareholders own companies, therefore companies should be run in their interests. What they don't tell you is that shareholders may be the owners of the corporations but, as the most mobile of the 'stakeholders', they often care the least about the long-term future of the company (unless they are so big that they cannot really sell their shares without seriously disrupting the company). Consequently, especially the smaller ones, prefer corporate strategies that maximize short-term profits, usually at the cost of long-term investments, and maximize the dividends from those profits, which even further weakens the long-term prospects by preventing the company from re-investments. Running the company for the shareholders often reduces its long-term growth potential.

Thing 3: Most people in rich countries are paid more that they should be. What they tell you is that in a market economy, people are rewarded according to their productivity. Liberals may find it difficult to accept that a Swede gets paid fifty times what an Indian gets paid for the same job but that is a reflection of their relative productivity. What they don't tell you is that the wage gaps between rich and poor countries exist not mainly because of differences in individual productivity but mainly because of immigration control. If there were free migration, most workers in rich countries could be and would be replaced by workers from poor countries. In other words wages are largely politically determined.

The main reason that a Swedish bus driver gets paid 50 times more than an Indian bus driver, is because of protectionism, Swedish workers are protected from competition from the workers of India and other poor countries through immigration control. Foreigners are willing to take a pay cut while working in countries like Sweden, without foreigners Swedish workers for example can command fifty times the wages of Indian workers.

Thing 3: The washing machine has changed the world more than the internet has. The washing machine has given women more time to part take in other activities and educate themselves. Allowing women to enter the workforce, and partake in more activities due to time save by the washing machine.

Thing 8: Capital has a nationality. What they tell you is that the real hero of globalization has been the transnational corporation. Transnational corporations, as their name implies, are corporations that have gone beyond their original national boundaries. What they don't tell you is that most transnational companies in fact remain national companies with international operations, rather than genuinely nation-less companies.

In this globalized world, the argument goes, nationality of capital is meaningless. Corporations may have started and still be headquartered in a particular country, but they have broken out of their national borders. They now locate their activities wherever the return is greatest. For example, Nestle the Swiss food giant, may be headquartered in the Swiss city of Vevey, but less than 5 per cent of its output is produced in Switzerland.

A company has no national loyalty any more. A business will do what it has to do in order to increase its profit even if it means hurting its home country by shutting plants down, slashing jobs, or even bringing in foreign workers

Poor climate can hamper development. Being surrounded by poor and conflict-ridden countries limits export opportunities and makes cross-border spill-over of conflicts more likely. Ethnic diversity or resource bonanzas can generate perverse political dynamics. However, these outcomes are not inevitable

Not only are government decision-makers unable to pick winners, they are likely to pick losers. Most importantly, government decision-makers – politicians and bureaucrats – are driven by the desire to maximize power, rather than profits. Therefore, they are bound to go for white elephant projects that have high visibility and political symbolism, regardless of their economics feasibility. Moreover government officials play with “other peoples money”, they do not have to personally deal with the consequences of their decisions

Private sector firms also try to pick winners all the time, by betting on uncertain technologies and entering activities that others think are hopeless, and often fail, just think about Microsoft's disastrous Windows Vista operating system and Nokia's embarrassing failure with the N-gage phone/game console

If we remain blinded by the free-market ideology that tells us only winner picking by the private sector can succeed, we will end up ignoring a huge range of possibilities for economic development through public leadership or public-private joint efforts

In the rich countries, enterprises cooperate with each other a lot more than do their counterparts in poor countries, even if they operate in similar industries. For example, the dairy sectors in countries such as Denmark, the Netherlands and Germany have become what they are today only because their farmers organized themselves, with state help, into cooperatives and jointly invested in processing facilities (e.g. creaming machines) and overseas marketing. In contrast, the dairy sectors in the Balkan countries have failed to develop despite quite a large amount of micro-credit channeled into them, because all their dairy farmers tried to make it on their own. For another example, many small firms in Italy and Germany jointly invest in R&D and export marketing, which are beyond their individual means, through industry associations, whereas typical developing country firms do not invest in these areas because they do not have such a collective mechanism.

If effective entrepreneurship ever was a purely individual thing, it has stopped being so at least for the last century. The collective ability to build and manage effective organizations and institutions is now far more important than the drives or even the talents of a nation's individual members in determining its prosperity. Unless we reject the myth of heroic individual entrepreneurs and help them build institutions and organizations of collective entrepreneurship, we will never see the poor countries grow out of poverty on a sustainable basis.

Herbert Simon a Nobel Prize winner in Economics states that humans try to be rational, but our ability to be so is severely limited. The world is too complex, Simon argued, for our limited intelligence to understand fully. This means that very often the main problem we face in making a good decision is not the lack of information but our limited capability to process that information – a point nicely illustrated by the fact that the celebrated advent of the internet age does not seem to have improved the quality of our decisions, judging by the mess we are in today. To put it another way, the world is full of uncertainty. Uncertainty here is not just not knowing exactly what is going to happen in the future.

With the increasing emphasis on higher education the recent period, an unhealthy dynamic has been established for higher education in many high-income and upper-middle-income countries that can afford to expand universities. Once the proportion of people doing to university goes over a critical threshold, people have to go to university in order to get a decent job. When, say 50 percent of the population goes to university, not going to university is implicitly declaring that you are in the bottom half of the ability distribution, which is not the greatest way to start your job search. So, people go to university, fully knowing that they will “waste time” studying things that they will never need for their work. With everyone wanting to go to university, the demand for higher education increases, which then leads to the supply of more university places, which raises university enrollment rate further, increasing the pressure to go to university even more. Over time this leads to a process of degree inflation. Now that “everyone” has a university degree, you have to do a master's or even a PhD, in order to stand out, even if the productivity content of those further degrees may be minimal for your future jobs.

Education vs Enterprises

If not just basic education but also higher education does not matter so much in determining a nation's prosperity, we must seriously rethink the role of education in our economy

In the case of rich countries, their obsession with higher education has to be tamed. This obsession has led to unhealthy degree inflation and the consequent over-investment of huge scale in higher education in many countries. I am not against countries having a very high or even 100% university enrollment rate for other reasons, but they should not delude themselves into believing that it would have a significant productivity effect.

In the case of developing countries, an even more radical change of perspective is needed. While they should expand education in order to prepare their youngsters for a more meaningful life, when it comes to the question of productivity increase, these countries need to look beyond the education in order to prepare their youngsters for a more meaningful life, when it comes to the question of productivity increase, these countries need to look beyond the education of the individuals and pay more attention to building the right institutions and organizations for productivity growth

What really distinguishes the rich countries from the poorer ones is much less how well educated their individual citizens are than how well their citizens are organized into collective entities with high productivity – be that giant firms such as Boeing or Volkswagen or the smaller world-class firms of Switzerland and Italy. Development of such firms needs to be supported by a range of institutions that encourage investment, and risk-taking a trade regime that protects and nurtures firms in “infant industries”, a financial system that provides “patient capital” necessary for long-term productivity enhancing investments, institutions that provide second chances for both the capitalists and for the workers, public subsidies and regulation regarding R&D and training and so on.

Education is valuable but its main value is not in raising productivity. It lies in its ability to help us develop our potentials and live a more fulfilling and independent life. If we expanded education in the belief that it will make our economics richer, we will be sorely disappointed, for the link between education and national productivity is rather tenuous and complicated. Our over-enthusiasm with education should be tamed, and especially in developing countries, far greater attention needs to be paid to the issue of establishing and upgrading productive enterprises and institutions that support them

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edwardbailey286 · 4 years ago

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Wraparound Market Size by Top Leading Key Players, Growth Opportunities, Incremental Revenue, Trends, Outlook and Forecasts to 2027

Wraparound Market: An Overview

The increase in product ranges offered at retail outlets leads to stiff competition among various market players. Closed corrugated boxes are not considered to be good for displaying the products, to extemporize the display of the products in retail outlet, an innovative method was introduced Smart Display Packaging that includes wraparound. Wraparound has transformed the corrugated boxes from its traditional function of transport to add the functionality of display at the retail outlet that has added a sales promotion. Wraparound has a unique property that not only saves labor costs but also saves time for opening the corrugated boxes and for displaying on the retail outlet. Wraparound has given additional sales promotional advantages as well as better product visibility to gain traction among the customers visiting stores.

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https://www.transparencymarketresearch.com/sample/sample.php?flag=S&rep_id=75223

Wraparound Market: Dynamics

Wraparound packaging has solved the problem of space, as wraparound packaging is smaller in size through compressed packaging. Wraparound requires a lesser amount for its packaging and thus improves pallet stacking efficiency. Product display is directly relational to the purchase of the product at the retail outlet. Wraparound packaging gives a more attractive representation of the products. Wraparound packaging is anticipated to be in demand in the regions which have a scarcity of space, especially in the Asia-Pacific market. The cost of manufacturing corrugated boxes has been increasing over the years and wraparound packaging would help the manufacturers to reduce overall cost significantly. The special feature of ready to sell packaging of wraparound reduced waste and replacement cost. Due to the discount pressure in the retail market, in order to intensify its overall profit margin, it is often suggested to use product display options on less labor-intensive by opting wraparound packaging solutions in the product ranges that have maximum demand. The brands may opt printing on products and on wraparound packaging to customize the designs for short-run sales promotions to be out of box among its competitors. The E-commerce industry has adopted the wraparound packaging for feasible delivery through the retail outlet. As has been observed in many cases, the delivery of the online ordered product is offered by the nearest retail outlet making the packaging easy and convenient. The major advantages of wraparound packaging are: it is more product precise adjustment than the standard box used that consumes more space and protects the consignment during the transit. The market is demanding recyclable product, wraparound is a 100% recyclable product. Wraparound packaging is helpful in the self-promotion of the product and increases awareness in the existing and new markets.

Wraparound Market: Segmentation

Globally, Wraparound market segmented into many subsets.

By Material

Paper

Plastic

By Thickness

0.8mm to 1.6mm

1.6mm to 3.2mm

3.2mm to 5mm

5mm and above

By End Use Industry

Shipping & Logistics

Food & Beverages

Manufacturing & Warehousing

Healthcare & Pharmaceuticals

Cosmetics & Personal care

Others

Wraparound Market: Regional Outlook

The countries of the Asia Pacific and Latin America are anticipated to give significantly well in the market share of wraparound, due to the fact, that companies of developed economies are establishing its manufacturing units in the above-mentioned locations to meet economies of scale and add competitive advantage over its rivals. China is expected to be the world’s highest exporter and producer of corrugated boxes for packaging followed by India due to the efficient cost of its production. North America and Europe would be among the regions that would innovate the technology of wraparound. Market of wraparound packaging is anticipated to grow at the growing pace in years ahead.

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Wraparound Market: Key Players

The leading companies operational in the Wraparound market are Rengo Co., Ltd., MESPACK SL, Crown Technologies, CS Packaging, Inc., Easternpak, Napco National, Cargo International Packagings among others and many indigenous and unorganized companies are likely to give to the worldwide wraparound market in the latest upcoming years.

The report is a compilation of first-hand information, qualitative and quantitative assessment by industry analysts, inputs from industry experts, and industry participants across the value chain. The report provides in-depth analysis of parent market trends, macroeconomic indicators and governing factors along with market attractiveness as per segments. The report also maps the qualitative impact of various market factors on Wraparound market segments and geographies.

Regional analysis includes –

North America

Latin America

Europe

Middle East and Africa (MEA)

East Asia

South Asia

Oceania

Report Highlights:

A detailed overview of the parent market of Wraparound market.

Changing market dynamics in the industry Wraparound market.

In-depth segmentation of the global Wraparound market.

Historical, current, and projected size of the global Wraparound market, regarding volume and value.

Recent industry trends and developments in Wraparound market.

Competitive landscape in the global Wraparound market strategies for key players operating in the protective fabrics and products offered by key players of Wraparound market.

Potential and niche segments, geographical regions exhibiting promising growth of Wraparound market.

A neutral perspective on performance of the Wraparound market.

Must-have information for global Wraparound market to sustain and enhance their market footprint.

This study by TMR is all-encompassing framework of the dynamics of the market. It mainly comprises critical assessment of consumers' or customers' journeys, current and emerging avenues, and strategic framework to enable CXOs take effective decisions.

Our key underpinning is the 4-Quadrant Framework EIRS that offers detailed visualization of four elements:

Customer Experience Maps

Insights and Tools based on data-driven research

Actionable Results to meet all the business priorities

Strategic Frameworks to boost the growth journey

The study strives to evaluate the current and future growth prospects, untapped avenues, factors shaping their revenue potential, and demand and consumption patterns in the global market by breaking it into region-wise assessment.

The following regional segments are covered comprehensively:

North America

Asia Pacific

Europe

Latin America

The Middle East and Africa

The EIRS quadrant framework in the report sums up our wide spectrum of data-driven research and advisory for CXOs to help them make better decisions for their businesses and stay as leaders.

