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Galaxy Classifications
Because space is a special interest of mine (I mean, I’m the astronomer of the collective for a reason), I thought I’d spread some knowledge. So, today we’re going to be discussing galaxy classifications, what makes each unique, and I’ll be showing some examples of each.
First of all, there are three main types of galaxies; Spiral (with barred spiral being lumped in), Elliptical, and Irregular. We’ll talk about the Elliptical first.
Class- Elliptical
An elliptical galaxy is a galaxy that takes on a stretched out circle-like appearance, like an ellipse, hence the name. It’s unclear how common elliptical galaxies are, since they contain far less gas and dust than spirals, which are known for being hotbeds of star formation, and therefore fewer new (and brighter) stars are born in these galaxies. The majority of stars are much older and give off dimmer red light, and as a result, it’s tougher to see elliptical galaxies.
Example:
This is NGC 1316, an elliptical galaxy in the Fornax star cluster. Note how dim the light is around everything but its center, and how little dust there is, save for the black streaks around the inner ‘disk’ nearest the core. Given these characteristics, it becomes pretty clear why it takes longer for us to find them.
Sometimes we find elliptical galaxies that came about as a result of two spirals crashing into each other over billions of years.
Example:
Notice the two different cores of what used to be spiral galaxies. These are NGC 2292 and 2293, two spiral galaxies that collided in Canis Major, and flung their stars, gas and dust outward (note the ring of dust on the outer edge of the galaxy) and created an elliptical galaxy.
Class- Spiral Galaxy
Next, let’s talk about spiral galaxies. Everyone knows what a spiral looks like. It’s a pinwheel, with several self-perpetuating, long lived spinning arms and contains plenty of newborn and young stars, as well as a large enough amount of gas and dust to fuel star birth. Our own Milky Way is a spiral galaxy, as is the well known Andromeda galaxy, which we’re currently on a course to collide with in about 4-5 billion years.
It’s estimated that about 70% of the galaxies closest to us are spirals, and they make up most galaxies we discover. Spirals are known to be star forming factories, responsible for the majority of newborn stars, and therefore shine brighter than other galaxy types with older and dimmer stars.
Example:
This is Messier 81, or M81, a spiral galaxy in Ursa Major and the largest in its group. Note the distinct arms, the copious amounts of space dust and gasses, and the much brighter, much younger stars (as recent as a few million years old) in its arms while its oldest stars remain closer to the center.
At its center is a black hole of about 70 million solar masses, 15 times bigger than our own central black hole, Sagittarius A*. You can actually see this galaxy right now, being that it’s April at the time of posting this, through binoculars. Though, it will only look like a small, dim grey smudge. A small telescope, however, would be able to see its core if you point it in the right place.
Now. Barred spiral galaxies. Simply put, they’re just spiral galaxies that have a central bar shaped arm running through the middle made of stars and tend to look a little more squished than typical spirals.
Example:
This is NGC 1097, a barred spiral galaxy in the Fornax cluster. Note the somewhat almond shaped appearance, the strip of dust and stars running across the galaxy’s center. These bars are actually found in about half of all spiral galaxies, and a recent study headed by Debra and Bruce Elmegreen and Kartik Sheth confirms that the formation of bars is a sign of a galaxy reaching full maturity as the ‘formative years’ come to an end.
Class- Irregular
And finally, we come to irregular galaxies. The oddballs of the universe that don’t look like galaxies at all. They’re called irregular, because they can’t be placed neatly into the Hubble sequence, something Edwin Hubble came up with in 1926 to categorize galaxies. Some feature some structure, like a spiral’s arm, but not enough to place them into the sequence cleanly. Most have no distinct regular shape like spiral or elliptical galaxies, with no trace of a nuclear bulge or spiral arm structure. They’re thought to be deformed spiral or elliptical galaxies, ripped apart by uneven external gravitational forces.
Example:
This is NGC 1569, a dwarf irregular starburst galaxy with constant star formation activity (as denoted by the bright pink near the ‘center’) in Camelopardalis. Note the lack of a nuclear bulge, no distinct shape, and in particular for this one, the unusual amount of star birthing activity. It’s called ‘starburst’ for how fast it puts out stars, at a rate about 10 to the third power greater than a normal galaxy.
