#Nasal Spray market

[mitalipingale]

The Nasal Spray Market in 2023 is US$ 17.98 billion, and is expected to reach US$ 29.59 billion by 2031 at a CAGR of 6.42%.

[priyagade226]

Nasal Spray Market to Grow at more than 7.37% CAGR till 2033

Nasal Spray Market size exceeded USD 25.7 Billion in 2023 and is anticipated to cross USD 52.91 Billion by 2033, registering a CAGR of more than 7.37 % during the forecast period.

On the nasal spray market, there are numerous pharmaceuticals designed for intranasal administration. When employing nasal sprays, the nasal passageways can be rapidly filled with medications, saline solutions, decongestants, and a number of other substances. Nasal sprays are commonly used in medical settings to treat a wide range of conditions, including allergies, sinusitis, nasal congestion, and migraine headaches.

As a result of urbanisation and lifestyle changes, pollutant and allergen exposure has grown. Many people are turning to nasal sprays for relief in order to maintain their respiratory health. Nasal congestion is a frequent symptom of the flu and common cold. Decongestant nasal sprays are in high demand throughout the cold and flu season as individuals seek relief from nasal congestion and sinus discomfort.

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Respiratory disorders such as allergic rhinitis, sinusitis, asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are on the rise. Because these conditions typically show with symptoms such as nasal congestion, runny nose, and breathing difficulties, nasal sprays are a helpful therapeutic alternative. As more individuals move to cities, they may be exposed to increased levels of indoor allergens and pollution, which can aggravate respiratory ailments.

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One of the most common adverse effects is nasal irritation, which can cause burning, stinging, or itching within the nose. Some people may discontinue using the nasal spray as a result of the pain. Although rare, nasal spray ingredients can cause allergic reactions in certain people. In extremely rare cases, symptoms might range from modest skin rashes to serious anaphylactic reactions.  For undesirable effects to be reduced and market trust to be maintained, nasal sprays must be used correctly and in accordance with healthcare expert recommendations.

Some of the major players in Nasal Spray market Sunovion Pharmaceuticals Inc., Viatris Inc., Apotex Inc., Novartis AG, Bayer AG, Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd, Aurena Laboratories, GlaxoSmithKline plc, Leeford Healthcare Limited, Cipla Ltd

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Partial chapters of report table of contents (TOC):

Chapter 3. Nasal Spray Market Insights

Market Overview

Market Drivers & Opportunity

Market Restrains & Challenges

Regulatory Landscape

Ecosystem Analysis

Technology & Innovation Outlook

Key Industry Developments

Partnership

Merger/Acquisition

Investment

Product Launch

Supply Chain Analysis

Porter's Five Forces Analysis

Threat of New Entrants

Threat of Substitutes

Industry Rivalry

Bargaining Power of Suppliers

Bargaining Power of Buyers

COVID-19 Impact

PESTLE Analysis

Political Landscape

Economic Landscape

Social Landscape

Technology Landscape

Legal Landscape

Environmental Landscape

Competitive Landscape

Introduction

Company Market Share

Competitive Positioning Matrix

Chapter 4. Nasal Spray Market Statistics, by Segments

Key Trends

Market Estimates and Forecasts

Table

Chart

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[soumyafwr]

https://heyjinni.com/read-blog/112060_inhalation-and-nasal-spray-generic-drugs-market-size-overview-share-and-forecast.html

Inhalation and Nasal Spray Generic Drugs Market Size, Overview, Share and Forecast 2031

[ohello0]

Both my aunt and granny have a persistent cough,,,,,,clap if you’re scared

[researchnreports]

Sea Water Nasal Spray Market Trends, Segmentation And Forecast To 2030

According to a new report published by The Insight Partners, titled, " Sea Water Nasal Spray Market Forecast | Share and Size - 2030". The report provides a detailed analysis of the top investment pockets, top winning strategies, drivers & opportunities, Sea Water Nasal Spray market size & estimations, competitive landscape, and changing market trends.

The Sea Water Nasal Spray market report represents a detailed overview of the current market situation and forecasts till the Forecast Year. The study is perhaps a perfect mixture of qualitative and quantitative information highlighting key market developments, challenges, and competition the industry faces alongside gap analysis and new opportunities available and Sea Water Nasal Spray market trends. This report offers market size, recent trends, growth, share, development status, government policy, market dynamics, cost structure, and competitive landscape. The research report also includes the Sea Water Nasal Spray market growth potential in the given period of forecast.

This research is based on valid information sources that make it a credible asset. Through a range of quantitative methods and qualitative approaches, this research brings forward comprehensive insights on trends, drivers, and restrictions ahead of Sea Water Nasal Spray market players. PESTEL, Porter's five forces, and SWOT models are used for Sea Water Nasal Spray market analysis of the business environment across a range of categories, geographical regions, and applications.

Key companies in the Sea Water Nasal Spray market are- Sterimar, LABORATOIRE DE LA MER, Gerolymatos International, Humer, Gifrer, GSK, Nacur Healthcare, Laboratoires Pharmaster, Bayer, Sandoz

Market Analysis and Insights:

The report identifies emerging revenue pockets and opportunities for growth in the market. It analyses changes in market regulations and provides a strategic growth analysis, which can be used by businesses to develop effective growth strategies.

Overall, this report is an essential resource for businesses seeking to stay ahead of the competition in the Sea Water Nasal Spray market. With its comprehensive Sea Water Nasal Spray market analysis of recent developments and emerging trends, it provides valuable insights into the market that can be used to develop effective growth strategies and improve market positioning.

Market Drivers and Restraints:

The report provides valuable information on the production costs, supply chain dynamics, and raw materials that are essential to the Sea Water Nasal Spray market. The report identifies key market restraints, such as economic constraints in emerging countries and business market obstacles. By understanding these risks and challenges, businesses can develop strategies to mitigate them and achieve long-term success in this exciting and dynamic industry to increase their Sea Water Nasal Spray market share.