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Below is a snapshot of these quadrants.

1. Customer Experience Map

The study offers an in-depth assessment of various customers’ journeys pertinent to the market and its segments. It offers various customer impressions about the products and service use. The analysis takes a closer look at their pain points and fears across various customer touchpoints. The consultation and business intelligence solutions will help interested stakeholders, including CXOs, define customer experience maps tailored to their needs. This will help them aim at boosting customer engagement with their brands.

2. Insights and Tools

The various insights in the study are based on elaborate cycles of primary and secondary research the analysts engage with during the course of research. The analysts and expert advisors at TMR adopt industry-wide, quantitative customer insights tools and market projection methodologies to arrive at results, which makes them reliable. The study not just offers estimations and projections, but also an uncluttered evaluation of these figures on the market dynamics. These insights merge data-driven research framework with qualitative consultations for business owners, CXOs, policy makers, and investors. The insights will also help their customers overcome their fears.

3. Actionable Results

The findings presented in this study by TMR are an indispensable guide for meeting all business priorities, including mission-critical ones. The results when implemented have shown tangible benefits to business stakeholders and industry entities to boost their performance. The results are tailored to fit the individual strategic framework. The study also illustrates some of the recent case studies on solving various problems by companies they faced in their consolidation journey.

4. Strategic Frameworks

The study equips businesses and anyone interested in the market to frame broad strategic frameworks. This has become more important than ever, given the current uncertainty due to COVID-19. The study deliberates on consultations to overcome various such past disruptions and foresees new ones to boost the preparedness. The frameworks help businesses plan their strategic alignments for recovery from such disruptive trends. Further, analysts at TMR helps you break down the complex scenario and bring resiliency in uncertain times.

The report sheds light on various aspects and answers pertinent questions on the market. Some of the important ones are:

1. What can be the best investment choices for venturing into new product and service lines?

2. What value propositions should businesses aim at while making new research and development funding?

3. Which regulations will be most helpful for stakeholders to boost their supply chain network?

4. Which regions might see the demand maturing in certain segments in near future?

5. What are the some of the best cost optimization strategies with vendors that some well-entrenched players have gained success with?

6. Which are the key perspectives that the C-suite are leveraging to move businesses to new growth trajectory?

7. Which government regulations might challenge the status of key regional markets?

8. How will the emerging political and economic scenario affect opportunities in key growth areas?

9. What are some of the value-grab opportunities in various segments?

10. What will be the barrier to entry for new players in the market?

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organicgardeninglfza927-blog · 5 years ago

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Not known Facts About Vegetable Patch

The Best Strategy To Use For Home Vegetable Garden

Table of ContentsIndicators on Home Vegetable Garden You Should KnowThe Ultimate Guide To Indoor Vegetable GardenThe Ultimate Guide To Backyard Vegetable GardenThe Main Principles Of Vegetable Garden Planner Organic Vegetables Can Be Fun For Anyone3 Easy Facts About Organic Vegetables ShownThe Main Principles Of Grow Organic Vegetables The 2-Minute Rule for Starting A Vegetable GardenOur Kitchen Garden PDFsStarting A Vegetable Garden for BeginnersNot known Facts About Organic Gardening

One of the ideal places to begin your search is the web. Numerous seed firms currently use certified-organic seeds like those used by business natural farmers. These seed packages will lug the USDA Organic logo design, which guarantees their manufacturing satisfied stringent national natural requirements. Not all kinds of seeds are offered as certified-organic choices, however many are still expanded making use of natural methods.

Organic veggie transplants marketed in regional yard facilities will generally have tags as well as signs suggesting they were grown organically. Never be reluctant to ask a plant cultivator or seller about their natural expanding approaches. Trustworthy farmers like to share their expertise and also natural growing abilities with gardeners who wish to recognize and discover.

The Best Guide To Gardening Tips

Even with rich, healthy and balanced soil and natural plants in location, you still require to feed your garden. In the plant globe, veggies are well-known "hefty feeders," implying they utilize a great deal of nutrients, which can diminish yard dirt. Top notch, natural-based plant foods such as the Alaska by Pennington line complement a natural method that feeds your dirt along with your plants, enhancing yard wellness, elegance as well as performance.

When a plant food label brings words "OMRI Listed," that suggests that item has actually passed a strict evaluation by the Organic Materials Research Study Institute (OMRI). With OMRI-listed Alaska Fish Fertilizer 5-1-1, you can feed your vegetables premium, all-organic, natural active ingredients verified to meet or go beyond the stringent criteria for usage in certified-organic expanding.

Grow Organic Vegetables Fundamentals Explained

Healthy and balanced plants are much less likely to catch bugs, yet organic horticulture does not suggest you need to wait as they do. Lots of pesticides are likewise OMRI-listed to help regulate a lot more major invasions, yet the easiest natural steps versus insects don't call for pesticides at all. Organic gardeners commonly look to "integrated pest management," commonly referred to as IPM, which combines a number of organic-minded methods.

Chemical-free barriers that shield veggies consist of points as easy as copper barrier tape to push back snails as well as slugs or fabric-like row covers that interposed parasites and also plants. Beneficial bugs can likewise help restrict insect damage in your garden. As opposed to consuming plants, these "excellent pests" consume the bad pests that damage your fruits and vegetables.

How Growing Vegetables can Save You Time, Stress, and Money.

Beneficial pests eat bad pests that can damage vegetables. By gardening organically, you guarantee that all-natural, earth-friendly active ingredients go into your soil and also your food instead of unknown items that can confirm damaging to wild animals, water materials and also you. You can relax very easy recognizing exactly what enters into the food you expand, gather as well as show to friends and family.

Compared to non-organic fruit and vegetables, natural veggies lunar planting guide and also fruits give higher levels of vitamin C, anti-oxidants, iron as well as other nutrients, in addition to reduced levels of possibly damaging chemical residues. 1 Garden-ripened create that goes right to your table, rather than sitting even a few days at a shop, additionally enjoys greater levels of vitamins and also anti-oxidants.

What Does Organic Food Do?

Whatever your level of knowledge and your natural growing goals, a natural approach to veggie horticulture makes a healthy difference for individuals as well as the globe around you. The Alaska by Pennington brand is committed to supplying you with the finest in organic and also natural-based products to help you support the environment, feed your household, as well as achieve your natural objectives.

Pennington with style is a signed up trademark of Pennington Seed, Inc. 1. Crinnion, W.J., "Organic Foods Contain Higher Levels of Particular Nutrients, Reduced Degrees of Pesticides, as well as May Supply Health And Wellness Benefits for the Consumer," Natural Medicine Review, April 2010. 2. Watters, C., "The Nourishment Benefits of Eating In Your Area," Hnai'Ai/ The Food Provider, Western Sustainable Farming Research Study & Education, 2013.

8 Easy Facts About Indoor Vegetable Garden Shown

Getty Images You have actually been trying to eat more health foods, both to decrease the quantity of chemicals you and also your family consume as well as to aid protect the setting. However take one consider your food store invoice and you recognize that acquiring natural can get extremely pricey, really fast. Thankfully, there's a way to expand your own scrumptious, fresh produce while having enjoyable and also discovering at the very same time: natural gardening!Don' t know where to start? It is feasible to work with a person to set up and also keep a lovely natural yard for you, but many of us can roll up our sleeves with a surprisingly low quantity of effort.

Don't worry if things aren't best ideal away. Organic horticulture means you won't make use of artificial plant foods or pesticides, however that does not indicate your plants fend for themselves. There are a variety of tools you can make use of to boost plant wellness and ward off insects. Continue reading for particular suggestions, drawn from expert garden blog writer, Leslie Land, her New York Times book 1000 Horticulture Questions & Solutions, as well as various other resources.

Vegetable Garden Ideas Things To Know Before You Get This

Fiskars PowerGear Bypass Pruner ($ 25, amazon.com) Fiskars 3 Item Softouch Garden Device Establish ($ 16, amazon.com) Luster Leaf Rapitest Soil Examination Set ($ 14, amazon.com) Yimby Tumbler Composter ($ 89, amazon.com) Pine Tree Equipment Bamboo Working Gloves ($ 8, amazon.com) Union Watering Can ($ 10, amazon.com) Preparing the Dirt In order to get the very best results with your brand-new natural garden, you'll intend to see to it the dirt is properly conditioned.

Things about Growing Vegetables

Healthy soil assists develop up solid, efficient plants. Chemical dirt therapies can not only seep into your food, however they can likewise damage the valuable germs, worms, and also other germs in the dirt. The very best method to evaluate the high quality of your soil is to. You can get a house testing set, or much better, send a sample to your local agricultural expansion office.

Excitement About Organic Vegetables

Generally, it's best to examine in the fall, and also use any natural nutrients before winter. Also if you don't have time for testing, you'll wish to the raw material, not the likewise called Mediterranean spread. According to, you'll want to mix in compost, leaf as well as yard clippings, and manure.

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Ideally, obtain your manure from regional livestock that's naturally and also humanely elevated. Making Good Garden compost All yards gain from compost and you can make your own on website. Hey, it's complimentary! Garden compost feeds plants, helps save water, lowers weeds, and also maintains food and backyard waste out of land fills by turning garbage right into "black gold." it's hard to utilize also much!The finest compost types from the ideal ratio of nitrogen- and also carbon-rich organic waste, combined with soil, water, as well as air.

All about Organic Fertilizer

Even a minimally tended heap will still yield respectable outcomes. 1. To get going, distribute a space at the very least 3 feet square. or had within a personalized pen or bin (some can be turned, to improve outcomes). 2. of carbon (or brownish) product leaves and garden trimmings as well as nitrogen (or environment-friendly) material such as kitchen scraps and manure, with a thin layer of soil in between.

Top off the pile with four to six inches of soil. as brand-new layers are added and also water to maintain (hardly) moist, in order to foster microorganism action. You should get great garden compost in as low as two months or longer if it's chilly. 4. A properly preserved garden compost pile should not smell.

The Only Guide to Kitchen Garden

Picking the Right Plant kingdoms It really pays to pick plants that will prosper in your particular micro-conditions. As a basic guide, examine the USDA's Strength Zones. Select plants that will certainly adjust well to each place in regards to light, wetness, drain, and also dirt quality. The majority of yards have ranks in these variables.

If you're acquiring seed startings, look for plants raised without chemical fertilizers as well as pesticides. A wonderful area to look goes to your regional farmers' market, which might additionally have native plants and selections well-suited to your location. It's far better to.Many points are best grown from seed, consisting of sunflowers, yearly poppies, coriander, dill, yearly phlox, larkspur, annual lupine, early morning glories, sweet peas, squash, and cucumbers.

Excitement About Vegetable Bed

Organizing minimizes weeding and also water waste, and helps you target garden compost and nutrients. Ample space between rows assists advertise air circulation, which drives away fungal strikes. Bear in mind that plants will not constantly stay small, and you do intend to. It's a good concept to thin crops based on baby room suggestions. According to Leslie Land, if you desire the greatest returns of natural produce with limited area as well as time, 1.

2. They keep expanding and also creating 'til frost presuming you maintain them selected. 3. Every little thing they claim about avalanches of zucchini holds true, particularly of crossbreed selections. 4. You can keep breaking short outer leaves for months, and also every picking will certainly be tender as long as plants obtain enough water.

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lupine-publishers-ddipij-blog · 5 years ago

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Development of Some Eco-Efficient and Selective Chemical Processes and Products Using Sustainable and Green Chemistry Approaches | Lupine Publishers

Journal of Drug Designing | Lupine Publishers

Introduction

Historical records show that scientific advancements accounted for substantial changes in our life-style and wellbeing. The Industrial Revolution took place in the western countries in the 1700s when people first appreciated the terms ‘science’ and ‘technology’ and valued the applications of ‘technological innovations’ for their commercialization. During the World Wars, people experienced use of science and technology for destructive purposes. The 20th century science revolutionized the living standard of mankind and offered solutions to great socio-economic or strategic challenges of the time. Though industrialization is considered as an essential feature of economic growth, it at times is infamous due to the adverse environmental health consequences caused by the release of pollutants. Policies are being placed to create a course of action, followed by enactment (of a law), and then rules & regulations that are designed to carry out that law successfully. Today, the environmental policymaking process in most of the developed nations relies heavily on the transition to sustainable production and consumption patterns. Public support is being generated through organized ways to educate all about the environmental issues and research. In the spirit of that, recent science has seen major advances in the ongoing endeavors directed towards diminishing the impact of anthropogenic and industrial activities on the environment.