This really is just the tip of the iceberg when it comes to exploring galaxies (I didn’t even touch on lenticular galaxies or Seyfert spirals), but I hope this little glance at the universe was informative all the same.
-Astronomer
#information#space aesthetic#modern astronomy#galaxies#spiral galaxy#elliptical galaxy#irregular galaxy#NGC 1316#NGC 2292#NGC 2293#M81#NGC 1097#NGC 1596
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1596 POLAND DANZIG King Sigismund III ANTIQUE Silver 6 Groszy Coin NGC i87858
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Epic Trek Bibliography
Writers - Katie Boyer, Kyle Sullivan
Narration & Editing - Kyle Sullivan
Title Graphics & Logo - Dan King
Special Thanks - This episode was made possible by the support of Joshua Kifer, Paul Laker, Alex Zheng, Troy Bernier, Jay Yan, Alex Blocker, Patteroast, Ryan Kindahl, Martin Bohm, Nathan Lucero, and the other generous supporters of Patreon. Thank you very much, everyone!
A thank you to Memory Alpha, an online Star Trek wiki. Additional thanks to the Daystrom Institute subreddit, a place dedicated to Star Trek discussion, and The Star Trek Encyclopedia 4th Edition, by Michael Okuda & Denise Okuda, 2016.
Odyssey Translation by http://homer.library.northwestern.edu/
Map of Odysseus’s Voyage based on ESRI’s Story Map (http://arcg.is/1ddmSkG).
Additional Reading - How Star Trek Explains The Decline Of Liberalism (http://bit.ly/2xikI43) and The Economic Of Star Trek by Rick Webb (http://bit.ly/1nXycpX).
Support Trekspertise on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/trekspertise
Check out footage from my Antarctica Trip here: http://bit.ly/2vv52Iu
Music
Deep Space by Audionautix [CC 4.0]
Loungin’ by Ormorje
Stars And Stripes Forever by the U.S. Army Band
The Viking Soundtrack by Mario Nascimbene
Pedro Versus The World by Jingle Punks
Shostakovich's 11th symphony, performed by an orchestra at the Moscow Conservatoire, directed by Leopold Stokowski
The Feast from The Argonauts, by Bernard Herrmann
Dreamy Flashback by Kevin MacLeod [CC 4.0]
Spanish Dance by United States Marine Band
Houston Vibes Score by Unicorn Heads
Action Movie Trailer by HollywoodMusic [CC 3.0]
TNG - Who Watches The Watchers - The Vision - Ron Jones
TOS - First Goner / Salty Cat / Dressing Down (The Man Trap) - Alexander Courage
DS9 - Passage Terminated - Dennis McCarthy
VOY - Lifesigns In The Barn - Jeff Chattaway
TOS - It Is Done! (Spectre Of The Gun) - Jerry Fielding
TNG - The Defector: Suicide - Ron Jones
TOS - Starship Again / Nova Phase / What Happened - George Duning
Ethereal Ambiance by Ian Fisher
Calming Rhythmic Electronics by Ian Fisher
Footage
CNN: Cell Phone Danger Higher For Children, CNN, 2011, Accessed 2017 [http://bit.ly/2tKfcpj]
CNN Explains: 3D Printing, CNN, 2013, Accessed 2017 [http://bit.ly/1nxhDCE]
Will Global Warming Lead To Earth’s Demise, CBS News, 2017, Accessed 2017 [http://bit.ly/2v9YIq4]
Cyber Attack Hits Major Business And Gov't Entities Across The West, NBC Nightly News, 2017, Accessed 2017 [http://bit.ly/2uaZKFg]
Uber’s Self-Driving Truck Makes Its First Delivery, Wired, 2016, Accessed 2017 [http://bit.ly/2pQxra3]