Market Segmentation:

The political and economic landscape of the Sea Water Nasal Spray market is analyzed in depth, providing a comprehensive understanding of the market's potential risks and opportunities. The report includes a detailed analysis of the competitive landscape of the market, identifying the top players and their Sea Water Nasal Spray market size, and evaluating their strategies and performance. The research report covers a wide range of topics, including market trends, technological advancements, and emerging opportunities, providing valuable insights for businesses looking to expand their presence in the market.On the Basis of Type this market is categorized further into-

Isotonic Sea Water Nasal Spray

Hypertonic Sea Water Nasal Spray

Hypotonic Sea Water Nasal Spray

On the Basis of Application this market is categorized further into-

Infants

Children and Adults

On the Basis of Distribution Channel this market is categorized further into-

Hospital Pharmacies

Drug Stores and Retail Pharmacies

Online Pharmacies

On the Basis of Geography this market is categorized further into-

North America

Europe

Asia Pacific

Middle East & Africa

and South & Central America

Key regions Sea Water Nasal Spray Market Research Report:

North America (U.S., Canada, Mexico)

Europe (U.K., France, Germany, Spain, Italy, Central & Eastern Europe, CIS)

Asia Pacific (China, Japan, South Korea, ASEAN, India, Rest of Asia Pacific)

Latin America (Brazil, Rest of Latin America)

The Middle East and Africa (Turkey, GCC, Rest of the Middle East and Africa)

Rest of the World

About Us:

The Insight Partners is a one-stop industry research provider of actionable intelligence. We help our clients in getting solutions to their research requirements through our syndicated and consulting research services. We specialize in industries such as Semiconductor and Electronics, Aerospace and Defense, Automotive and Transportation, Biotechnology, Healthcare IT, Manufacturing and Construction, Medical Devices, Technology, Media and Telecommunications, Chemicals and Materials.

[myblogscmi]

Global Nasal Lotion Spray Market Is Estimated To Witness High Growth Owing To Increasing Preference for Natural Nasal Products

The global Nasal Lotion Spray Market is estimated to be valued at US$ 23.99 Billion In 2023 and is expected to exhibit a CAGR of 6.8% over the forecast period 2023-2030, as highlighted in a new report published by Coherent Market Insights. Market Overview: Nasal lotion sprays are a type of nasal spray that delivers a medicated lotion directly into the nasal passages. These sprays are used to relieve nasal congestion, allergies, and other nasal symptoms. They provide immediate relief and are easy to use, making them a popular choice among consumers. The advantages of using nasal lotion sprays include targeted delivery, quick absorption, and long-lasting relief. With the increasing prevalence of respiratory diseases and allergies, the demand for nasal lotion sprays is expected to grow significantly. Manufacturers need to comply with the regulations set by respective regulatory authorities to ensure product safety and efficacy. Economic: The increasing prevalence of respiratory diseases and allergies is driving the demand for nasal lotion sprays. This presents significant growth opportunities for manufacturers and creates a favorable economic environment for market expansion. Social: The awareness about the importance of maintaining good nasal health is increasing among the general population. People are adopting preventive measures to avoid respiratory illnesses and seeking products that provide relief from nasal symptoms. Technological: Advancements in technology have led to the development of innovative nasal lotion spray devices. These devices offer better control, accurate dosage delivery, and improved ease of use, enhancing the overall user experience. Key Takeaways: 1. The global Nasal Lotion Spray Market is expected to witness high growth, exhibiting a CAGR of 6.8% over the forecast period. This growth is driven by the increasing prevalence of respiratory diseases and allergies and the growing preference for natural nasal products. 2. Regional Analysis: North America is expected to be the fastest-growing and dominating region in the Nasal Lotion Spray Market. This can be attributed to the high prevalence of respiratory diseases and allergies, well-established healthcare infrastructure, and increasing consumer awareness about nasal health. Europe is also expected to contribute significantly to market growth due to the presence of key market players and favorable reimbursement policies. 3. Key Players: Key players operating in the global Nasal Lotion Spray Market include GlaxoSmithKline plc, Johnson & Johnson, Pfizer Inc., Novartis AG, AstraZeneca PLC, Sanofi S.A., Merck & Co., Inc., Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd., Mylan N.V., Perrigo Company plc, Prestige Consumer Healthcare Inc., NeilMed Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Church & Dwight Co., Inc., Navage, Inc., and Xlear, Inc. These companies are adopting strategies such as product launches, partnerships, and acquisitions to strengthen their market presence. In conclusion, the global Nasal Lotion Spray Market is poised for significant growth due to the increasing prevalence of respiratory diseases and allergies. The market is witnessing a trend towards natural nasal products, driven by consumer preference for safe and effective solutions. With advancements in technology and innovative product offerings, key players are well-positioned to capitalize on the growing demand for nasal lotion sprays.

[rahulp3]

Nasal Sprays Market Size and Growth, Industry Analysis, Trends, CAGR, Segmentation, Opportunities, and Forecast 2023 to 2033

By end of 2022, the global Nasal Sprays Market size was held at around US$ 16.9 billion, and it will grow at a CAGR of 6.2% to be worth US$ 32.6 billion by 2033. According to a recent Future Market Insights study, polymers packaging materials are expected to account for 88.3% of the global market in 2023.In 2022, the market value was approximately 23.5% of the overall US$ 71.9 Billion global nasal drug delivery technology market. From 2015 to 2022, the market expanded at a CAGR of 5.8%.

