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How Economists Detect and Measure Collusion in Oligopolistic Markets

Introduction: What is Collusive Oligopoly?

A collusive oligopoly implies a market in which several firms of significant power cooperate to fix prices, output, and market share without competing. This cooperation may take the form of cartels or agreements that are not legally binding, with the ultimate aim of maximizing joint profits. By limiting competition, firms can easily set higher prices, limit their production, and act like monopolists.

Collusion in an oligopolistic market is beneficial because firms realize the benefits of symbiotic relationships as opposed to competition. For example, in a non-collusive market structure, the firm competes intensely to capture market share by significantly reducing price. Such behavior can be inimical to the interest of all companies because it eventually minimizes profitability. However, by agreeing tacitly, the oligopolists can fix prices, avert destructive competition, and provide certainty in the market. One example of this type of cartel includes OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) where member countries work in harmony to provide policy directives for production to control oil prices.

The primary purpose for why such situations exist is due to the strong interdependence of firms in an oligopoly. Pricing and output decisions taken by each of the firms affect the overall market condition. While in perfect competition each firm makes its decisions independently, the oligopolistic firms are highly strategic. Due to the risk of competitive retaliation, the group is likely to shift towards collusion for mutual interests. Although collusive behavior generates greater profits, it also has major economic as well as legal implications. Most governments have banned collusion as it is anti-competitive and detrimental to consumers in terms of limiting competition, innovation, and inflating prices.

Microeconomics students understand the fact that there is a lot of learning involved behind the fundamental notions of an oligopoly and collusion. Exam questions and assignments based on oligopoly are generally tricky. Availing microeconomics assignment help can get a fresh and broader view and enhance the perspective of students because it brings different innovative insights in comprehending these markets, specifically in the analysis of real-world case studies.

How Economists can identify and quantify collusive behavior in the Oligopolistic Markets

It may not be easy to identify collusion among firms particularly in an oligopolistic market since such firms will undertake elaborate measures towards concealing their collaborative conduct. Let us explore how collusion can be detected and measured by economists both theoretically and empirically.

1. Price Analysis

Pricing patterns is the first factor of attention for economists in the process of studying the market. In a competitive market, prices readily change with supply and demand. However, in a collusive market customers may experience that products and service prices do not change frequently or do not rise independently of other firms in the same market. Synchronized price increases, or price rigidity, can show evidence of collusion.

For instance, when economists undertook a survey on major airlines, they found out that most of the airlines had adopted a pattern of hiking fuel surcharges in unison without any justification for change in fuel prices.

This behavior led to the commencement of a large-scale investigation into British Airways and Virgin Atlantic and the companies were subsequently fined.

Another useful approach is to analyze the dispersion of prices across the firms in the industry. In competitive markets the degree of price dispersion is significantly greater than in other markets due to varying cost structures and strategies. However, in collusive markets, firms tend to set equivalent prices as they do not wish to be outcompeted by fellow firms.

2. Market Share Stability

Another element that interests economists is the market position of firms where the market share of each firm is closely monitored. In a highly competitive market, market shares are constantly changing due to developmental efforts carried out by firms such as innovation, efficiency enhancement, or the adoption of low-price strategies. But in a collusive oligopoly, market share may not change in significant terms as firms mutually collaborate to minimize competition.

For instance, a cartel of manufacturers of trucks in Europe, the major players in the industry collaborated to maintain a stable market share and conspired to raise prices for more than a decade.

Such behavior triggered one of the biggest antitrust fines ever in the EU history.

3. Production capacity and its utilization

Another technique whereby economists are able to establish a collusion is by evaluating the levels of production and the capacity utilization of firms. In a collusive market, firms may restrict themselves from producing a larger quantity to maintain a high price. This may result in production capacities being under-utilized in a bid to ensure that they do not supply excess goods in the market thereby reducing the price.

For instance, the cement industry has time and again been under accusation of colluding in several countries, where firms were determined to be collaborating over supply decisions in a manner that would ultimately provide them with better market prices to make huge profits from.

4. Bid-rigging and Auction Data

In markets where several firms bid for contracts through auction or tender, the economists can observe bid patterns as an indication of cartel behavior. Firms are found to manipulate the bidding process, for instance, bid rigging, where firms decide beforehand who amongst them will win by deliberately submitting higher bids, allowing one firm to win at a higher price as compared to a competitive auction. This practice was especially noted in the construction sector among various firms in the UK colluding on tender prices for public contracts.

 By studying auction data, economists can try looking for signs or patterns of rotation among winning bidders. Bid prices that are very close indicate that firms are in fact agreeing to share contracts or bids instead of competing for them.

5. Game Theory and Behavioral Analysis

Game theory is crucial in the analysis of the strategic actions of firms operating in an oligopolistic market. The prisoner’s dilemma is one of the game-theory models that economists use in expectation of understanding how various firms would operate under different competitive or collusive situations. In collusion, firms face a dilemma: They can either coordinate with other firms, and agree to fix high prices that are good for all or it can cheat by lowering prices and grabbing a bigger share of the market.

If firms prefer to cooperate in the future, then there could be a sign of tacit collusion. By modeling the behavior of firms and analyzing these simulated results with actual data, economists can deduce if firms are colluding even in the absence of explicit evidence.

Because of such practical applications and usefulness, students are usually taught the complexities of game theory, which makes them ready to solve real problems. Choosing our professional microeconomics assignment helps is the best strategy to cope with this challenging topic with easy-to-understand assignment solutions and case examples.

6. Econometric Analysis

Apart from theoretical models, econometric tests can also be used to detect collusion. This is where market data concerning price, quantity, and cost are analyzed statistically to reveal collusion-like behavior. For example, one can use regression analysis and see if price changes are correlated among firms, which indicate collusion rather than competition.

Structural break tests can also be employed to detect changes in market behavior enough to signal the beginning or end of collusion. However, if, after a time period of stable prices, one of the firms cuts its price and the others copy this move, there is a possibility that a cartel has ceased to exist.

Economic Ramifications of cartelization

Collusion has significant economic consequences both for the market and consumer equally. With an artificial increase in product prices, collusive firms transfer wealth from consumers to producers, or, more correctly, devalue consumer welfare. Such a deviation from the efficient allocation of resources gives rise to deadweight loss, in which output is less than it would have been in competitive circumstances.

Since then, in the 1990s, various global companies colluded to fix the price of lysine, a very important animal feed additive. The livestock farmer paid the increased prices, which he later passed on to the consumers in the form of increased meat prices. Several hundreds of millions of dollars were eventually fined against these companies.

Collusion can also stifle innovation and competition. When firms agree not to compete with one another on prices or market shares, they have no real reasons to invest in innovations that would keep them competitive, work towards greater efficiencies, or produce better products for consumers.

Expert Microeconomics Assignment Help for Collusive Oligopoly and More

With our Microeconomics Assignment Help service, we provide all sorts support to scholars working on assignments, dissertations, or case studies under the ambit of collusive oligopoly and other similarly advanced concepts in economics. Their expertise covers both microeconomic theory and its real-world market applications, furnishing the student community with excellent solutions grounded on empirical data, credible examples, and rigorous economic analyses.

Our experts introduce students to the new strategies firms adopt in oligopolistic markets to come together, suppress competition and maximize their profits. They explain complex concepts, such as price-fixing, market sharing, prisoner's dilemma with hot examples, as exemplified by the OPEC cartel or historical price-fixing cases in airlines or pharmaceuticals.

By offering different perspectives such as using game theory to detect collusion, price analysis, or finding evidence on bid-rigging, our expert enhances the understanding of theoretical frameworks as well as practical implication. The current economic trends are also incorporated, which allows students to relate their assignments to the current regulatory landscape and antitrust policies, thereby making it more relevant and impactful.

Besides collusive oligopoly, we assist the students with other complex microeconomics topics such as:

• Game Theory: Analyzing strategic interactions among firms.

Market Structures: Comparing perfect competition, monopoly, and oligopoly.

• Price Discrimination: Examining how firms charge different prices to different consumers.

• Cost-Benefit Analysis: Economic decision-making in terms of effectiveness and related welfare of society.

• Externalities and Public Goods: Understanding market failures and government interventions.

Conclusion

Tools and techniques for detecting collusion in oligopolistic markets include price analysis, game theory, and econometric models. The consequences of collusion are severe on the economy and ultimately affect consumers with higher prices and reduced competition. Students studying microeconomics will find this more important because it gives an insight into how markets can be manipulated and also why antitrust regulations are in place.

For studying such intricate topics as collusion, students may opt for our microeconomics assignment help service to study practical examples, case studies, and advanced theoretical models for a better understanding of this critical economic issue.

Suggested Literature

• Andreu Mas-Colell's "Microeconomic Theory": Rather an exhaustive textbook on oligopoly theory, game theory, and collusion in all detail.

• "Industrial Organization: Contemporary Theory and Practice" by Lynne Pepall, Dan Richards, and George Norman: Excellent resource for dynamics of markets with oligopoly.

• The Antitrust Revolution" By John E. Kwoka Jr. and Lawrence J. White Experience using real-world case studies on antitrust enforcement and collision detection.

[ugh-yoongi]

ex-conomics | csc

you supported seungcheol through years of being an aspiring athlete, and all you got to show for it was your undergraduate degree and an awkward, stuttered apology when he dumped you to go semi-pro. now he’s back after an injury derailed his career, and there’s only one problem: you’re the only one available to tutor him. you - 0; the universe - 1. talk about no return on investment.

⚽ pairing: choi seungcheol x f. reader ⚽ genre: exes to (lite) enemies to lovers; university au; angst, fluff ⚽ rating: while there is nothing explicit in this fic, there are two brief references to smut. while i can't stop anyone from reading this, i would prefer minors do not interact with this or any of my work. ⚽ warnings: cheol is some degree of famous, reader is a grad student/TA, mentions of an injury and coping with the aftermath of it, lots of economics talk that even i do not understand, swearing, one mention of alcohol, some misplaced jealousy, rom-com tropes, dino is kind of a loser but we love him anyway. probably a lot of other things i missed, but this is actually pretty tame for a fic of this length. ⚽ word count: 13.4k ⚽ thank you: a lot of people looked this over for me in the process and i'm sure i will forget some of them so if i do i'm sorry: @the-boy-meets-evil, @hot-soop, @highvern, and @haologram, who also gave me some wonderful ideas for the vlogs. thank you to MIT for opencourseware existing. i took microeconomics and dropped it, so i couldn't have done this without you. everyone in the discord server for helping me along the way and keeping me motivated. ⚽ author's note: i haven't posted a fic in nearly seven months, so i think it goes without saying that there are parts of this i like and a lot more i'm not 100% happy with. i'd love if this was more fleshed out and 10k longer, but i was able to write anything at all so it's good enough. this was written for the back to school with seventeen collab, hosted by @camandemstudios. thank you both for letting me participate! please make sure to check out the rest of the stories! everyone worked so hard and this collab was a ton of fun to participate in. <3

You look down at the paper. Back up at who handed it to you. Down at the paper again.

“You’ve got to be joking.”

The poor freshman kid laughs, all nerves, and even though the sound is grating, you remember what it’s like to be forced into work study. How far away graduate school seemed; how large your professors loomed over you with all their power and knowledge and credentials; how you constantly felt like the dumbest person in nearly every room you walked into for four straight years.

“Um—”

You sigh, just barely resisting the urge to slam your head onto your desk. “I—it’s fine, don’t worry about it.” Your words do little to ease Freshman’s nerves. He’s still hunched over in the doorway of your office, wringing his hands as he shifts his weight back and forth, in for a lifetime of body pain with the way he’s squaring his shoulders. “You’re sure about this, though? Like, I’m really not being set up?”

“I don’t think so?” he offers, slowly starting to turn green right before your eyes. “Dr. Lee ga-gave me the paperwork himself, I don’t think he would’ve messed it up? Oh no, did I mess it up? Should I go back to Student Services and conf—”

Good god, this kid’s anxiety is gonna stink up your office for weeks. “No need!” you interject. “I’ll just…” Sign it, you want to say, but the longer you stare at the sheet of paper the quicker you’re losing your resolve.

TUTORING REQUEST FORM Student Name: Choi Seungcheol Degree: Undergraduate Major: Business Course: ECON04101 Introduction to Microeconomics Instructor: Lee Yeonseok, PhD. Recommended Tutoring: High (3-4 hours per week)

You curse under your breath. Of the two names on the paper, Dr. Lee’s does not come as a surprise. He’s a notorious hard-ass with an infamous attrition rate—most students don’t last more than a week in any of his classes—but he’s also the sole reason you were able to pay for someof your grad school tuition out of pocket with all the tutoring money you made.

That, however, was two years ago.

“Does he know I don’t tutor anymore?” Stupid question. The kid stares blankly back at you, as if to say I don’t know any more than the people in Student Services, let alone Dr. Lee. It is literally my first year here. “I’m Dr. Ahn’s TA this year. I’ve got my hands full with her bullsh… stuff—”

Immediately, you know you’ve said something wrong, because the kid’s eyes light up, all that previous anxiety disappearing like smoke. “Wait, the same Dr. Ahn that teaches the crypto course?”