Sustainable Development

Sustainability has emerged as the broadest and all-encompassing concept of all and it is one of the few significant words that will be carried over broadly outside the scientific language. Brundtland Commission (1987) - the United Nations’ Commission on Environment and Development defined sustainable development as “the development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs” [1]. The Earth Summit (1992): United Nations’ Conference on Environment and Development held in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) highlighted the urgent need to find a more sustainable way of life; reduce environmental emissions and use resources carefully [2]. It also advocated to move towards a model in which environmental enhancement is fully integrated with economic development. There is a need to understand sustainable development as a global responsibility. The members of the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD), a consortium first established in 1990 and based in Geneva, have signified the business value of sustainable development and pinpointed responsibility and liability on the part of corporate enterprises that use hazardous materials in their processes or products [3]. The WBCSD coined the term “ecoefficiency” in its 1992 publication “Changing Course” and this new business concept is meant for implementing the “Agenda- 21” in the private sector [2]. Pollution reduction in natural as well as synthetic industrial chemical processes and development of more renewable forms of energy are key aspects of sustainable development from chemical and energy perspectives.

Chemistry is the study of matter; it is the branch of science concerned with the substances of which matter is composed, the investigation of their properties and reactions, and the use of such reactions to form new substances. Among the greatest achievements of chemistry are petrochemical and pharmaceutical industries. Some of the greatest benefits to public from pharmaceutical industry include the painkillers, antibiotics, anti-malarial, anticancer drugs, etc. Fine chemicals, polymeric and other advanced materials too have lots of applications in day-today-life and industries. And, most of these many useful chemical technologies are available at significant environmental cost. Though the 20th century chemistry revolutionized the living standard of mankind, the major disadvantages of this progress are now being identified as significant pollution through greenhouse gases, heavy metal toxicity, eutrophication, persistent organic pollutants, etc. In India, for example, the measures adopted in the “Green Revolution” increased agricultural production and made India self-sufficient in food grains but unfortunately the excessive usage of chemical pesticides and fertilizers are now found to cause negative effects on the soil, land, water and our body & its metabolism. Nowadays, pollution due to chemical industries has become a major issue worldwide. Policy makers, environmentalists and the public in general assume that the chemical industry disregard the environmental consequences. And in view of un-avoidable pollution, a recent challenge is to understand and make the chemical processes occurring in Nature (ecology/environment) sustainable. There is no excuse for the ignorance or the lack of knowledge of the short-term as well as long-term effects of chemical products or processes produced in industries. The challenge for the present-day chemical industry is to continue providing applications and socio-economic benefits in an environmentally friendly manner. Eco-efficiency has been recognized as an important tool in transforming unsustainable development to sustainable development. The concept of green chemistry can certainly help achieve sustainability in chemistry point of view or rather stand as a component of sustainable development (Figure 1). Having said that, sustainability not only offers the choice to conserve or consume resources sensibly, but it also encompasses the societal attitude towards the environmental change.

Figure 1: The big picture of sustainable development in chemistry point of view.

Green and Sustainable Chemistry

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) of the United States of America is credited for coining and defining the concept of Green Chemistry. Paul T. Anastas firstly proposed this term. “Green Chemistry is the use of chemical principles and methodologies for source reduction. Green Chemistry incorporates pollution prevention in the manufacturing of chemicals and promotes pollution prevention and industrial ecology” [4]. The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) defined Green Chemistry as the invention, design and application of chemical products and processes to reduce or to eliminate the use and generation of hazardous substances [4-5]. For Prof. Roger Sheldon, “green chemistry efficiently utilizes (preferably renewable) raw materials, eliminates waste, and avoids the use of toxic and/ or hazardous reagents and solvents in the manufacture and application of chemical products” [6]. All member countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) – an intergovernmental organization endorsed an initiative called “Sustainable Chemistry” which would advocate the development of environmentally benign chemicals [7]. Sustainable chemistry, as defined by the OECD, seeks to improve the efficiency with which natural resources are used to meet human needs for chemical products and services. Sustainable chemistry encompasses the design, manufacture and use of efficient, effective, safe and more environmentally benign chemical products and processes. Essentially sustainable chemistry is about doing more with less: making most of the finite resources and minimizing waste, reducing the environmental impact of chemical processes and products. Lancaster (2002) in his book entitled, “Green Chemistry: An Introductory Text” successfully brought in together all the concepts and relevant examples for students and researchers [8]. Over the last few decades, green chemistry has been recognized as a culture and methodology for achieving sustainable development. Broadly speaking, green chemistry practices environmentally benign aspects of basic chemistry and applied engineering [9].

The concepts of “sustainable chemistry” and “green chemistry” are written above separately to avoid any confusion in understanding motivation in nut-shell of the principal author’s research endeavors. The terms of green chemistry and sustainable chemistry have been almost fully conceptualized and grown into a multidisciplinary area today. The future of this field is, at least in part, due to society’s global awareness of long-term industrial growth going hand-in-hand with pollution-free or relatively safer chemistry practices.

Green chemistry addresses source reduction [10]. In this context, ‘green’ processes can be described as chemical conversions that consume a minimal amount of energy and produce the least waste. In addition to chemistry, chemical engineering is required to achieve true source reduction. “Green Engineering is the design, commercialization, and use of processes and products that are feasible and economical, while minimizing both risk to human health and the environment, and generation of pollution at the source” [10]. “Green chemistry and engineering” include the production of chemicals and development of processes by avoiding pollution and are inherently safe for humans. This multidisciplinary chemistry strategy aims to conserve ecology and environment for the present and future generations. Public assumes that pollution is inevitable and also that the Government is obliged to monitor industries and control emissions. Governmental agencies usually put legislative framework in place for the pollution prevention and can demand the treatment of pollutants or cleaning-up contaminated sites including the air, water, and soil. This has led to at least some law-abiding chemical manufacturers investing substantial capital on environmental matters. Allen and Rosselot [9] presented the following hierarchy for pollution prevention and waste management, in decreasing order of preference:

I. Source reduction

II. In-process recycling

III. On-site recycling

IV. Off-site recycling

V. Waste treatment to render it (the waste) less hazardous

VI. Secure disposal

VII. Direct release to the environment

Usually due to the plurality and complexity of chemical synthesis pathways, design and development of completely environmentally friendly chemical products and processes is an enormous challenge. On a bright side, it is definitely practical to confirm whether a potential chemical manufacturing process is “greener” than the existing ones.

The Twelve Principles of Green Chemistry

Important principles that govern and guide today’s green chemistry [4] are formulated by Anastas and Warner. The author (of this paper) enlists herein, as he understands, the famous twelve principles:

A. Prevention is better than (waste) treatment

B. Atom economy referring to the design for maximizing the incorporation of all starting materials utilized to get the desired chemical product.

C. Use and produce chemical substances that has little or no toxicity to human health and the environment.

D. Designing Chemicals only having the desired effect or function and not their side- effects or toxicity

E. Avoid using volatile solvents and auxiliaries

F. It is preferred to carry out synthetic methodologies at ambient temperature and pressure by avoiding economic and environmental impact due to energy usage

G. Use of Renewable Feedstocks

H. Reduce derivatizations, protecting groups, and temporary chemical modifications, etc.

I. Use of catalysts for selective synthetic methodologies

J. Chemical products should be degradable and they or their degradation product shall not pollute the environment

K. Application of real-time, on-site analytical methodologies for in-process monitoring and control of hazardous substances

L. Chemical process should be devoid of any accidental threats, such as corrosion, explosion, fire, etc.

There is a need to achieve these twelve principles of green chemistry. The author recommends herein that a new concept of elemental sustainability should also be added to such chemistry by which one may conserve the rare metals and or their supply by way of encouraging the careful resource utilization and recycling. Utilization of a single metal atom as functional entity or catalyst instead of its nanoparticles or bulk usage could also save precious elements or rare chemical matter.

Concepts Related to Green Chemistry

In addition to green chemistry, following are the related concepts and industrial initiatives that are required to be defined and understood appropriately:

a) Pollution Control or Prevention: This reflects elimination or at least reduction of emissions and chemical pollutants.

b) Waste Minimization: This includes minimization of sideproducts or wastes generated by chemical process.

c) Waste Treatment: As the term implies, the practice of waste treatment incorporates in- process recycling, cleaning-up of waste contaminated system and or its secure disposal.

d) Waste Utilization: This concept describes the treatment of waste and its conversion to useful and safe resource.

e) Benign Design: This concept of ‘benign design’ refers to the designing and manufacturing of chemical products and processes in a way that exert no or minimal negative environmental impact. The concept of green chemistry intersects with the concept of ‘benign design’ wherein these approaches will lead to the discovery and production of less hazardous and less toxic materials, or molecules based upon renewable feedstocks.

f) Industrial Ecology (IE): It describes the energy and material flow through an industrial system. The purpose of study is to find balance between environmental and economic performance within global ecological constraints. The IE, sometimes known as the science of sustainability, is an interdisciplinary framework that seeks to design and operate industrial systems as living systems interdependent with natural systems. Graedel and Allenby [11] described IE as the science of consumption and reusability of natural resources in production, rather than the traditional practice of extracting and using resources, then discarding and disposing.

g) Sustainability: Generally speaking, sustainability is the term describing endurance of systems and processes. This concept is studied and managed in many contexts of environmental, social and economic organization. There is a relationship among green chemistry, benign design, industrial ecology and sustainable development [12]. Off late, increasing research endeavors on green and sustainable chemistry are evident by a continually growing number of publications in this field. This covers a wide spectrum of research approaches from basic chemistry to industrial process development [13].

Financial Analysis of Green Chemistry

Implementing the concepts of green chemistry and engineering usually demands basic to applied research on synthesis, catalysis, reactor design, and improved unit operations. Reduced utilization of raw materials or energy, reduced waste management along with safety, reduced environmental damage or relatively reduced future liabilities are amongst the long- term benefits offered by greening chemistry and chemical engineering. And, there is a need to develop financial tools needed to quantify these benefits or at least to meet the so-called triple bottom line [14]. Apart from the traditional economic analysis, justification and implementation of green chemistry projects will require the following tools evaluating the benefits of green chemistry:

a. Life Cycle Assessment or Life Cycle Analysis,

b. Toxicology and Long-term Risk Assessment

c. Total Cost Assessment (Figure 2)

Figure 2: The “triple bottom line” for industry.

a. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA): LCA methodology, originated in the early 1970s, is an active research area. The material and energy flows of a process are taken into account starting from the point where raw materials are extracted from the environment, through transportation, processing, production/manufacturing, distribution, and use, and finally closing at the point where the product is disposed, recycled, or re-manufactured. Herrchen and Klein reviewed [15] the LCA and its application in assessing environmentally benign chemical technology alternatives. Though LCA does not suffice to assess the economic and social impact of a given green technology, it is a method for predicting quantitative environmental impacts of the production, including by-products formation and use of solvents and auxiliaries. Following is the list of impact categories (human health, ecosystem health and resources) [16] addressed in a Life Cycle Assessment:

i. Depletion of resources (abiotic or biotic)

ii. Desiccation

iii. Impacts of land use (sub-divided into land competition, loss of life support functions, and loss of biodiversity)

iv. Climate change

v. Stratospheric ozone depletion

vi. Human toxicity

vii. Eco-toxicity (sometimes subdivided into freshwater aquatic, marine aquatic, terrestrial)

viii. Photo-oxidant formation

ix. Acidification

x. Eutrophication

xi. Impacts of ionizing radiation

xii. Odor

xiii. Noise

xiv. Waste heat

b. Toxicology: This issue is of prime importance and covers socially important challenges of our time: protecting public health and the environment. Anthropogenic activities that cause pollution pose significant threat to the environment. Oceanic currents and atmospheric transport processes can spread organic and inorganic toxicants throughout the world. The main focus of the studies shall be to evaluate the exposure to and effects of chemicals in air, water, soil and food chains, etc. and consequently confirms the adverse effects within life forms (including humans). It mainly covers the study of interaction between toxicants and ecosystems including organisms. The unique combination of environmental chemistry and toxicology promotes science and research for the well-being of current and future generations. Environmental toxicology in itself is a multidisciplinary field encompassing various aspects of biology, ecology and risk assessment.

c. Long-Term Risk Assessment: Risk assessment is very important for good health and safety management. It is necessary to evaluate scientifically a potential or known hazard and its adverse health effects. For example, risk may be defined as the probability of harm that an individual might come across from exposure to a given hazard. Risk assessment identifies hazard towards both the safety of chemical plant and the process. Risk assessments foresee and quantify a variety of human and environmental risks based on the structure and function or property of a recognized hazardous chemical product.

d. Total Cost Assessment (TCA): TCA is fundamental to accounting and assigning all costs of production to the entity within the organization that generates those costs. The American Institute of Chemical Engineers (www.aiche.org/cwrt) provides a guide to TCA, [17] and a spreadsheet tool for performing TCA. The term ‘green chemistry and engineering’ we learnt by now not only covers the traditional educational and research disciplines related to chemistry and chemical engineering but also includes safety, risk assessment, hazard, health, life-cycle assessment, financial analysis, and their intersection with public policies. The introductory part so far detailed the concepts, terminology, and other relevant aspects for understanding big picture of sustainable development in chemistry and environment point of view [18].

