#Mercury acetate

[valerianlabs]

Mercuric Acetate Online - Valerian Labs Chemical

Mercury acetate is a reagent that is used in the investigation of diastereoselective acyclic u03b1-alkoxydithioacetal substitutions involving thiacarbenium intermediates.

[focsle]

Medicine Aboard A Whaler

I answered an ask about this some years back that was...a few paragraphs long and was before I learned that some people have the stamina and desire to read 3k+ word whaling essays from me. So if ye count yourself among them, here you go!

---

On August 21st, 1870 aboard the whaleship Sunbeam, two-time whaler Silliman Ives found himself ill with a condition “very akin to mumps, with the exception of the swelling”. It prevented him from opening his mouth, and he dreamed of the days when such an action was possible.

“I never really appreciated the luxury of a good gape before. When a fellow cannot open his mouth to any greater extent than the width of a lead pencil, gaping is not a success to say the least. And then anything in the way of a sneeze is entirely out of the question, unless you are prepared to part company with the top of your head at very short notice. A ship is a hard place to be unwell in. So long as one is in good health you can get along nicely. But if you are sick the only place where you can find sympathy is in the dictionary. And then too the remedies at hand are limited in number and obsolete in use. Your medicine chest is filled with medicines in use a hundred years ago, but which modern pharmacy has dispensed with to a very great extent. Calomel and castor oil and such like delectable doses. There is no question about it. A whale ship ought to have a surgeon, and the law should oblige such vessels to carry them. When I get into Congress I shall introduce a “Bill” to that effect.”

As Mr. Ives noted, American whaleships went without doctors aboard even when the work was rife with injury and illness, and often quite far from access to any kind of care ashore. On British whalers it was required by law for a surgeon to be signed on for the voyage—Sir Arthur Conan Doyle was one on a voyage bound for the Arctic and apparently fell in the water so many times that the crew called him the 'Great Northern Diver'. However on American whalers—which dominated the industry—a doctor was seen by the agents as an unnecessary expense. There was the captain, the carpenter, and folks who could mend sails. Together, that makes one whole doctor! Right?

Read on, to see how they fared.

1845 whaleship medicine chest from the collection of the New Bedford Whaling Museum.

Joan Druett, in her book Rough Medicine highlighted some really fascinating things that came as a result of this, ranging from men who had scars that healed in a herringbone pattern because they were mended like canvas, to this wild tale about an amputation performed between a captain and mate at gunpoint:

“Another stirring tale told is of a Captain Coffin, who was hurt so badly in a whaling accident that it was obvious his leg would have to go. Being the master, the medic, and the patient all at once, he knew the situation was complicated, but he was more than equal to the task. He sent for his pistol and a knife, saying to his mate, “Now, sir, you gotta lop off this here leg, and if you flinch—well, sir, you get shot in the head.” Then he sat as steady as a rock while the mate went at it with the knife, holding the pistol unwaveringly until the operation was completed. No sooner was the stump wrapped up and the leg cast overboard than both men fainted.”

It was the captain's responsibility to provide medical treatment. Often without training himself, he was simply given a medicine chest full of numbered tinctures for various treatments. Those tinctures were a mix of chemical and herbal compounds, some which are still used holistically today and some that you.....absolutely want nowhere near your body. Epsom salts as a laxative, laudanum for painkiller, St John's wort for bruises and burns, mercury for syphilis, rosemary as an antiseptic, lead acetate as an anti-inflammatory, arrowroot for dysentery, henbane for insomnia, and on it goes from the innocuous to the dangerous.

John B King was a rare doctor aboard a whaleship, sailing on the Aurora out of Nantucket in 1837. He wasn’t hired as a doctor though; for reasons unknown he initially obscured his identity and joined simply as a foremasthand until his skills were revealed and he became the ship’s doctor. On that voyage he kept a book of the medicines he used.

John King’s medicine list, from the collections of the Nantucket Historical Association.

In addition to dosing medicine, the captain would also be responsible for setting broken bones, stitching wounds, and amputations. Benjamin Boodry, who had been whaling since the age of 13 and by 1856 was captain of the Fanny described instances in which he had to tend to his crew.

“At 2 o clock a cask of watter rooled away in the Bluber room and one John Haggerty tryed to stop it and got his leg broke just above the Nee there was another chance to show my surgical skill set it splinted it and bandaged it.” “McKee fel from the Main Topsail yard on deck bled him in both arms he came to some broke his arm and leg and badly bruised”.

Fortunately for McKee, his accident happened off the coast of Faial. The captain sent for a doctor ashore to examine him. He was advised to leave McKee in the Azores where he could receive more proper rest and treatment. But if land was a long way off, people had to make do the best they could.

Some captains had a better bedside manner than others. Where Silliman Ives felt terribly neglected in his illness, William Abbe of the Atkins Adams, 1859, had quite a different experience. He turned to the captain for help with a painful swelling on his hand that eventually grew so bad he was unable to use it.

“The captain was extremely tender in his treatment of my hand, pouring on laudanum to relieve the pain, lancing with caution and as tenderly as could he and using every means in his power to make me comfortable—washing my hand thrice a day with warm water and cutting away dead skin, pressing out matter in a manner that gained my affection + respect. Mrs. Wilson sent me preserved meats, pickled oysters, cake, buttered bread and seconded her husband in all his care. I felt a great deal of respect for both these kind people + shall repay it when I can […] The Cap treated us all with a care + skill that surprised me — I supposed that we should be left to take care of ourselves—the case in many ships, but we were not only cared for but allowed to stay below until we thought fit to return to duty.”

Mrs. Wilson--the captain’s wife--stepping up to help was not so unusual. Often whaling wives also found themselves taking on the role of doctor. All throughout July 1846, Mary Brewster was busy tending to the ailments of the crew aboard the Tiger.

“The last part of the day I have spent in making doses for the sick, in dressing some hands and feet, 5 sick and I am sent to for all the medicin. I am willing to do what can be done for any one particularly if sick for in whaling season a whaleship is a hard place for comfort for well ones and much more sick men.”

She reported that all her patients recovered, with the exception of a young man with a liver complaint beyond her immediate treatment.

Other times, other members of the crew served as de facto doctors as well. One such man was veteran whaler John Martin aboard the Lucy Ann 1842. In addition to being a skilled watercolorist, he also had a knack for bloodletting and tooth pulling. Often he made note of his ministrations in his journal:

“Blistered Frank on the side for his pleurisy & the steward on the neck for the sore throat” “Cupped the steward on the back of his neck with wine glasses and lanced with razor for want of proper instruments, which gave him almost instant relief” “Pulled a large jaw tooth for one of the crew. I lanced the gum with a penknife & set him spouting thick blood, & at the second wrench of the iron turned it up.” [Very cheeky language he’s using here, the same sort of talk one uses when hunting whales] “The loose whale struck Mr. Dean on the lower jaw & broke it, & knocked out 2 of his lower teeth, & he was taken on board [...] Sat up with Mr. Dean last night [...] Bled Mr. Dean [...] Drew 3 teeth from Mr. Deans broken jaw.” “Bled Antone. Since the death of Manuel, Antone has been on the sick list with swelled testicles and pain in his back. Poor fellow, he is very much frightened & thinks he is going to follow Manuel. He occupies the same bunk. When I bled him, he was so frightened that the perspiration stood on him in large drops, & groaned like a person dying.” “Blistered and glystered [clystered, i.e. gave an enema] Antone.”