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Also, growing equipment approvals by regulatory bodies are expected to benefit the market in the forecast period. For instance, in March 2019, FDA approved Spravato nasal spray for curing adult patients with treatment-resistant depression. In 2018, FDA revealed that about 7.4 million adults suffer from treatment-resistant depression in the U.S which widens the scope of suicidal tendencies and hospitalizations. The nasal spray offers drugs in an easy way since it comprises active ingredients and medications which are dissolved in solutions.Players in the market are taking various initiatives to develop the market in the forecast period. Increasing investment in R&D to offer innovative products in the market is likely to prepare a conducive environment for market growth during the forecast period. For instance, in February 2022, Glenmark Pharmaceuticals Ltd., a renowned pharmaceutical company, and Canadian pharmaceutical company SaNOtize Research & Development Corp announced the launch of its Nitric Oxide Nasal Spray under the brand name FabiSpray ® in India. The product aims to kill the COVID-19 virus in the upper airways. Such initiatives are expected to augment the market size in the assessment period.However, nasal may spray result in itchiness, redness, and swelling in the nose, leading to reduced consumption, thus, hindering the market expansion. Further, the regulatory obstructions owing to strict laws for the sales of drugs in countries such as Russia and Mexico are likely to be another potential factor controlling the market growth. For instance, the regulatory authority of Mexico, COFEPRIS, set forth new guidelines for permitting registrations of generic drugs, which is not inclusive of patents of new therapeutic uses in its linkage system

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Key Takeaways from the Market Study:The global nasal spray market is expected to secure a market value worth US$ 3.2 Billion in 2022.The nasal spray market in Europe is expected to display a CAGR of 5.8% during the forecast period.In 2021, the retail segment is expected to have captured about 54% of the global nasal spray market.The nasal spray market in North America is expected to display a CAGR of 6% during the forecast period.Manufacturers are focusing on introducing nasal sprays capable of administering drug formulations with high efficacy and potency. Hence, the introduction of robust product lines has become a reality, leading to a host of new product launches and innovations, remarks an analyst at FMI.Competition Analysis:Key players in the global nasal spray market include Astra Zeneca Plc., Cipla Ltd., Johnson & Johnson Services, Inc. (Johnson & Johnson Pacific Pty Limited), Glaxosmithkline Plc., Novartis International AG, Procter & Gamble, Sanofi S.A. (Sanofi-aventis LLC.), Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH, AdvaCare Pharma, Bayer AG (Bayer Consumer Health, Covis Pharma S.a.r.l., Nipro Corporation (NIPRO JMI Pharma Ltd.), Viatris Inc. (Meda Pharmaceuticals Inc.), Perrigo Company plc, AptarGroup, Inc., Berry Global, Inc., URSATEC GmbH, Gerresheimer AG, Bona, Avantor, VWR International, LLC, Spectrum Laboratory Products, Inc.  (Spectrum Pharmacy Products), SKS Bottle & Packaging, Inc., and Coster Tecnologie Speciali S.p.A.Recent Updates from the Industry:In October 2021, Cipla’s consumer health arm announced an anti-viral nasal spray called Naselin, which contains ‘povidone Iodine’ to protect against coronavirus and respiratory tract infections.In August 2021, CDMO Bora Pharmaceuticals Laboratories Inc. announced its partnership with Kyowa Pharmaceuticals Industry Co. Ltd. The initiative aims to manufacture generic products, including nasal sprays, in Japan.More Valuable Insights:Future Market Insights, in its new offering, presents an unbiased analysis of the global nasal spray market, presenting a historical analysis from 2018 to 2022 and forecast statistics for the period of 2023-2033.Key Players:Astra Zeneca Plc.Cipla Ltd.Johnson & Johnson Services, Inc. (Johnson & Johnson Pacific Pty Limited)Glaxosmithkline Plc.Novartis International AGProcter & GambleSanofi S.A. (Sanofi-aventis LLC.)Boehringer Ingelheim GmbHAdvaCare PharmaBayer AG (Bayer Consumer HealthCovis Pharma S.a.r.l.Nipro Corporation (NIPRO JMI Pharma Ltd.)Viatris Inc. (Meda Pharmaceuticals Inc.)Perrigo Company plcKey Segments Profiled in The Nasal Spray Market ReportProduct:Decongestant SpraysNasal Steroid SpraysNasal Antihistamine SpraysNasal Cromolyn Sodium SpraysNasal Anticholinergic SpraysNasal Triamcinolone SpraysFormulation:AqueousHydroalcoholicNonaqueous-Based SolutionSuspensionEmulsionsDry Powder/Micro particlesPackaging:Pressurized CanistersPump BottlesDistribution Channel:Institutional SalesHospitalsCommunity ClinicsSpecialty ClinicsPublic Health AgenciesVeterinary Hospitals & ClinicsRetail SalesRetail PharmaciesDrug StoresMail Order Pharmacy

[mrunalnerkarblog]

U.S. Nasal Spray Market - Latest Updates with Market Exhaustive Survey And Demand Overview

US Nasal Spray Market - Impact of the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic

Coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak was first reported on December 31, 2019, in Wuhan, China. The World Health Organization declared COVID-19 as pandemic on March 11, 2020. According to the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Weekly Epidemiological Update by the World Health Organization, over 610 million cases and 6.51 million deaths due to coronavirus (COVID-19) were reported till September 22, 2022, across the globe.

Impact of COVID-19 on Demand and Supply of Nasal Spray

The COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown in various countries across the globe has impacted the financial status of businesses across all sectors including private healthcare sector. The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the entire supply chain of the healthcare industry mainly due to strict lockdown in several regions. The COVID-19 pandemic has affected the economy of various regions across the globe in three main ways; 1) by directly affecting the production and demand; 2) by creating disruptions in distribution channels; and 3) through its financial impact on companies and financial markets. Several countries such as Thailand, Indonesia, and Singapore are facing problems with regards to transportation and distribution of healthcare products.

However, the COVID-19 pandemic has increased research and development for the use of nasal spray for the treatment and prevention of coronavirus infection. This is assisting in the market growth, which is expected to boost the U.S. nasal spray market growth over the forecast period. For instance, in 2021, scientists at the University of Pennsylvania and Regeneron, a biotechnology company, announced that they were collaborating and investigating whether technology developed for Adeno-Associated Virus (AAV) gene therapy can be used to make a nasal spray that will prevent infection with the new coronavirus.