Green Chemistry in Classroom and Laboratories

The academic and research institutions worldwide have already started adopting the Green Chemistry track in the Chemical Sciences PhD Programme. In addition to conventional chemistry, the research scholars obtaining a Ph.D. degree from such programme are trained in multi-disciplinary science, technology, engineering and mathematics (or statistics, for that matter) and providing with the methodologies or techniques and approaches or experiences to assess chemistry’s impact on environment, ecology and more particularly the human health. Chemistry is the study of matter. Green (and sustainable) chemistry offers an ecologically and environmentally benign view of chemistry research and development for relevant products and services. Pollution, toxicity, and ecological and or environmental consequences are necessary components to understanding the entire “life cycle” of any chemistry related industrial or commercial endeavour. It is therefore need of our times to develop human resource with the appropriate green chemistry & engineering skills and also the facilities or infrastructure to pursue chemistry for sustainable development. Chemistry lies at the very heart of everything within us and around us. Its knowledge and the methods steadily increased over the centuries. The core principles of chemistry are:

A. The act of creation, combining, or synthesis, and

B. The act of analysis, characterization, destruction or separation. Today, the growing need for the atom efficiency, energy efficiency and environmental concerns stemming from the increase in chemical products demand necessitate the development of the ‘sustainable or environmentally benign’ production methods.

There are a variety of challenges in making chemistry ‘green.’ Research in chemistry for sustainable development demands the co-operation of chemists, biochemists, engineers, statisticians, health scientists, etc. In present-day chemical industries, it is hard to find an obsolete “green” product or process. The greening of a chemical product or process may be achieved through a number of means, including improved syntheses, recyclable and selective catalysts, innovative process design, utilization of renewable raw materials, production of less toxic products, use of non-volatile and environmentally friendly solvents, etc. In other words, the concept of green chemistry can primarily be solicited in any aspect of chemistry, chemical engineering, risk assessment and toxicology. In addition to the fundamental scientific data, the financial metrics must also be taken into consideration while making environmentally optimized or greener chemical products and processes a profitable business ethic. In order for us to create and establish a more neutral chemical industry by minimizing industrial impact on human, eco-system health and resources, the goal of green chemistry, as the first step, shall be to discover and develop environmentally friendly, non-toxic and sustainable alternatives for chemical products, materials, solvents, catalysts, systems and feedstocks. The researchers in this field see it not just as an area of chemical science, but as a philosophy, a “way of life.”

Motivation

“Green and Sustainable Chemistry” or the “Chemistry for Sustainable Development” is understood here as the contribution of chemistry in the implementation of the Johannesburg Declaration, [19] (World Summit of Sustainable Development, 2002), the Rio Declaration (Earth Summit, 1992)[2] and Our Common Future: Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development (Brundtland Commission, 1987)[1]. This article offers a kind-of primer or the perspective including the importance of the research line taken and its justification in the present era. The various researches highlight mainly introduce sustainable development, chemistry – the science of matter and also details the conceptualization of green / sustainable chemistry or the importance of chemistry for sustainable development. The text details readers the purpose of this research in minimizing or eliminating the environmental, economic and ecological cost of some chemical processes by keeping in mind the term “sustainability” and the famous 12 principles of green chemistry. The research scholar identifies (i). studies involving preparation and characterization of some nanoporous materials and their applications as heterogeneous catalysts in synthetic/industrial chemistry, and (ii) understanding sustainability of chemical processes in environment to be at the heart of greening of chemistry. That is why there is this moral obligation of the academicians and chemistry researchers to engage in communicating and developing the solutions to pollution issues due to chemical sciences and allied disciplines. These research activities surely contribute to the entrepreneurial sustainable development. This mainly features selected principles of the green chemistry from the famous 12 principles of green chemistry, focusing on environmentally friendly chemical technology and tactics to minimize the occurrence and effects of pollution, including the utilization of the agricultural waste. The approaches herein should offer solutions to some crucial problems associated with ecology, environment and synthetic chemistry applications.

Objectives of the present review

The key aspect of these researches (from a Ph.D. thesis submitted to the JJTU Rajasthan in July 2014) is to contribute to sustainable development from chemical science perspective by developing more environmentally friendly chemical products & processes.

The objectives were:

a) To develop green chemistry approaches in synthesis, modification/fabrication, characterization of some zeolites and related nanoporous materials for their possible catalytic applications in making synthetic chemical processes or methodologies eco-efficient and selective.

b) Based on various different research schemes, there may include specific or sub-objectives from the aforementioned main objective.

c) To understand and develop chemical processes in Nature Some of specific or sub-objectives from this main objective include

i. The valorization of agricultural residue such as the wheat husk ashes for extracting or recovering some chemical products and for converting them into useful functional or value-added products and thereby achieve sustainability.

ii. The study, in chemistry point of view, of the possible effects of some heavy metals (for example, Cd, Cr, Mn, Zn, etc.) present in soil and or irrigation waters on seed germination and seedling growth of wheat and also the discussion on the plausible sustainability in this (i.e. phytotoxicity) chemical process in Nature;

iii. The investigation into eutrophication due to phosphate and some other chemicals and nutrients supplied in excess to an aquatic body by physico-chemical analyses

Practicality and the perspective of the research works

Following is the various contributions of the author who argues on how the objectives originally sought for are achieved. This describes the multi-disciplinary approach and attitude with which the topic of sustainability is understood and addressed in chemistry point of view. Particularly the former has had a very positive influence in summarizing the many nice research results presented in this perspective.

I. Firstly, the author provides a general introduction to sustainable development, chemistry – the science of matter and the conceptualization and importance of sustainable and green chemistry in the present era. The contents on sustainability in chemistry point of view form the basis for research reviewed in this aspect. Following on from the introductory part, there is a kind of Strategic Goal for sustainable development. This displays the big picture of sustainable development in chemistry point of view and includes practical approaches and the operational as well as monitoring tools. The concepts of green chemistry, catalysis and lifecycle assessment are interesting, and there is an urgent need to find industrial applications thereof. The author’s secondary research entitled, “Organocatalysis: Key Trends in Green Synthetic Chemistry, Challenges, Scope towards Heterogenization and Importance from Research and Industrial Point of View” accounts the chemistry behind the “catalytic magic” of small organic molecules [20]. Many topics in chemistry and catalysis are treated in this review, with relevant references giving the brief on research and development of the underlying science and relating it to catalytic practice and industrial point of view. The general scope of this literature is thus to bring many outstanding researches together and show the vitality of the catalysis (including organocatalysis) through several aspects and also to offer suggestions for new and innovative directions of research as well as scope for incorporating “organocatalysis” to heterogeneous catalysis. This may form the basis for research embodied in various other academic and industrial researches.

II. In view of the potential green chemistry applications of immobilized organocatalysts, a scheme of research involved the successful heterogenization of a basic ionic liquid, bearing NTf2- (Hünig base) – the non-nucleophilic anion - on mesoporous SBA-16 silica [21]. It is found that this recyclable catalytic system is highly active towards the C-C bond forming Knoevenagel condensation between benzaldehyde and ethyl cyanoacetate. The solvent-free reaction at room temperature utilizing an ionic liquid lead to almost 100% conversion and selectivity and thus exemplifies the principles of green chemistry.

III. In another project of research, mordenite zeolite was modified and employed in the carbonylation of methanol minimizing by-products by ensuring a high yield and selectivity of acetic acid / acetyls. The reaction conditions, atmospheric reactor and the use of copper promoted H-mordenite (Cu-H-MOR) catalysts are all meant to inhibit the methanol-to- gasoline (MTG) chemistry and focus on the selectivity towards the acetyl products [22]. This led the best results and also the oxalic acid washed mordenite performed better than the neat H- MOR catalyst. It would not be arrogant to say that this new catalytic method is economically advantages over the well-established Cativa process which involves an iodide cocatalyst. There is no need of a halide promoter and thus the reaction medium is devoid of corrosive HI which would permit industries use reactors made of less exotic and cheaper material. This point brings economic advantage to this process. Such a heterogeneous catalytic process would separate products and catalyst easily. The use of syngas as a feedstock over a hydrogen tolerant catalyst provides a cheaper alternative than purified CO. The increase in selectivity to acetyls is directly proportional to the increase in Cu loading onto mordenite. The use of 75 mol% Cu modified H-MOR catalyst for optimized industrial carbonylation is identified at mild reaction temperature and atmospheric pressure. This is an interdisciplinary approach employing knowledge from chemistry and chemical engineering to develop new process by researching in the area of heterogeneous catalysis through a combination of bench scale laboratory work ranging through to pilot plant.

IV. In an attempt to develop material wealth from wastes, the mesoporous MCM-41 and titanium incorporated MCM-41 type silica materials are synthesized from the wheat husk ash [23-24]. The result is very interesting because it valorizes a significant agricultural waste stream. MCM-41 and Ti-incorporated MCM-41 thus prepared are tested for their catalytic applications in synthetic organic reactions. Sourcing silica from the wheat husk ashes for the syntheses of such catalytic materials has a potential cost-effective application and therefore could be adopted as a new industrial methodology. Neat MCM-41 represented acid catalysis and the Ti incorporated within gave redox catalytic property to the siliceous materials. In yet another research project, the hydrothermal synthesis of ZSM-5 zeolite, a microporous aluminosilicate, by sourcing silica from wheat husk ash is carried out and is followed by its modification to the various protonated forms i.e. H-ZSM-5. This result is important because ZSM-5 / H-ZSM-5 are working catalytic materials at industrial level and are considered as a wellknown commodity, The samples are found to have characteristic crystallinity as evident by XRD peaks, good thermal as well as chemical stability, and catalytic character. The efficacy of H-ZSM-5 (with Si/Al ratio 30) for various organic reactions suggests the availability of catalytic active sites associated with the MFIstructured zeolite framework Al and or Si atoms. Our results mainly demonstrate [i] an attractive and potential scalable and industrially viable methodology for the wheat husk ash based high-purity and useful zeolite H-ZSM-5 synthesis; [ii]. the principles of green chemistry such as mild reaction conditions, recyclability of the solid acid catalyst, and selectivity of desired product from organic reactions, including cyclocondensation and multi-component reactions [25]. The novel catalytic applications of H-ZSM-5 are interesting because these organic transformations over this neat zeolite sample are achieved without having to introduce isomorphously substituted or extra- framework or impregnated metal ions or clusters. The results with regards to the application of H-ZSM-5 showed the catalytic behavior in various types of organic reactions, such as three / four-component reactions that have not so far been proved possible to achieve using a zeolite catalyst such as this. These interesting research schemes describe how the silica extraction methodology valorizes the wheat husk ashes and attempts to establish them as a novel (re)source of silica instead of an agricultural waste stream.

V. There could be some more researches meant for understanding sustainability in some ecological and environmental chemical processes. Apart from the elemental sustainability type of work and or the waste-to-wealth chemical processes of sourcing silica from the wheat husk ash, various other research schemes can appreciate sustainability.

VI. In one of the schemes of research, an age-old problem of heavy metal phytotoxicity is researched and discussed in sustainable chemistry point of view. To examine the effect of heavy metals on wheat seed germination, aqueous concentrations of chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn) metal ions are fed over the period of eight consecutive days. The (phytotoxic) effects mainly on (i) the germination of seed, (ii) the seedling vigor index, (iii) the root, shoot, seedling growth, and also (iv) the tolerance indices of wheat are discussed. In this study, the germination and root length (in emergence) are adversely affected by aqueous concentrations of heavy metals fed to wheat seeds in Black Cotton soil (of Nanded city, Maharashtra State, Republic of India). All results, when compared to control, show gradual reduction in seed germination and the decrease in growth of root and shoot with increasing concentrations of these heavy metals. The inhibition is stronger in root than in shoot. The toxic effects of selected metals to seed germination can be arranged in the rank order of inhibition as: Zn>Cd>Mn>Cr. The increasing heavy metal concentrations increase the phytotoxicity of shoot and root and decrease the tolerance indices and the seedling vigor indices. These methods and results thus provide a model system for developing sustainability in chemistry point of view and screening of various concentrations of heavy metals for their useful micro-nutritional properties or harmful phytotoxic effects. This shall also screen for the seeds able to counteract the deleterious effects of such heavy metals in various types of irrigation waters and agricultural soils. In other words, the studies of soil contents and irrigation water systems can help us achieve sustainable chemical process in ecological and environmental perspectives [26].