One of John Martin’s watercolors from his journal. NBWM.

Blistering, bleeding, and emetics were among the most common treatments for all that ailed a man aboard. John King included his recipe for creating a blistering plaster and its uses:

“Blisters are serviceable in affections of the chest attended with much pain and difficulty of breathing. Bleeding or purging is proper previous to the application. Severe and long-continued headaches are relieved by a blister to the back of the neck. In all cases before applying a blister, the part should be washed with warm vinegar and wiped dry. The plaster should be spread as thick as a wafer on soft leather. When laid aside it soon becomes mouldy in the dampness of a ship, but if rubbed over with a knife the same one will draw two or three times. When very old it loses its strength. From eight to twelve hours is the time usually required for drawing a blister. Then remove it and dress with basilicon or simple ointment”

—

Other ailments were met with more specific treatments. It was not uncommon to see logbooks noting several men laid low on account of ‘the venereal’. William Chappell, a cooper and boatsteerer aboard the Saratoga in the early 1850s commented on the frequency the mate found himself off duty following liberty ashore. 

“Our mate is off duty again with that disgracefull disease and as near as I can find out it threatens destruction to a small but very usefull member of the body  I am sorry for him but he is old enough to know better than to play with every body that looks pretty and bewitching”

“Flaxseed tea is very serviceable in clap”, wrote John King in his journal, as well as white vitriol “sometimes used as an injection in protracted cases of clap.” For syphilis, the common treatments were more severe. King writes,

“No 25. Mercurial Ointment This is frequently used in venereal cases for bringing the system under the influence of mercury. The bulk of a small nutmeg is rubbed on the inside of the thighs morning and evening until the gums are slightly sore. It is a good application to chancres when mixed with twice the quantity of lard, and renewed twice a day.”

Mercury compounds could also be injected into the urethra. There were doctors who spoke out about the use of mercury in treating syphilis contemporary to when use was at its height. One 1853 advertisement in the New Bedford newspaper the Whaleman’s Shipping List reads,

“Important to the Afflicted CONFIDENTIAL TREATMENT in Medicine and Surgery may be had of Dr. TOMPKINS at his office in rear of the Apothecary’s Shop, No 58 Middle, corner of North Second St  Dr. TOMPKINS gives particular attention to the treatment and cure of private diseases. All those who have been taking medicines of their own prescribing, or from certain inexperienced or self-styled physicians, for a long time without benefit, are respectfully invited to call on Dr Tompkins, who is a regularly educated Physician of twenty years experience, and is competent to treat diseases of all kinds, and in every stage and form. Dr. T. warns the public against the abuse of mercurials; he is convinced by long experience, that most of the chronic affections, generally supposed to be the relics of diseases, are merely the effects of a long continued course of mercury. Recent affections cured in a very short time, without a grain of mercury”

Even with such objections, mercury compounds still were the standard and did more to sicken their patients than cure them. While whalers were often listed as being off duty due to venereal disease, there was less comment about whether or not they were given anything to attempt to alleviate it compared to other conditions.

“Our mate limping about again—had another furious attact of the venereal He is a used up man I fear,” Mr. Chappell wrote. Ultimately the mate was in a poor enough condition that he left the voyage at the next provision stop they made.

—

Scurvy was another common affliction. Given that whaleships spent extended time at sea and were loathe to waste too much time with anchoring somewhere, fresh food ran low quite often. When whaling in the Atlantic and South Pacific whalers usually fared okay, as there were a fair number of provision stops in locations that had fresh fruits and vegetables readily available for trade. It was on said provision stops that whalers could also, as said by Samuel Wood of the Bowditch, 1849, take a walk to 'knock the scurvey from their bones’. In seasons that took place up north however, in the North Pacific, Sea of Okhotsk (Kamchatka Sea), Bering Strait, and eventually up into the Arctic, scurvy was extremely prevalent. The fresh food depleted, the ice was always a threat, and unlike other regions there weren't many accessible places to resupply with large amounts of foods that could ward off scurvy. It's in reading journals during these periods that I find the most complaints of scurvy. And sometimes, the more successful the voyage was, the sicker the men would get because they'd spend more time up there rather than giving up and returning south. The US Consul in Hawaii complained of this in the 1840s, saying:

"Whaleships were much more successful in taking oil on the North West during the last summer and fall than for three or four seasons previous and most of the vessels remained on the fishing grounds much longer than usual, the consequence of which was that many of the crews were severely afflicted with scurvy, some died after reaching port and before they could be landed, while others were carried to the hospital on litters, being too feeble to walk."

There were endless attempts to ward it off. John Martin wrote of men "In the evening, dancing cotillions and jumping the rope to keep off the scurvey". It didn't seem to do much. Within two weeks:

"One man on the sick list, supposed to be caused by his being so long at sea. All hands are complaining of soreness throughout their bodies. If we do not get on shore soon, we may expect to have half the crew down with the scurvey at least. We have no vegetables on board, and are going into King Georges Sound, New Holland [southwest tip of Australia], a place where we can scarcely get anything to recruit with."

His captain allowed the crew unlimited vinegar and free access to the potato pen. The vinegar, a mistaken remedy due to its acidity, wouldn't have helped much. Potatoes are an excellent source of vitamin C, more so when they're raw, but they were rather intolerable to eat in such a way.

William Chappell spoke of a similar struggle with potatoes, and the grim humor the lads maintained to choke them down:

“Three of our men are off duty with the scurvy which makes its appearance in the knees and feet All hands are called aft every morning to get 2 or 3 potatoes apies which they are required to eat raw in the preasance of the officers for fear they may throw them overboard as many require presing invitation to partake of the dainties They have however a considerable sport over them Call them Kodiak Peaches”\

Aside from the crunch of Kodiak Peaches, Dr. King had his own remedy for scurvy as well:

“13. Salts of Lemon This is good in scurvy when fresh fruit and vegetables can not be obtained. A teaspoonful dissolved in half a pint of water will form an acid nearly the strength of lime juice. It may be mixed with water and taken freely, sweetened or not. [it makes a good substitute for lemonade, in fever, to allay thirst in fever] Water made slightly acidic with it is a good substitute for lemonade to allay thirst in fever."

The Sailor’s Hospital in Lahaina, Maui, constructed in the early 1830s.

For all the varying attempts to hold off sickness, it took root among crews nearly every voyage. J.E. Haviland of the Baltic, in the early 1850s spent the last few dozen pages of his journal in a state of declining health and low spirits.

“My side and breast pain me nearly all times I have not been on deck since I came below. The Captain and Mr Stivers are both very kind and come down to see me as often as once a day and sometimes two or 3 times. I am taking medicine but it does not seem to do much good but I think I am better than I was at first. Dear mother how I do wish I could see you once more. I get so homesick and I know I am peevish and cross. Some days I cannot get out of my bunk at all. I blame the captain (wrongfully I know) thinking he does not give me the right medicine but it is a very bad place to be sick at sea.”