How Gene Editing Is Helping Fight Disease, BBC News, 2015, Accessed 2017 [http://bit.ly/2ubdLCP]
Net Neutrality: How The Ruling Impacts You, NBC Nightly News, 2015, Accessed 2017 [http://bit.ly/2tKCnQt]
Test Driving Google’s Self-Driving Car, ABC News, 2015, Accessed 2017 [http://bit.ly/1RiYgJ2]
Charlie Munger, Bill Gates On The Future Of Artificial Intelligence, CNBC, 2016, Accessed 2017 [http://bit.ly/2tefRh2]
Hot Robot At SXSW Says She Wants To Destroy Humans, CNBC, 2016, Accessed 2017 [http://bit.ly/1UKrR3V]
The Squire Of Gothos, TOS, 1967
Batman, 1966
Fight Club.1999
The Lion King, 1994
Monty Python And The Holy Grail, 1975
Hercules, 1997
Star Wars, 1977
Harry Potter And The Deathly Hallows, Part 2, 2011
The Good, The Bad, And The Ugly, 1966
Troy, 2004
Clash Of The Titans, 2010
Wrath Of The Titans, 2012
Immortals, 2011
Sabrina, 1995
Star Trek: Generations, 1994
Encounter At Farpoint, TNG, 1987
The Outcast, TNG, 1992
Behind The Lines, DS9, 1997
Balance Of Terror, TOS, 1966
Darmok, TNG, 1991
Let That Be Your Last Battlefield, TOS, 1969
CRS-8 | First Stage Landing on Droneship, SpaceX YouTube Channel (http://bit.ly/1qzIBQn)
Ensign Ro, TNG, 1991
Remember Me, TNG, 1990
Scorpion Part II, VOY, 1997
Zero Hour, ENT, 2004
Death Wish, VOY, 1996
The Nth Degree, TNG, 1991
In Purgatory’s Shadow, DS9, 1997
The Lord Of The Rings: The Fellowship Of The Ring, 2001
Shadow’s And Symbols, DS9, 1998
Broken Bow, ENT, 2001
Star Trek Into Darkness, 2013
The Neutral Zone, TNG, 1988
Cold Front, ENT, 2001
All Good Things, TNG, 1993
Babel One, ENT, 2005
Day Of The Dove, TOS, 1968
Endgame, VOY, 2001
Conspiracy, TNG, 1988
Star Trek: Discovery Trailer, 2017, via Star Trek YouTube Channel (http://bit.ly/2rgkquc)
Parturition, VOY, 1995
Star Trek: The Motion Picture, 1979
Kir’shara, ENT, 2004
Clash Of The Titans, 1981
Mars Science Laboratory Curiosity Rover Animation, NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 2011, accessed via the JPL YouTube channel (http://bit.ly/1o7xmrg), 2017
Terminator 2, 1991
Her, 2013
Gattaca, 1997
Launch Of Apollo 11, NASA, accessed via NASAKennedy YouTube channel (http://bit.ly/2xwinSg)
Errand Of Mercy, TOS, 1967
Home, ENT, 2004
Face Of The Enemy, TNG, 1993
Homefront, DS9, 1996
Ensigns Of Command, TNG, 1989
Redemption Part 1, TNG, 1991
What You Leave behind, DS9, 1999
Images, Photos, & Art
Jupiter, Juno Spacecraft, 2017, NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/MSSS/Gerald Eichstädt /Seán Doran
Panel 3 from Cancuen, Guatemala, representing king T'ah 'ak' Cha'an, taken & uploaded by Authenticmaya, 2007
The Gleaners, by Jean Francois Millet, 1857
The Course Of Empire, The Consummation Of Empire, Thomas Cole, 1836, uploaded by Brandmeister, 2015
Shepherd And Shepherdess At Home, Eugène Joseph Verboeckhoven, 1881, uploaded by Dorotheum
Storming The Teocalli, by Emanual Leutze, 1848, uploaded by Mattes, 2013
The Course Of Empire, Desolation, Thomas Cole, 1836, uploaded by Brandmeister, 2015
Odysseus And Polyphemus, by Arnold Böcklin, 1896, uploaded by Botaurus, 2012
Flight From Troy, by Federico Baroccio, 1598, uploaded by Wetman, 2004