“No, that one died,” you say quickly. Kid deflates. “Anyway, I don’t really tutor anymore, especially for econ. As you can see”—you gesture vaguely around the cramped four walls of your office—“they’ve upgraded me. They even put my name on a little placard by the door! Go look! They spelled it wrong! If that doesn’t sum up this university I don’t know what does.”

You heave another sigh. Try to school your face and tone into something that exudes professionalism and finality. “Look, I’m sorry I can’t help you. I tutored Dr. Lee’s students for, like, three years in undergrad so I’m sure they just… forgot that wasn’t my actual job here. Who’s in charge of tutoring these days? I’ll shoot them an email and explain all this.”

Freshman gives you a name, and it takes less than a second to find them in the employee directory. You expect that to be the end of it, but he’s still taking up space in your doorway. You quirk an eyebrow. “Yes?”

The hand-wringing returns, along with an embarrassed flush that disappears beneath the neckline of his school-branded sweatshirt. “I just—um. Maybe you could, uh. Send that now? Before I get back there?”

You blink. “Don’t you have to go all the way back across campus? How slow do you think I type?” He shrugs, and you give up on the idea of getting rid of him. “Fine. What’s your name, anyway?”

“Lee Chan. I’m a sophomore. Do you know that guy?”

“Oh. I thought for sure you were a freshman, but you’re gonna need to be more specific, Lee Chan, Sophomore.”

“The guy they want you to tutor.” You freeze. The guy they want you to tutor is—“Choi Seungcheol,” Chan tacks on, and, yeah, you know—knew, you correct yourself—someone with that name, once upon a time.

But there are a lot of Chois and a lot of Seungcheols. It’s been years since you’ve spoken to the Seungcheol you knew, and that was when he’d broken up with you to—“I heard he’s a football player? Well, used to be, I guess. The girls in the office were freaking out so I guess he’s pretty famous, but I don’t know anything about sports, do you? They said they have photocards of him. I thought they only did that for idols.”

You think about being kids together in Daegu. Think about the exasperated looks you’d share when your parents would drag the two of you to festivals: Palgongsan in the autumn, Biseulsan in the spring; transformation and rebirth. Think about being eight years old and watching your father cram into the small space of the Chois’ living room, standing around the TV with Seungcheol’s dad, shouting at Park Jonghwan. Daegu FC made the FA Cup quarterfinals that year, and you think, of everything, that’s what you’ll remember for the rest of your life.

You think about falling in love slowly. Sixteen and clueless, the pair of you were. Didn’t really know any different, just that you’d look at him and feel butterflies. That you’d hold hands in secret. Text beneath the dinner table. That you’d watch him on the football pitch and be consumed by pride. That the future felt impossibly far away, that life would never catch up to the two of you.

You think about all the football jargon you didn’t understand—the academies, the teams, the implications. You think about, I’m thinking about trying out for the FC Seoul U-18, I just don’t think there’s much more I can do here in Daegu. You think about replying, Oh, I applied to university there.

You remember thinking it must’ve been fate, how easy that had worked out. How easy that first hurdle had been overcome.

You think about how fast everything happened. The try-out, the acceptance, the explosion. Remember being unable to go anywhere those first few months without seeing Seungcheol’s face, touted as the next big thing. Think about applying for scholarships when he was applying for international visas. Think about studying for midterms when Seungcheol was studying English for interviews.

You think about the last few weeks of your relationship, when it felt like you were desperately trying to cling to ghosts. Think about how Seoul had once felt endlessly big, both in opportunity and size, and how it now felt suffocating. You think about, So you’re just giving up? Is that what you’re saying? Think about, I don’t know what else to do. It doesn’t feel fair to you.

You think about all the places you’ve watched him. On countless football pitches; shy glances in school hallways; in the passenger seat, wracked with nerves on the drive to Seoul; poised above you in bed, hairline dotted with sweat as he rolled his hips, telling you how much he loved you.

You think about watching him walk out the door, and how you never watched him again.

So you fire off your email, concise and to the point about why you can’t tutor Choi Seungcheol in Introduction to Microeconomics, and turn to Lee Chan, Sophomore.

“No,” you finally answer. “Never heard of him.”

For all intents and purposes, your rejection should’ve been the end of it.

A few days go by. You hold office hours, attend lectures, work on your thesis when you have both the time and the energy. Try to ignore the feeling of bees beneath your skin, anxiety needling each time you check your email. You were well within your right to decline the tutoring request, but you can’t help but feel like you’ve done something wrong. That someone somehow knows who Seungcheol was to you and will pull you up on it. That those girls who’d gushed about him to Chan are somewhere laughing at your expense.

But you don’t hear anything at all about it… until you do.

Sunday evening. You haven’t moved from your couch in hours, some variety show playing in the background, barely audible over your keyboard clacking. Much to your detriment, you don’t write many papers these days, so you’re out of practice. Feels like you haven’t done anything besides formulas in years, all of your academic knowledge reduced to fucking math, so you’re about ready to toss your laptop out the window long before the email even comes through.

You see, From: Lee Yeonseok. You see, Subject: Choi Seungcheol - Tutoring.

Your stomach plummets to the floor.

You scan the body quickly. You see the words personal favor… friend of his father… urgent matter… and your hands start shaking. Whether it’s from the sheer audacity of this man or anxiety, you aren’t sure, but it’s not like it matters. There aren’t a whole lot of people on campus brave or dumb enough to go up against him twice.

“Motherfucker,” you spit, bitter the only taste in your mouth.

Where did you go wrong to wind up here? You’d followed the script: got the grades, passed the exams, received half of the required education for the Respectable Career, helped a few others along the way chase dreams that may or may not have been their own. You’d fallen in love. Only had a broken heart to show for it, but that’d been in the script, too: The First Love, followed by The First Heartbreak.

The split from Seungcheol was supposed to have been the end of that chapter. You’d planned on never seeing him again, and you never would have, had it been up to you. Apparently the universe has other plans, participation required.

“Did you spill onion dip on the rug again?” You startle, sending your laptop flying. Kaori, your roommate, is perched halfway in between the living room and the kitchen like a cryptid, clearly not expecting your reaction. “Oh. Were you watching porn?”

Face burning, you fetch your laptop from the floor. “In a common area? Kaori, please, I have far more decorum than that.”

She snorts, resuming her trek to the fridge. “See, that’s what I thought, but then I walked out here and you threw your laptop so fast it was like watching my ex get caught watching furry porn all over again.” She pries the lid off a large container of yogurt. “You think this is still good?”

“Dunno. What’s it smell like?”

She sniffs it and pulls it back to check the label. “Vanilla, I think, which is concerning because it’s supposed to be strawberry.”

You shrug. “What’s the worst that can happen, you get extra”—you pause, trying to remember the correct order of things, before giving up entirely—“...biotics?”

“Mm, so close. Care if I just eat this with a spoon?”

Nose scrunched, you wave her off. “Couldn’t pay me to eat yogurt on a good day, let alone if it’s expired. All yours, babe.”

Spoon in hand and a pleased smile on her face, Kaori collapses onto the couch beside you. You try to return your attention to your paper, try to find your momentum again, and it works for all of ten minutes before you’re groaning and slamming the top closed.

You don’t even need to look over to know Kaori’s staring. “What’s up with you?” she asks. Before she can answer: “Wait, is this serious? Because I can’t have a serious conversation in this t-shirt.” You steal a glance sideways. Ask Me About My Hemorrhoid! it says, and you exhale loudly. “Don’t breathe at me, I lost a bet.”

“And continued wearing it?”

She jokingly rolls her eyes. “God forbid a girl has hobbies.” Nudges you with her foot. “C’mon, spill.”

Kaori doesn’t know about you and Seungcheol. Most people don’t, aside from a few old classmates from Daegu who found you on social media and tried befriending you once he started making a name for himself in Seoul. After that, it was just easier to keep things private while you were together. New friends knew you were seeing someone but not their name or how long you’d been together. Any curiosity surrounding why the Choi Seungcheol was following you on Insta had been waved away easily. Our parents are friends, we grew up together. Then you broke up, and there wasn’t any evidence to delete, and he wasn’t following you on Instagram anymore, and it was easier that way.

So, yeah—even though you hadn’t met her until years later, Kaori knows you have an ex. She knows you’ve had a few flings and situationships in the time since, too, and it’s why she’s none the wiser when you ask, “It’s nothing, really. Just—do you follow football at all?”

“Nah, not really. The new guy’s pretty into it and keeps trying to get me to watch the games with him, but it’s so fucking boring? I dunno, I can’t get into it. Not in real life, anyway—I binged all of Captain Tsubasa in an embarrassingly short amount of time, though. Why?”

“Student Services asked me to tutor someone the other day and I had to turn it down. I just don’t have the time, you know? This semester’s already killer, and Dr. Ahn’s been riding my ass nonstop about grades. Turns out it’s some football player, so Dr. Lee emailed me asking me to do it as a personal favor, which means, on top of all the other shit I have to do, I’m now tutoring some football player four hours a week in Microeconomics.”

Her face distorts. “God, that guy’s such a prick. Like wow, you’re good at the economy! Good for you! Who cares! Why don’t you go balance the national debt or something instead of torturing university freshmen!”

You also wrongly assume that’s the last you’ll hear of it from Kaori.

Two days later, after Student Services replies to your email with the days and times you’ll be tutoring Seungcheol, she materializes in the living room to harass you.

“You didn’t tell me your football player was Choi Seungcheol.”

The panic is instant. You know how she means it, but it’s not how your body interprets it. All of a sudden it feels like an interrogation, an accusation, and a whopping serving of guilt takes up residence in the middle of your chest for not being entirely honest.

“Explains this weird text Ken sent me.”

She slides her phone over to you, open to her text thread with her current flavor of the week. Beneath an article about Seungcheol enrolling in classes at your school:

doesn’t ur roomie TA there Why are you calling her “ur roomie” like you don’t know her name?? Rude. Also yes. ask her to get me an autograph No babe pls he was my fav player before he got injured No 🙄 fine. can i come over later? Starting to think you’re using me for my roommate. Get your own job 🙄

You hand her phone back. “I didn’t think you’d know who Choi Seungcheol even is.” It’s the best you can do, even though it just digs you a deeper grave. “You said you’re not into football.”

“I’m not, but unfortunately I am into that stupid man.” She sighs, wistful and longing. “Babe, you have to understand. His dick is so big.”

You hadn’t wanted to stay in Seoul for your graduate degree, let alone the same university you’d gone to for undergrad.

You’d applied to schools all over—Japan, Europe, even a few in the States. Romanticized the hell out of NYU, went window shopping for an overpriced apartment, picked a favorite pizzeria based on nothing but vibes and online reviews. In those few months after graduation, there wasn’t a whole lot tying you to Seoul. Your and Seungcheol’s relationship had been old history by then, your parents split. Your dad stayed in your childhood home and your mother moved a few hours closer to her sister. They’d waited until your brother was old enough to be out of the house.

And it’d just been… a lot. Overwhelming. Some days you could barely shower or feed yourself, let alone move halfway across the world, so you’d stayed in the familiar and tried not to let it feel like failure.

But the good thing about familiarity is you learn its tricks, figure out the hiding spots. Early on, your first or second week of grad school, you laid claim to a study room on a floor of the library everyone else ignored. You write notes on the whiteboard with faded blue markers that are still there days later. The chair on the opposite side of the table is always exactly where you left it, the space between it and the table enough to only accommodate you. Sometimes you leave books—old paperbacks littered with notes in your writing—or papers, just to see if they move.

They never do.

And all of this is why it feels like a punch to the gut when that sanctity is tainted. When you’re halfway through a stack of Dr. Ahn’s exams and the doorknob rattles behind you. When you don’t even need to turn around to know who it is, because he still sounds the same, still has that overwhelming presence. You’ve always sensed him before you felt him.

“There you are,” Dr. Lee says, ambling into the room before you can protest. He, too, is overwhelming, just in different ways. Immaculate posture that anchors his slight frame that’s always dressed impeccably and expensively. Wears a watch that’s triple your tuition. Shoes polished so bright they’re nearly blinding. “I’ve been looking all over for you.”

This time it is an accusation.

Well, you found me, you want to say, but just knowing Seungcheol is behind him, lingering in that half-study room, half-hallway space, is enough to keep you quiet. Like if you speak you’ll summon him closer and you’ll no longer be able to pretend this is nothing more than a nightmare.

You plaster on a polite smile. Say, “Ah, here I am, kyosu-nim,” and put all your energy into trying to glue Seungcheol to the floor with your mind.

Which is fruitless, because Dr. Lee moves further into the room. Gestures for Seungcheol to follow him with an impatient huff, and the study room is small, sure, and with three people it feels cramped, but that’s not the reason it feels like all the air’s been sucked out of the room.

Seungcheol looks… different. He looks as anxious as you feel, and he sticks close to the wall like he’s trying to disappear. Dr. Lee introduces him with grave importance, unaware of your history, and the forced smile he offers you almost looks embarrassed.

You know Dr. Lee is still hammering away, probably giving you a stern talking-to for rejecting his request the first time, but you can’t tear your eyes away from Seungcheol. Feels like the world around you has reduced to a pinhead, all hyperfocus; feels like your lungs are sucking in stale air one at a time.