He suspected it was due to the harsh conditions of whaling up North, but also held a fear within him that it might be something more serious that couldn’t be remedied simply by warmer climes.

“Dear mother, I shall be obliged to leave the ship when we arive at the Sanwich Islands for I do not think I could live doing another season in the cold Norwest. My cough seems to increase and the pain in my side gets no better I am getting weaker each day and am getting very thin in flesh. I have said nothing as yet to the old man about my leaving at the island as I do not know as he will be willing that I should; but I intend going to a doctor and in all probability will tell the old man I am not fit to go North in the ship […] I would like very much to be in the states now for I am afraid this will turn out to be the Consumption that I have. I think if I could have good medical advice I might get rid of it before it got seated upon my lungs. I am afraid it will be a long before I shall see my native land again.”

Ultimately Haviland is discharged from the ship because of his sickness and is left at the Sailor’s Hospital in Lahaina. His stay seems to do him well. His last entry reads:

“I have been here now going on two months and am entirely free from my cough and think I feel as well as ever again. It is intensely hot and I am heartily sick of the place and sincerely wish I could get away but I do not expect any chance before next fall.”

Unfortunately from here he completely drops off the record, so it’s unknown if he ever made it back home. Like so many of these men, he slips through the cracks of documented history. It’s only through their journals, preserved by chance, that their voices and challenges and feelings are known. Often a whaling voyage marked at least one death due to disease or injury. But many also recovered, sometimes rather miraculously given the circumstances and extent of their ailments. In the face of the conditions of a whaler and the limitations of care both in terms of resources and medical understandings at the time, I’m always surprised that there wasn’t more death. People did what they could, with the knowledge they had.

But as so many people expressed while laid up in their bunks: it’s a hard time to be sick at sea.

[dove-da-birb]

Page 187 was lists of the procedure so I had to go back a page and a half 🫰psychiatry textbook sounds interesting 👀

Unit V: Biological Solutions

This was my introduction when I was in my biotech program… ah the memories.

Tris buffers change pH significantly with changes in temperature. The pH of a Tris buffer will decrease approximately 0.028 pH units with every 1 deg C increase in temperature.

The pH of buffers changes with dilution. The pH of Tris buffer decreases about 0.1 pH units for every tenfold dilution. Generally the change in pH of Tris when it is diluted is not a problem, so Tris buffers are often mixed as concentrated stock solutions. If this dilution effect is a problem, then the use of stock solutions should be avoided.

Tris buffers require a compatible electrode for accurate pH determination. Some manufacturers recommend using a calomel (mercury) reference electrode rather than a silver/silver chloride electrode.

We will use HCl to bring Tris to the right pH, but other acids can also be used specifically for applications. For example, boric acid, citric acid, and acetic acid can be used to prepare Tris-borate, Tris-citrate, and Tris-acetate buffers, respectively.

Me; I understand very little of that but I do understand pH, buffers, solutions, electrode, acid.

But very cool! If ya give me a minute I can go grab my book and ask ya a number to choose from.

[still-single]

Records I Am Glad to Have Found in 2023: Part 2

"Part" may be the wrong way to express this as a series but it's too late now.

Superdragons – "Super Dragon" promo 12" (Mercury, 1976)

There's a shop north of Chicago that's the kind of place where the immediate charms of digging for wild records are often rewarded. I have a regularly scheduled appointment out near this shop, which gives me an excuse to stop in every few months and see what's changed. Every time I go, I seem to clean out a section that doesn't immediately get replenished, but in typical crypt-style record store fashion, there's always something more to find.

In recent years, that section has been their 12" singles. If this is the thing you're looking for, record shops with heavy inventory truly cannot be beat. You won't typically have much competition getting down on the floor and looking under the browsers or whatever dusty, low-traffic area this format is typically relegated to.

Which is to say, on a previous visit I found a promo-only Bohannon single and was regaled with a story about The Gilbert Kong collection. Kong was a Mercury Records mastering engineer who at some point dipped out to work on his own, but I'm told he kept his contacts and worked with the label steadily throughout the '70s. His craft is most readily apparent on a series of 12" promo singles, pressed for radio and disco use, which were generally not for sale. A relative who had inherited his collection wound up selling it to this store, they found an acetate of the first Rush album out of it (which they donated to a Rush museum, apparently, after being rebuffed when presenting UMG with the chance to use it for a reissue), and most of the 12"s quietly went out for sale.

You can identify these records by their monochromatic, plain sleeve art, and a catalog prefix of MK. In every instance I've come across, the record is mastered LOUD, with incredible fidelity and bass response. Kong had no compunction about spreading three minutes of music across an entire side of a 12", and the results are about as deep and rewarding as you'd expect from an audio standpoint. Whether the music – typically disco records pushed by the PolyGram fam, top 40 hopefuls, and sampler albums – is your bag, that's another thing. A frequent target of bootlegging, these promos weren't pressed in significant quantities; the appeal of DJing with a really full, loud copy of, say, the Osmonds "I, I, I", as opposed to the squashed fidelity of the same song on the LP, cannot be overstated. Second-market pricing on these varies wildly, from a few bucks to a few hundred.

I grabbed a bunch of these releases on my last visit, sound unheard. The bare, red print of "Super Dragon DISCO VERSION" by Superdragons did its best to blend in, but the anonymity of it all, a heady year of release, and a production credit for Bunny Sigler held promise.

Did it ever! Clearly a product of Philly's finest studio musicians, "Super Dragon" looks to glom as many popular song ideas together as a single track could hold, with panicked, immediate strings, parping brass, rolling rhythms and virtually nothing at all to say. "Draaa-gon! Draaa-gon! Super dragon, super dragon." That's all you get! You also get notions of Bobby Womack's "Across 110th Street," Rhythm Heritage's "Theme from S.W.A.T.," and Steve Miller's "Fly Like an Eagle," three tracks I wouldn't have thought should go together until now. "Super Dragon" is a full-tilt disco hustler with big main title soundtrack energy, and I wasn't surprised to find out it was used for just that (an excerpt turns up in a Bruce Le movie, 1978's Bruce and Shaolin Kung Fu).

Superdragons left it all out on the field after this one; the B-side contains the same song, in case you wear it out. Apart from a customary pressing as a 45 (with Part 1 and Part 2 indicators), this was it. This 12" presents a unique disco mix with no side break, and at 5+ minutes runtime gives you everything you came for and a little more.

Crown Heights Affair – "Say a Prayer for Two" b/w "Galaxy of Love / I'm Gonna Love You Forever" promo 12" (De-Lite, 1978)

Probably don't need to say much about this known disco slammer, presented here with a little more of an intro. The bass response on this one is fucking insane, and if this isn't getting your floor moving/potted plants dancing off the shelf, you might be doing it wrong. A high point in these Mercury promo offerings, and my favorite song from this group.

City Boy – "5.7.0.5." promo 12" (Mercury, 1978)

Loved this song from the first time I heard it. City Boy's biggest hit, this has some real right place/right time energy, the vaguely new wave screamer ELO never really had in 'em (at least not in '78). Grooves on this one are cut so wide you can almost sightread them from across the room. I was hoping one of these would be in with the rest at this shop.