US Nasal Spray Market is estimated to be valued at US$ 9,272.8 Mn in 2022, and is expected to exhibit a CAGR of 6.8% over the forecast period (2022-2030).

Advantages of using nasal sprays are expected to boost the U.S. nasal spray market growth over the forecast period.

There are various benefits of using nasal route of administration and nasal sprays for drug delivery, this is expected to fuel the U.S. nasal spray market growth over the forecast period. Benefits of using saline nasal sprays include –

·         Saline nasal sprays aid in clearing the nose of allergies, viruses, and other irritants

·         It helps to hydrate and clean nasal tissues, which is crucial for maintaining nasal immunity

·         When nasal saline is administered initially, the effectiveness of medicinal nasal sprays may be increased

·         The spray also thins extra mucus in the sinuses and nose, which can relieve discomfort and congestion

[darkficsyouneveraskedfor]

The Farmer's Daughter 6

Warnings: non/dubcon, and other dark elements. My username actually says you never asked for any of this.

My warnings are not exhaustive but be aware this is a dark fic and may include potentially triggering topics. Please use your common sense when consuming content. I am not responsible for your decisions.

Characters: Walter Marshall

Summary: You notice a peculiar change in a family friend. (short!reader, sorry size kink is out)

Part of the Backwoods AU

As usual, I would appreciate any and all feedback. I’m happy to once more go on this adventure with all of you! Thank you in advance for your comments and for reblogging.

You stand at the counter, waiting on the pharmacist to fill the script. Walter stands close, perusing the shelves beneath the pick-up window. You doubt he’s in the market for cough drops or nasal spray but there isn’t much to distract you.

You check the list as you slide your bag to the crook of your elbow. You chew your lip and think. While you’re here…

“Um, I’ll be right back, okay?” You say to him. He arches a brow curiously at you. You offer a soft smile, “just gotta grab something before I forget.”

He nods and paces back and forth, hands behind his back. You head down the center aisle and dip down the next. It’s close to the middle of the month and you’re running low. You search for the familiar package. Usually you get it at the grocer so you’re not familiar with the arrangement here.

You find your brand and stare up at it on the top shelf. Of course. You get on your toes and reach, grasping the shelf for balance as you teeter. Another hand snatches up the package you vie for and you turn in embarrassment as the tall blond man holds out the feminine pads.

“There you are, little one,” Thor proclaims.

You take the pads and lower your eyes to the floor, “thanks.”

“Not to worry,” he assures, “I used to fetch the very same for my sister. No need to be ashamed of your womanly needs.”

“Um, well, sure,” you giggle nervously, “I appreciate it.”

You wave the package then stop yourself and push it behind your back. You shrug and gnaw on your lip, “I… I’m just waiting for a prescription, so I should…”

“Heard about your dad,” he says, “sorry to hear it. You’ll give him my regards.”

“Yeah,” you eke out, “sure will, thanks again.”

You spin and trot away. How awkward was that. Thor’s always friendly but the last thing you need is him picking out your pads. Oh, you should’ve thought of that before you decided to add to the list.

As you look up, you find Walter waiting at the end of the aisle, watching you as you keep the package hidden behind you.

“Oh, hey,” you greet him, “got what I need.”

“Here,” he holds out the small paper bag with the pharmacy’s logo, “everything alright?”

“Sure,” you answer, trying to shake off the tingle in your cheeks.

“What did Odinson want?”

“Just asking about dad,” you shrug.

“Mm,” he grumbles.

You take the bag and move it to conceal the label on the pads. Walter’s eyes flick down at the movement but he doesn’t say anything. He raises his gaze to look over your head. You turn to watch Thor as he gives a half-wave with three fingers and struts away.

“Anyway, I’ll just pay for my stuff and meet you outside?” You face Walter again.

He’s quiet as he glares down the aisle. He’s like a statue. You’re not even sure he heard you.

“Walt?” You squeak.

He winces and looks down at you, “I didn’t know you were friends with him.”

“I’m… Everyone knows Thor,” you chime.

He shifts on his feet as his jaw ticks, “I’ll be outside.”

You sidle out of his way as he steps past you. You step back up to the counter as Bessie smiles at you. You hand over the package and dig in your purse. You pay without chattering as she offers the same condolences as everyone else you’ve run into. 

You ask for a bag and flip out, exhausted already. It’s supposed to be an escape but the stares and the soft tones just remind you of what you’re running away from. Walter stands by his truck as he waits for you. He stills himself as you approach.

“Everything okay?” He asks.

“Yep,” you reply meekly, “onto the grocery store.”

He bows his head in acquiescence. You could walk the block down to the store you suppose but you’re not thinking that far ahead. You just want to be gone.

He follows you around to the passenger’s side, again opening the door before you can. You toss the bag on the seat and reach for the interior of the door. Before you can haul yourself up, he has you around the waist, lifting you up onto the metal step. You let out a strained squeak and grasp onto the seat before sliding into it.

His hands graze off of you and he hovers, just for a moment, before he shuts the door. You look down as he lumbers around in your peripheral. You hug yourself, touching your sides where he gripped you. He touches you a lot.

You sit up as he climbs in the other side and shake off the thought. He’s just being helpful. After all he’s done, you owe him a million thanks.

He starts the engine and pulls away from the curb. He drives silently down the road and you sink down into the seat as familiar faces pace by, strolling down the pavement. Why did you think this was a good idea?”

He rolls into the dirt lot behind the grocery store and you’re quick to jump out before he can reach you. Your purse drops onto the ground as you stagger. He shuts the door before you can as he grunts.

“Careful,” he warns as he grabs your arm and pulls you straight.

“I’m good,” you snatch up your purse and lift your ankle to roll out the kink in your achilles. 

You cross the lot as he trails behind you, a towering shadow at your heels. You enter the front doors and wave to Alison, the cashier on first shift. She greets you with a grin and flips the page of the magazine opened before her till.