“...his father is a very good friend of mine, so I expect…”

You expected to feel nothing. Seungcheol had left to chase his dream—one you’d always been so supportive of that it sometimes felt like your dream, too—and, perhaps naively, you thought the distance and the years would’ve been enough. You expected your heart to have hardened. You expected all those nights you spent crying to hit you at full force. You expected anger, hurt—indifference, at the very least.

“...as many hours per week as you both can manage…”

But you should’ve known better. Should’ve expected the butterflies, the way your palms grow clammy, the way your heart rate spikes. Should’ve expected everything to feel upside-down. You should’ve expected to look at Seungcheol and feel sixteen and in love all over again.

“...you are responsible for his academic progress…”

And that simply will not do. You’ve spent the last few years pulling yourself out of that hole, clawing your way back to something resembling normal. You’ve purged the thought of him from your mind—let his scent fade from your sheets, an old sweatshirt he’d left behind; forgot the way his lips felt against every inch of your skin; forgot the way his entire being lit up when he laughed; forgot the safety he encompassed, the way he whispered all those sweet nothings.

You cannot go there again.

So you roll your shoulders back, smile politely. Say, “Ah, kyosu-nim, Choi Seungcheol-ssi seems very intelligent, I’m sure he is capable of being responsible for his own academic standing, don’t you think?”

Dr. Lee cannot disagree without all but calling Seungcheol an idiot, so he hovers before you in shocked silence. Makes a show of huffing and checking his watch, like he’s all of a sudden remembered he’s late for something and being inconvenienced by this conversation he started, and then he’s halfway out of the library with a terse, “Discuss and figure this out amongst yourselves,” thrown over his shoulder.

You have an entire dramatic exit planned in your head. Gather your things, fake a phone call that makes you sound authoritative and important, and brush past Seungcheol wearing your nicest perfume as if all of this is so far beneath you you can’t even bring yourself to care about it.

Of course, you actually have to brush by him for any of that to happen, and since you’ve already decided you will not go there again, you quickly scribble your email address onto a piece of paper and slide it across the table at Seungcheol, who has steadfastly remained planted just outside the door. “Here’s my email. I don’t have time to discuss this right now.” Seungcheol cocks an eyebrow. You start throwing things into your bag haphazardly. You know you look frantic and affected, but there’s not much you can do about that. “What? Send me a copy of your syllabus and what you want to prioritize. It’ll be easier to get through this if we have a plan instead of winging it.”

He seems to catch on to your distaste because he mirrors it. Scoffs as he rolls his eyes and says, “Yeah, no use spending more time together than we have to,” and if you hadn’t gone years without speaking, you would’ve seen right through it.

But you did, so it stings all the same.

As it typically does, the planet keeps spinning after your run-in with Seungcheol.

You grade Dr. Ahn’s coursework. Try running off your anxiety at the gym, even though it’s pretty good at keeping pace with you these days. You meet Kaori’s maybe-boyfriend sneaking out of your apartment early in the morning and he has the good sense not to mention your ex, but you chalk that up to the mess of hickeys covering his neck and not any sense of social decorum.

Other people’s embarrassment saves you a ton of your own, you’ve come to learn.

Throughout all of this, Seungcheol only emails you once to send you his course syllabus. Doesn’t mention tutoring or provide you with his schedule or ask for yours, so when you’re sitting in a bar with your friends, three or four drinks deep and feeling a little petty, you forward him the original tutoring request and make sure to bold, underline, and highlight the “Recommended Tutoring: High” part for good measure.

He doesn’t take your bait—electronically, at least—but he does show up to your office hours the following Tuesday.

Bag tossed onto the floor, he flops unceremoniously into the chair across from you and says, in lieu of a greeting, “They spelled your name wrong. On the door thing.”

“I know,” you reply, your smile polite and terse. Incredible how he has the ability to raise your blood pressure in milliseconds. “What can I help you with?”

“Depends. How long do you have?”

“Well, considering you’ve shown up to my office hours on time, I’m assuming you already know I’m here every Tuesday and Thursday from four to six. So”—you glance at the clock above the door—“assuming no one comes by who needs my help more than you do, you have approximately one hour and fifty-eight minutes.”

Seungcheol is quiet for a moment as he takes you in. His stare is weighted; it makes you feel a little green around the edges. Clinical and sharp, so far removed from the way he used to look at you. You clear your throat. “I looked over your syllabus. The good news is there’s only a midterm and a final and the rest is problem sets. The bad news is there’s only a midterm and a final so they’re weighted quite heavily. You really need to know this stuff inside-out to have any hope of passing.”

“That’s why you’re here, right? Dr. Lee specifically requested you.”

You huff a breath through your nose. “I’m here as supplemental help. I can’t take your exams or do your readings for you. What else are you taking this semester?”

He sighs, sinking further into the chair, very much playing the part of the heir who has no interest in any of this. Which… is unlike him, you think, if you’re even allowed to. The Seungcheol you knew years ago took everything so seriously. Never clipped corners or took shortcuts. Anyone else would think him a spoiled, petulant child. “Business Accounting and International Trade.”

“Could be worse,” you note. “At least those three courses are tangentially related.”

Seungcheol rolls his eyes. “Easy for you to say. I haven’t taken a fucking math class in years.”

You return it. “You remember how to add and subtract, don’t you?”

“I ruptured my ACL, not my…” He trails off, looking a little embarrassed that he can’t name a part of the—“Brain.”

Whatever you were going to quip back with dies on your tongue. It's the first time Seungcheol has broached the topic of his injury—the first you’re hearing of it at all, actually—and he says it like it’s a joke, like it’s not a thing at all, but the pain is all over his face. The bitterness of the situation he’s found himself in. The unfairness of it all.

And there are so many questions you want to ask that aren’t your place: if it’s fixable, if he’ll ever play again, how he’s coping. But you don’t really need to—you can’t imagine how you’d feel if someone suddenly pulled the rug out from under you. If everything contained within the four walls of your office suddenly disappeared.

Not that the man sitting across from you hadn’t already done that, but.

“Right,” you continue, as if he hadn’t said anything at all. You know Seungcheol—know he wouldn’t want you prodding, sticking your fingers in that particular wound. “I want you to take a look at this,” you say, handing over a printout you have saved from your undergrad tutoring days. “Tell me what looks familiar, what doesn’t; what does and doesn’t make sense.”

He looks down at the paper. Back up at you. Down at the paper again. “What the fuck is this?”

“I—what? Cheol, it’s my old notes on recitation. Surely you’ve already covered this—the syllabus says this is week one stuff.” He looks down at the paper again, and it’s so familiar, watching the life drain entirely from someone’s eyes.

You barely resist the urge to slam your face onto your desk a second time.

You meet Seungcheol at the sports center for your next tutoring session.

He likes the humidity and the smell of the chlorine by the pool. He also likes that it’s not the football pitch, so the two of you sit in the bleachers there and go over his lecture notes. Much to your surprise, Seungcheol talks a mile a minute. Has stars in his eyes when he says he finally understands elastic demand curves, supply shock; tells you he spent a whole hour making flashcards.

It’s the first time you’ve seen him so excited since your tutoring began—the first glimmer of hope you’ve felt since Dr. Lee cornered you in your library hideaway. None of this surprises you. Seungcheol has always been smart, even when football was his primary (and sometimes only) focus. He has more determination and grit than anyone you’ve ever met, so you’re not surprised he’s doing well, excelling, but you are surprised—

“Can I ask you something?” Seungcheol shrugs, shoves half a protein bar in his mouth and swallows without chewing. “Why are you… uh. Here?”

“At this university?”

“Not exactly. I mean, I am wondering about that, but I guess… why business?”

Seungcheol hums. Tucks his good knee to his chest and stares down at the pool. No one’s using it, and truthfully the two of you probably aren’t even allowed to be here, but you understand why he likes it. It’s nowhere near as secluded as the library and definitely not as air conditioned, but it is peaceful. Calm. The water laps against the coping in quiet, small waves.

“Ah, I don’t know. You know how it goes.”

You quirk an eyebrow. Never, in all the years you’ve known him, has Seungcheol done anything he didn’t want to do. All that grit and determination. “What about your father, then? Dr. Lee mentioned this was a favor to him. He’s a pretty important person to have in your Rolodex of favors.”

Doesn’t take a rocket scientist to see what this is: Seungcheol’s father has new money; worked from the bottom up, made some smart investment decisions that finally panned out after Seungcheol left for Seoul. Started doing his own thing, made a name for himself. Last you’d heard from your mother, Seungcheol’s brother was second-in-command. Hell, even your own brother did an internship there.

So you know what this is: a father helping his son after his dream was shattered, life turned upside-down. You can’t blame him, even if you’ve heard the whispers from all the way across campus. That Seungcheol is washed up now, trying to nepo his way into his father’s company because of it; that all he knows is sports and he should’ve stuck to that, what does he know about business, why is he the one Dr. Lee went out of his way to help.

Doesn’t stop any of them from smiling at him, though; doesn’t stop them from asking for autographs or selfies.

But you also know this isn’t something Seungcheol seems willing to discuss, so you crack a joke—“I mean, business. God, who’d wanna go into that?”—and go back to what he was willing to talk about.

You’ve never hated elastic demand curves so much in your life.

Deep in the throes of tutoring—when you can’t tell if it’s week two or week twelve—you make it back to your apartment just before ten, head pounding.

The door flies open just as you’re about to punch in the code, and there stands Ken, looking far more put-off than you’ve ever seen him. Looks defeated, if you’re being honest, like someone mopped up all his emotions and wrung them out like dirty dishwater.

“Oh, hi,” you say hesitantly. The man in front of you seems too much like a caged animal to let your guard down. “Everything okay?”

He aborts a nod halfway. Mutters an apology as he brushes by you and stalks down the hall, disappearing around the corner to the elevators. Usually he’s a talker—you haven’t been able to avoid a Seungcheol-related conversation in weeks—so you’re a little stunned. Stand there stupidly for a while, and that’s where Kaori finds you a moment later.

“You gonna stand out here all night, or…?”

“Oh—yeah, right.”

You follow her inside. Toe off your shoes and put them in the rack. Focus on the sound of the kettle whistling instead of the overbearing tension in the room. Drop your bag off in your room, throw on a sweatshirt three sizes too big and a comfy pair of socks. Rummage through the fridge for leftovers, contemplate what mindless show you’ll watch as you eat, and you do not, under any circumstances, ask Kaori what happened.

You don’t have to. You knew what this was going to be the first time Ken spent the night—the way he looked mortified to be meeting you in the shared kitchen at seven a.m., wearing a look that begged you not to tell your roommate he was sneaking out.

I, uh, have an early class, he’d said. You know how it is.

Maybe you should’ve called him on it then. Issued a warning-but-not-really. She’ll get attached if you don’t tell her. She should know it’s different for you, if it is.

But you’d convinced yourself it wasn’t your place. Kaori wouldn’t want you in her business like that, so you stayed quiet, just nodded before watching him slip his shoes on and close the door behind him so quietly you wouldn’t have known he left at all if you hadn’t been looking. Gone, just like a ghost.

So, yeah, you know exactly why your roommate looks haunted.

“I’m a few episodes behind on this if you want to watch with me,” you offer, pointing at the television with the remote. It’s a lie—you’ve never watched this show a day in your life, which Kaori seems to know—but she contemplates it nonetheless. “Also, my mom mailed us some cookies. I think they’re in the fridge.”

“Why are there cookies in the fridge?”

You huff a laugh. “They were outside the door this morning before I left for campus. I don’t know—just saw who the package was from and was like, oh, this must go in the fridge.”

She nods. Grabs the container and joins you on the couch. Sticks her feet beneath your butt and doesn’t mention a thing.

The closest she comes is a few days later. Catches you right before you head out to campus and asks how tutoring is going.

“Not bad, actually.”

Her smile doesn’t reach her eyes when she says, “That’s good. I’m glad things are going well for you two.”

Lee Chan, Sophomore makes his unexpected return at your office hours on an unsuspecting Tuesday.

“Can I help you?”

He doesn’t answer right away, just helps himself to the seat across from you. “Maybe,” comes his cryptic retort. “I was thinking about signing up for that crypto course next semester.”

You narrow your eyes. “No, you weren’t.”

He sighs. Looks a little panicked, like he can’t believe that didn’t work. “You’re right, you’re right. I, um—I wanted to come say thank you.” He pauses. “You know, for that… email you sent.”

You blink. “No, you didn’t.”

Lee Chan, Sophomore cracks immediately. Thunks his head on your desk and lets loose a pained sound. It nearly sounds like he’s wailing when he says, “I’m sorry! They put me up to it!”

What you’re able to piece together is this: Lee Chan, Sophomore has become a bit of a celebrity in the Student Services department ever since he met you, Choi Seungcheol’s tutor. And, like any smart, previously unpopular university student would do, he took advantage of it. Might’ve stretched the truth a little to make it sound like he knew more than he did, so now here he is, angling for information the girls with the photocards may or may not have paid him to get.

“They want to know about his girlfriend.”

“His what?”

What you’re able to piece together is also this: the Photocard Girls are certain Seungcheol is dating someone, based on little more than vibes. You suspect these vibes are their three degrees of separation, considering there was an abnormal amount of Change of Major files formed after his enrollment, but you tell Lee Chan that you don’t know anything and, even if you did, you wouldn’t put his business out there like that.