(Doug Mosurock)

[nursingscience]

Drug of choice

POISONING

▪️Drug of choice for paracetamol poisoning - N-Acetyl cysteine

▪️Drug of choice for organophosphate poisoning - Atropine

▪️Drug of choice for methotrexate toxicity - Folinic Acid

▪️Drug of choice for ethylene glycol poisoning - Fomepizole

▪️Drug of choice for warfarin poisoning - Vitamin K

▪️Drug of choice for heparin poisoning - Protamine sulphate

▪️Drug of choice for acute mercury - Dimercaprol

▪️Drug of choice for theophylline poisoning - Beta blockers

▪️Drug of choice for iron poisoning - Deferoxamine

▪️Drug of choice for copper poisoning - D- Penicillamine or Zinc acetate

▪️Drug of choice for acute arsenic poisoning - Dimercaprol

▪️Drug of choice for carbamate poisoning - Atropine

▪️Drug of choice for calcium channel blocker poisoning - Calcium with Glucagon

▪️Drug of choice for lead poisoning - DMSA

▪️Drug of choice for anticholinergic drug poisoning - Physostigmine

▪️Drug of choice for methylxanthines poisoning - Beta blocker

▪️Drug of choice for ergot alkaloid poisoning - Sodium nitroprusside

▪️Drug of choice for alpha 1 agonist poisoning - Phentolamine

▪️Drug of choice for beta 2 agonist poisoning - Propranolol

▪️Drug of choice for carbon dioxide poisoning - Hyperbaric oxygen

▪️Drug of choice for chronic mercury poisoning - N-acetyl- penicillamine

▪️Drug of choice for Beta blocker poisoning - Glucagon

▪️Drug of choice for antipsychotic poisoning - Sodium bicarbonate with lidocaine

▪️Drug of choice for INH poisoning - Vitamine B6

▪️Drug of choice for cyanide poisoning - Amyl Nitrate

▪️Drug of choice for opiod overdose - Naloxone

▪️Drug of choice for aspirin poisoning - Vitamin K fresh frozen plasma

▪️Drug of choice for benzodiazepines poisoning - Flumazenil

▪️Drug of choice for iodine poisoning - Starch

[bricky-brikson]

I have some critiques of this list.

Firstly, with regards to Deadly Nightshade/Belladonna - I'm not sure why you have it on there twice ? They're two names for the same plant, Atropa belladonna. Additionally, belladonna is not a skin irritant. Most plants in the nightshade family (the Solanaceae family) are poisonous via ingestion only. Alkaloids, which are what make plants in this family toxic, are not absorbed via the skin. Plants that cause skin irritation usually have microscopic barbs (i.e., gympie gympie) or produce allergenic oils (i.e., poison ivy)

Secondly, you don't make note that mercury or lead bioaccumulate, which for the purposes of writing is pretty important to note. Giving someone a fatal dose of these chemicals is hard because their nature makes the dose very large and specific in chemical makeup. This case shows how elemental mercury is can be less toxic than its other forms, such as dimethylmercury or mercuric chloride. Lead is similar, with lead acetate having a lower LD50 than regular lead.

Thirdly, snake venom is a venom, not a poison. It has to be injected. Drinking snake venom has minimal effect, unless you have an open sore in your digestive tract. By the time the venom reaches your stomach, the proteins and enzymes that make it harmful will have broken down.

At least heed the final paragraph of this post, and always do your own research. I would recommend looking up the LD50 (lethal dose 50%) to determine the dosage, as well as determining what part of the plant or form of the chemical is actually poisonous, as not all are. I would also recommend OP does more research as well.

Poison list

While it's important to approach writing with creativity and imagination, it's crucial to prioritize responsible and ethical storytelling. That being said, if you're looking for information on poisons for the purpose of writing fiction, it's essential to handle the subject matter with care and accuracy. Here is a list of some common poisons that you can use in your stories:

Hemlock: Hemlock is a highly poisonous plant that has been used as a poison in various works of literature. It can cause paralysis and respiratory failure.

Arsenic: Arsenic is a toxic element that has been historically used as a poison. It can be lethal in high doses and can cause symptoms such as vomiting, abdominal pain, and organ failure.

Cyanide: Cyanide is a fast-acting poison that affects the body's ability to use oxygen. It can cause rapid loss of consciousness and cardiac arrest.

Nightshade: Nightshade plants, such as Belladonna or Deadly Nightshade, contain toxic compounds that can cause hallucinations, respiratory distress, and even death.

Ricin: Ricin is a potent poison derived from the castor bean plant. It can cause organ failure and has been used as a plot device in various fictional works.

Strychnine: Strychnine is a highly toxic alkaloid that affects the nervous system, leading to muscle spasms, convulsions, and respiratory failure.

Snake Venom: Various snake venoms can be used in fiction as deadly poisons. Different snake species have different types of venom, each with its own effects on the body.

Belladonna: Also known as Deadly Nightshade, Belladonna contains tropane alkaloids such as atropine and scopolamine. Ingesting or even touching the plant can lead to symptoms like blurred vision, hallucinations, dizziness, and an increased heart rate.

Digitalis: Digitalis, derived from the foxglove plant, contains cardiac glycosides. It has been historically used to treat heart conditions, but in high doses, it can be toxic. Overdosing on digitalis can cause irregular heart rhythms, nausea, vomiting, and visual disturbances.

Lead: Lead poisoning, often resulting from the ingestion or inhalation of lead-based substances, has been a concern throughout history. Lead is a heavy metal that can affect the nervous system, leading to symptoms such as abdominal pain, cognitive impairment, anemia, and developmental issues, particularly in children.

Mercury: Mercury is a toxic heavy metal that has been used in various forms throughout history. Ingesting or inhaling mercury vapors can lead to mercury poisoning, causing symptoms like neurological impairment, kidney damage, respiratory issues, and gastrointestinal problems.

Aconite: Also known as Wolfsbane or Monkshood, aconite is a highly toxic plant. Its roots and leaves contain aconitine alkaloids, which can affect the heart and nervous system. Ingesting aconite can lead to symptoms like numbness, tingling, paralysis, cardiac arrhythmias, and respiratory failure.

Thallium: Thallium is a toxic heavy metal that can cause severe poisoning. It has been used as a poison due to its tastelessness and ability to mimic other substances. Thallium poisoning can lead to symptoms like hair loss, neurological issues, gastrointestinal disturbances, and damage to the kidneys and liver.

When incorporating poisons into your writing, it is essential to research and accurately portray the effects and symptoms associated with them. Additionally, be mindful of the potential impact your writing may have on readers and the importance of providing appropriate context and warnings if necessary.

If you want to read more posts about writing, please click here and give me a follow!

[letterboard-fantasy]

Essence Project ♡ The Azidoazide Laboratory

There's an infinite amount of worlds and universes out there, ones we can't reach with our own knowledge. There's an infinite amount of things to learn, places to discover, creatures to explore... but you? YOU are finite.

════ ✿ ══╡°˖✧ ✿ ✧˖°╞══ ✿ ════

Murder Mystery Case Two // The Azidoazide Laboratory Incident

???? ⊹₊⋆ S-Tier // Arsenic

[ (REDACTED) UNTIL REVEAL // pre-chosen slot ]

I have to thank you for being so... gullible, friend. Thank you for finishing the work we started.

A unknown variable in the investigation.