Battle At Lanka, Ramayana, Udaipur, by Sahib Din, 1649-1653
Ulysse et Télémaque massacrent les prétendants de Pénélope, by Thomas Degeorge, 1812, uploaded by VladoubidoOo, 2014
Braincloud And Scientist Mango Concept Art, by David Revoy, 2012, CC BY 3.0
Ulysses’s Revenge On Penelope’s Suitors, by Christoffer Wilhelm Eckersberg, 1814
Ulysses At The Court Of Alcinous, by Francesco Heys, 1814-15
Triumphant Achilles: Achilles dragging the dead body of Hector in front of the gates of Troy, by Franz Matsch, 1892, uploaded by Dr. K, 2008
Virgil Reading the Aeneid to Augustus, Octavia, and Livia, by Jean-Ba[tiste Wicar, 1790-1793, uploaded by Jessicacu, 2008
Freskenzyklus im Casino Massimo in Rom, Dante-Saal, Szene: Das Empyreum und Gestalten aus den acht Himmeln des Paradieses, by Philipp Veit, 1817-1827
Eight Stages Of The Song Of Roland In One Picture
Hannibals Übergang über die Alpen, by Heinrich Leutemann, 1866, uploaded by Clpo13, 2017
The Myth Of Io, by Bartolomeo de Giovanni, 1490
Ulysses And The Sirens, by Herbert James Draper, 1909, uploaded by Fanfwah, 2010
Ulysses And The Sirens, 3rd century CE Roman mosaic, author unknown, uploaded by Dyolf77, 2010
Departure of Ulysses From The Land Of The Phaeacians, by Claude Lorrain, 1646
Marble Statue Head Of Odysseus, 1st Century CE
The Procession Of The Trojan Horse In Troy, by Giovanni Dominico Tiepolo, 18th century CE, uploaded by Sturm, 2005
Odysseus Toetet Die Freier, by Gustav Schwab, 1882
The Cyclops, by Odilon Redon, 1914, uploaded by Anagoria, 2013
Portrait Of Andrea Doria As Neptune, by Bronzino, 1540-1550
Ancient mosaic of the Roman villa of La Olmeda in Pedrosa de la Vega, 4th-5th centuries CE, uploaded by Valdavia, 2011
Raub Der Helena, by Francesco Primaticcio, 1530-1539
The Cyclops Polyphemus, by Annibale Carracci, 1596-1605, uploaded by Jonund, 2015
Odysseus & Nausicaa, by Pieter Lastman, 1619
Blick Auf Das Brennende Troja, by Johann Georg Trautmann, 18th century CE, uploaded by Beyond My Ken, 2010
Ulysses And The Sirens, by J. M. Waterhouse, 1891, uploaded by Artwork, 2012
Ulysses Defying the Cyclops, by Louis-Frederic Schutzenberger, 1894, uploaded by tatesic, 2012
Ulysses and Nausicaa, by Jean Veber, 1888, uploaded by Shuishouyue, 2015
Hermes Ordering Calypso To Release Odysseus, Gerard de Lairesse, 1670, uploaded by Wmpearl, 2012
Odysseus as guest at the nymph Calypso, by Hendrick Van Balen, 1616, uploaded by ArteGod, 2016
The Council Of Gods, by Raphael, between 1517 & 1518, uploaded by Sailko, 2011
Bust of Athena, a copy of an original by Kresilas, 430 BCE, taken by Bibi Saint-Pol, 2007
Ulysses Transformed By Athena Into A Beggar, by Giuseppe Bottani, 1775
Statue Of Poseidon, National Archaeology Museum of Athens, taken by Ricardo André Frantz, 2006, uploaded by Tetraktys, 2007
Apollo And The Muses On Mount Helion, by Claude Lorrain, 1680, uploaded by Hohum, 2017
Sirens By The Sea, by Victor Karlovich
Jupiter And Juno On Mount Ida, by James Barry, 1790-1799, uploaded by Shakko, 2014
Minerva And The Triumph Of Jupiter, by René-Antoine Houasse, 1706, uploaded by Shuishouyue, 2015