But some part of you still has this inexplicable urge to protect Seungcheol, so you match their offer with interest and tell him to say there’s nothing to report—not that you didn’t know, not that he couldn’t get anything out of you. Seungcheol isn’t dating anyone.

You don’t know if it’s true, but you figure that if it isn’t, he still deserves privacy.

Which is a notion you have trouble explaining a few hours later, when Seungcheol strolls into your office with a grease-stained paper bag full of cheese coin bread, offering one to you with a proud smile that drops slowly when you just stare in return.

“What’s wrong?”

Your mouth opens, closes, opens again. Nothing comes out, even though it should be simple. Some sophomore kid was just in here angling for information or the Student Services department is taking bets on whether or not you have a girlfriend would both suffice, but you cannot bring yourself to say the words.

What you settle on is, “Sorry, I just… had an interesting meeting before you got here.”

“Oh. Are you okay?”

You sigh. Tilt your head back to stare up at the ceiling. “It was about you, actually.”

Seungcheol chokes, starts stuttering over words you can’t make sense of. Says, “Me? Why? I passed my last exam—I mean, barely, but I still passed. And that wasn’t your fault! I didn’t study enough! I’ve been losing my mind over my International Trade class, that shit sucks—”

“It wasn’t about your grades, Cheol.”

“Oh.” Then, slowly, a lopsided, pleased smile overtakes his face. “Haven’t heard you call me Cheol in a while.”

“Seungcheol,” you correct.

He seems to forget all about the meeting. Tries again to offer you a coin bread before he threatens to eat them all himself, so you acquiesce mostly to shut him up, say you’ll bring the extras to Kaori. For some reason, you tell him about how much she’d loved the cookies your mom sent, and the nostalgia sets him off, gets him talking again, asking if they were the yakgwa she used to make when you two were kids.

They were, but you can’t seem to tell him that, either.

Seungcheol: sorry it’s last minute - running late. can you meet me at my place instead?

Seungcheol shared a location with you

You’re halfway to replying—I don’t think that’s appropriate—before you sigh and delete it. Midterms are only a few days away and you don’t have time to argue over where your tutoring sessions will be, so if Seungcheol wants to meet at his apartment that’s where you’ll meet him.

You read over the midterm notes on the train. Once, twice, and then a hundred more times until they’re nearly memorized, all so you can ignore the voice in the back of your head saying what a bad idea this is. That you have no business being on your way to your ex’s swanky part of town or integrating yourself into his life beyond tutoring at all. You shouldn’t know where he lives. Maybe you shouldn’t even have his phone number or answer his texts.

Not that there’s much you can do about it now, two stops away.

Seungcheol greets you warmly, if not a little rushed. Apologizes for the mess once you step inside, although it’s less “mess” and more “haven’t finished unpacking,” but there’s enough clear space to study at the dining table, so that’s where you set up, determined to keep things professional.

“Sorry again about this,” Seungcheol says, placing a can of cola in front of you as he takes the seat across. “I had to meet with my father and lost track of time, I guess.”

“Oh. How’s he doing?”

Seungcheol sighs, leans further back in the chair as runs a hand through his hair. A light brown, now. “Same as he always was, I guess. Talked about the business, about my brother. Can’t get him to shut up about that stuff most of the time.”

“The business is doing good, though.” You cough, clear your throat. “My, uh. My brother interned there during undergrad. I don’t know if your father told you that.”

You don’t know why you say it, because it’s clear from the brief flicker of pain on Seungcheol’s face that he hadn’t known, that no one had told him. And it hurts you too that they felt the need to keep it a secret, to protect Seungcheol from you even in tangential ways.

“He didn’t,” he admits, “but I’m sure he was happy to see him. He was, uh—he was glad to hear you’re my tutor. Said you were always smarter than all of us boys combined.”

You laugh. Hope it sounds casual instead of strained. “Well, no need to prove him right. Come on,” you say, tossing a study guide in his direction, “let’s get to work.”

Everything is alright for a while—nearly an hour at least. He has the formulas memorized and attributed to the correct equations. He can explain supply and demand, preference and utility, but things start to fall apart around budget constraints and constrained choice.

The formulas get mixed up. He grows frustrated when he doesn’t know the answers to your questions right away. Rolls his eyes and gets a little snappy when you correct him, try to explain things differently in a way he understands. At first he’s able to temper it, collect himself before things truly start spiraling out of control, but the longer the two of you sit there the more it all unravels.

He snaps, you snap back, and you can’t figure out why. You’ve survived this long in Seungcheol’s orbit even though you never thought you’d be around him again, and perhaps it was bound to explode eventually, but…

It’s the familiarity, you realize.

You and Seungcheol aren’t friends, though you’ve been playing at it for weeks now: meeting outside of the library or your office, the personal conversations bordering on reminiscing, being in his personal space. You don’t belong here. You don’t want to be his friend—you can’t be, not for real or pretend.

“That’s not what I’m say—”

“Then explain it better,” Seungcheol fires at you, eyebrows creasing. “You’re the tutor here.”

You roll your eyes. “I’m trying, okay? All I meant was—your answer isn’t wrong, but I know Dr. Lee and he’s going to want more than that in a response.”

“Right—not good enough, like I said.”

“I’m just asking you to expand on your answer—”

“And I’m telling you that’s all I’ve got. I’m not like you, all right? I don’t have all this shit just floating around in my head all the time. I’m not smart, I barely have any idea what’s going on half the time, and you sitting here being condescending about it is doing fuck-all to help.”

You inhale sharply, taken aback at the hostility in his voice. Suggest calling it for the night, say neither of you will be productive if you keep going like this, and neither of you bother to apologize.

So much of your relationship with Seungcheol was marred by clichés.

The two of you passing notes back and forth during class. You in the bleachers of all his games, screaming along to the team chants, waving a sign around with his name on it. Not realizing you had a crush on him at all until he liked someone else and it made your stomach hurt. Childhood friends turned lovers.

Another cliché: that it’s starting to feel like that all over again.

Seungcheol sits across from you in the library, econ textbook cracked in half in front of him as he pays no attention. Keeps grabbing his phone each time it vibrates across the table. Can’t fight the smile that forces its way onto his face when he reads whatever’s there.

Stupid, you think—both to do this and to think it’d play out any other way. Seungcheol left years ago. Probably lived ten lifetimes while he was away while you were here in this exact spot doing this exact thing. Barely lived half a life, just stuck your nose in textbooks and forced your way through.

“Cheol,” you say, trying to drag his attention back to the study guide. No use. He’s typing away, presses his tongue into the fat of his cheek as he responds. “Seungcheol,” you try again.

Also fruitless.

You have no claim here, you remind yourself—not to his time, not to him. He’s only here because someone else mandated it. You’re only here because someone else mandated it, but it stings all the same. Another reminder of what used to be, of what ended regardless of what you wanted. Another reminder that the role you used to play in his life is not the role you play now. That the space you used to take up created a vacancy, and eventually it was going to be filled.

And if this was anyone other than Seungcheol, if you were more emotionally evolved when it came to him, it wouldn’t gnaw at you as much. All of this would roll off your shoulders.

But it isn’t, and you’re not.

“If you’re not going to listen, then—”

“I am listening,” he interjects, but he’s not looking at you. Not looking at his textbook or his study guide. Keeps laughing and smiling at his phone, and it’s sick how bothered you are by it. That it feels like your stomach’s been turned inside-out with jealousy; with annoyance, because you don’t want to be here anyway, don’t want to do this anymore, and you’re wasting your time on someone who doesn’t appreciate it.

Perhaps he never did.

“What are we discussing, then?”

Still not looking up: “Consumer theory.”

You laugh—more a huff of air than anything, grin sardonically out of one corner of your mouth. Seungcheol sees none of it. “Wrong,” you answer, already expecting the way he shrugs it off. “I’m gonna skip ahead a few chapters, though. Consider it a freebie for your business class.”

It must be your tone that finally grabs his attention. Cutting, precise, purposeful. Seungcheol lowers his phone, quirks an eyebrow, wonders where this is going to go. It’s clear he’s pissed you off, that you’re itching for a fight. It’s clear the years of silence are finally coming to a head.

“Let’s talk about ROI. You know what that is?” You barely give him a second. “Return on investment. A performance measure used to evaluate the efficiency of an investment or compare the efficiency of several investments. So, let’s say I make one-hundred-thousand won on a ten-thousand won investment: my ROI is 90%. Are you following?”

He nods.

“Great, now let’s try something a bit more hypothetical.” You suck in a breath. “Let’s say I invest years of my adolescence into someone. A friend at first and then something more. Let’s say I played cheerleader, supported every hope and dream he had—went to every game, cheered him on, helped him practice his English. Held his hand and talked him down when the pressure felt overwhelming, when the only thing that felt inevitable was failure. Now, let’s say all I got in return was a stuttered, awkward apology as he dumped me and walked out the door. Let’s say that guy showed up again after years of silence just to once again waste my fucking time.”

The thing about pain is it’s not linear. What hurt five, ten years ago might not hurt today, but it might tomorrow; what hurt yesterday may never hurt again. The thing about pain is it lets you stick your head in the sand until it can’t anymore, and that’s where you are now: that window of time between Seungcheol walking out the door on the assumption you’d never see him again before he bulldozed his way back into your life has been slammed closed, locked up tight.

So you don’t even notice you’re crying until the room goes deathly silent and you can hear the drip drip drip of tears on paper. Until you watch Seungcheol’s hands flex and unflex in mid-air, stuck in that liminal space, wanting to reach out but knowing he has no right to. Until your chest aches so bad you’re sure you’re either about to break into stardust or cease to exist.

Until you say, “What, Choi Seungcheol, would you say my fucking return on investment was?” and he has nothing to say at all.

Kaori invites you to a party.

Just something small to celebrate the end of midterms and a classmate’s birthday. Nothing out of control or raucous, not even the kind of thing that’d earn a second glance from campus security. I won’t even make fun of you if you leave before eleven, is how she sold it to you, in addition to a small amount of begging and bargaining and a powerful set of puppy-dog eyes.

After everything the two of you have been through, you find it hard to say no.

So here you are, nearly eleven o’clock on a Friday, a cup of cheap beer in hand. A friend of a friend of a friend is wailing into a karaoke machine and although your ears are bleeding, it does feel nice for that to be your greatest worry. You aren’t thinking about your classes or how you’ve been prioritizing everyone else’s academic success. You aren’t thinking about whatever’s going on between Kaori and Ken. You aren’t thinking about Seungcheol.

At least you aren’t, until he walks through the door.

You’re going to continue not thinking about him at all—not about the fact he’s alone or how good he looks in a simple black T-shirt that’s a little taut in the shoulders. You’re not going to think about the way the air shifts, like the universe knows he’s important and is willing to accommodate. You’re not going to think about how Kaori catches your eye across the room, recognizes him from all her internet searches, and the way she mouths oh my god he’s so beefy at you.

You’re not going to think about how guilty you feel that she doesn’t know, because if you do you’re certain it’ll take over.

You watch Seungcheol work the room; watch as he floats between conversations, as strangers fall over themselves at the sight of him. How eager everyone is to give him something and how reluctant he is to take them. You watch as he winds up in the same circle as Kaori and how she must mention you, oh, your tutor is my roommate, because there’s a question in return before he turns and meets your gaze.

You wonder why the distance between you feels more insurmountable now than ever before.

Seungcheol finds you in your office.

It’s not a Tuesday or a Thursday, far later than four to six in the evening, but he doesn’t even bother knocking before he’s barreling in, stifling your space with his bad energy.

You haven’t seen him in nearly two weeks. Not since the party, if that even counts. Hasn’t bothered to reply to any of your texts or emails, and that was just fine by you, if that’s how he wanted to act, but it isn’t until he’s brooding on the other side of your desk that you realize you’re still aggrieved, too. Feels a little too familiar, him leaving you behind and in the dark.

So you don’t mean to—typically have much more professionalism than this—but when he tosses a stapled stack of papers with a barely-passing grade on your desk and says, “This is your fault,” the words come automatically and without forethought.

“Fuck off, Seungcheol.” It’s not your words that take him by surprise; more so the roll of your eyes, the accompanying huff. The impression that all of this is beneath you and nothing more than a mere annoyance. That however affected you were two weeks ago is not how affected you are anymore. “That’s what happens when you blow off your tutoring for two weeks because you’re a coward.”

He laughs, incredulous; unable to help the sound the tumbles out of his mouth. “I’m a—I’m a coward?”

“Yes,” you reply, tone giving away nothing. All he sees is feigned nonchalance despite the hurricane you feel brewing beneath the surface. “This,” you continue, pinching the corner of the paper between your fingertips and disposing of it in the trashcan beneath your desk, “is all on you, but do please let me know if there’s anything else you’d like to blame me for. I’m all ears.”

You don’t miss it: the way Seungcheol’s eyes grow wide at your ‘I’m all.’ The way he thinks you’re going to punctuate that sentence with yours, and it nearly has bile rising in your throat. Makes you want to scream, rip at your hair. If the last few months have taught you anything, it’s that you are still hopelessly in love with the man across from you—the man that continues to leave before he’s left, always at your expense.

So, yeah—Seungcheol is a coward, but only when it comes to you.