 KILLER ⊹₊⋆ S-Tier // Ammonia

[ (REDACTED) UNTIL REVEAL // randomized slot ]

I've found something. A symbol, a paper, a wish granted to me from beyond the veil to free us from our own prison. Won't you help me?

The killer's true identity, and the puppet behind the Azidoazide murders.

PROTAGONIST ⊹₊⋆ A-Tier // Sodium Hypobromite

[ Sadie Addison // Beshparmak ( no blog. YOUUUU. /j ) ]

The Azidoazide laboratory is the most famous and influential lab in all of mankind's recent history... anyone who is worth a damn in the science community wants to make to these labs! And... we got a field trip for free!!

The protagonist of the story, and a college student on a field trip to the laboratory.

 ⊹₊⋆ A-Tier // Sulfuric Acid

[ Taylor Misgoff // Alice ( @/citrinitxs ) ]

It's interesting... this laboratory is famous for many things... researching cures for cancer, cures for illness, research into black holes... I wonder what other secrets they're hiding.

A college student on a field trip to the laboratory, playing "detective" during the case.

 ⊹₊⋆ A-Tier // Hydroxide

[ Elias Azalea // Jiaoqiu ( no blog. you. /j) ]

I always wondered if there was more to my purpose than meets the eye. I've always wanted to help people, to save people, yet I can't help but feel like... I've failed you all.

A college student on a field trip to the laboratory.

 ⊹₊⋆ A-Tier // Mercury

[ Miles Mirari // Chiaki ( @/snow-capped-graphics ) ]

They say that you're either born with the capability to change the world or you'll never be able to... it's a sad mindset. I think anyone can change the world despite their standing, as long as they just try, right?

A college student on a field trip to the laboratory.

 ⊹₊⋆ B-Tier // Materia Lab

[ Hannah Windwaker // Alice De-Ross ( @musedevoted ) ]

The flow crystal diamond is rather unstable... those kids... it's reacting to something on them. Another crystal diamond? No... that can't be... right?

A scientist who works within the walls of the Azidoazide laboratory.

 ⊹₊⋆ B-Tier // Acetate

[ Clyde Rivers // Alexander ( @ask-the-chief-heads ) ]

Everything in earth works like a linear process. We wake up, eat, commit our daily necessities, and then we fall asleep, and the cycle begins anew, until death worms its way into the process and brings it to an abrupt end. So, why do we keep moving forward?

A scientist who works within the walls of the Azidoazide laboratory, with a notably bleak outlook on life.

 ⊹₊⋆ B-Tier // Nitrous Oxide

[ Melody Phonics // Lollita Wednesday ]

The lab is quite lively today... the next generation of scientists is a bright bunch... now let's see... where'd the strange man's documents go..?

A scientist who works within the walls of the Azidoazide laboratory.

INITIAL VICTIM ⊹₊⋆ B-Tier // Lead (IV) Oxide

[ Dennis Wylder // Nestor Morgan ( no blog. YOU. ) ]

Sadie's pretty excited about this trip... we both desired to be the world's greatest scientists, however... we became pawns in a scheme far beyond our own knowledge...

A college student on a field trip to the laboratory, best friend of Sadie, and the first victim of the killer.

 ⊹₊⋆ B-Tier // Chromate

[ Dynasty Die // Fitzroy Adams ( @pressure-ask-fitzroy )]

What an exciting school trip! I've always been curious about what goes on in Azidoazide's walls... this is so exciting!!! I wonder what things we'll learn today...?

A college professor on a field trip to the laboratory.

 ⊹₊⋆ B-Tier // Potassium Iodide

[ Cocolia Maddison // Octo ( no blog ) ]

These kids are my responsibility, and it is up to me to make sure they learn and grow as people... so how... how did things end up like this?

A college professor on a field trip to the laboratory.

 ⊹₊⋆ B-Tier // Acetic Acid

[ Amy Winters // Elaine ( @idv-thespians ) ]

I'm only here because of my parent's wishes... admittedly, this place sounded kind of cool from just the public knowledge... I just wonder if there's something else better suited for me without disappointing my parents wishes...

A college student on a field trip to the laboratory.

 ⊹₊⋆ B-Tier // Sodium Chloride

[ Keith Winestein // Quinn Stewart ( @idv-thespians ) ]

This lab is no place for children... I have no clue what the director was thinking, approving a college school trip here. I mean, there's things going on here that absolutely cannot be seen by outsiders. Things are bound to go wrong.

A scientist who works within the walls of the Azidoazide laboratory, who really thinks the college students shouldn't be here.

 ⊹₊⋆ B-Tier // Sodium Bicarbonate

[ Grace Stonefield // Beth Anastazja ( @ask-idv-baker ) ]

Science is like baking. Equal parts of a and b to create product c! But... what happens when you add parts of d and f into the mixture? I've always wondered about that.

A college student on a field trip to the laboratory.

Essence Project ♡ Rules and Additional Information

This essence is the follow-up location to the Emerald Masquerade essence! This one takes place inside of a famous in-universe laboratory, however.

Similar to its sister essence, there will be mentions and discussions of death and murder, and its main s tier (Ammonia) will be chosen via the spin of a wheel! In addition, deaths will be chosen through the wheel, however, two characters will be excluded from being selected as the killer. Who those two characters are? You'll have to find out.

Due to the age range of the essence, every character here will be over 18, and most of them are canonically over 21. Therefore, if possible, I'd like all muses to be at least 18 years old, or, an adult.

To ensure everyone gets a chance to participate, everyone is limited to two muses. To reserve a slot, you can contact me either in my inbox or on Muns Discord. Also, if you want to use an OC or muse who does not have a blog (for OCs, a reference of some kind is preferred), do not worry! I'll still take them, and when the essence is finished and the skins come out, I will simply DM or tag your main. To reiterate, I do not respond to discord DMs for these things unless absolutely necessary, and non-blog muses are allowed.

Happy murder mystery-ing? /j

[blufashionbangladeshs]

PALMER'S Cocoa Butter Formula Stretch Mark Lotion

PALMER’S Stretch Mark Lotion removes stretch marks, scars, and blotch marks during and after pregnancy or weight fluctuation in the body. This non-greasy lotion is ideal for the body all over, in place of your regular moisturizer. Increase fiber elasticity, remove the obesity pattern, and Improve skin elasticity and firmness. The skin becomes more smooth and white. Finally, saying goodbye to stretch marks and fat lines helps recapture a youthful appearance. This lotion is free from mineral oil, parabens, phthalates, and fragrance allergens, and it is suitable for sensitive skin. It is commonly suggested to address stretch marks both during and after pregnancy or periods of weight fluctuations. This lotion maintains the structure and elasticity of the skin and regenerates it, which gives you beautiful, glowing skin with the guarantee of PALMER’S.