Homer And His Guide, by William-Adolphe Bouguereau, 1974, uploaded by Thebrid, 2005
Statue Of Homer, taken and uploaded by Rufus46, 2013
IndoGreeks Trojan Horse Stone Carving, uploaded by World Imaging, 2006
A Reading From Homer, by Lawrence Alma-Tadema, 1885
Space Shuttle Enterprise Star Trek Cast, NASA, 1976
NGC 4414, The Hubble Heritage Team (AURA/STScI/NASA), NASA Headquarters - Greatest Images of NASA (NASA-HQ-GRIN), 1999
Gemini 4 Spacewalk Footage, NASA, 1965
The Pinwheel Galaxy, European Space Agency & NASA, 2006
Jupiter Of Smyrna, 250 CE, taken by Marie-Lan Nguyen, uploaded by Jastrow, 2009
Deucalion and Pyrrha, by Pieter Paul Rubens, 1636, Shuishouyue, 2014
Dispute between Minerva And Neptune, by René-Antoine Houasse, 1689-1706, uploaded by Shuishouyue, 2014
The Origin Of The Milky Way, by Tintoretto, 16th Century CE, uploaded by Alonso de Mendoza, 2016
Zojirushi Coffee Maker, by Consumer Reports, 2016, uploaded by The Photographer, 2016
Jupiter Surface Motion Animation, 2000, NASA/JPL/University of Arizona
Achilles & Troilus, 2nd Century CE, taken by Marie-Lan Nguyen, 2011, uploaded by Jastrow, 2011
Odysseus Recognized By His Nurse, Louis Jean-Francois Lagrene
Discovery Of The Mississippi, by William Henry Powell, 1853, uploaded by Neutrality, 2006
Washington Crossing The Delaware, by Emanual Leutze, 1851, uploaded by Scewing, 2010
Abraham Lincoln Statue, taken by Dsdugan, 2015
Ulysse Reconnu Par Euryclée, by Gustave Boulanger, 1849, uploaded by VladoubidoOo, 2013
Odysseus Yearns for Ithaca, by Johann Heinrich Wilhelm Tischbein, between 1751 & 1829, Photographed by H. R. Wacker. Scanned by James Steakley
Aeolus Giving The Winds To Odysseus, Isaac Moillon, between 1614 & 1673, taken & uploaded by Ophelia2, 2012
Ulysses Deriding Polyphemus, by J.M.W. Turner, 1829
Port Bathy And Capital Of Ithaca, by Edward Dodwell, 1821, uploaded by Jonathan Groß, 2008
Jupiter and Mercury at Philemon and Baucis, by Peter Paul Rubens, 1620-1625, photographed by Georges Jansoon, uploaded by JoJan, 2017
Otricoli Zeus, by William Henry Goodyear, 1889, uploaded by Davepape, 2006
Ulysses Fleeing The Cave Of Polyphemus, by Christoffer Wilhelm Eckersberg, 1812, uploaded by Djkeddie, 2016
Ulysses At The Palace Of Cice, by Wilhelm Schubert von Ehrenberg, 1667
Caught Between A Rock And A Hard Place, Alessandro di Christofano di Lorenzo Allori, 1575, uploaded by Sridhar1000, 2011
Circe And Her Swine, from Character Sketches Of Romance, Fiction And The Drama, 1892, uploaded by Fæ, 2015
18th-century French engraving of Odysseus (Ulysses) on the island of the lotus-eaters, 18th Century, Unknown, uploaded by The Man In Question, 2009
Odysseus’s Men On Lotus Island, by W. Heath Robinson, date unknown, uploaded by Baddu676, 2016
Mercury ordering Calypso to release Odysseus, by Gerard de Lairesse, 1676 and 1682, uploaded by Ophelia2, 2011
Odysseus In The Cave Of Polyphemus, Jakob Jordaens, first half of the 17th Century, uploaded by Wmpearl, 2014
Polyphemus, by Guido Reni, 1639-1640
Odysseus and Nausicaa, by Joachim von Sandrart, 1630, uploaded by Trzęsacz, 2015