Walter lurks behind you as you take out the list again. You don’t need too much. You go to the stack of basket and he snakes around you to claim one first.

“Got it,” he says.

“Thanks,” you murmur and smooth out the creases in the list.

“Honeydew,” he says, “right?”

You glance up at him then over at the rows of produce. You nod and turn away, heading for the mountain of melons. Again, he’s close behind you. Like a big, grumpy dog. The thought makes you laugh and you peek over at him. You could definitely see him growling like one.

[covid-safer-hotties]

Also preserved on our archive (Daily updates!)

By Stephani Sutherland

Gentle nasal spray vaccines against COVID, the flu and RSV are coming. They may work better than shots in the arm

Alyson Velasquez hates needles. She never liked getting shots as a kid, and her anxiety only grew as she got older. “It really ballooned in my teens and early 20s,” she says. “It became a full-blown phobia.” She would panic at the sight of a needle being brought into an exam room; more than once she passed out. Velasquez says that she took an antianxiety medication before one appointment yet still ran around the room screaming inconsolably “like I was a small child; I was 22.” After that episode Velasquez, now a 34-year-old financial planner in southern California, quit needles completely. “No vaccinations, no bloodwork. For all of my 20s it was a no-go for me,” she says.

Then COVID showed up. “It finally hit a point where it wasn’t just about me,” Velasquez says. “It felt so selfish not to do this for the greater public health and the safety of our global community.” So she got vaccinated against the SARS-CoV-2 virus in 2021, although she had to sit on her husband’s lap while he held her arms. “It was a spectacle. The poor guy at CVS ... he did ask me, ‘Are you sure you want to do this?’” She very much did. “I’m very pro-vaccine. I am a rational human. I understand the necessity of [getting] them,” she insists. But today she still struggles with each injection.

Those struggles would end, however, if all her future vaccinations could be delivered by a nasal spray. “Oh, my God, amazing!” Velasquez says.

The amazing appears to be well on its way. Vaccines delivered through the nose are now being tested for several diseases. In the U.S., early clinical trials are showing success. Two of these vaccines have generated multiple immune system responses against the COVID-causing virus in people who received them through a puff up the nose; earlier this year their makers received nearly $20 million from Project NextGen, the Biden-Harris administration’s COVID medical initiative. Researchers are optimistic that a nasal spray delivering a COVID vaccine could be ready for the U.S. as soon as 2027. Although recent efforts have focused on inoculations against SARS-CoV-2, nasal vaccines could also protect us against the flu, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and more.

A few nasal vaccines have been introduced in the past, but they’ve been beset by problems. The flu inoculation FluMist has not gained popularity because of debates about its effectiveness, and a different vaccine was pulled from the market decades ago because some people had serious side effects. In China and India, nasal vaccines for COVID have been approved because those countries prioritized their development during the pandemic, whereas the U.S. and other wealthy nations opted to stick with arm injections. But this new crop of vaccines takes advantage of technology that produces stronger immune responses and is safer than preparations used in the past.

In fact, immunologists say these spritzes up the nose—or inhaled puffs through the mouth—can provide faster, stronger protection against respiratory viruses than a shot in the arm. That is because the new vaccines activate a branch of the immune system that has evolved for robust, rapid responses against airborne germs. “It may be more likely to really prevent infection from getting established,” says Fiona Smaill, an infectious disease researcher at McMaster University in Ontario. Such inoculations may also help reduce the enormous inequities in vaccine access revealed by the pandemic. These formulations should be cheaper and easier to transport to poor regions than current shots.

But nasal vaccines still face technical hurdles, such as how best to deliver them into the body. And unlike injected vaccines, which scientists can measure immune responses to with blood tests alone, testing for immunity that starts in nose cells is more challenging. But researchers working in this field agree that despite the hurdles, nasal formulations are the next step in vaccine evolution.

Traditional vaccines injected through the skin and into an arm muscle provide excellent protection against viruses. They coax immune cells into making widely circulated antibodies—special proteins that recognize specific structural features on viruses or other invading pathogens, glom on to them and mark them for destruction. Other immune cells retain a “memory” of that pathogen for future encounters.

Intramuscular injection vaccines are good at preventing a disease from spreading, but they do not stop the initial infection. A nasal spray does a much better job. That’s because sprays are aimed directly at the spot where many viruses first enter the body: the nose and the tissue that lines it, called the mucosa.

Mucosa makes up much of our bodies’ internal surfaces, stretching from the nose, mouth and throat down the respiratory tract to the lungs, through the gastrointestinal tract to the anus, and into the urogenital tract. Mucosa is where our bodies encounter the vast majority of pathogenic threats, Smaill says, be it flu, COVID, or bacterial infections that attack the gut. This tough, triple-layered tissue is specialized to fight off invaders with its thick coating of secretory goo—mucus—and with a cadre of resident immune cells waiting to attack. “Mucosa is really the first line of defense against any infection we’re exposed to,” Smaill says.

Mucosal immunity not only prepares the immune system for the fight where it occurs but also offers three different types of protection—at least one more than a shot does. Nasal vaccines and shots both mobilize immune messenger cells, which gather the interlopers’ proteins and display them on their surfaces. These cells head to the lymph nodes, where they show off their captured prize to B and T cells, which are members of another part of the immune system called the adaptive arm. B cells, in turn, produce antibodies, molecules that home in on the foreign proteins and flag their owners—the invading microbes—for destruction. Killer T cells directly attack infected cells, eliminating them and the microbes inside. This provides broad protection, but it takes time, during which the virus continues to replicate and spread.

That’s why a second type of protection, offered only by the mucosal tissue, is so important. The mucosa holds cells of the innate immune system, which are the body’s “first responders.” Some of these cells, called macrophages, recognize invasive microbes as foreign and swallow them up. They also trigger inflammation—an alarm sounded to recruit more immune cells.