VII. Another research project embodied an investigation on eutorphication of a water body due to phosphate and other nutritious chemicals fed in excess to the aquatic environment. This studied chemical and physical quality parameters of water and also the composition of phytoplankton and zooplankton community as related to eutrophication or related chemistry [27]. Total hardness, calcium and magnesium hardness, increased dissolved solids and chloride & magnesium ions show deterioration of water quality. From the biological study of plankton diversity of this water body, it is concluded that about twenty-eight genera of phytoplankton and thirteen different genera of zooplankton are found in this water body. The reasons behind finding such dynamics are zero availability of oxygen and free carbon dioxide.

Conclusion

This section is meant for drawing conclusions and highlighting the importance of hands-on chemistry researches towards sustainable development. Particularly the latter has had a very positive influence in achieving and reviewing the many nice contributions or results presented herein. The scholar puts together dedicated efforts to achieve important advances in diminishing the impact of chemistry and related activities on the environment. The sustainable and green chemistry offers effective approaches to some crucial environmental problems associated with chemistry. It addresses some of the issues facing in employing economically viable chemical technologies / processes while simultaneously protecting the environmental health and safety. This will therefore be of particular interest to researchers in academia, industry, and government policies applying chemistry for sustainable development, and also to chemistry students, other professionals and consultants dealing with chemistry and relevant environmental concerns. The author believes that his various researches shall stand as a reliable reference to future researchers in the field of green chemistry for sustainable development [28]. To summarize, the various contributions of the researcher are reviewed and argued on how far the underlying goal of these researches is achieved by developing practical chemical production and application greener than the existing ones. The success of the scholar lies in bringing-in together the principles of “green chemistry” and “sustainability” in his research endeavors to show the vitality of the subject through several relevant applications. While advocating the need for interdisciplinary and integrative efforts, these approaches might offer clues on new and innovative directions of research in the cause of “greening chemistry.”

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phgq · 4 years ago

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FEATURE: Overweight, obese children likely to stay obese into adulthood -WHO

#PHinfo: FEATURE: Overweight, obese children likely to stay obese into adulthood -WHO

Did you know that overweight and obese children are more likely to stay obese into adulthood?

A study made by the World Health Organization (WHO) also warned that overweight children are likely to develop noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) like diabetes and cardiovascular diseases at a younger age.

"By 2022, more children and adolescents will be obese than underweight if current trends continue. We need effective action to curb obesity!"

Obese children and adolescents, the WHO said, may also suffer from both short-term and long- term health consequences. Factors contributing to the increasing problem of overweight and obesity include poor diets, inadequate nutrition, and failing food systems. In addition, limited physical activity is likewise contributing to the growing problem on overweight and obesity. Prevention remains to be the most feasible option for curbing the childhood obesity epidemic.

“From a public health, economic and moral perspective, it is imperative for Government and the whole of Society to act on this issue of childhood overweight and obesity. Curbing the childhood obesity epidemic requires political commitment at all levels, and the collaboration of many public and private stakeholders," said Dr Rabindra Abeyasinghe, WHO Representative in the Philippines.

"A multisectoral approach is essential, and should provide supportive environments that encourage physical activity, restrict access to unhealthy foods and drinks, support mothers to practice exclusive breastfeeding in the first 6 months and to protect children from marketing influences. It is also important to ensure that policies and laws are fully implemented and protected from undue commercial interests,” Abeyasignhe added.

Overweight and obesity are complex and multifaceted problems that would require multisectoral and comprehensive strategies to effectively and sustainably prevent and manage. Sustainable, responsive, resilient and functional food systems can enable better and healthier diets, but while the food systems encompass a range of public and private actors, the role of government is crucial in developing and implementing programmes and policies that address the production, distribution, accessibility, and utilization of food in the country.

“Maintaining a healthy and nutritious diet is especially important at this time of a pandemic. To promote and achieve healthy and nutritious diets, sustainable, functional and responsive food systems – borne out of collaborative and multi-sectoral action – are paramount,” emphasized Ms Kati Tanninen, FAO Representative to the Philippines.

“To this end, FAO is supporting the national government through the implementation of the Philippine Plan of Action for Nutrition 2017-2022, which calls on policies and programmes to be ‘nutrition-sensitive’. Policy measures related to food systems that support healthy diets should be enforced. These policies and legislations should also be in line with – and guide the country’s actions towards – its pledges to global commitments such as the UN Decade of Action on Nutrition 2016-2025 and the Sustainable Development Goals, particularly to SDG 2 on attaining Zero Hunger and improved nutrition for all. But more importantly, such legislations should be responsive to the country’s unique health and nutrition context, objectives, and priorities,” Tanninen added.

“While there have been positive developments to enable an environment for better nutrition in the Philippines, there should also be a clear and prompt action to address the triple burden of malnutrition and to recognize childhood overweight and obesity as a central health issue," said Oyunsaikhan Dendevnorov, UNICEF Representative in the Philippines.

"Aside from actively working with the Philippine Government and other partners to strengthen nutrition policies and plans, UNICEF also collaborates on generating evidence to better address overweight and obesity and ensure access to healthy food for children. We remain committed to support health and nutrition initiatives for every child, especially the most vulnerable,” Dendevnorov added.

In the Philippines, where a number of children suffer from a triple burden of malnutrition, together with other forms of undernutrition (including stunting and wasting), micronutrient deficiencies, along with overweight and obesity, the Department of Health (DOH), National Nutrition Council (NNC), FAO, WHO, and UNICEF jointly call upon the public, civil society organizations, academe, and the private sector to take action to prevent and manage childhood overweight and obesity.

Results from the Expanded National Nutrition Survey conducted by the Food and Nutrition Research Institute (FNRI) in 2019 reported a relatively low prevalence of overweight at 2.9 percent among children under 5 years old; medium prevalence of 9.1 percent and 9.8 percent among children aged 5 to 10 years old and 10 to 19 years old, respectively.

Among Filipino adolescents, overweight has tripled in the last 15 years. There is a higher rate of overweight and obese children in urban areas than in rural areas and higher prevalence of several risk factors and environmental conditions could rapidly increase the rates. These findings from the FNRI study, together with new studies and recommendations for action, will be shared during a dissemination forum on March 4, 2021.

“The Department of Health recognizes the emerging problem of childhood overweight and obesity in the country and although its prevalence pales in comparison with that of undernutrition, it will be unfortunate to prejudice the public health attention it deserves to mitigate its future risk on non- communicable diseases, premature death and disability in adulthood," Health Secretary Francisco T. Duque III said.

"Further, the economic costs of this escalating problem are considerable both in terms of the enormous financial strains it will place on the health care system and lost economic productivity,” Duque added.

“To prevent obesity, we need to start early, that is in the First 1000 Days of life when we could also prevent undernutrition, which could also result in obesity in later life” according to Dr. Azucena Dayanghirang, Executive Director of the NNC.

The NNC is leading the multi-sectoral Overweight and Obesity Management and Prevention Program of the Philippine Plan of Action for Nutrition (PPAN) 2017-2022. The PPAN targets no further increase in child obesity by 2022 by fostering a healthy food environment and promoting positive nutrition behaviors towards consumption of healthier diets.

In recent years, several legislations have been enacted by the Philippine Congress to support healthier diets and nutrition of Filipinos. The Department of Education has also issued policies on sale of healthy foods and beverages in schools, as well as the promotion of physical activity.

The DOH, NNC, FAO, WHO, and UNICEF jointly call on the firm and continuous enforcement of the existing legislations, and to introduce front of pack labelling of commercially produced foods, and to regulate harmful practices such as the marketing of unhealthy foods to children. We also call on public to change the way overweight and obesity is viewed by society and become advocates for change for healthy food environments and policies that prioritize obesity as a serious health issue. (PIA NCR)

***

References:

* Philippine Information Agency. "FEATURE: Overweight, obese children likely to stay obese into adulthood -WHO." Philippine Information Agency. https://pia.gov.ph/news/articles/1069276 (accessed March 11, 2021 at 02:42PM UTC+08).

* Philippine Infornation Agency. "FEATURE: Overweight, obese children likely to stay obese into adulthood -WHO." Archive Today. https://archive.ph/?run=1&url=https://pia.gov.ph/news/articles/1069276 (archived).

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janedthomas · 7 years ago

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Making Company More Market and Customer Driven: A Winsome Strategy

The basic purpose of formulating a customer-driven marketing strategy is to target a specific segment of the market. A firm should use the marketing research techniques well to identify some common demographic characteristics such as gender, age and vocation and income level to know which customer like what type of goods.

Once the company gets such idea, then it would be simpler to frame its relevant policies keeping the target customers in its mind. When a firm knows more about its customer base, it will be easier to develop a business plan accordingly.

It reduces wastage of money, time and efforts. Such strategies focus towards meeting the needs of the customers first by offering them better quality products and services. The latest consumer support survey claims that around 91% of the consumers prefer products and services that especially cater to their interests and needs than the generic products.

Formulating Customer-Driven Strategies Tricks and Techniques

1) Address the Consumer’s Needs:

The primary step towards building a customer-driven marketing strategy is to address the need of the consumers while trying to live up to their expectations and demands. For example, if the initial market research says that your customers want a high level of services, then the firm has to fulfill that goal of the consumers at the earliest.

2) Towards Building Customer Loyalty:

Creating a permanent base of consumers is equally significant. Customer-driven marketing strategy prompts a firm to build a team of faithful customers who can stand by with the company’s decision every time the company takes an important decision or launches a new product.

The 2016 market research study has stated that having 20% of the trustworthy customers are far greater than having 90% of the undecided ones. Therefore, a firm should always stress more towards creating a pool of loyal customers first then comes the rest.

3) Taking Customer Feedback:

Taking customer’s feedback regularly is a good idea to let them feel delighted, and do things as per their strategy or wish. For example, if a customer wants a modern FMCG product that meets the international standards, then the firm must try to launch such products without wasting any further time.

In addition, if consumers give feedback that they want a new office or store of the company to open near the railway station, then the company must do so.

4) Gaining Referrals:

Generating referrals is a part of a firm’s customer-driven marketing approach. The firm should encourage the existing customers to spread the word about the firm and its products or services to masses leading to wider mouth publicity, which is equally as evocative as the print media advertisement and TV Commercials.

5) Let Customers Decide:

This trick is highly successful in the restaurant business when consumers get an option to choose their appropriate food and menu depending upon their tastes. For example, let the consumers or visitors choose what kind of vegetables, fruits, and soups they want in the breakfast menu.

6) Shift Goal Towards Customer Retention:

Interestingly, 70% of the companies offering excellent product and services to the consumers do have enormous faith in customer feedback. Therefore, apart from finding new potential clients, the company should also try to retain its existing customers. Existing customers are always an asset to the firm and form a part of the company’s customer-driven marketing strategy.

7) Need-Based Marketing Policies:

A customer may have immense expectations of a company. However, the company has to fulfill those needs that are feasible and profitable from the business angels. For example, certain customers may need lower priced products while other customers may need costly products, thus, it is important to analyze the need of the customers and frames the company’s policy accordingly.

8) Geography and Cultural Factors:

The culture factor plays a lead role in the customer’s purchasing decision. For example, a person sitting in the England might not require Indian spices owing to the lesser demand for Indian spices in those areas.

Therefore, an entrepreneur needs to chalk out his strategy effectively as per the location of his business operation. Around 80% of the consumers are likely, to use products that pertaining to their nation’s boundaries. Rest is the consumers who prefer buying products outside their geographical boundaries.

9) Offer Unique and Innovative Products:

Customers also get bored with the availability of similar products in the market. Every time they go to market, they always search something creative and unexpected. The 2017 survey on consumer behavior has stated that 90% of the consumers are likely to buy products that are new and improved. Therefore, a company needs to leverage it for a greater response.

10) Free Offers and Discounts:

As a part of the customer and market-driven strategy, the company should offer free-gifts and discounts to customers from time to time. Free-gifts create memorable impacts in the minds of the customers while compelling them to buy more products from the same company repetitively.

The 2016 customer survey report claimed that 93% of the customers keep buying a product from the same brand repeatedly that offers alluring offers and massive discount rates. However, there a thin line between what a company offers to its new customers and old customers. Ideally, a company should offer equal benefits and offers to both of them.

However, in some sectors, such as the telecom business, new customers are able to derive more benefits than old consumers are. It is strictly bad and may prove detrimental to the health of the company and its business strategy. Any partiality between old and new customers could literally disappoint the existing loyal customers of the firm and might infuriate them to such an extent that they stop buying products from that company.

It is true that one angry customer can do irreparable damage to a firm. So, any customer-friendly organization should always maintain equality between its new and old customers and offer them the same benefits and offers without aggrieving both the parties.

The Business Philosophy

Every entrepreneur should have a philosophy to give impetus to its market-driven business strategy. Without appropriate school of thoughts, the company is just like a directionless ship that moves on here and there without a specific destination.

In recent times, to create a successful market and customer-driven strategy, every company comes out with a completely new philosophy. It acts as a strong foundation to fulfill the company’s dream of accomplishing a customer-driven market strategy.