But he doesn’t look much like one now, gripping so hard at the edge of your desk that his knuckles have gone white, baseball cap pulled down low enough his eyes are barely visible. He’s always been overwhelming, always carried himself with an exaggerated arrogance even when it wasn’t warranted, always took everything so seriously, and maybe that’s why you’d thought he’d treat you the same way. Take you seriously. Wouldn’t just throw it all away on a maybe thing, and that’s why it's been years and you still aren’t over it.

Maybe Seungcheol is a coward, and maybe so are you.

Because not once since he’s been back have you been able to say what you mean. Can’t seem to tell him about the anger, the hurt, the heartbreak. Played it all off as petty nonchalance because you foolishly thought that would hurt him, that you’ve been reduced to simmering ash, no hope left for a fire.

“I could never blame you for a goddamn thing,” he says, voice so deep you could drown in it.

You so desperately want to know. You don’t want to know anything at all. You want Seungcheol to explain everything to you in detail and spoil the ending, but only if it’s guaranteed to be happy. Enduring another loss like the first time—you’re not sure you can take it. Not after you two have crossed paths like this, because you’ve never quite believed in fate but you think that has to mean something. That so much time and life had transpired and you two came back together.

Today, though, it doesn’t look like you’re going to get any answers.

Seungcheol straightens, looms at full height. Digs into the pocket of his sweatpants and pulls out a thumb drive. Wordlessly, he hands it over, and then he’s gone just as abruptly as he’d arrived.

Again.

Kaori wants to spend the weekend moping, and you can’t come up with a good reason not to join her.

She doesn’t mention Ken once. Not when she’s sobbing over A Silent Voice and Toradora! after that. Not when she keeps glancing at her phone every couple minutes to see if she has any texts. Not when you—only halfway paying attention between grading and your own assignments—suggest ordering something for delivery, maybe that new burger place down the street you heard was good, and Kaori shuts it down so vehemently you can only assume it was Ken’s favorite place.

Kaori just cries over the man with the big dick she never expected to take so seriously, and not even your stonewalling makes her feel ashamed of it.

And there’s respectability in that kind of openness and vulnerability. At least whatever she’s feeling is honest; at least she can admit she’s sad. You think watching Kaori process her breakup might help you process yours too, years too late, so you suck in a breath and ask, “Can I tell you something or is now not a good time?”

Kaori looks over at you. Dabs a soggy tissue at her eyes. “Well, I guess it depends,” is her answer, and she doesn’t shy away from how waterlogged her voice sounds. “If you’re going to tell me you’re a Takasu and Kawashima shipper, maybe, but if it’s anything worse I’m not sure I could take it.”

“I—what? Who even are they?” She gives you a half-hearted thumbs up. You sigh in response, sink further into the couch. “It’s, uh.” Clear your throat. “Do you remember when we met sophomore year? At that party? And I told you I wasn’t looking for anything and you said, and I quote, why not, I have a sixth sense for this kind of thing and I know that guy will have a huge—”

She hides her face behind her hands. “Ew, god, yes I remember that. My dick whisperer era. How embarrassing.”

“Right. And I told you I wasn’t looking for anything because I’d just gotten out of something.”

“Not really by choice, if I remember correctly. I told you if it was quiet it should’ve been loud, and then you never talked about it again.”

You nod. “I—yeah, that sounds like something I would’ve said.” You suck in a deep breath. “Listen, this is probably gonna sound bad considering I did never talk about it again, but—”

“Hey,” Kaori says, nudging you with her foot. Meant to be comforting, somehow. “It’s okay. There’s a lot you don’t know about me, too… most of which I’m not sure you should, actually.”

A laugh forces its way out, gives you a nice reprieve from the anxiety of the conversation you’re about to have. The need to explain it all, the need for advice. Maybe it’s not her—or anyone else’s—business, but you think you’ve kept this to yourself long enough. You and Seungcheol loved each other, once, and it seems foolish that no one knows.

Maybe Kaori had been right. Maybe love should be shouted from the rooftops; exist out in the open. Maybe something hidden in the shadows can never thrive in the light, and you knew it back then, deep down, but now it seems so obvious.

You think back to a few days before the library. Think about how things didn’t feel good but they felt okay. Think about the frustrated crease between Seungcheol’s eyebrows as he stared down at his textbook and how all you’d wanted to do was smooth it. Think about how you’d rolled your lips and tried not to laugh; how you thought it’d take a miracle to help Seungcheol pass this class.

Think about: What is the difference between the short-run and the long-run from the perspective of production theory?

Think about the short-run of your and Seungcheol’s relationship—that you’d burned bright and fast, even though it’d felt like a million years. Hadn’t dared to consider the long-run because anything beyond that bubble felt impossible.

Think about: Which of the following is not a property of isoquants?

Think about the way Seungcheol’s eyes lit up when he knew the answer. That they’re always linear, he said, and you smiled at his enthusiasm, raised your hand to high-five him and dropped it when he hadn’t noticed.

You think about the explanation—isoquants can be linear when inputs are perfectly substitutable—and what those graphs look like. Downward sloping, left to right. Think about how the graphs change when the isoquants are perfect complements.

L-shaped. Less straight as the inputs become poorer substitutes.

You know what your and Seungcheol’s graph would’ve looked like back then.

So it’s easy, almost, to tell Kaori everything. You tell her about growing up in Daegu, about the smell of the azaleas at Biseulsan in the spring. You tell her about how your parents had befriended the neighbors, how they had a kid your age, that that kid was Seungcheol—yes, that Seungcheol.

She’s able to anticipate the rest from there, but you fill in the blanks of what she can’t: being sixteen and falling in love, holding hands, the clandestine notes. All those football matches and how your throat would be hoarse from cheering. How nauseous you’d felt applying to university in Seoul, how excited you were when Seungcheol said he was coming with you. That, after you arrived, it felt like you were living in fast-forward. Barely any time to breathe or adjust; no time to just be you and Seungcheol. You had to be a student, someone responsible; Seungcheol had to be a phenom.

“Could you feel it was going to happen?” Kaori asks, now sat ramrod straight, all her attention on you. “Like, did you know?”

“I don’t know,” you admit. “Maybe I did? It’s hard to say now, all this time later. I know things definitely felt different, like life was pulling us in opposite directions.” You laugh, bitterness coloring the edges. “You couldn’t go two blocks without seeing him on some billboard, and I was just… normal, you know? I wasn’t some rising star athlete like he was, I just went to my classes. How was I supposed to compete with something like that?”

Your roommate hums, leans back into the pillows as she stares up at the ceiling. “I don’t think you were. Maybe that’s why Seungcheol was worried—maybe he felt like you were losing your own identity feeling like you had to keep up.”

You want to push back, argue that you weren’t, that you didn’t, but the truth is that it’s possible. That the shadows created by Seungcheol’s dreams were so massive you wouldn’t be surprised if they unintentionally swallowed you up. “It still wasn’t his choice to make,” you say, voice barely above a whisper.

And Kaori already knows all about your hurt, listened as you explained it all and laid everything bare. So when she says, “Sometimes that’s just how it goes, though, babe,” it doesn’t feel condescending. “We do the best we can with what we’ve got at the time. You can say now it wasn’t Seungcheol’s choice to make, because it’s been almost five years and you’ve made a life for yourself separate from him. But the—god, this is gonna sound so patronizing, I am so sorry—but you guys were so young. No one has it all figured out at that age.”

She snorts, runs a hand through her messy hair. “Shit, I’m nearly halfway to thirty and I still don’t know anything.” Adopts a frown. “What do you want now? Do you want closure? Want to try to fix things and become friends?”

“I don’t know,” you admit, biting at a hangnail. “He actually, um. The other day when he stopped by my office, he left me a USB drive? And before you ask, no I did not already look at it.”

“A USB drive? Who does this guy think he is, James Bond?” A pause. “Are you gonna look at it, though?”

You do.

Not until the silver, midnight light creeps in through your bedroom curtains and you’ve stared at the ceiling long enough; waited long enough for texts that never came, for divine intervention to, well, intervene. It never did—fair enough—so you decide to take fate by the reins. Grab your laptop, instant headache from the screen, stick the drive into the port.

It takes a second for it to load, but when it does: dozens of videos, organized by date. Vlogs, by the look of them—some from before your breakup but the majority of them from after.

You’re not sure what you expected, but it wasn’t this.

You click on the first one: a month and a half before both of you moved to Seoul. A fresh-faced Seungcheol appears on your screen, cheeks still round with adolescence. He’s in his room back in Daegu, can’t get the camera angle right. Nostalgia hits you like a ton of bricks as it pans to the side, to the wall behind his bed, and you see all his old posters. Mostly football players you couldn’t name, some girl group he used to love, a few movies. Just below them are some of the notes you’d written him in school, and they’re all you can focus on as he talks about how excited he is for the move.

The next: a few weeks after you’d started classes. By then, Seungcheol was well into the swing of things with Seoul FC. Already a big fish in a small pond, tryout offers from European teams starting to roll in. You can hear yourself in the background stressing over your first exam, wishing a generational curse upon your calculus professor. In the video, Seungcheol laughs, whispers like he’s telling the camera a secret as he talks about how nervous he is for his future. I don’t know why, he says, but it just feels like everything is about to change.

There’s a long pause between that one and the next. You understand why when you look at the date: three months after your breakup. Your hands hover uselessly above your keyboard. Whatever answers you’ve been looking for the last few years are probably in this video, but you can’t bring yourself to open it. Not right away, at least.

You click on a different one at random. Seungcheol’s somewhere in Europe, judging from the language on the signs behind him. Snow falls quietly—whenever he filmed this, it must’ve been early. No one else is around, and he cracks a joke that it’s a good thing, people would probably think he was crazy if they saw him. He doesn’t tell you where he’s going but he narrates the entire walk: points out a cafe he’s grown to love. The way to get to his practice stadium from where he’s standing. Pauses near a restaurant and laughs ruefully, shakes his head, says, I don’t know why I’m telling you this, but one of my teammates set me up on a blind date here and I got stood up. You’d probably think that was funny.

(You do. It also makes your chest ache.)

One from two years ago: Seungcheol in a hotel room, clearly nervous. He raises his hand to wave at the camera and you can see the corners of his nails bitten raw. Dark circles beneath his eyes; cheekbones more pronounced than you’ve ever seen them. On the screen, Seungcheol sighs, rakes a hand through freshly-bleached hair. Sucks in a deep breath as he says, I’m so nervous. I’m so—so fucking nervous and I don’t. Fuck, I don’t know what to do. I want to call you because you always knew what to say but that’s so fucking selfish. God, we haven’t spoken in years, and it’s my—that’s my fault, I know, so I brought this all on myself. I just want to hear your voice.

Another from a week after that: the color’s returned to his face, and he’s recording from what looks like a penthouse apartment. Sleek, modern; a small white dog napping on the bed beside him. He smiles, looks like he got his teeth fixed, looks like he’s no longer carrying around the weight of the world. Talks endlessly and excitedly about some tournament. Talks so fast you can barely keep up. Talks around words tinged with languages you don’t understand.

Seungcheol wins a championship. Records a drunk vlog from the same night, hair soaked through with god-knows-what—water, champagne, you don’t know. But he looks radiant. Looks like the culmination of two decades of dreaming. He looks happy, free, at peace. He looks like the reason he let you go, why he had to go away.

You scroll to the bottom of the files. Pause at the last video, dated seven months before the term started.

“Hi,” he says, and you can immediately tell everything is all wrong. Seungcheol’s in the dark, face only visible enough to see the tears tracking on his cheeks. “This is going to be the last one of these I make. I don’t know if you, uh—I’m sure you aren’t paying attention to me—my career—anymore, but. I, um. I got hurt. Ruptured my ACL. They’re not sure I’ll…” A sob escapes him. Has you wanting to climb through the screen to hold him, thumb away his tears, tell him everything is going to be okay. “They don’t know if I’ll ever play again.”

Seungcheol no longer looks happy, free, at peace. “Maybe you’ll be happy to hear that,” he continues. “Maybe it’ll help you to know I threw away our relationship for nothing.”

Cut to black.

The sudden silence is deafening. Has you desperately clicking back to the video you’d skipped, the one from just after your breakup. Seungcheol looks the same in that one, too, like the life has been drained out of him.

I don’t know why I’m doing this. It’s not like I’ll ever show these to you now, since I…

I’m sure I owe you an explanation. To be honest, I don’t know what I’m doing, I just—things have been so hard, and I’m still trying to make sense of it all. I feel like my life went from zero to a hundred before I could even blink and now I’m scrambling. I didn’t think it was fair to—to drag you through that. Me being away, moving to an entirely different continent. I have faith we could do it, I just. I don’t know, baby, I don’t…

You deserve to have your own life. Be your own person. I’m so scared that the world will never see you for who you are—so beautiful and intelligent and kind. You don’t deserve to be reduced to my partner. And if you ever see this, I know you’re gonna roll your eyes. Probably call me a mean name because I took the choice away from you, because you think I’m trying to be selfless and heroic, and you’d be right. It’s not fair, and I wish I could tell you I’m sorry.

I wish I could just… pluck out my brain and give it to you, because even if it killed me to do it, at least it makes sense to me. And I don’t—I don’t want you to think I’m not hurting. I’ve been sick to my stomach since I left. I know I’m making a mistake, I know I am, I just—how do I do what I think is right in the long-run when it’s not what I want right now, or ever?