Another part of this localized response is called tissue-resident immunity. These cells don’t have to detect telltale signs of a pathogen and make a long journey to the infected tissue. They are more like a Special Forces unit dropped behind enemy lines where a skirmish is occurring rather than waiting for the proverbial cavalry to arrive. This localized reaction can be quite potent. Its activation is notoriously difficult to demonstrate, however, so historically it’s been hard for vaccine makers to show they’ve hit the mark. But it turns out that one type of antibody, called IgA, is a good indicator of mucosal immunity because IgAs tend to predominate in the mucosa rather than other parts of the body. In an early trial of CoviLiv, a nasal COVID vaccine produced by Codagenix, about half of participants had detectable IgA responses within several weeks after receiving two doses. That trial also showed the vaccine was safe and led to NextGen funding for a larger trial of the vaccine’s efficacy.

It’s possible an inhaled vaccine may provide yet one more layer of protection, called trained innate immunity. This reaction is a bit of a mystery: although immunologists know it exists and appears also to be produced by intramuscular injections, they can’t quite explain how it works. Immune cells associated with trained innate immunity seem to have memorylike responses, reacting quickly against subsequent infections. They also have been found to respond against pathogens entirely unrelated to the intended vaccine target. Smaill and her colleagues found that when they immunized mice with an inhaled tuberculosis vaccine and then challenged them with pneumococcal bacteria, the mice were protected. In children, there is some evidence that a tuberculosis vaccine, in the arm, generates this type of broad response against other diseases.

Akiko Iwasaki, an immunologist at Yale University who is working to develop a nasal vaccination for COVID, sees two major potential benefits to nasal immunity in addition to better, faster, more localized protection. First, attacking the virus in the nose could prevent the disease from being transmitted to others by reducing the amount of virus that people breathe out. And second, Iwasaki says, the spray may limit how deeply the infection moves into the body, so “we believe that it will also prevent long COVID.” That debilitating postinfection condition, sometimes marked by signs of entrenched viral particles, disables people with extreme fatigue, chronic pain, a variety of cognitive difficulties, and other symptoms.

Making a new vaccine is hard, regardless of how you administer it. It needs to raise an immune response that’s strong enough to protect against future invasions but not so strong that the components of that response—such as inflammation and fever—harm the host.

The lining of the nose puts up its own barriers—literal, physical ones. Because the nasal mucosa is exposed to so many irritants from the air, ranging from pet hair to pollen, the nose has multiple lines of defense against invading pathogens. Nostril hair, mucus, and features called cilia that sweep the nasal surface all aim to trap small foreign objects before they can get deeper into the body—and that includes tiny droplets of vaccine.

And lots of small foreign particles—often harmless—still make it through those defenses. So the nose has developed a way to become less reactive to harmless objects. This dampened reactivity is called immunological tolerance, and it may be the biggest hurdle to successful development of a nasal vaccine. When foreign particles show up in the bloodstream, a space that is ostensibly sterile, immune cells immediately recognize them as invaders. But mucosal surfaces are constantly bombarded by both pathogens and harmless materials. The immune system uses tolerance—a complex series of decisions carried out by specialized cells—to determine whether a substance is harmful. “This is very important because we can’t have our lungs or gastrointestinal tract always responding to nonharmful foreign entities that they encounter,” says Yale infectious disease researcher Benjamin Goldman-Israelow. For example, inflammation in the lungs would make it hard to breathe; in the gut, it would prevent the absorption of water and nutrients.

These barriers may hamper the effectiveness of a nasal flu vaccine that’s been around for a while, called FluMist in the U.S. and Fluenz in Europe. The inoculation is safe, says infectious disease scientist Michael Diamond of Washington University in St. Louis, but it faces a similar problem as do injected flu vaccines: it isn’t very effective at warding off new seasonal flu strains. This might be because flu strains are so common, and people are frequently infected by the time they are adults. Their immune systems are already primed to recognize and destroy familiar flu particles. FluMist is built from a live flu virus, so immune cells probably treat the vaccine as an invader and demolish it as soon as it shows up in the nose, before it has a chance to do any good. This preexisting immunity isn’t such an issue in children, who are less likely to have had multiple flu infections. Nasal flu vaccines are routinely used to inoculate kids in Europe.

In other vaccines, researchers often use adjuvants, special agents that attract the attention of immune cells, to boost a response. Some nasal vaccines use adjuvants to overcome tolerance, but in the nose, adjuvants can pose unique dangers. In at least one case, a nasal adjuvant led to disastrous consequences. An intranasal vaccine for influenza, licensed in Switzerland for the 2000–2001 season, used a toxin isolated from Escherichia coli bacteria as an adjuvant to provoke a reaction to the inactivated virus. No serious side effects were reported during the trial period, but once the vaccine was released, Swiss officials saw a concerning uptick in cases of Bell’s palsy, a disease that causes weakness or paralysis of the facial muscles, often leading to a drooping or disfigured face. Researchers at the University of Zurich estimated that the adjuvanted flu vaccine had increased the risk of contracting Bell’s palsy by about 20 times, and the vaccine was discontinued. “We need to be cautious about using adjuvants like that from known pathogens,” says pharmaceutical formulations scientist Vicky Kett of Queen’s University Belfast in Northern Ireland.

To get around the challenges posed by the nose, some researchers are exploring vaccines inhaled through the mouth. Smaill is working on one of them. She and her McMaster colleagues aerosolized their vaccine for COVID into a fine mist delivered by a nebulizer, from which it rapidly reaches the lungs. Experiments in mice have shown promising results, with mucosal immunity established after administration of the vaccine.

Another vaccine strategy is to use a harmless virus to carry viral genes or proteins. Researchers at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai in New York City selected a bird pathogen, Newcastle disease virus (NDV). “It’s naturally a respiratory pathogen,” so it infects nasal cells, says Michael Egan, CEO and chief scientific officer of CastleVax, a company that formed to develop the NDV vaccine for COVID. A small early clinical trial showed the CastleVax vaccine was safe and caused robust immune responses in people. “Those results were very promising,” Egan says. People who received the vaccine also produced antibodies that indicated multitiered mucosal immunity, not simply the adaptive immunity from a shot in the arm.