1) The Concept of Right Production:

If the company wishes to target middle-class customers, then it has to start developing affordable products at a convincing price. The Accenture statistics revealed that around 87% of the customers forsake a brand due to its poor consumer service. Therefore, apart from the product, the company has to look at the quality of the customer support services as well.

2) The Concept of Right Selling:

If people are reluctant to buying products such as insurance, and other financial products, then large-scale selling and promotion are keys in this regard. A firm needs to campaign aggressively to augment its marketing strategy and get desired success.

KYC or Know Your Customer initiative is a good way to know about customers and their preferences. Companies can keep it as a reference to future use. In most countries, around 80% of the insurance firms and Banks make it mandatory for the customers to fill KYC form.

3) Social Marketing Concept:

A firm has to consider about customer’s short-term wants and fulfill the company’s operational requirements, and then it should follow the customer’s long-term interests while retaining the company’s loyal customers. By doing so, the company will be able to deliver valuable services to customers. It is sufficient to step to maintain a short-term and long-term relationship with the company’s countless consumers.

Retaining Long-Time Success in Market-Driven Strategy

The basis of a lucrative market and customer-driven strategy begins by keeping the customers’ requirement paramount. A customer and market-driven strategy are completely futile if it does not give due importance to consumers.

The 2016 statistics on the consumer survey have revealed that around 90% of the consumers immediately stop using a product because of the firm’s poor service quality. Such things are a strict no-no in entrepreneurship. In order to ensure that the company fulfills its customer-centric goals, tweaking business strategy from the customer’s point of view will be extremely helpful and fruitful.

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annieboltonworld · 4 years ago

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Juniper Publishers- Open Access Journal of Environmental Sciences & Natural Resources

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report of Feed Mill Production Plant, Ethio-Chicken PLC, Burayu Town Administration, May, 2017, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Authored by Yared Worku

Abstract

This report presents a detailed Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) study for Ethio-Chicken PLC, Feed Mill Production Plant located in Burayu town, Finfine Zuria Oromiya special zone. Ethiopia, as a country of a growing economy, sustainable development can’t be ensured with the efforts of the government alone. Thus, to bring sustainable development, the participation of all stake holders including the private sectors is critically important. From different private companies, Ethio-Chicken Poultry PLC is one of the private companies involved in the developmental activity engaged in a poultry and Feed Mill production across the country. The Feed Mill Plant produces Feed Mill for chickens, and uses the product for its own use and supply to national market particularly to farmers with affordable price. However, the process of Feed Mill production obviously has an impact on the environment like other developmental projects. Therefore, this plant is handed in a way to minimize the negative impacts during its production and operational processes. In view of this, the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) report is prepared in line with the EIA requirements stipulated in the EIA proclamations of the government of the federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, proclamation No. 299/2002.

The basic objective of the ESIA study is to identify, predict and analyze the magnitude of environmental impacts and propose mitigation and enhancement measures for significant environmental and social effects that arises from the various activities of the Feed Mill production plant. The main approaches and methodologies were followed project screening, review of relevant previous studies, polices and legal frameworks, project area field observations, consultations with relevant stakeholders, describing the physical, biological and socio-economic baseline environmental conditions, collecting primary and secondary data, evaluation of collected data and the ESIA report writing. During evaluation process all environmental issues polices, proclamations, guidelines, administrative structures were under consideration. The reviewers were made with stakeholders and the project area community representatives. The major adverse environmental impacts expected as a result of the feed mill project were problems on solid waste, noise and offensive odor. These problems can be managed and mitigated through proper waste management, structural designing, workers protection from being exposed, etc. Finally, it is concluded that this project brings significant beneficial impacts in socio-economic development of the project area and the country as a whole. Therefore, no significant environmental problem does happen if the proposed measures are properly implemented as planned.

Keywords: Chicken Feed Mill; Antibiotic Growth promoters

Abbreviations: WIC: Wanza International Consulting; AGP: Antibiotic Growth Promoters; MFL: Mekelle Farms Ltd; DOCs: Day-Old Chicks

Introduction

Since 1960s, EIA has evolved as a comprehensive important management tool in giving decisions regarding ecological, social, economic and technical impacts of projects on their environments [1]. Currently, in both developed and developing countries, EIA is seen as ongoing interactive processes, which can contribute to formulation of sound environmental management and planning strategies in achieving sustainable development [2] . Health and sanitation are important need and of humankind as far as socio economic development directives are concerned [3] .The productivity of the citizens and the betterment of living standard shall not be anticipated without enhancing the accessibility of the sanitation and healthy environmental service facilities [4]. An article 40, 43, 44 and 90 of the constitution state about provisions of "Environmental Rights" for all Ethiopians and indicates that all persons of the country are entitled to "live in a clean and healthy environment" and have to meet their basic needs in a sustainable manner.

In recent years, the EPA at different levels has been requesting techno-economic feasibility and EIA studies for various existing and new projects. In order to carry out ESIA study, Ethio-Chicken Feed Mill processing PLC contacted Wanza International Consulting (WIC). The two partners signed an official working agreement in May 21, 2014. Ethio-chicken is the largest poultry company in Ethiopia in which the operative companies are antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) poultry PLC and Mekelle Farms Ltd (MFL). These are sister companies and jointly operate under the brand umbrella of Ethio-Chicken. The parent company Aglow poultry owns entirely AGP and 73.5% of MLF. The Group focuses on producing and selling improving breeds of chickens to smallholder farmers in rural Ethiopia [5]. Compared to indigenous breeds, Ethio-Chicken's breeds are more productive [6]. The group primarily products are day-old chicks (DOCs) and feed [7]. The group also sells medicines, vaccines, disinfectants, and concentrated on breeding and hatching DOC's, and producing feed [8]. This "package" (DOCs, feed + medicines/ vaccine) is then sold on to small businesses.

Ethio-Chicken feed milling and processing factory is one of the above company partners and it has been producing chicken feed mixing, processing and packaging. The company is supplies its product for sister chicken breeding companies and other costumers. The company has been a capacity of processing 5000kg/hours and producing 12 different types of feed. The types of feed prepared can be classified based on the age of the chicken or egg layer and hens breeding for meat in need. Currently, the company has 71 employees and six of them are women. Depending on the market of chicken feed demand, in the future the working time of a machine can be increasing to 24 hours per day and it can be increases the number of labor and productions. The company mainly used local raw materials for the production of these feed, such as maize, bran, soya and limestone. But the company imports some chemicals (premix) from South Africa and Holland. Thus the process of feed mill production obviously has an impact on the environment and social like other developmental projects.

Therefore, this plant handed in away to implement the mitigation measures for negative impacts, and enhancement strategies for positive impacts to realize more benefits during its operational process. The headquarter of the company is located in Addis Ababa, Bole Sub-City, Woreda 03 and employs several highly trained and other types of persons. This report is prepared in line with ESIA requirements stipulated in the EIA Proclamation FDRE No 299/2002. Moreover, the ESIA study is to investigate the impacts of Feed Mill products on the biophysical and human environments in the project area, to identify potential physical, biological and socio-economic environmental impacts as a result of the project and recommend mitigation measures for the most possible impacts that enable in ensuring environmental sustainability.

Justification

Ethiopian is the secondary largest population in Africa with an estimated population of more than 90 million people, and over the last decade it has been one of the fastest growing economies in Africa averaging Gross Domestic product (GDP) growth of over 10% per year [9]. This is one of the most exciting market opportunities in the world. The country represents a very large market opportunity as Ethiopians currently consumes only 0.5-0.6 kg/person/year of poultry meat and 20-25 eggs/ person/year. These figures are significantly below in comparison with other African countries, such as Kenya and Tanzania [10]. The country's underdeveloped poultry sector has seen strong growth in consumption over the past 5 years largely enabled by the increased capacity of Ethio-Chicken. Since 2015, the Group has distributed about 5.5 million chickens to nearly 1 million households, managed to create a network of more than 2,000 out growers nationwide, and built an organization of about 550 fulltime employees. Ethio-Chicken has a long-term strategy to reach every farmer in Ethiopia with productive breeds, affordable feed, and robust management training. This strategy will lead to lift women and the youths out of poverty, and create a more stable supply of protein at the household level.

The short and long-term strategies of the company is to bring healthy and affordable eggs and meat to every Ethiopian family, thereby improving food, nutrition and environmental security and creating income and job opportunities for women and youths. Therefore, to realize the intended objective expansion of the above Company's operations is inevitable producing quality and enough chicken feed is one of the most important strategies.

Research Methodology (Figure 1)

Research Approaches

We follow two methods of research approaches, this are deductive and inductive approaches [11]. Based on the above consideration, the deductive research was presented when the theories reviewed in the literature are tested by the results of the empirical information that might be accordingly supported and, but the inductive approach was reversed in connection between theory and empirical findings; the researcher constructs theoretical frameworks upon the data studied in practice [12]. The deductive approach is also the commonest relationship between theory, practical of the project and research [13]. Based on this assessment purposes, it is thought as more appropriate the use of the inductive approach, and more acceptability the practical data collected from the ESIA in the research area, will help constructing the framework for sustainable decision making in the process of project selection and the project area was also meet environmentally friendship. Moreover, this business research recognizes one research strategies which is qualitative. As by many authors described, the qualitative research is more common in social sciences where opinions, perceptions and more in-depth knowledge is required than quantitative research strategies [14].

Data collection

Primary and secondary sources of data were collected.

a)Primary data sources

Project area field observations, surveys, interviews or line sectors and individuals oral consultations, workers engaged in operational activities and nearby residents and experiments are some of essential primary sources of information and were collected.

b)Secondary data sources

Review of relevant polices, regulations, guidelines and annual reports of the companies, articles or literature reviews and local newspapers are an essential secondary sources and were collected.

Rationale of the ESIA Study

ESIA provides the basis for better decision-making, to the extent that the implications of the ongoing project are thoroughly analyzed and comprehensive information is provided with the application, swifter decisions may be possible. In this way, environmental and social concerns become the integral part of the developmental decision-making process. Ethio-Chicken, as the company is legally committed to implementing the proposed project in line with the requirements of the applicable national legislations, guidelines and international polices particularly the international Finance Cooperation (IFC) Performance Standards.

Scope of ESIA Study

This ESIA study has been undertaken in accordance with the national legislative (EIA Proclamation NO. 299/2002 and Directive No. 1/2008) and international requirements most notably the IFC Performance Standards, World Bank Group EHS Guidelines and Global GAP. As a result, the scope of this ESIA covers:

a) Description of the proposed poultry feed production project, its components and activities throughout all project phases;

b) Baseline information of bio-physical and socioeconomic and cultural conditions within the project area of influence;

c) Description of the pertinent policy, legislative and institutional framework applicable to the proposed project;

d) Public consultations with relevant authorities, organizations, communities and any other interest and party that may be affected and /or interested by the proposed project;

e) Identification of potential impacts on the general environment that may arise from project implementation process; and

f) Proposing mitigation and management options to avoid minimize or offset any adverse significant biophysical and socio- economic impacts.

Research Project Description

Geographical location

The Ethio chicken feed milling and processing plant is found along Addis Ababa-Holeta town highway approximately 15km west of Addis Ababa. The Ethio chicken poultry feed milling and processing plant is located in Finine zuria, Oromia region especial zone, Burayu town administration. The mill is surrounded by flour, plastic recycling plant and soap factories as well as hotel, church, small shops and very few residential settlements. In order to process the product, to store raw material and product, office space etc 2,200m2 are used (Figure 2).

Map of the Project Area

An administrative map showing the location of Oromia regional state boundaries (regional zones and Woreda) in Ethiopia is given (Figure 2). Moreover, reconnaissance survey was conducted to assess floristic and faunal composition, conservation status and degree of human disturbance, and hence help to detect, reveal and predict changes as a result of the impact of proposed poultry feed production project of the overall environment, particularly on vegetation characteristics (Figure 3).

Policy, Legal and Instructional Framework

Various policies proclamations and environmental standard that are relevant to this project have been identified and reviewed. Policies proclamations and standards of relevance cover issues like environmental protection, pollution prevention and control health safety and environment the international conventions that are relevant to this project are also outline and their relevance to the project is explained. In addition Ethio- chicken's corporate directives that are relevant to this poultry development activity have been identified.