Ulysses and Nausicaa, by Michele Desubleo, 1654, uploaded by Shuishouyue, 2015
Odysseus and Nausicaa, by Salvator Rosa, 1655, uploaded by Fæ, 2013
Parthenon From The West, taken and uploaded by Mountain, 2006
Aeneas and Turnus, by Luca Giordano, 17th century, uploaded by Diomede, 2008
Aeneas tells Dido the misfortunes of the Trojan city, by Pierre-Narcisse Guérin, 1815, uploaded by Bibi Saint-Pol, 2007
Cicero Denounces Catiline, by Cesari Maccari, 1889, uploaded by Donarreiskoffer, 2006
Dante And The Divine Comedy, by Domenico di Michelino, 1465, uploaded by Jastrow, 2006
The Ancient Greek Temple Of Hera, taken & uploaded by AdiJapan, 2006
Greek hoplite and Persian warrior fighting each other, by Άγνωστος, uploaded by Alonso de Mendoza, 2016
Gravestone of a woman with her slave child-attendant, 100 BCE, taken by Wolfgang Sauber, uploaded by Xenophon, 2008
View from Mount Holyoke, Northampton, Massachusetts, after a Thunderstorm—The Oxbow, by Thomas Cole, 1836
Saintes Amphitheatre, taken by Myrabella, 2009
Greek Theatre In Taormina, taken by Berthold Werner, 2012
Procession of Twelve Gods and Goddesses, 1st Century BCE
The Vestibule of Hell and the Souls Mustering to Cross the Acheron, by William Blake, 1824-1827, uploaded by Sadads, 2015
Fate, by Alphonse Mucha, 1920, uploaded by Carpediem6655, 2012
Loch Lomond, taken by Abubakr Hussain, Mohammed-Hayat Ashrafi, Maaz Farooq, Farmaan Akhtar, Mohammed Shah, 2005
The Symposium, by Anselm Feuerbach, 1871-74
Choregos and actors, Roman mosaic, taken by Marie-Lan Nguyen, 2011, uploaded by Jastrow, 2011
Bataille de Bouvines Gagnee par Philippe Auguste, by Horace Vernet, before 1863, uploaded by World Imaging, 2009
The Creation Of Adam, by Michaelangelo, 1511, uploaded by Urek Meniashvili, 2013
Iron And Coal, by William Bell Scott, 1855-1860, uploaded by Svencb, 2007
A Philosopher Giving that Lecture on the Orrery, in which a Lamp is put in place of the Sun or The Orrery, by Joseph Wright Of Derby, 1766, uploaded by Ragesoss, 2006
Mulberry Street, NYC, 1900, by Detroit Photography, 1900, uploaded by Ignacio Icke, 2007, colored by unknown
Victor Frankenstein Becoming Disgusted At His Creation, by Theodore Von Holst, 1831, uploaded by Kaldari, 2008
Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley Rothwell, by Richard Rothwell, 1840, uploaded by Racconish, 2017
From The Earth To The Moon, book cover for story by Jules Verne, uploaded by Stbalbach, 2007
Uomo Vitruviano, by Leonardo Da Vinci, 1490, uploaded by Jökullinn, 2010
The Pic Of Gilgamesh on Neo-Assyrian Clay Tablet, taken and uploaded by BabelStone, 2010
North America from low orbiting satellite Suomi NPP, NASA/NOAA/GSFC/Suomi NPP/VIIRS/Norman Kuring, 2012
Treaty Of Penn With Indians, by Benjamin West, 1771-71, uploaded by Nonenmac, 2006
Spanish Colonization Of Mexico, by Thomas Townsend
Ulysses And The Sirens, by Léon Belly, 1867, uploaded by Shuishouyue, 2013
Odysseus And Penelope, by Johann Heinrich Wilhelm Tischbein, 1802, uploaded by Jdsteakley, 2011
Odysseus Fighting The Beggar, by Lovis Corinth, 1903, uploaded by Achim Raschka, 2011
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