PALMER’S Cocoa Butter Formula Stretch Mark Lotion to Minimize Scars and Stretch Marks

উপকারিতা

গর্ভাবস্থার সময় এবং পরে স্ট্রেচ মার্ক, ফাটা দাগ, বা শরীরের ওজন ওঠানামা কারণে যে ফাটা দাগ হয় তা দূর করে।

এই নন-গ্রীসি লোশন আপনার নিয়মিত ময়েশ্চারাইজারের পরিবর্তে সারা শরীরের জন্য আদর্শ।

ত্বকের গঠন, স্থিতিস্থাপকতা এবং দৃঢ়তা উন্নত করে।

ত্বক আরও মসৃণ ও সাদা হয়।

একটি তারুণ্যের চেহারা পুনরুদ্ধার করতে সহায়তা করে।

এই লোশনটি খনিজ তেল, প্যারাবেনস এবং সুগন্ধি থেকে মুক্ত।

সেনসিটিভ ত্বকের জন্য উপযুক্ত।

ত্বক সুন্দর, উজ্জ্বল হয়।

কোন ধরনের পার্শ্বপ্রতিক্রিয়া নেই।

পন্যের বিবরণ

আইটেম ফর্ম: লোশন

ব্র্যান্ড: পালমার

নেট ওজন: ২৫০ মিলি

জেন্ডার: ছেলে মেয়ে

UK থেকে আমদানিকৃত

ব্যবহারের নিয়ম ব্যবহার করার আগে, ত্বক ধুয়ে ফেলুন, তারপর এটি প্রয়োগ করুন। পেট, উরু, নিতম্ব এবং অন্যান্য অংশে আলতোভাবে ম্যাসেজ করুন এবং শোষিত না হওয়া পর্যন্ত বৃত্তাকার গতিতে ম্যাসাজ করুন। দিনে ৩ বার ব্যবহার করুন।

Features

Remove the Stretch Marks, scars, blotch marks during and after pregnancy or weight fluctuation in the body

Fades/reduce the appearance of stretch marks

Increase fiber elasticity

Removes obesity pattern

Improves skin elasticity and firmness

Hypoallergenic

Suitable for sensitive skin

Highly nourish the skin

the skin become more smooth and white

Finally, say goodbye to stretch marks and fat lines

Helps recapture a youthful appearance

Free from mineral oil, parabens, phthalates, and fragrance allergens

Widely recommended for stretch marks during and after pregnancy or weight fluctuation.

No Side Effect – No Mercury

PALMER’S Cocoa Butter Formula Massage Lotion

Specifications

Item Form: Lotion

Brand: Palmer’s

Net Weight: 250ml

Use for: Whole Body

Product Benefits: Helps visibly improve skin elasticity and reduce the appearance of stretch marks

Special Ingredients: Cocoa Butter, Shea Butter, Vitamin E, Lutein, Argan Oil, Almond Oil, Coconut Oil

Gender: Unisex ( All Kind of skin)

Storage Instruction: Keep in Cool and Dry Place

Imported from UK

Ingredients Made with Natural Vitamin E (Tocopherol). Water (Aqua), Glycerin, Theobroma Cacao (Cocoa) Extract, Glyceryl Stearate, Prunus Amygdalus Dulcis (Sweet Almond) Oil, Petrolatum, Cetyl Alcohol, Propylene Glycol, Theobroma Cacao (Cocoa) Seed Butter, Elaeis Guineensis (Palm) Oil, Cocos Nucifera (Coconut) Oil, Dimethicone, Butyrospermum Parkii (Shea) Butter, Tocopherol, Helianthus Annuus (Sunflower) Seed Oil, Soluble Collagen, Hydrolyzed Elastin, Argania Spinosa Kernel Oil, Centella Asiatica Extract, Betula Alba Bark Extract, Boswellia Serrata Extract, Polygonum Cuspidatum Root Extract, Sodium Ascorbate, Acetylarginyltryptophyl Diphenylglycine, Sodium Benzoate, Hydroxyacetophenone, 1,2 Hexanediol, Caprylyl Glycol, Xanthophylls, Zea Mays (Corn) Starch, Glucose, Leuconostoc/Radish Root Ferment Filtrate, Hydroxyethylcellulose, Isopropyl Alcohol, PEG-8 Stearate, Ethyl Lauroyl Arginate HCl, Fragrance (Parfum), Behentrimonium Methosulfate, Butylene Glycol, Caramel, Cellulose, Sodium Acetate, Stearyl Alcohol, Myristyl Alcohol, Lauryl Alcohol.

Rules of Use Before using, wash the skin, then apply it. Gently massage on the abdomen, thighs, buttocks, and other parts, and massage in circular motions until absorbed. Use 3 times per day.

Package Contents

1 x PALMER’S Cocoa Butter Formula Massage Lotion for Stretch Marks 250ml

PALMER’S Cocoa Butter Formula Massage Lotion remove the Stretch Marks, scars, blotch marks during and after pregnancy, or weight fluctuation in the body. It is a ALMER’S brand product. Our shop sells it in Bangladesh at the lowest price.

[iii-days-grace]

medicines obtained from the mineral kingdom

Alum (alum is obtained from alum salts)

Arsenic

black Antimony

butter of Antimony

bromide of potassium

biniodid of mercury

carbolic acid

calomel

chlorate of potash

caustic potash

chloride of zinc

creolin

crude petroleum oil

hyposulfite of soda

iodide of potassium

lime (calcium oxide and calcium hydroxide)

Monsel's solution (an iron sulfate)

nitrate of silver

saltpetre or nitrate of potash

oxide of zinc

sulfuric acid

sulfate of copper

sulfate of iron

sulfate of zinc

sugar of lead (lead acetate)

salt or sodium chloride

Epsom salts (magnesium sulfate) and Glauber's salts (sodium sulfate)

Brimstone (just pure sulfur)

Tartar emetic (antimony potassium tartrate)

vaseline (petroleum jelly)

verdigris (copper acetate salts)

("The Veterinary Science, 1907)

[sorcadh]

Antherea Polyphemus

https://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/MISC/MOTHS/polyphemus_moth.htm

The polyphemus moth, Antheraea polyphemus, is one of our largest and most beautiful silk moths. It is named after Polyphemus, the giant cyclops from Greek mythology who had a single large, round, eye in the middle of his forehead. The name is because of the large eyespots in the middle of the hind wings. 

The family name Saturniidae is based on the eyespots of some members of the family that contain concentric rings reminiscent of the planet Saturn. Because of their ease of rearing and large size, polyphemus moths are often reared by amateur enthusiasts and also have been used for numerous physiological studies - particularly for studies on molecular mechanisms of sex pheromone action.

Polyphemus moths are our most widely distributed large silk moths. They are found from southern Canada down into Mexico and in all of the lower 48 states except for Arizona and Nevada 

First instar larva of polyphemus moth, Antheraea polyphemus 

Older instars are yellow-green, and the setae become relatively less prominent with each molt. The translucent yellowish-green to green, full-grown (fifth instar) caterpillars are 60 to 75 mm in length 

Fifth instar larva of polyphemus moth, Antheraea polyphemus

Cocoon and Pupa: The single-layered cocoon is thicker and more elliptical than the cocoon of the luna moth

Adult eclosion (emergence from pupa) typically occurs in the afternoon with males usually beginning emergence several days before females from the same brood. Afternoon emergence allows time for expansion and drying of the wings prior to the evening flight period. Also, during the first day after emergence, the moth voids the liquid meconium which is composed of the breakdown waste products of the old larval tissues. 