Following that trial, the CastleVax project received NextGen funding, and results from a trial of 10,000 people are expected in 2026. Half of those people will receive a messenger RNA (mRNA) injection, and half will get the new NDV nasal spray. The data should show whether the new nasal vaccine can do a better job of preventing infection than the mRNA injections. Egan has high hopes. “We’re expecting to see a lot fewer breakthrough infections in people who got the vaccine up the nose by virtue of having those mucosal immune responses,” he says.

Florian Krammer, one of the Mount Sinai researchers behind the vaccine, engineered NDV particles to display a stabilized version of the spike protein that’s so prominent in SARS-CoV-2. “You end up with a particle that’s covered with spike,” he says. Spike protein in the blood­stream can raise an immune response. But the NDV vaccine works in another way, too. The virus particle can also get into cells, where it can replicate enough times to cause virus particles to emerge from the cells, provoking another immune reaction. Before moving into human trials, however, researchers had to complete clinical trials to establish that the Newcastle virus is truly harmless because the nose is close to the central nervous system—it has neurons that connect to the olfactory bulb, which is part of the brain. Those trials confirmed that it is safe for this use.

Nasal sprays aim directly at the spot where most viruses first enter the body: the nose. This type of caution is one reason a COVID nasal vaccine approved in India hasn’t been adopted by the U.S. or other countries. The inoculation, called iNCOVACC, uses a harmless simian adenovirus to carry the spike protein into the airway. The research originated in the laboratories of Diamond and some of his colleagues at Washington University at the start of the pandemic, when they tested the formulation on rodents and nonhuman primates. “The preclinical data were outstanding,” Diamond says. Around the time he and his colleagues published initial animal results in Cell in 2020, Bharat Biotech in India licensed the idea from the university. In a 2023 phase 3 clinical trial in India, the nasal vaccine produced superior systemic immunity compared with a shot.

Diamond says American drug companies didn’t pursue this approach, because “they wanted to use known quantities,” such as the mRNA vaccines, which were already proving themselves in clinical trials in 2020. As the pandemic took hold, there was little appetite to develop nasal vaccine technology to stimulate mucosal immunity while the tried-and-true route of shots in the arm was available and working. But now, four years later, an inhaled vaccine using technology similar to iNCOVACC’s is being developed for approval in the U.S. by biotech company Ocugen. Both inhaled and nasal forms of the vaccine are set to undergo clinical trials as part of Project NextGen. These new vaccines are using classical vaccine methods based on the virus rather than using new, mRNA-based technology. The mRNA preparations were developed specifically for intramuscular injections and would have to be significantly modified.

Codagenix, which is developing CoviLiv, sidestepped the need for a new viral vector or an adjuvant by disabling a live SARS-CoV-2 virus. To make it safe, scientists engineered a version of the virus with 283 mutations, alterations to its genetic code that make it hard for the virus to replicate and harm the body. Without all these genetic changes, there would be a chance the virus could revert to a dangerous, pathogenic form. But with hundreds of key mutations, “statistically, it’s basically impossible that this will revert back to a live virus in the population,” says Johanna Kaufmann, who helped to develop the vaccine before leaving Codagenix for another company earlier this year.

Because most people on the planet have now been exposed to SARS-CoV-2—in the same way they’re regularly exposed to the flu—some nasal vaccines are being designed as boosters for a preexisting immune response that is starting to wane. For example, Yale researchers Iwasaki and Goldman-Israelow are pursuing a strategy in animals deemed “prime and spike.”

The idea is to start with a vaccine injection—the “prime” that stimulates adaptive immunity—then follow it a few weeks later with a nasal puff that “spikes” the system with more viral protein, leading to mucosal immunity. In a study published in 2022 in Science, Iwasaki and her colleagues reported that they primed rodents with the mRNA vaccine developed by Pfizer and BioNTech, the same shot so many of us have received. Two weeks later some of the mice received an intranasal puff of saline containing a fragment of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Because the animals had some preexisting immunity from the shot, the researchers didn’t add any adjuvants to heighten the effects of the nasal puff. Two weeks later researchers detected stronger signs of mucosal immunity in mice that had received this treatment compared with mice that got only the shot.

“Not only can we establish tissue-resident memory T cells” to fight off the virus in the nose, Iwasaki says, but the prime-and-spike method also produces those vigorous IgA antibodies in the mucosal layer. “And that’s much more advantageous because we can prevent the virus from ever infecting the host,” she notes. The study suggests that this approach might also lessen the chances of transmitting the disease to others because of the lower overall viral load. Experiments in hamsters demonstrated that vaccinated animals shed less virus, and they were less likely to contract COVID from infected cage mates that had not been vaccinated themselves.

Although most of the new vaccine strategies are aimed at COVID, nasal vaccines for other diseases are already being planned. Kaufmann, formerly of Codagenix, says the company currently has clinical trials underway for nasal vaccines against flu and RSV. CastleVax’s Egan says “we have plans to address other pathogens” such as RSV and human metapneumovirus, another leading cause of respiratory disease in kids.

Vaccines that don’t need to be injected could clear many barriers to vaccine access worldwide. “We saw with COVID there was no vaccine equity,” Smaill says. Many people in low-income countries never received a shot; they are still going without one four years after the vaccines debuted.

In part, this inequity is a consequence of the high cost of delivering a vaccine that needs to stay frozen on a long journey from manufacturing facilities in wealthy countries. Some of the nasal sprays in development don’t need deep-cold storage, so they might be easier to store and transport. And a nasal spray or an inhaled puff would be much easier to administer than a shot. No health professional is required, so people could spray it into their noses or mouths at home.