I don’t want to get over you. I don’t want you to get over me, and that’s how you know I’m not acting selflessly, because you should. I want you to always be happy, I just… wish it was with me.

So, I’m going to keep making these. I’m going to take you along for the ride, wherever it takes us, because you should be here but I can only hope you can one day understand why you’re not. I’m so—I’m so sorry, I don’t…

I’m sorry.

I love you.

You fall asleep and dream that you were the one meant to meet him at that restaurant.

The first thing you do is make a call to your mother.

“Could you send another container of yakgwa?”

On the other end of the line, your mother tuts, motherly intuition audibly kicking into overdrive. Is probably wearing that all-knowing, sly grin she always does when you try to be coy and evasive. “What happened to the last container I sent?”

“Ah, you know Kaori loves those. They barely lasted an hour after I told her what was in there.”

She hums an acknowledgement. Sounds like she takes a sip of tea. “I remember someone else being quite fond of those cookies, too.”

“Well, they are the most popular cookies in the country, so.”

After haranguing you into admitting they’re for Seungcheol and not your roommate, your mother promises to send them quickly. A few days at most, which buys you enough time to figure out how you’re going to approach the man in question.

The vlogs have turned your entire world upside-down. Answered questions you hadn’t even known you had. Took all that anger and resentment you’d been holding onto and set it free, and now you’re just left with… a void. Want to mend things, and it makes you wonder if such a thing is even possible, if it’s too late, but you don’t let those thoughts get very far.

Instead, you let them spur you into action. Have you sitting in front of your laptop at your desk, office hours long since over, silence creeping in the more the department empties. The thrum of the airconditioning and the tick-tick-tick of the clock are all the only company you have.

You worry if it’ll show on camera, how out of sorts you feel: sweating from the nerves, dabbing at your hairline; cheeks warm to the touch. But you suck in a breath anyway, steel yourself. Look at your webcam and the daunting red circle…

And start recording.

He hadn’t gotten it at first. Not really.

There’d been a container of yakgwa outside his door with his USB drive taped to the top of it. No note—not that he needed one to know who it was from, but he wasn’t sure what it was. A goodbye? A please fuck off forever and never contact me again?

He’d just taken them inside. Ate too many of the cookies while feeling sorry for himself. Maybe had a glass or two of wine to compound the issue, and never, ever considered contacting you. Didn’t think he could bear it if you never wanted to see him again, but he just…

Well, he was drunk and alone and he missed you, and he’d rewatched all those videos he recorded a million times before when he was like this, so what was a million and one?

It’d been the same as every time before: he smiled at the happy parts, cried at all his old wounds. Wanted to reach through the screen and strangle his past self for including that part about the blind date, because he never wanted to date anyone who wasn’t you, why would he say that, felt mortified at the thought of you watching that—

And then there it was.

All the way at the bottom. A new video. One that hadn’t been recorded by him—

Hi, Cheol, you say, and that’s all it takes to reduce him to a sobbing, yearning mess. I’m not sure what to say here. I don’t really record much—sometimes for lectures when the professors are too busy, but never anything personal like this, but I watched every single one you made for me and I thought I should return the favor.

I wanted to tell you everything I’ve been up to since you left, but it hasn’t been much. I got my degree. Tutored a lot in undergrad—the same thing I’m tutoring you in now, actually. I was good at it and it felt good to have something that was mine, you know? I almost moved for grad school. Thought for a while I was going to wind up in New York, but then my parents divorced and it felt like too much, too scary, so I stayed. Kaori also stayed, so we got an apartment together. It’s not much, definitely not as nice as your place, but it’s good enough.

I don’t think I ever told you, but she was seeing a guy for a bit and he was… obsessed with you, to say the least. Thought you were the coolest person in the world. They aren’t seeing each other anymore. Ended pretty badly, but—speaking of which, maybe steer clear of Student Services for a while, too.

Sometimes it felt like failure that I wound up staying here. That I had scholarships from all these far-away, prestigious places and didn’t take advantage of them. That I gave into my fear. And now… I don’t know. Maybe there’s a reason I stayed behind. Maybe there’s a reason you ended up back here, too.

Whatever happens—I don’t want you to think I still blame you. Kaori says we do the best we can with what we’ve got at the time, and I understand now that’s what you did. Even though it hurt me, you were trying to protect me. I get it now. And I’m sorry you had to go through all of that alone. I can’t imagine how hard it must’ve been to go to all these places you didn’t know. To have to deal with your injury, the loss of a dream.

You said in one of your videos that you just want me to be happy, and that’s all I want for you, too, whatever that looks like.

Here’s my address if you ever want to come by to talk.

I love you, too.

—and then he’d been up and out the door, feeling stone cold sober, running to the front of his building to wait for his ride.

Felt like the drive took hours. Must’ve hit every red light between his apartment and yours. Took the steps two at a time just to get to your door faster.

There’s a man already standing outside your door when he gets there. One that looks shocked to see him, stars in his eyes, and when Seungcheol says, “Oh, you must be Kaori’s ex,” he looks more like he wants the earth to swallow him whole. Embarrassed in front of his idol.

He knocks on your door and gets no response. Knocks again, harder this time, and he has to try really hard to stifle his laughter when your voice yells from the inside, “Fuck off, Kenji, I already told you she’s not here!”

“It’s me,” Seungcheol yells back.

There’s quiet again. Just enough time for it to feel like his heart is going to beat right out of his chest and follow Kaori’s ex down the hall.

Then you’re yanking the door open—slowly, so slowly, like you’re scared it’s not actually him. Your eyes are brimming with tears when they meet his own, and he doesn’t let himself think, just goes on instinct, when he grabs for you, hands on your cheeks, and presses his lips to yours.

Somehow you taste the same.

Somehow you taste like redemption.

You taste like home.

Seungcheol kisses you until the tears slow. Kisses you until the universe realigns, until he could map your mouth in the dark. Kisses you until all you’re all he knows again.

When he pulls away, you’re gripping at his sweatshirt, don’t want to let him go. He presses his forehead to yours, offers up a million more apologies, starts talking nonsense. Says he’s going to drop microeconomics, what the hell does he know, he barely has a passing grade anyway, what does it matter, he’s such an idiot—

And then you say, “You came back,” and nothing else matters.

“I always will.”

(Later on, as you’re trying to steady your breathing, slick with sweat, your thigh thrown over Seungcheol’s hip as he stares down at you, dopey smile on his face, you say, “Choi Seungcheol, don’t you dare drop that class. I have worked my ass off to get you to barely-passing.”)

if you’ve made it this far thank you so much for reading! i am still very new at writing for seventeen, so i hope this was acceptable. i'm now going to throw myself into the warped tour vernon fic and will hopefully not go another 7+ months without posting anything. 😭

i would love to hear your thoughts! <3

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The A-Z of Business Economics concludes with a reflection on our zeal for empowering students. EconomicsHomeworkHelper.com is not just a service; it's a partner in your academic journey. We are driven by a passion for education and a commitment to equipping students with the knowledge and skills needed to excel in business economics and beyond.

Conclusion:

In the complex world of business economics, students need reliable support to navigate the intricacies of assignments and exams. EconomicsHomeworkHelper.com stands as a beacon of assistance, offering a comprehensive A-Z guide to business economics. From microeconomics to macroeconomics, game theory to econometrics, and everything in between, our platform is committed to empowering students with the knowledge and confidence needed for academic success. The next time you find yourself searching for a Business Economics Homework Helper, look no further than EconomicsHomeworkHelper.com – your partner in excellence.

[ibglobaltutor]

An IB Economics tutor at IB Global Academy provides specialized support for students studying economics within the International Baccalaureate program. Focusing on core concepts such as microeconomics, macroeconomics, and global economics, the tutor helps students develop analytical skills and critical thinking. With tailored guidance, students gain a deep understanding of economic principles, preparing them for exams and real-world economic challenges.

[ajayvermablog]

Essential Study Strategies for Banking Exams

Preparing for competitive banking exams, such as the RBI Grade B, requires a strategic approach to tackle the rigorous content and demanding exam structure. With a blend of subject knowledge, analytical skills, and time management, aspirants can navigate the preparation journey effectively. Here are some essential strategies to guide you in achieving success.

An effective RBI Grade B preparation plan should incorporate a structured study schedule that covers each subject area comprehensively, especially focusing on sections like Finance, Economics, Reasoning, and English. By understanding the exam’s unique demands, aspirants can tailor their approach to meet both content and time requirements effectively.

Key Strategies for Success

Understand the Exam Pattern

Familiarize yourself with the RBI Grade B exam structure, including the types of questions, marks allocation, and time limits for each section.

Note that the exam is divided into Phase 1 (objective questions) and Phase 2 (a mix of objective and descriptive questions).

Focus on understanding the weightage of topics, which will help prioritize your study efforts.

Develop a Study Plan

Create a realistic study plan that allocates time to each subject area based on your strengths and weaknesses.

Make sure to incorporate regular breaks, as well as dedicated time for revision and practice tests.

Track your progress weekly to ensure you’re meeting your study goals.

Focus on Core Subjects

Economics and Social Issues: Study macroeconomic and microeconomic principles, Indian economic policies, and social issues.

Finance and Management: Cover topics such as banking operations, risk management, and financial markets.

Quantitative Aptitude and Reasoning: These require strong analytical skills, so practice questions daily to enhance your speed and accuracy.

Stay Updated on Current Affairs

For exams like RBI Grade B, staying informed on recent events in finance, economy, and social issues is essential.

Read newspapers, magazines, and online resources to cover the latest government policies, economic news, and financial regulations.

Maintain notes on important current affairs to easily revise before the exam.

Practice Mock Tests

Regular practice with mock tests will help you become familiar with the types of questions and improve your time management skills.

Analyze your performance after each test to identify areas that need improvement.

Work on previous year’s papers to understand recurring question patterns and gain confidence in tackling challenging questions.

Revise Effectively

Allocate time each week to review key concepts, formulas, and important data.

Use flashcards, mind maps, and notes to aid retention of complex topics.

For descriptive answers, practice structuring your responses concisely and effectively, especially for topics in Economics and Social Issues.

Additional Tips for a Strong Preparation

Join Study Groups: Engage with fellow aspirants to discuss complex topics and share resources.

Seek Expert Guidance: Consider enrolling in coaching or using online resources for additional support and expert insights.

Manage Time and Stress: Adopt techniques like meditation or brief exercise to maintain focus and manage stress during the preparation phase.

Conclusion

With focused and consistent efforts, mastering the RBI Grade B preparation process can set aspirants on the right path toward success. By following these strategies, candidates can build a strong foundation across all subjects and develop the confidence needed to excel in the exam.

[rupalic]

The Role of Agrochemicals in Feeding a Growing Global Population

Agrochemicals are chemical products used in agriculture to enhance crop yield and protect crops from pests, diseases, and weeds. They include fertilizers, pesticides (such as herbicides, insecticides, and fungicides), plant growth regulators, adjuvants, and others. The primary goal of agrochemicals is to improve the productivity and quality of crops.

Agrochemicals Market Growth Drivers

Increasing Food Demand: With a growing global population, there is a rising demand for food production, driving the need for agrochemicals to enhance crop yield.

Technological Advancements: Innovations in agrochemical formulations and delivery methods, such as controlled-release fertilizers and bio-based pesticides, are contributing to market growth.

Government Support: Many governments worldwide support agricultural practices and provide subsidies for agrochemical use to ensure food security.

Rising Awareness of Crop Protection: Increased awareness of the benefits of using pesticides and fertilizers to protect crops from diseases and pests.

Agrochemicals Market Analysis

The agrochemicals market has been growing steadily due to the rising demand for food, population growth, and the need for higher agricultural productivity. The agrochemicals market has been influenced by some of the macroeconomic and microeconomic factors occurring in some of the key countries around the globe. This would prove potential enough to drive the market significantly in terms of value sales during the forecast period. The agrochemicals market size is estimated to be valued at USD 235.2 billion in 2023. It is projected to reach USD 282.2 billion by 2028, recording a CAGR of 3.7% during the forecast period. With the rise in demand and preference for organic food products, agrochemical manufacturers have been strategizing to develop organic farm-friendly natural plant growth promoters. These products are supervised and certified by regulatory bodies, such as the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) and the European Food Safety Authority, among others, in respective regions.

How do the principles of the 4Rs (right source, right rate, right time, right place) enhance the integration of agrochemicals in precision farming?

Various precision agriculture tools help farmers assess and manage the nutrient requirements of their crops. These tools include the 4Rs principle—right source, right rate, right time, and right place—along with soil sensors, variable rate prescriptions, yield maps, decision support software, soil mapping, multispectral imaging, auto-guidance systems, and leaf color charts. Precision farming also integrates data analytics, artificial intelligence (AI), and sensor systems to accurately determine the specific amounts of fertilizer and water needed by crops at any given moment. Autonomous vehicles are then used to apply these nutrients in precise quantities and locations.

Know about the assumptions considered for the study

While applying fertilizers is essential for enhancing soil productivity, excessive use can severely harm soil health. To address this, researchers at Imperial College London developed a predictive testing kit in 2022. This kit enables farmers to measure current levels of ammonia and nitrate in the soil and predict future levels based on climatic conditions. This innovation allows for more customized and efficient fertilizer application, tailored to the specific needs of each soil type and crop.