Applicable National Policies and Strategies

The most relevant policies which stipulate the need for an impact assessment study and provide directives on how projects of this nature should be carried out in Ethiopia.

a)Environmental policy of Ethiopia (1997)

The EPA is and overriding policy for environmental and nature Ethiopia resources management in the country developed to address and setting out specific policy directives for different sector. The policy promotes mainstreaming of environmental concerns in the development projects are implemented in an economically viable socially acceptable and environmentally acceptable manner.

b) Ethiopian water resources management policy, 2001

According to the policy between 80-90% of Ethiopia's water resources is found in the four river basins namely Abay (Blue Nile), Tekeze, Baro Akobo and Omo Gibe in the west and south western part of Ethiopia where the population is between 3040 %. The policy prioritized efficient utilization, equitable optimizing conservation and suitability of the unevenly distributed water resources as the engine of socio-economic development.

c) Policy strategy on Forest Development, Conservation and use

The underlying objective of the policy to meet public demand in forestry product and foster the contribution of forests and forest products in enhancing Ethiopia’s economic development further sector specific guidelines and issues in relation to water resources is provided in the policy.

d) The agriculture Development Led Industrializations (ADLI) strategy

ADLI's is government's policy response specifically meant to address food security and fostering increased agricultural productivity as the engine for both agricultural and industrial growth. The policy places emphasis on the transformation and commercialization of the small holders' agriculture for rural growth and facilitating take off of the commercial opportunities

e) Rural Development policy and strategy

The policy sets rural development vision and comprehensive practical options to realized it due to significant contribution of agriculture sector to employment and GDP, 80 % and 45% respectively, and rural nature of the Ethiopian live hoods emphasis is placed on the agriculture development trade industry and expansion of the urban context in this case the agriculture- centered rural development has been adopted as an overall strategy in realizing economic development.

Policy & Strategy Summary of the Most Relevant Requirements

a)National energy policy of Ethiopia

The policy intends to facilities implementation of the ADLI provision of incentive for the participation of the private sector and community in the development of energy resource. Admits, escalating energy demand for the realization of the sector's development objectives. Development of the alternative energy resources such as solar power, wind power and geothermal is highly encouraged by the policy.

b)Ethiopian strategic Plan for Intensifying Multisectorial, 2004-2008

The Key mission of the Plan is to prevent and control transmission of the HIV/AIDS and reduction of its socio-economic impacts through comprehensive programs and participation of all key stakeholders and public throughout the country. The plan seeks active involvement of women in the prevention care and support activities. The plan envisages mainstreaming of its key strategic issues of areas in the daily activities and work places.

Applicable Proclamations, Regulations and Directive

a) Environmental impact Assessment proclamation No.299/2002

The law provides under its Article 3/3 and 5/1/2 that every project that falls in the category listed in any directive issue (directive No 1/2008 issued to determine projects subject to EIA) shall be subject EIA as guided by environmental protection agency (EOA). The proclamation prohibits any development to be initiated without securing an environment clearance Article 7 requires the project. In compliance to this requirement Ethio- Chicken decided to commission an EIA for chicken feed milling and processing factory.

b) Environment Pollution Control Proclamation 300/2002

The proclamation prevents any party from polluting the environment by controlling and disposal. Disposal of any hazardous waste without a permit from the authority or the regional environmental agency stratify prohibited. The collection important preparation storage distribution transportation and use of hazardous chemicals or radioactive materials shall be subjected to a permit from EPA (article 4).

c)Prevention of industrial pollution Council of ministers Regulations No.159/2008

The proclamations industrial and other establishments are required to prevent and minimized waste generation and pollution to an amount not exceeding environmental limits set by relevant standard (Regulation 4). The component lice ding environmental monitoring system and mechanism for addressing public complaints on pollution.

d)Solid waste management proclamation No. 513/2008

The law prescribes management of each type of waste stream to ensure environmental suitability and enhanced public health. The stipulated management action plan for each waste streams are to be implemented at the lowest administrative units and community must participate. Construction permit shall be issued only when the contractor deposits a legally valid bond to ensure sound management of the construction wastes (article 12/2).

e)Labor Proclamation No.377/2003

This section require proponent to observe all care right and related matters including establishing basic employment standard provide a framework for collective bargaining for the prevention and settlement of disputes. Article 6 requires Ethio- chicken to provide formal written and signed contracts to its employees, take all necessary measures to ensure occupational safety and health measures as per directives observe working condition workers right (article 12, 95) and maintain a human resources Policy/manual. Article 113(1) state that workers and employers shall have the right to established and form trade unions or employer's association and actively participate therein

Biosecurity and poultry industry

a)Biosafety Proclamation No. 655/2009

Ethio-chicken is required to undertaken detailed risk assessment by engaging a qualified expert and submit the report to the Authority article 6(1). The report will be disseminated to the relevant stakeholders for comments and /or terms. Further article 8(1) requires the developer to seek permit from the relevant authority for importation of any modified organism.

b) Drug administration and control Proclamation No.176/1999

All locally-produced and imported drugs shall not be put into use unless it is dully registered by the drug administration and control authority (article 16(1)). A certificate of registration that is valid for 5 years shall be granted for a registered drug (article 17(1)).

c)Pesticides Registration and Control Proclamation No. 674/2010

The law sets control mechanism of minimization of the undesirable effects to environment flora fauna and public health that may arise from utilization and improper management of the pesticides, formulation manufacturing, and importation packing. Repacking labeling selling distribution storage of use of pesticides unregistered by the ministry of agriculture is prohibited ( article 3) pesticide registration shall be valid for 5 years from the date of issuance of certificate of registration (article6) in the case of importing pesticides the ministry shall issue an import permit before importation is done (article 17).

National Development Plans

a)Growth and Transformation Plan II (GTPII) 2015202

The underlying objective of the Ethiopia GTP II to serve as a springboard towards realization of the country's socio-economic transformation and the vision to become a lower middle-income country by 2025 by ensuring sustained rapid board based and inclusive economic growth by enhancing productive Materials and Inputs

Raw and Auxiliary Materials

The basic raw materials required for poultry feed production include oil cake (soya), wheat bran, maize vitamins and minerals (premix). All the raw materials are locally available, except premix which will be imported. The auxiliary materials required for the poultry feed production plant are mixer machine, balance, packaging materials and transport cars (Table 1). The major operations involved in the production of poultry feed are raw materials preparation, pulverization of ingredients in a grinder or pulverized to the required mesh size, assorting and measuring, mixing the ingredients, meshing in a vibrating screen to the correct particle size and packing. The raw materials from the assorting tanks are measured in accordance to their use and then mixed by using a mixer. During mixing, fatty ingredients are added to the mix in order to raise the nutrient value of the feed. Upon requirement, the second crushing is by past. The final product is filled onto product tanks from which it is weighed and packed.

Steps of Processing

The following are steps of production processes. These are;

a) Processing

b) Formulation

c) Weighing,

d) Mixing,

e) Packaging

f) Labeling

g) Storage

a)Processing

Processing seeks to modify the physical properties of raw materials to meet the specifications of products. Processing basically includes milling and mixing (packaging). A multi mill can be used to reduce particle size to the desired screen analysis. Regular checks should be performed to detect wear of mill screen and blades. The sieved and milled material is then bagged, weighed, labeled and transferred to the warehouse area for storage.

b)Formulation

This is an important and critical step in manufacturing quality products. Qualified personnel possessing knowledge and expertise regarding micro ingredients and powder technology should formulate a quality feed. The formulator has to consider source of ingredients based on their physical, chemical characteristics, bioavailability, their interactions when mixed, handling characteristics, and economic implications on the final product before any final conclusion is arrived at.

c)Weighing

The accuracy of the weighing balance enables precise weighing. The accuracy decreases with increasing size of the scale. Assurance in weighing can be achieved by calibrating balances against standard weights. The balances should be preferably calibrated daily in the beginning of weighing and documented accordingly. They should be cleaned before and after use and must be subjected for maintenance twice a year.

d)Mixing

The mixing process is the heart of any feed-manufacturing unit. In a feed the proportion of ingredients vary considerably; hence in order to obtain a homogenous blend the mixing operation should be divided into two steps. These are A) Micro mixing as the name suggests, is for mixing micro ingredients which weigh less than one percent of mixer capacity. These ingredients should be initially mixed in a smaller capacity mixer like double cone blender. The micro mix so obtained should be then mixed in the large mixer with all other ingredients and B) Macro mixing is the actual blending of all components of the ingredient along with carriers in a batch mixer.

e)Packaging

The primary purpose of packaging for products is to maintain the stability of micronutrients and to protect the integrity of the composition. Improperly packaged products experience considerable loss in the potency of various sensitive ingredients. Selection or designing of packaging material should be according to the local climatic conditions. It should bear following properties:

I. Provides barrier against light, moisture, oxygen

II. No chemical interactions with the products

III. Provides good printing surface

IV. Sturdy enough to withstand the transport pressure.

The different types of packaging materials that could be use are glass containers, aluminum foil, paper and plastics. Ideally, aluminum foil lined multilayered paper bags provides an excellent barrier against light, moisture, oxygen, odor and flavor. Hence for very sensitive ingredients and where cost is not a constraint, aluminum foil package is the material of choice.

f)Labeling

Label should have following information: name of the products, composition, net weight in the package (in kg), regulatory/statutory statements, date of manufacture in month/year, date of expiry in month/year, batch number, storage conditions, directions for use, name and address of the manufacturer with logo, and disclaimer note if any careful attention must be paid while preparing label since the customer follows the instructions given on the label. Any mistake made will be carried on to the feed and ultimately affect the performance of the chicken.

g)Storage

The quality of feeds is also affected by the storage conditions in the premises until it is transported through distribution channels. The following steps are recommended during warehouse storage:

1. The temperature and humidity of warehouse should be controlled below critical levels.

2. Keep the area clean, well lit and ventilated with fresh air.

3. Store the premix on the pallet meant for it taking care not to store more than 10 bags on each pallet.

4. Design the storage areas to facilitate the FIFO (First in First Out) policy, with bags stored in consecutive order so that oldest can be withdrawn first.

Environmental Impacts of the Project

Potential Positive Environmental Impacts

Among other benefits, the project is to:

a) Makes job opportunity for 71 people which generate income.

b) Can create opportunity for the community or population to expose to modern gardening, and recreation activities.

c) Contributes to the realization of the development strategy particularly in the area of life-standard facilities improvements.

d) Earns considerable profit to the proponent as well as to the city administration through tax.

Negative Impacts of the project Potential Adverse Impacts on the Physical Environment and Mitigation Measures

Depending on the EIA general principles, project type, specific conditions of the project area and project needs, proper environmental mitigation measures were recommended for each identified adverse significant environmental impacts as the result of the Feed Mill Production Plant project. Moreover, the water, soil, air and other environmental issues were not affected by the project Feed Mill production plant, but it has a negative impact on the storage processes as we discussed the above in titled with storage.

Mitigation measures to minimize the Negative Impacts

After identifying the specific negative impact, it is sensory and applies the mitigation measures. In order to put into operation run the business and secure the sustainability of the project, the proponent and its technical personnel should work on the following recommended mitigation measures to minimize the negative impacts.

a) Make separate provision for storing sale return or expired products.

b) Keep floors, walls and walkways clean, dry and free of any obstructions.

c) Place sinks and bathrooms away from premix storage area.

d) Keep the area free from pests and rodents

e) No bag should be stored without any label.

For more articles in Juniper Publishers | Open Access Journal of Environmental Sciences & Natural Resources please click on: https://juniperpublishers.com/ijesnr/index.php

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assignmenthelpinusa · 7 years ago

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hudsonespie · 4 years ago

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The Serious Health Risks of a Polluted Ocean

[By Jacqueline McGlade and Philip Landrigan]

Ocean pollution is widespread, worsening, and poses a clear and present danger to human health and wellbeing. But the extent of this danger has not been widely comprehended – until now. Our recent study provides the first comprehensive assessment of the impacts of ocean pollution on human health.

Ocean pollution is a complex mixture of toxic metals, plastics, manufactured chemicals, petroleum, urban and industrial wastes, pesticides, fertilisers, pharmaceutical chemicals, agricultural runoff, and sewage. More than 80 percent arises from land-based sources and it reaches the oceans through rivers, runoff, deposition from the atmosphere – where airborne pollutants are washed into the ocean by rain and snow – and direct dumping, such as pollution from waste water treatment plants and discarded waste. Ocean pollution is heaviest near the coasts and most highly concentrated along the coastlines of low-income and middle-income countries.

Will Stahl-Timmins/Boston College/Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Author provided

Ocean pollution can also be found far beyond national jurisdictions in the open oceans, the deepest oceanic trenches, and on the shores of remote islands. Ocean pollution knows no borders.

The most hazardous ocean pollution

Plastic waste is the most visible component of ocean pollution. More than ten million tonnes of plastic enter the seas every year. The majority of this breaks down into microplastic particles and accumulates in coastal and deep-sea sediments.

Some large pieces float in the water for decades ending up as massive concentrations where currents converge and circulate. The Pacific Ocean’s so called “garbage patch” is a well-known example.

Microplastics contain multiple toxic chemicals that are added to plastics to make them flexible, colourful, waterproof or flame-resistant. These include carcinogens, neurotoxins, and endocrine disruptors – chemicals that interfere with hormones, and can cause cancer, birth defects, and reduced fertility.