For these reasons, needle-free delivery matters to the World Health Organization. The WHO is using the Codagenix nasal spray in its Solidarity Trial Vaccines program to improve vaccine equity. The CoviLiv spray is now in phase 3 clinical trials around the world as part of this effort. “The fact that the WHO was still interested in a primary vaccination trial in the geographies it’s passionate about—that’s indicative that there is still a gap,” Kaufmann says. CoviLiv was co-developed with the Serum Institute of India, the world’s largest maker of vaccines by dose. The partnership enabled production at the high volume required for Solidarity.

The CastleVax vaccine with the NDV vector provides another layer of equity because the facilities required to make it already exist in many low- and middle-income countries. “The cool thing is that NDV is a chicken virus, so it grows very well in embryonated eggs—that’s exactly the system used for making flu vaccines,” Krammer says. For example, for a clinical trial in Thailand, “we just shipped them the seed virus, and then they produced the vaccine and ran the clinical trials,” he says. Many countries around the world have similar facilities, so they will not need to depend on pharma companies based in richer places.

Even high-income countries face barriers to vaccination, although they may be more personal than systemic. For very many people, the needle itself is the problem. Extreme phobia such as Velasquez’s is uncommon, but many people have a general fear of needles that makes vaccinations stressful or even impossible for them. For about one in 10 people needle-related fear or pain is a barrier to vaccinations, says C. Meghan McMurtry, a psychologist at the University of Guelph in Ontario. Needle fear “is present in most young kids and in about half of adolescents. And 20 to 30 percent of adults have some level of fear.” A review of studies of children showed that “concern around pain and needle fear are barriers to vaccination in about 8 percent of the general population and about 18 percent in the vaccine-hesitant population,” McMurtry adds.

Some people are wary of injected vaccines even if they’re not afraid of needles, Kett says; they see injections as too invasive even if the needle doesn’t bother them. “We’re hopeful that something administered by the nasal route would be less likely to come across some of those issues,” Kett says.

In the U.S., however, sprays and puffs won’t be available until they are approved by the Food and Drug Administration, which requires clear evidence of disease protection. As Diamond points out, standards for such evidence are well established for injections, and vaccine makers can follow the rule book: regulations point to particular antibodies and specific ways to measure them with a simple blood test. But for nasal vaccines, Iwasaki says, “we don’t have a standard way to collect nasal mucus or measure antibody titers. All these practical issues have not been worked out.”

Iwasaki is also frustrated with a restriction by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention that stops researchers from using existing COVID vaccines in basic research to develop new nasal sprays. The rule is a holdover from 2020, when COVID injections had just been developed and were in short supply; people had to wait to get vaccinated until they were eligible based on factors such as age and preexisting conditions. “That made sense back then, but those concerns are years old; things are different now,” Iwasaki says. “Now we have excess vaccine being thrown out, and we cannot even get access to the waste, the expired vaccine.”

Today scientists want to contrast the effectiveness of nasal formulations with injections already in use. “Those comparisons are really important for convincing the FDA that this is a worthy vaccine to pursue,” Iwasaki says. But the restriction has held up studies by her company, Xanadu, slowing down work. (The CDC did not respond to a request for comment.)

Despite the bureaucratic and scientific hurdles, the sheer number of nasal vaccines now in clinical trials encourages Iwasaki and other scientists pursuing the needle-free route. They say it seems like only a matter of time before getting vaccinated will be as simple as a spritz up the nose.

Velasquez, for one, can’t wait for that day to arrive. The circumstances that finally forced her to reckon with her fear of needles (a global pandemic, the prospect of parenthood and the numerous blood tests that accompanied her pregnancy) were so much bigger than her. If not for them, she might still be avoiding shots. “So having vaccines without needles—I would get every vaccine any doctor wanted me to get, ever. It would be a complete game changer for me.”

[mitalipingale]

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The Nasal Spray Market in 2023 is US$ 17.98 billion, and is expected to reach US$ 29.59 billion by 2031 at a CAGR of 6.42%.

[follow-up-news]

U.S. health officials on Friday approved a nasal spray to treat severe allergic reactions, the first needle-free alternative to shots like EpiPen. The Food and Drug Administration said it approved the spray from drugmaker ARS Pharmaceuticals Inc. as an emergency treatment for adults and older children experiencing life-threatening allergic reactions known as anaphylaxis. Anaphylaxis occurs when the body’s immune system develops a sudden, unexpected reaction to a foreign substance, such as food, insect stings or medications. Common symptoms include hives, swelling, itching, vomiting and difficulty breathing. The device, marketed as Neffy, could upend treatment for the 33 million to 45 million Americans with severe allergies to food and other triggers. Anaphylaxis sends more than 30,000 people to emergency rooms and results in more than 2,000 hospitalizations and more than 230 deaths in the U.S. each year. Of the 6 million prescriptions written for auto-injectors each year, more than 40% are never filled, Dr. Thomas Casale, an allergist at the University of South Florida, told an FDA advisory panel last year. Even when they are available to caregivers, many auto-injectors are used incorrectly, he said. “There’s a real unmet medical need for a large portion of the population,” he said.

[infosnack]

Nonprofit naloxone maker celebrates FDA approval by donating 200000 doses

Nonprofit naloxone maker celebrates FDA approval by donating 200,000 doses https://www.statnews.com/2023/08/09/naloxone-harm-reduction-therapeutics/?utm_campaign=rss A nonprofit naloxone manufacturer is celebrating its recent market approval by giving away 200,000 doses of its over-the-counter nasal spray. Harm Reduction Therapeutics said in a statement that it will donate nearly a quarter-million doses of its new product to the Remedy Alliance, an organization devoted to affordable naloxone access. The announcement comes on the heels of the Food and Drug Administration’s approval of Harm Reduction Therapeutics’ product RiVive, a new nasal naloxone spray used to reverse opioid overdose. Read the rest… via STAT Health - Science and medicine news https://www.statnews.com/category/health/ August 09, 2023 at 11:33AM

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