Global Quest for Higher Crop Yields Accelerates Agrochemicals Market Expansion

Ongoing advancements in agricultural technology have transformed farming practices. As agricultural commodities are increasingly exported and imported across diverse regions, particularly in developing areas, new harmful organisms have emerged, heightening the demand for innovative active ingredients to protect crops. The globalization of the agrochemical industry has a significant impact on the crop protection markets in Asia. With the highest population growth rate, rising food production needs, and robust economic development, there is a growing demand for various agrochemicals, including herbicides and pesticides.

Cereals & Grains Hold a Significant Agrochemicals Market Share

The consumption of cereals and grains is essential to meet the dietary needs of an expanding global population. To keep up with this increasing demand, it is necessary to boost the yield of cereals and grains. The use of agrochemicals plays a significant role in achieving this by enhancing crop productivity. According to FAO reports, global cereal utilization is expected to rise in 2023/24 compared to previous years, with higher global cereal stocks projected by 2024. This indicates a stable supply of cereals to satisfy demand. The rising demand for cereals underscores the need to improve agricultural productivity, which may drive increased use of agrochemicals to maximize yields and meet global food requirements.

Innovative Breakthroughs: What’s New in the Global Agrochemicals Market?

In August 2023, Bayer AG invested USD 231.3 million in the construction and development of a new R&D facility at its Monheim site. This was the largest single financial investment in crop protection made in Germany within the past forty years. The R&D facility was meant to accommodate some 200 employees. Bayer was well on the way to developing the next generation of safe and sustainable crop protection products, with a number of advanced safety measures, including early safety screens and artificial intelligence.

In April 2024, UPL announced the completion of the acquisition of Corteva Agriscience's global Mancozeb fungicide business ex-China, Japan, South Korea, the UK, Switzerland, and the countries in the EU. Mancozeb is a highly effective fungicide used for preventing plant diseases across various crops and was part of the acquired business.

ADAMA announced the launch of Avastel, Maganic, Maxentis, and Forapro fungicides in April 2024. This expansion broadened ADAMA's product portfolio.

Agrochemicals Industry Trends

Bio-based Agrochemicals: There is a growing trend towards organic farming and sustainable agricultural practices, leading to increased demand for bio-based agrochemicals.

Precision Agriculture: The adoption of precision farming techniques is boosting the demand for efficient and targeted agrochemical application.

Integrated Pest Management (IPM): IPM strategies are gaining popularity as they combine biological, mechanical, and chemical methods to control pests, reducing the excessive use of chemical pesticides.

Digital Agriculture: The use of digital tools and platforms for monitoring and managing crops and agrochemical usage is an emerging trend.

South America's Agrochemical Market Set to Reach USD 73.2 Billion: The Role of Brazil and Argentina

Growth in South America is largely driven by Brazil and Argentina, two of the world's leading agricultural producers, whose expansion is expected to surpass the regional average. Both countries are major soybean producers, making significant contributions to global oilseed production. Favorable trade policies in South America have further supported the growth of oilseeds. According to FAOSTAT's 2022 report, Brazil ranks among the top four largest agricultural producers due to its vast land and labor resources, with Argentina following closely. The region's growth is also fueled by increased adoption of agrochemicals and advancements in farming techniques, supported by global agrochemical companies establishing robust distribution networks in Brazil and Argentina.

Obtain precise market intelligence that delivers exceptional value for your investment

[acamind]

CBSE Class 11 Commerce: Building a Strong Foundation with Acamind

As students progress from secondary education to senior secondary, choosing the right stream becomes crucial. For those with an interest in business, finance, and economics, CBSE Class 11 Commerce provides the perfect platform to build a strong foundation for higher studies and career opportunities in these fields. In the UAE, Acamind offers specialized courses and comprehensive support for students pursuing CBSE Class 11 Commerce, ensuring they are well-prepared for both academic success and future professional endeavors.

Why CBSE Class 11 Commerce is Important

1. Lays the Groundwork for Future Studies in Commerce

CBSE Class 11 Commerce serves as the starting point for students who aspire to pursue higher studies in fields like accounting, business administration, economics, and finance. The subjects covered in this stream—such as Accountancy, Business Studies, Economics, and Mathematics—equip students with the fundamental knowledge they need to excel in undergraduate courses.

At Acamind, students are guided through the CBSE Class 11 Commerce curriculum with expert faculty who provide in-depth explanations and real-world examples. The personalized teaching approach ensures that students not only grasp theoretical concepts but also understand their practical applications, making the transition to higher education smoother.

2. Prepares Students for Competitive Exams

The CBSE Class 11 Commerce syllabus is designed in such a way that it aligns with many competitive exams, including those for commerce-related undergraduate programs. Whether a student aims to sit for entrance exams for B.Com, CA, CS, or other professional courses, the foundation laid in CBSE Class 11 Commerce plays a significant role in their preparation.

At Acamind, students are provided with exam-oriented coaching that focuses on key concepts, problem-solving techniques, and time management strategies. This ensures that they not only perform well in their school exams but are also prepared to face any competitive challenges that come their way.

Key Subjects in CBSE Class 11 Commerce at Acamind

3. Accountancy

One of the core subjects in CBSE Class 11 Commerce, Accountancy, introduces students to the principles and practices of financial accounting. From understanding basic accounting concepts to learning how to prepare financial statements, this subject lays the groundwork for more advanced studies in commerce-related fields.

At Acamind, the teaching methodology for Accountancy focuses on making complex concepts easier to understand. The faculty emphasizes practical learning by incorporating case studies and real-life financial scenarios, helping students develop strong analytical skills that are essential for success in this field.

4. Business Studies

Business Studies is another key subject in CBSE Class 11 Commerce, focusing on the functioning of business organizations and the principles of management. Students learn about different business environments, entrepreneurship, and the importance of ethical decision-making in business operations.

The faculty at Acamind ensures that students gain a comprehensive understanding of how businesses operate, both in the local and global context. By studying real-world business examples and participating in group discussions, students develop critical thinking and problem-solving skills that will serve them well in the future.

5. Economics

Economics is a subject that forms the backbone of commerce and finance. In CBSE Class 11 Commerce, students are introduced to both microeconomics and macroeconomics, learning about market dynamics, consumer behavior, national income, and economic policies.

At Acamind, the approach to teaching Economics is interactive and engaging. Faculty members help students relate economic theories to current events, making the subject more relatable and easier to grasp. This practical approach ensures that students develop a deep understanding of how economic forces shape the world around them, preparing them for more advanced studies in economics or related fields.

Why Choose Acamind for CBSE Class 11 Commerce?

6. Expert Faculty with Years of Experience

The quality of education a student receives largely depends on the expertise of the teachers. At Acamind, we pride ourselves on having a team of experienced and qualified faculty members who are well-versed in the CBSE curriculum. They are not just teachers but mentors who guide students through the challenges of CBSE Class 11 Commerce, providing personalized attention to ensure each student’s success.

7. Personalized Learning Plans

At Acamind, we recognize that every student learns differently. That's why we offer personalized learning plans tailored to each student's strengths and areas for improvement. Whether a student needs extra help with a particular subject or wants to excel beyond the standard curriculum, our customized approach ensures that every learner gets the support they need.

Our teachers work closely with students, identifying their learning styles and adjusting teaching methods accordingly. This ensures that students not only achieve academic success but also develop a love for learning that will stay with them throughout their educational journey.

8. Comprehensive Support System

In addition to classroom teaching, Acamind provides a wide range of resources to support CBSE Class 11 Commerce students. From online study materials and recorded lectures to regular assessments and feedback, we ensure that students have all the tools they need to excel.

Our support system extends beyond academics. We also offer career counseling services to help students make informed decisions about their future paths. Whether they want to pursue a career in finance, entrepreneurship, or law, we provide the guidance and resources they need to achieve their goals.

Conclusion

Choosing CBSE Class 11 Commerce is a crucial decision for students who aspire to build careers in business, finance, and economics. The subjects taught in this stream not only prepare students for their final school exams but also lay the foundation for higher studies and professional careers. At Acamind, we are committed to providing students with the best education and support they need to succeed in this challenging but rewarding stream.

By enrolling in Acamind's CBSE Class 11 Commerce program, students in the UAE gain access to expert faculty, personalized learning plans, and a comprehensive support system, ensuring they are well-prepared for both academic success and future career opportunities.

[tuftsuep]

Gideon Emmanuel: UEP Thesis Award Nominee, 2023

A Form of Government Capable of Accomplishing the Agenda of the Hour: The policy paradigms and organizational dynamics of the Massachusetts Clean Energy Center.

This thesis builds on an extensive review of the literature around public support of economic innovation. The author creates their own framework for assessing how a public agency can pursue this mission, and then applies it to the Massachusetts Clean Energy Center. Through extensive interviews, the author establishes a history of the origins and evolution of MassCEC that is a contribution to the field.

Abstract

Can the state attempt to steer the economy towards democratically determined goals, and how might progressive policy makers build a government capable of enacting such a program? To explore these questions, this research project applies a novel framework for exploring the complexity of a microeconomic policy agency to a case study of the Massachusetts Clean Energy Center, an agency founded in 2008 to help develop Massachusetts's clean energy economy. The primary goal of the research was to describe a microeconomic policy agency's articulation and delivery of an economic agenda. The secondary goal was to see if conceptual typologies from the literature could reveal opportunities for the agency. The analysis revealed significant opportunities for the agency to increase its impact, better deliver its core tasks, and more clearly tell its story by clarifying its purposes and reorganizing itself.

[roots07123]

Breast Implants Market Comprehensive Statistics, Growth Rate, and Future Trends 2035

The new market research report titled ‘Breast Implants Market’, published by Roots Analysis offers a comprehensive study of the Breast Implants Market, while estimating the overall market size and the size and share of the key regional segments of the global market over historical period, as well as the projected timeline of 2023-2035.

The global breast implants market size is estimated to grow from $19.2 billion in 2023 to $ 58.2 billion by 2035, growing at a CAGR of 9.6% over the forecast period 2023-2035. The anticipated market growth is accredited to the significant surge in demand across the regional and global markets for the products and services offered by the Breast Implants Market. The latest study provides readers with a granular analysis of the major developmental elements of the global market, potential business avenues, and the overall market dynamics. The report has been specially curated to offer a deep understanding of the competitive terrain of the global market, highlighting the leading market rivals, their market positions, product portfolios, gross revenue shares, profit margins, pricing analysis, sales network & distribution channels, and financial standing.

Type of Gender

Females

Males

Type of End User

Hospitals

Clincs / Med Spas and Dermatology / Cosmetology Centers

Other End Users

Type of Distribution Channel

Direct Distribution

Indirect Distribution

Key Geographical Regions

North America

Europe

Asia-Pacific

Latin America

MENA

Key players

Allergan Aesthetics

BioPlus

Collplant

GC Aesthetics

Mentor

Polytech

Sientra

Symatese

The latest research report specializes in the in-depth analysis of the macroeconomic and microeconomic factors affecting the Breast Implants Market development. The report also concentrates on the regulatory framework that is shaping the future of the global market. New and existing pricing structures, emerging application areas, and upcoming investment opportunities have also been detailed in the report. The report further studies the projected growth factors that are expected to influence the market dynamics over the forecast timeframe.

The study is inclusive of a comprehensive analysis of the commonly used marketing and promotional strategies adopted by the key market players. Taking into account the existing market development factors, historical events, and recent market trends, the study presents a balanced opinion on the future scenario of the Breast Implants Market. It thus supports its opinion by discussing the key corporate strategies, such as mergers & acquisitions, takeovers, joint ventures, and strategic alliances, used by the market players to strengthen their global footprint.

Research Methodology

Our analysts have performed an accurate examination of the various aspects of the global market leveraging avant-garde primary and secondary sources of data collection. The report has gathered the necessary data and information from several reliable sources. Additionally, the report offers many strategic recommendations for companies involved in this ever-growing business sector to help them attain a competitive edge in the Breast Implants Market.

Thank you for reading our report. Kindly get in touch with us to know more about the report or to receive a customized copy of it. Our team will ensure the report is tailored according to your needs. 

To view more details on this report, click on the link

About Roots Analysis

Roots Analysis is a global leader in the pharma / biotech market research. Having worked with over 750 clients worldwide, including Fortune 500 companies, start-ups, academia, venture capitalists and strategic investors for more than a decade, we offer a highly analytical / data-driven perspective to a network of over 450,000 senior industry stakeholders looking for credible market insights.

We specialise in analysing areas which have lacked quality research so far or require more focused understanding within the broader industry. All our reports are structured in a way to enable the reader develop a thorough perspective on the given subject. Apart from writing reports on identified areas, we also provide bespoke research / consulting services dedicated to serve our clients in the best possible way.

The research efforts are driven by a global team. The leadership team brings a wealth of experience within the sector. Their collective experience in pharmaceutical / affiliated domains allows us to tackle various areas of research in a structured way. We also regularly leverage our global network of experts who hold senior leadership positions in reputed firms and organisations worldwide.