The adults are strongly attracted to light - particularly UV wavelengths. There has been some concern that light pollution from man-made sources (particularly mercury vapor street lights) may deter silk moths from mating and have a negative impact on their populations in urban areas (Worth and Muller 1979). Fortunately, mercury vapor lamps are not used as commonly as they once were for street lights.

Females release a sex-attractant pheromone and may attract males from a distance beginning late evening of the day of emergence. The sex pheromone has been characterized as a 90:10 mixture, respectively, of trans-6,cis-11-hexadecadienyl acetate and trans-6,cis-11-hexadecadienal (Kochansky et al. 1975). While males are attracted all night long, maximal attractiveness is during the last two hours before sunrise (Kochansky et al. 1977). Mating pairs remain coupled throughout the day and separate at dusk. Either caged or tethered females can be used to attract wild males. Worth (1980) has designed a tether for this purpose that prevents the tethered moth from escaping or twisting the tethering line around its body.

Females begin laying eggs the evening after mating and continue for several nights. Eggs are laid singly or in groups of two or three on leaves of the host plant (Opler et al. 2012 ). In captivity, they will lay their eggs on any substrate. Adults have vestigial mouthparts and do not feed. Therefore, they are short-lived. 

Caterpillars are solitary and develop through five instars. Immediately after hatching, caterpillars eat their egg shells (Opler et al. 2012 ). Older instars eat whole leaves and then sever the petioles to drop them to the ground (Tuskes et al. 1996) - possibly to obscure their presence from predators The presence of large larvae on branches overhead may often be detected by the presence of frass (caterpillar droppings) on pavement of driveways or parking lots.

[xtruss]

Scientists Find Origin-of-Life Molecule in Space for First Time

— By Jess Thomson | August 8, 2023

NASA image of the Tarantula Nebula star-forming region taken by Webb’s Near-Infrared Camera. A molecular cloud in interstellar space has been found to contain carbonic acid for the first time. NASA, ESA, CSA, AND STSCI

molecule common to Earth and usually associated with life has been detected in the depths of space by scientists.

Carbonic acid (HOCOOH), which you may know as the chemical that makes your soda fizzy, was discovered lurking near the center of our galaxy in a galactic center molecular cloud named G+0.693-0.027, a study published in The Astrophysical Journal revealed.

This marks the third time that carboxylic acids—this class of chemicals, often thought to be some of the building blocks of life—have been detected in space, after acetic acid and formic, and the first time that an interstellar molecule has been found to contain three or more oxygen atoms.

"Our observations have allowed us to know that carbonic acid, which until now had remained invisible to our eyes, is relatively abundant in space, which makes it an essential piece to understand the interstellar chemistry of carbon and oxygen, two of the fundamental chemical elements in any prebiotic process," Víctor M. Rivilla, a researcher at the Spanish Center for Astrobiology and co-author of the study, told German broadcaster Deutsche Welle (DW).

"This result confirms that the path we have chosen is the right one to search for, and detect more molecules that we suspect were key to the appearance of life on our planet," he concluded.

Carboxylic acids are a type of organic compound characterized by a carbon (C) atom doubly bonded to an oxygen (O) atom and singly bonded to a hydroxyl group (―OH). Carbonic acid in particular is formed when CO2 is dissolved in water, meaning that it is present in increased concentrations in our seas due to CO2 in the atmosphere.

Many theories as to how life on Earth evolved suggest that primitive life may have emerged from a primordial soup of chemicals when our planet was very young. Some have suggested that these chemicals, including carboxylic acids, may have arrived on Earth from space, traveling via comets and meteorites to the forming planet.

Carbonic acid has been previously detected on other astronomical bodies, including the icy moons of Jupiter, in some meteorites and comets, and even on Mars and Mercury, but until now, has not been seen in interstellar space.

The authors explained that the discovery of these more complex molecules in the interstellar medium may reveal clues about the origins of our planet and the life upon it.

"The presence of prebiotic COMs within extraterrestrial material thus firmly suggests the existence of carboxylic acids of increasing complexity in the ISM (interstellar medium), including amino acid–related species. Within this context, considerable efforts have been devoted to hunting for other acids, such as propenoic or acrylic acid, propanoic acid, cyanoacetic acid, glycolic acid, hydantoic acid, and glycine, whose identification in the [interstellar medium] remains elusive."

[rhealthcare]

Toxic Heavy Metals and Chelation Therapy

Comprehensive Treatment Approaches for Heavy Metal Toxicity at Restoration Healthcare

Once a diagnosis is certain, numerous treatments will be prescribed. At Restoration Healthcare, our doctors use an integrative approach to treating heavy metal toxicity, considering personal health history and existing condition(s). A physician will do a thorough workup to include specific testing of the neurologic systems, which is the most sensitive system affected by heavy metal

toxicity. We work closely with each patient to develop a personalized approach that addresses diet, exercise, stress management, and nutritional supplements.

Chelation intravenous therapy is a primary treatment method to aid the body in ridding it of toxins. Chelation therapy uses compounds that bind with heavy metals and allows the body to eliminate toxins. The term chelation means to bond. The most effective chelation therapies are delivered through the bloodstream in an intravenous IV Therapy drip.

The most common chelating agents include dimercaprol, DMSA (Dimercaptosuccinic acid), and CaEDTA (calcium ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid). At Restoration Healthcare, we prefer CaEDTA because heavier metals, such as lead and mercury, have a greater affinity for EDTA and form stronger bonds. Our trained IV therapists administer a prescribed dose of CaEDTA, which attaches to heavy metal toxins and certain minerals and forms chemical compounds called chelates. The chelates travel through the blood to the kidneys, filtered and excreted in the urine.

If you suspect you have been exposed to heavy metal toxins affecting your health, you must get medical help. You may be tempted to use a home detox plan, but this severe health issue needs medical supervision and guidance. Whether your symptoms are related to heavy metal toxicity or something else entirely, Restoration Healthcare will investigate and provide you with an integrative healthcare plan to help restore your body to health.

[nursingscience]

Drug of choice

POISONING

▪️Drug of choice for paracetamol poisoning - N-Acetyl cysteine

▪️Drug of choice for organophosphate poisoning - Atropine

▪️Drug of choice for methotrexate toxicity - Folinic Acid

▪️Drug of choice for ethylene glycol poisoning - Fomepizole

▪️Drug of choice for warfarin poisoning - Vitamin K

▪️Drug of choice for heparin poisoning - Protamine sulphate

▪️Drug of choice for acute mercury - Dimercaprol

▪️Drug of choice for theophylline poisoning - Beta blockers

▪️Drug of choice for iron poisoning - Deferoxamine

▪️Drug of choice for copper poisoning - D- Penicillamine or Zinc acetate

▪️Drug of choice for acute arsenic poisoning - Dimercaprol

▪️Drug of choice for carbamate poisoning - Atropine

▪️Drug of choice for calcium channel blocker poisoning - Calcium with Glucagon

▪️Drug of choice for lead poisoning - DMSA

▪️Drug of choice for anticholinergic drug poisoning - Physostigmine

▪️Drug of choice for methylxanthines poisoning - Beta blocker

▪️Drug of choice for ergot alkaloid poisoning - Sodium nitroprusside

▪️Drug of choice for alpha 1 agonist poisoning - Phentolamine

▪️Drug of choice for beta 2 agonist poisoning - Propranolol

▪️Drug of choice for carbon dioxide poisoning - Hyperbaric oxygen

▪️Drug of choice for chronic mercury poisoning - N-acetyl- penicillamine

▪️Drug of choice for Beta blocker poisoning - Glucagon

▪️Drug of choice for antipsychotic poisoning - Sodium bicarbonate with lidocaine

▪️Drug of choice for INH poisoning - Vitamine B6

▪️Drug of choice for cyanide poisoning - Amyl Nitrate

▪️Drug of choice for opiod overdose - Naloxone

▪️Drug of choice for aspirin poisoning - Vitamin K fresh frozen plasma

▪️Drug of choice for benzodiazepines poisoning - Flumazenil

▪️Drug of choice for iodine poisoning - Starch

[cameracious]

Earliest Types of Camera

The history of photography dates back to the early days of human civilization, with various devices used to capture images of the world around us. This article explores some of the earliest types of camera and their impact on the development of photography.