These chemical-laden particles enter the food chain and accumulate in fish and shellfish. When humans eat seafood contaminated with these materials, we ingest millions of microplastic particles and the many chemicals they carry. Though there is still debate on the harm to humans from microplastics, exposure to these chemicals increases the risk of all the diseases that they cause. Virtually all of us have microplastics in our bodies today.

Mercury is widespread in the oceans, and the major culprit is coal burning in homes and industry. All coal contains mercury, and when it burns, mercury vaporises, enters the atmosphere, and eventually washes into the sea. Gold mining is another source, as mercury is used to dissolve gold from the ore.

Mercury can accumulate to high levels in predatory fish such as tuna and swordfish, which are in turn eaten by us. Contaminated fish can be especially dangerous if eaten by expectant mothers. Exposure of mercury to infants in the womb can damage developing brains, reducing IQ and increasing risks for autism, ADHD, and other learning disorders. Adult mercury exposure increases risks for heart disease and dementia.

Petroleum pollutants from oil spills threaten the marine microorganisms that produce much of the Earth’s oxygen by reducing their capacity for photosynthesis. These beneficial microorganisms use solar energy to convert atmospheric CO? into oxygen and are also affected by organic pollutants and other chemicals. When there is a major oil spill, the impact can be huge.

Coastal pollution from industrial waste, agricultural runoff, pesticides, and sewage increases the frequency of harmful algal blooms, known as red tides, brown tides, and green tides. These blooms produce powerful toxins like ciguatera and domoic acid that accumulate in fish and shellfish. When ingested, these toxins can cause dementia, amnesia, paralysis, and even rapid death. When inhaled, they can cause asthma.

Dangerous microorganisms result from a combination of coastal pollution and warming seas, which encourages their spread. Harmful bacteria such as the vibrio species – found in warmer waters and responsible for vibriosis, a potentially fatal illness – are now appearing further north and causing life-threatening infections. There’s a high risk that cholera, caused by vibrio cholerae, could spread to new, previously unaffected areas.

And the health impacts of ocean pollution fall disproportionately on indigenous peoples, coastal communities and vulnerable populations in the Global South, underlining the planetary scale of this environmental injustice.

Political will and scientific evidence

While the findings in this report are alarming, the good news is that ocean pollution, as with all forms of pollution, can be controlled and prevented. Bans on single-use plastics and better waste sorting can curb pollution at its source, especially plastic waste, both on land and at sea.

Wise governments have curbed other forms of pollution by deploying control strategies based on law, policy, technology, and targeted enforcement. The US, for example, has reduced air pollution by 70% since the passage of the Clean Air Act in 1970. They have saved thousands of lives. They have proven highly cost-effective.

Countries around the world are now applying these same tools to control ocean pollution. Boston Harbour in Massachusetts and Victoria Harbour in Hong Kong have been cleaned. Estuaries from Chesapeake Bay in the US to the Seto Inland Sea in Japan have been rejuvenated. Some coral reefs have been restored, such as those in American Samoa, where vigilance, protection and quick response have happened in relation to various pollution threats.

These successes have boosted economies, increased tourism, restored fisheries, and improved health. They demonstrate that broad control of ocean pollution is feasible and their benefits will last for centuries. Our study offers some clear recommendations for preventing and controlling ocean pollution, including transitioning to cleaner energy, developing affordable alternatives to fossil fuel-based plastics, reducing human, agricultural and industrial discharges, and expanding Marine Protected Areas.

Protecting the planet is a global concern and our collective responsibility. Leaders who recognise the gravity of ocean pollution, acknowledge its growing dangers, engage civil society, and take bold, evidence-based action to stop pollution at source will be essential for preventing ocean pollution and safeguarding our own health.

Jacqueline McGlade is Professor of Natural Prosperity, Sustainable Development and Knowledge Systems at UCL.

Philip Landrigan is Professor and Director, Global Public Health Program and Global Pollution Observatory, Schiller Institute for Integrated Science.

This article appears courtesy of The Conversation and may be found in its original form here.

from Storage Containers https://www.maritime-executive.com/article/the-serious-health-risks-of-a-polluted-ocean via http://www.rssmix.com/

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devendramarket-blog · 7 years ago

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Flexible Packaging Market is Predicted to Grow at 5.92% CAGR During The Forecast Period – 2017 to 2023

Market research future published a cooked research report on global Flexible packaging market. The global market for global flexible packaging market is expected to grow over the CAGR of 5.92% during the period 2017 to 2023

Global Flexible Packaging Market Information by Material (Plastic, Paper, Aluminum, and others), by Products (Pouches, Bags, Wraps, and others), by Printing Technology (Flexography, Digital printing, and others), by Application (Pharmaceutical, Food & Beverages, Personal Care, and others) and Region - Forecast to 2023.

Globally, flexible packaging market is growing due to growing demand from food & beverages industry and innovation in packaging products. Factors driving flexible packaging market are its light weight, recyclable characteristics and feasible for usage. Many manufacturing industries are shifting to flexible packaging as there is growing demand by consumers.

Get a sample report at https://www.marketresearchfuture.com/sample_request/1151 .

Flexible packaging is essentially a package or container made of flexible or materials that, when filled or closed, can bend while still holding the shape. The growth of flexible packaging market is influenced by increased consumption of processed foods & beverages, innovation in packaging and environmental advantage of such packaging. However, fluctuation in raw material prices and stringent regulations on packaging material waste and recycling expected to hinder the growth of the flexible packaging market.

Flexible packaging has wide applications in the F&B industry, mainly due to its features such as ease of handling, reduced production & shipment costs, and eco-friendliness. Also, the rise in population in many countries, has led to an increase in food & beverage consumption, which ultimately increases the demand of flexible packaging products. Technological advancements in packaging plays a vital role in driving the growth of flexible packaging market. . Due to this, many companies are investing in R&D and are coming up with advanced flexible packaging products with barrier resistance properties.

APAC held the largest market share in the global flexible packaging market in 2016. Asia-Pacific region is comprised of countries such as China, India, and Japan, which are the leading exporters of goods to various parts of the world. The increasing exports from these countries is leading to the growth of the flexible packaging market. The booming e-commerce market in the region is also contributing to the growth of the flexible packaging market. The e-commerce market is boosted by the increasing internet penetration.

Browse complete report at https://www.marketresearchfuture.com/reports/flexible-packaging-market-1151 .

Scope of the report This study provides an overview of the global flexible packaging industry, tracking four market segments across four geographic regions. The report studies key players, providing a five-year annual trend analysis that highlights market size, volume and share for North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, and Rest of the World. The report also provides a forecast, focusing on the market opportunities for the next five years for each region. The scope of the study segments the global flexible packaging market as material, Package type and application. Market Segmentation by material includes – plastic, paper, aluminum, and others. Market categorization on basis of product includes pouches, bags, wraps, and others. On the basis of printing technology, it is segmented as flexography, digital printing, and others, Furthermore, on the basis of application the market of flexible packaging is segmented as food & beverages, pharmaceuticals, personal care, other industries.

Key Players The key players of global Flexible Packaging market report includes

· Amcor Limited (Australia)

· Bemis Company, Inc. (U.S.)

· Constantia Flexible Group GmbH (Austria)

· Huhtamaki Group (Finland)

· Clondalkin Group Holdings B.V. (The Netherlands)

· Coveris Holdings S.A. (U.S.)

· Sonoco Products Company (U.S.)

Get a discount at https://www.marketresearchfuture.com/check-discount/1151 .

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 Executive Summary 12

2 Introduction 14 2.1 Definition 14 2.2 Scope of the Study 14 2.3 Assumptions 14 2.4 Market Structure 15

3 Research Methodology 17 3.1 Research Process 17 3.2 Primary Research 18 3.3 Secondary Research 18 3.4 Market Size Estimation 18 3.5 Forecast Model 20

4 Market Dynamics 21 4.1 Drivers 22 4.1.1 Growing demand from food & beverage industry 22 4.1.2 Innovation in packaging 22 4.1.3 Environmental advantage of flexible packaging 23 4.2 Impact Analysis 23 4.3 Restraints 23 4.3.1 Fluctuation in raw material prices 23 4.3.2 Stringent regulations regarding plastic and recycled materials 24 4.4 Impact Analysis 24 4.5 Opportunities 24 4.5.1 Scope in the Developing Nations 24

5 Market Factor Analysis 26 5.1 Value Chain Analysis 26 5.2 Porter's 5 Forces Analysis 27 5.2.1 Threat of New Entrants 28 5.2.2 Bargaining Power of Suppliers 28 5.2.3 Bargaining Power of Buyers 28 5.2.4 Threat of Substitutes 28 5.2.5 Rivalry 28

6 Global Flexible Packaging Market, by Material 29 6.1 Introduction 30 6.2 Plastic 30 6.3 Paper 30 6.4 Aluminum 30 6.5 Others 30

7 Global Flexible Packaging Market, By Product 32 7.1 Introduction 33 7.2 Pouches 33 7.3 Bags 33 7.4 Wraps 33 7.5 Others 33

8 Global Flexible Packaging Market, By Printing Technology 35 8.1 Introduction 36 8.2 Flexography 36 8.3 Digital Printing 36 8.4 Others 36

9 Global Flexible Packaging Market, By Application 38 9.1 Introduction 39 9.2 Food & Beverages 39 9.3 Pharmaceuticals 39 9.4 Personal Care 39 9.5 Others 39

10 Global Flexible Packaging Market, By Region 41 10.1 Introduction 42 10.2 North America 43 10.2.1 U.S 46 10.2.2 Canada 48 10.3 Europe 50 10.3.1 Germany 52 10.3.2 U.K. 54 10.3.3 France 56 10.3.4 Spain 58 10.3.5 Italy 60 10.3.6 Rest of Europe 62 10.4 Asia-Pacific 64 10.4.1 China 67 10.4.2 Japan 69 10.4.3 India 71 10.4.4 Rest of Asia-Pacific 72 10.5 Rest of World 75 10.5.1 South America 77 10.6 Middle East & Africa 79

11 Competitive Scenario 82 11.1 Competitive Landscape 82 11.1.1 Merger and Acquisition 83 11.1.2 Expansion 84 11.1.3 New Product Development 84 11.1.4 Partnership and Collaboration 84

12 Company Profiles 85 12.1 Amcor Limited 85 12.1.1 Company Overview 85 12.1.2 Financial Overview 85 12.1.3 Product/Service Offering 86 12.1.4 Strategy 87 12.1.5 Key developments 88 12.1.6 SWOT Analysis 88 12.2 Constantia Flexibles Group GmbH 89 12.2.1 Company Overview 89 12.2.2 Financial Overview 89 12.2.3 Product/Service Offering 90 12.2.4 Strategy 91 12.2.5 Key developments 92 12.3 Mondi Group 93 12.3.1 Company Overview 93 12.3.2 Financial Overview 93 12.3.3 Product/Service Offering 95 12.3.4 Strategy 95 12.3.5 Key developments 96 12.4 Sealed Air Corporation 97 12.4.1 Company Overview 97 12.4.2 Financial Overview 97 12.4.1 Product/Service Offering 98 12.4.2 Strategy 98 12.4.3 Key developments 99 12.4.4 SWOT Analysis 99 12.5 CellPack Packaging 100 12.5.1 Company Overview 100 12.5.2 Financial Overview 100 12.5.3 Product/Service Offering 100 12.6 Sonoco Products Company 101 12.6.1 Company Overview 101 12.6.2 Financial Overview 101 12.6.3 Product/Service Offering 102 12.6.4 Strategy 102 12.6.5 SWOT Analysis 103 12.7 Coveris Company 104 12.7.1 Company Overview 104 12.7.2 Financial Overview 104 12.7.3 Product/Service Offering 106 12.7.4 Strategy 106 12.7.5 SWOT Analysis 107 12.8 Huhtamaki Group 108 12.8.1 Company Overview 108 12.8.2 Financial Overview 108 12.8.3 Product/Service Offering 109 12.8.4 Strategy 110 12.8.5 SWOT Analysis 111 12.9 Bemis Company Inc. 112 12.9.1 Financial Overview 112 12.9.2 Product/Service Offering 113 12.9.3 Strategy 113 12.9.4 SWOT Analysis 114 12.10 Ampac 115 12.10.1 Financial Overview 115 12.10.2 Product/Service Offering 115 12.10.3 Strategy 115 12.11 Flair Flexible Packaging Corporation 117 12.11.1 Financial Overview 117 12.11.2 Product/Service Offering 117 12.11.3 Strategy 117

Contact: Akash Anand Market Research Future Magarpatta Road, Hadapsar, Pune - 411028 Maharashtra, India +1 646 845 9312 Email: [email protected] Web: Https://Www.Marketresearchfuture.Com

#FlexiblePackaging

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