Contact:

Roots Analysis

+1 (415) 800 3415

Sales@rootsanalysis.com

[georgemathew8899]

What You Need to Know about JC-Level Economics Tuition

Economics, a complex subject frequently involving intricate theories and real-world applications, can be daunting for Junior College (JC) Level students in Singapore. Many students turn to professional tuition services to excel in this subject and achieve the desired grades. Among the numerous options available, ThatEconsTutor has emerged as a leading choice for JC-level economics tuition in Singapore.

At ThatEconsTutor, you can expect to be guided by highly qualified and experienced tutors who deeply understand the JC A-Level economics syllabus. These tutors are academically proficient and skilled at breaking down complex concepts into digestible terms, making the subject more approachable for students.

One key factor that sets ThatEconsTutor apart is its personalized learning approach. The tutors take the time to understand each student's individual requirements and learning style. This allows them to tailor their teaching methods to guarantee that each student stands out and support they require to succeed.

ThatEconsTutor's curriculum covers all aspects of the JC A-Level economics syllabus, guaranteeing students are well-prepared for their examinations. The tutors delve into microeconomics and macroeconomics topics, giving a solid foundation to students to build upon.

Exam preparation is crucial to A Level economics tuition. ThatEconsTutor's tutors employ effective exam preparation strategies, including practice tests, mock exams, and question analysis. These techniques assist students with developing the skills and confidence expected to effectively tackle the A Level economics exams.

Economics isn't just about memorizing facts and figures; it requires students to develop critical thinking and problem-solving skills. ThatEconsTutor's tutors emphasize the importance of these skills and give students ample opportunities to practice them through real-world case studies and discussions.

The tutors at ThatEconsTutor create a supportive and encouraging environment where students feel comfortable asking questions and looking for clarification. This positive atmosphere fosters a love for learning and assists students with reaching their maximum capacity.

ThatEconsTutor offers flexible learning options to accommodate students' busy schedules. Whether you prefer individual tuition or group classes, a suitable option is available. This flexibility guarantees that students receive the necessary support without compromising their different commitments.

ThatEconsTutor is an excellent choice for JC Level economics tuition in Singapore. With its experienced tutors, personalized approach, comprehensive coverage of the syllabus, effective exam preparation strategies, focus on critical thinking, supportive environment, and flexible learning options, ThatEconsTutor gives students the tools and resources they need to succeed in their A Level economics examinations.

[elong6017]

Excel in Your Economics Exams with Expert Assistance from Live Exam Helper

Struggling with your economics exams and wondering, "How to take my economics exam with confidence"? At Live Exam Helper, we’re dedicated to making your exam preparation seamless and effective. Our expert team is here to provide the comprehensive support you need to excel in your economics exams.

Why Choose Live Exam Helper for Your Economics Exam Preparation?

Experienced Economists: Our team of skilled economists brings a wealth of knowledge and practical experience to your exam preparation. They are adept at breaking down complex theories and providing clear, actionable insights to help you understand and apply economic concepts.

Tailored Support: We recognize that every student has unique needs. Whether you’re struggling with microeconomics, macroeconomics, or econometrics, we offer personalized support that caters to your specific requirements. Choose from one-on-one tutoring, group sessions, or focused workshops designed to address your areas of concern.

Real-Time Assistance: With our live exam support, you can get immediate answers to your questions and concerns. Whether you need detailed explanations of economic models or require someone to take your online economics exam, our experts are available to assist you in real time.

Flexible Scheduling: We understand the demands of student life and offer flexible support options to fit your schedule. From adjustable appointment times to customized study plans, we ensure that you receive the help you need without disrupting your routine.

Confidential and Secure: At Live Exam Helper, we prioritize your privacy and the security of your exam preparation. Our services are confidential, allowing you to focus on your studies with confidence that your information is safe.

How We Can Help You Succeed

If you’re considering options like "Take My Economics Exam For Me" or simply need expert guidance to navigate through your economics coursework, Live Exam Helper is here to support you. Our dedicated team is ready to provide the resources and assistance you need to excel in your exams and achieve your academic goals.

Get Started with Live Exam Helper Today

Don’t let the complexities of economics exams hold you back. Reach out to Live Exam Helper to learn more about how our expert support can enhance your exam preparation and boost your performance. With our help, you’ll be well-equipped to tackle any economic challenge and achieve the success you’re aiming for.

[somaiya-vidyavihar-university]

Exploring New Opportunities with a Master’s Degree in Economics

In an increasingly complex global economy, the demand for professionals with a deep understanding of economic principles and analytical skills is higher than ever. A Master’s degree in Economics not only equips individuals with the knowledge needed to navigate economic challenges but also opens doors to a wide array of career opportunities in both the public and private sectors. If you are considering advancing your education and career in this field, pursuing an MA in Economics could be the strategic step that propels you towards success.

The Value of a Master’s Degree in Economics

Pursuing a master’s degree in economics provides students with a comprehensive understanding of economic theories, quantitative methods and policy analysis. These courses are designed to develop critical thinking and problem-solving skills, which are essential for addressing the economic issues that shape our world today.

Students enrolled in MA Economics courses are exposed to advanced topics such as microeconomics, macroeconomics, econometrics and international economics. This rigorous curriculum prepares graduates to analyze economic data, forecast trends and provide insights that are crucial for decision-making in various industries. Whether you aspire to work in government agencies, financial institutions, research organizations, or multinational corporations, a master’s degree in economics will give you the edge needed to thrive in a competitive job market.

Choosing the Right MA Economics Colleges

Selecting the right institution for your MA Economics degree is a critical decision that can influence your academic experience and career trajectory. The best MA Economics colleges offer not only a robust academic curriculum but also opportunities for research, internships and networking. These elements are essential for gaining practical experience and establishing connections that can lead to job opportunities after graduation.

When researching potential colleges, consider factors such as faculty expertise, alumni success and the availability of specialized courses that align with your career goals. Additionally, look for colleges that have strong industry connections and offer placement support, as these can significantly enhance your career prospects.

Career Paths for MA Economics Graduates

With a master’s in economics, graduates are well-positioned to pursue a wide range of career paths. Some of the most common roles for MA Economics graduates include economic analyst, financial consultant, policy advisor and research economist. These positions are available in various sectors, including banking, finance, government, academia and international organizations.

The analytical skills and economic knowledge gained from a MA Economics degree are highly valued by employers, making graduates attractive candidates for leadership roles. Furthermore, the global demand for skilled economists means that opportunities are not limited to a single region; graduates can explore careers both domestically and internationally.

Somaiya Vidyavihar University: A Premier Choice for Aspiring Economists

When it comes to pursuing an MA in Economics, Somaiya Vidyavihar University (SVU) in Mumbai stands out as a premier choice. SVU offers a comprehensive master’s in economics courses that combines rigorous academic training with practical experience. The curriculum at Somaiya is designed to provide students with a deep understanding of economic theories while also emphasizing real-world applications.

One of the key advantages of studying at Somaiya is the access to experienced faculty members who are experts in their respective fields. Additionally, SVU’s strong industry connections and emphasis on research ensure that students are well-prepared for the demands of the job market. Graduates from Somaiya have successfully transitioned into prominent roles in various sectors, making the university a respected name among employers.

By choosing SVU for your MA in Economics, you not only benefit from a top-tier education but also join a community of forward-thinking professionals who are making significant contributions to the field of economics.

In conclusion, pursuing a Master’s degree in Economics is a strategic investment in your future. It offers the knowledge, skills and opportunities needed to excel in a wide range of careers. For those seeking a program that combines academic excellence with practical experience, Somaiya Vidyavihar University is an exemplary choice that can help you achieve your professional goals.

[gyansagarclasses]

Overview of the CMA Foundation Course: A Beginner's Guide

The CMA (Cost and Management Accountant) Foundation course is the entry-level exam for aspiring CMAs in India. Offered by the Institute of Cost Accountants of India (ICAI), this course is designed to equip students with the basic knowledge and skills necessary to pursue a career in cost and management accounting. For those starting their journey, Gyan Sagar Classes offers the Best CMA Classes in Jaipur, ensuring you receive the guidance and support needed to excel.

What is the CMA Foundation Course?

The CMA Foundation course is the first step toward becoming a Certified Cost Accountant in India. It lays the groundwork for the advanced levels of the CMA program—Intermediate and Final. The course is ideal for students who have completed their higher secondary education (10+2) and are looking to build a strong foundation in accounting, finance, and related fields.

Eligibility Criteria

To enroll in the CMA Foundation course, candidates must have passed their 10+2 examination from a recognized board. There is no age limit to apply, making it accessible to anyone interested in pursuing a career in cost accounting.

Course Structure and Syllabus

The CMA Foundation course comprises four papers, each focusing on different aspects of accounting and finance:

Paper 1: Fundamentals of Economics and Management

Basic concepts of economics and management principles

Microeconomics, macroeconomics, and managerial economics

Fundamentals of management and business organization

Paper 2: Fundamentals of Accounting

Basics of financial accounting

Preparation of financial statements

Accounting standards and principles

Paper 3: Fundamentals of Laws and Ethics

Overview of business laws and corporate laws

Ethics in business practices

Contract laws and industrial laws

Paper 4: Fundamentals of Business Mathematics and Statistics

Mathematical techniques for business decision-making

Statistical tools and techniques

Probability, correlation, and regression analysis

Exam Pattern

The CMA Foundation exam is conducted twice a year, in June and December. It is a pen-and-paper-based exam consisting of multiple-choice questions (MCQs). Each paper carries 100 marks, with a total duration of three hours for each paper. To pass the exam, candidates must score at least 40% in each paper and 50% in aggregate.

Why Choose Gyan Sagar Classes?

At Gyan Sagar Classes, we understand the importance of a strong foundation in your CMA journey. Our institute is renowned for offering the Best CMA Classes in Jaipur, with experienced faculty, comprehensive study materials, and a proven track record of success. We provide personalized attention to each student, ensuring that you grasp the fundamental concepts and are well-prepared for the exam.

Conclusion

The CMA Foundation course is a crucial stepping stone for anyone aspiring to become a Certified Cost Accountant. With the right guidance and preparation, you can clear this exam and move on to the more advanced stages of the CMA program. Gyan Sagar Classes is here to support you every step of the way, offering the best resources and teaching to help you succeed. If you're looking to kickstart your CMA journey, consider enrolling in our classes and take the first step towards a rewarding career in cost accounting.

[wellnessweb]

Digital Platforms Revolutionizing Mental Health Market Size

The Mental Health Market Size was valued at USD 411.99 billion in 2023 and is expected to reach USD 566.07 billion by 2032 and grow at a CAGR of 3.20% over the forecast period 2024-2032. The mental health market is undergoing a transformative shift, propelled by increasing awareness and acceptance of mental health issues globally.

As societies prioritize mental well-being alongside physical health, innovative solutions are emerging at the intersection of technology and therapy. From teletherapy platforms offering accessible counseling to AI-driven diagnostics enhancing early detection, the landscape is diversifying. Investment in mental health startups is soaring, reflecting a growing recognition of the economic and social benefits of proactive mental health care. This evolving market not only addresses existing gaps in treatment but also fosters a culture of support and resilience, promising a future where mental health is nurtured with the same rigor as physical fitness.

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Market Scope & Overview

The latest market research examines the major economic trends that are fueling the expansion of the Mental Health Treatment Market . There are many different parts to the research report, including market breakdowns by product type, application, end-user, and region. The study of external and internal factors that are anticipated to have positive or negative effects on the firm has given decision-makers a clear future vision of the sector.

The market's behavior perfectly predicted by a recent Mental Health Treatment Market  analysis covered in the research report. The study looks at supply chain analysis, market dynamics (drivers, constraints, and opportunities), and the total product contribution of the top rivals in the sector. The research takes into account PORTER and PESTEL analysis as well as the potential impact of market microeconomic factors.

Market Segmentation Analysis

By Disorder

Schizophrenia

Alcohol Use Disorders

Bipolar Disorder

Depression

Anxiety

Post-traumatic stress disorder

Substance Abuse Disorders

Eating Disorders

Other Disorders

By Services

Emergency Mental Health Services

Outpatient Counselling

Home-based Treatment Services

Inpatient Hospital Treatment Services

Other Services

By Age Group

Pediatric

Adult

Geriatric

COVID-19 Impact Analysis

Primary research, secondary research, and expert panel reviews were used to conduct the market research. Press releases, annual reports, and industry research papers are examples of secondary sources. The research looked into the impact of COVID-19 on the consumer and market. The consumer purchasing patterns are frequently examined to better understand the potential effects of the Mental Health Treatment Market .

Regional Outlook

The most lucrative regional markets in terms of revenue contribution for both the base and forecast years will be identified in the Mental Health Treatment Market  report for North America, Latin America, Europe, Asia Pacific, and the Middle East and Africa.

Competitive Analysis

The research report is an investor's guide because it provides a clear picture of the competition analysis of important companies in the Mental Health Treatment Market  by type, price, financial situation, product portfolio, growth strategies, and regional presence. To help you better understand the competition, the report includes a market share analysis.

Key Reasons to Purchase Mental Health Treatment Market  Report

The report looks at every aspect of the market, including a thorough analysis of significant firms like market leaders, laggards, and new entrants.

The research report presents the past and present state of the industry, as well as projected market size and trends, and analyzes complex data in plain language.

Conclusion

The report is an investor's guide as it covers a wide range of competitive scenario, growth strategies, and regional presence in the Mental Health Treatment Market  to help identify market potential.

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