Camera Obscura

The camera obscura, a device used to project images of the outside world onto a flat surface, was one of the earliest forms of camera. It was used by artists as a drawing aid and by scientists as a tool for observing solar eclipses and other phenomena.

The basic principle of the camera obscura was known to the ancient Greeks and Romans, but it wasn't until the Renaissance that it became a popular tool for artists. By the 18th century, portable camera obscuras had been developed, allowing travelers to capture images of the world around them.

Daguerreotype

In 1839, French artist Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre announced the invention of the daguerreotype, a process for capturing photographic images on a silver-coated copper plate. The daguerreotype was the first practical method for producing photographic images and revolutionized the field of photography.

The process involved exposing a sensitized plate to light, developing it with mercury vapor, and fixing the image with a solution of common salt. The resulting images were sharp and detailed, but the process was complex and time-consuming.

Calotype

In 1841, Englishman William Henry Fox Talbot introduced the calotype, a process for producing photographic images on paper coated with a silver salt solution. The calotype was the first photographic process to use a negative, allowing multiple prints to be made from a single image.

The calotype process involved exposing a sensitized paper negative to light, developing it with a solution of gallic acid, and fixing the image with a solution of sodium thiosulfate. The resulting images had a softer, more naturalistic look than daguerreotypes and were easier to produce.

Wet Plate Collodion

In 1851, British photographer Frederick Scott Archer invented the wet plate collodion process, which used a glass plate coated with a solution of collodion and light-sensitive silver salts. The wet plate collodion process was faster and more versatile than the daguerreotype and calotype processes, and became the dominant photographic method of the mid-19th century.

The wet plate collodion process involved coating a glass plate with collodion, sensitizing it with a silver nitrate solution, exposing it to light, and developing it with a solution of iron sulfate and acetic acid. The resulting images were sharp and detailed, and could be reproduced in large quantities.

Conclusion

The earliest types of camera were rudimentary devices that relied on simple principles of optics and chemistry to capture images of the world around us. From the camera obscura to the daguerreotype, calotype, and wet plate collodion processes, each new development brought new possibilities and expanded the boundaries of what was possible with photography.

Today, we take for granted the ease with which we can capture and share images with our smartphones and digital cameras. But the legacy of these early photographic pioneers lives on, inspiring and informing the work of photographers around the world.

Source: History of Camera – From Camera Obscura to SLR

[fertilitylens]

How to Make Ginger Garlic Clove and Turmeric Tea For Fertility: 4 Emerging Benefits & Side Effects

Combining Ginger Garlic Clove and Turmeric Tea for fertility is surely another potential way to improve fertility for both men and women. The tea is loaded with antioxidants that combat the oxidation of heavy metals like lead acetate, Mercury in the human body. This tea combination also possesses anti-inflammatory properties that help humans combat pains, and prevent inflammation of the…

[brighteduworld2]

Industry of pharmaceuticals

The National Exit Test (NEXT) is a standard stepping stone to advanced medical education. National exit exam for MBBS will be replacing NEET PG, and FMGE exams for MD, MS, and MDS courses.

 The pharmaceutical industry, the study, creation, and production of pharmaceuticals by both public and commercial entities.

 After thousands of years of intuition and trial and error led people to believe that plants, animals, and minerals had therapeutic properties, the modern era of the pharmaceutical industry—characterized by compound isolation and purification, chemical synthesis, and computer-aided drug design—is generally regarded as having started in the 19th century. The understanding of fundamental drug-discovery processes improved with the integration of research in the 20th century in disciplines like physiology and chemistry. The pharmaceutical sector is currently faced with obstacles such as finding new therapeutic targets, obtaining regulatory approval from government bodies, and improving drug research and development methods. The global control and eradication of disease depend critically on the pharmaceutical industry's ongoing development and advancement.

 The process of drug discovery and development throughout history, the process of drug development in the contemporary pharmaceutical industry, and the steps taken to ensure the creation of safe pharmaceuticals are all thoroughly explained in the parts that follow. Visit drug for more details about drugs. See medicine for a thorough explanation of medical practise and the function of drug research in the healthcare sector.

 History

 where drugs first came from

 ancient civilizations' medicines

 The early Chinese, Hindu, and Mediterranean civilizations are responsible for the earliest accounts of therapeutic concoctions made from plants, animals, or minerals. Chang shan, a substance derived from the plant species Dichroa febrifuga, was described as having antifever properties in a herbal compendium that is thought to have been written in the 28th century BC by the legendary emperor Shennong. It has since been discovered that this substance also contains antimalarial alkaloids (alkaline organic chemicals containing nitrogen). In the second century BC, workers at the Alexandria School of Alchemy in Egypt created numerous reasonably pure inorganic compounds, such as lead carbonate, arsenic, and mercury. Verdigris (basic cupric acetate) and cupric sulphate were recommended as drugs, according to the first-century AD work De materia medica by the Greek physician Pedanius Dioscorides. Although attempts were made to employ several of the mineral formulations as medications, the majority turned out to be too poisonous for this application.

 There are still several plant-based medicines in use today that the ancients used. Senna pods, castor oil, and peppermint were used by the Egyptians to alleviate indigestion and treat constipation, respectively. Different plants that contained cardiac stimulants (compounds similar to digitalis) were used to cure a variety of illnesses. Ma huang, a herb containing ephedrine, was used by ancient Chinese physicians for a number of conditions. Ephedrine is now a common ingredient in numerous pharmaceutical products used to treat cold and allergy symptoms. Opium and squill were among the medications at the Greek physician Galen's (c. 130–c. 200 AD) pharmaceutical store (pharmacy). While squill was once utilised as a heart stimulant, it is now more commonly used as rat poison. Today, derivatives of opium alkaloids are frequently used for pain management. Galen made numerous significant conceptual contributions to modern medicine, despite the fact that many of the therapeutic substances he utilised are no longer in use. He was among the first practitioners, for instance, to insist on drug purity. He also understood how crucial it was to employ the proper variety and age of botanical specimens while creating medications.

The exam, which is expected to replace NEET PG, will serve as a common qualifying final year MBBS exam in addition to being a screening NEXT exam for foreign medical graduates (FMGs) who want to practice in India. Next will be conducted in two separate exams defined as 'Steps'.