#Mauryan period Education.

[upstatearchaeologydepartment]

Uttar Pradesh State Archaeology Department

The Uttar Pradesh State Archaeology Department plays a significant role in preserving the rich historical and cultural legacy of Uttar Pradesh, a state renowned for its ancient sites and heritage structures. With a mission to protect, study, and share this invaluable history, the department conducts archaeological excavations, conserves monuments, manages museums, and fosters public awareness about the importance of heritage preservation.

Key Responsibilities -

Archaeological Excavations: The department undertakes extensive excavations across the state, unearthing ancient relics, structures, and artifacts that illuminate Uttar Pradesh's past. Sites like Sarnath (where Buddha delivered his first sermon), Ayodhya (an ancient religious city), Hastinapur (linked to the Mahabharata), and Kaushambi reveal much about early civilizations and their way of life. These findings, which include pottery, coins, sculptures, and inscriptions, provide crucial insights into the social, cultural, and religious practices of various historical periods, from the Vedic era to the Mauryan and Gupta periods.

Monument Conservation: Uttar Pradesh is home to a wealth of historical monuments, ranging from stupas and temples to forts and palaces. The Archaeology Department is responsible for conserving these structures, ensuring that they remain protected against environmental wear, human encroachment, and time-related deterioration. Notable sites under the department's care include the Dhamek Stupa in Sarnath, Chunar Fort, and various Mughal-era structures. By restoring and protecting these monuments, the department preserves the architectural integrity and historical significance of Uttar Pradesh's heritage sites.

Museum Management: The department oversees several museums, such as the State Museum in Lucknow and the Sarnath Archaeological Museum, which display artifacts from excavated sites, including ancient coins, pottery, manuscripts, and sculptures. These museums serve as educational and cultural hubs, offering visitors a glimpse into the state’s history and a tangible connection to its past. The exhibits not only showcase the artistic and material culture of earlier civilizations but also help generate public interest and appreciation for archaeology.

Public Engagement and Educational Programs: Beyond excavation and conservation, the department is committed to raising public awareness about the value of preserving cultural heritage. It organizes workshops, heritage walks, and exhibitions to engage local communities, promoting a sense of pride and responsibility towards the state’s historical legacy. Educational programs, including lectures and school activities, help foster an understanding of archaeology among young people, encouraging them to take an interest in their cultural heritage.

Research and Documentation: The department is also dedicated to research and the academic study of Uttar Pradesh’s archaeology. By publishing excavation reports, research papers, and scholarly articles, the department contributes valuable information to the field of history and archaeology. These publications help historians and researchers better understand the region’s development over centuries, providing a basis for further study and preservation efforts.

Key Archaeological Sites -

Sarnath: A major Buddhist site where Buddha preached his first sermon, featuring stupas, monasteries, and the famous Ashoka Pillar.

Ayodhya: Known as the birthplace of Lord Rama, with ancient temples and significant archaeological finds.

Hastinapur: A site of early Vedic settlements connected to the Mahabharata, rich in historical artifacts.

Kaushambi: A Mauryan-era city with fortifications and significant relics that highlight its ancient prominence.

Conclusion -

The Uttar Pradesh State Archaeology Department is pivotal in preserving the state’s cultural history through its comprehensive approach to excavation, conservation, museum management, and public engagement. By protecting ancient sites and sharing historical knowledge, the department ensures that the heritage of Uttar Pradesh continues to inspire, educate, and enrich future generations. Its efforts safeguard the legacy of one of India’s most historically significant states, keeping its remarkable past alive for the present and future.

[sablocalhai]

What are the 9 divisions of Bihar?

Bihar, a state located in eastern India, is renowned for its rich historical heritage, cultural diversity, and natural beauty. It was once the center of ancient Indian civilizations like the Mauryan and Gupta empires. Today, Bihar is undergoing a transformation, seeking to balance its rich past with modern development.

Administrative Divisions of Bihar

Bihar is divided into 38 districts, each with its own unique identity and characteristics. These districts are further grouped into nine divisions:

Patna Division: Patna, Nalanda, Bhojpur, Buxar, Rohtas

Magadh Division: Gaya, Aurangabad, Nawada, Arwal

Tirhut Division: Muzaffarpur, Vaishali, Sitamarhi, East Champaran, West Champaran

Darbhanga Division: Darbhanga, Madhubani, Supaul, Saharsa

North Bihar Division: Purnia, Katihar, Araria, Kishanganj

South Bihar Division: Bhagalpur, Banka, Munger, Jamui

Saran Division: Saran, Siwan, Gopalganj

Kosi Division: Kosi, Madhepura, Sheohar, Sitamarhi

Tirhut Division: Muzaffarpur, Vaishali, Sitamarhi, East Champaran, West Champaran

Each division has its own unique cultural and historical significance, contributing to the overall diversity of Bihar.

Key Features of Bihar

Rich History: Bihar is home to numerous historical sites, including ancient universities like Nalanda and Vikramshila, and the ruins of Pataliputra, the capital of the Mauryan Empire.

Cultural Diversity: Bihar is a melting pot of cultures, with influences from various historical periods and regions.

Natural Beauty: The state offers stunning landscapes, including the Ganges River, Rajgir Hills, and various wildlife sanctuaries.

Modern Development: Bihar is making strides in infrastructure development, education, and healthcare.

Bihar's rich history, cultural diversity, and natural beauty make it a fascinating destination for travelers and a place of immense potential for its people.

[majirom720]

History of Bangladesh

1. Ancient Bengal (Before 1204 AD)

Prehistoric Bengal:

The history of Bengal dates back to ancient times, with archaeological evidence of human settlements dating to around 4000 BC. The early inhabitants were proto-Australoid, Tibeto-Burman, and Dravidian people. Bengal's history was largely shaped by the Ganges-Brahmaputra delta, which fostered trade and agriculture.

Vedic and Mauryan Period:

During the Vedic period, Bengal was known as "Vanga," and it is mentioned in early Sanskrit literature. Bengal was later integrated into the Mauryan Empire under Emperor Ashoka (3rd century BC), who promoted Buddhism across his vast empire. After the fall of the Mauryan Empire, Bengal was ruled by several local dynasties, including the Pundras and the Samatatas.

Gupta Empire and Bengal's Flourishing Culture:

During the Gupta period (320-550 AD), Bengal became an important cultural and political region. The Guptas, with their capital in Pataliputra, dominated much of northern India, including Bengal. The Buddhist Pala Dynasty (8th-12th century AD) succeeded the Guptas in Bengal, ushering in an era of prosperity. The Palas were great patrons of Buddhism and established universities like Nalanda and Vikramshila.

The Sena Dynasty:

The Hindu Sena dynasty (c. 1095-1204 AD) replaced the Palas. The Sena rulers were patrons of Brahmanical Hinduism and played a key role in shaping Bengali culture and society. They were the last major Hindu rulers of Bengal before the Muslim conquest.

2. Medieval Bengal (1204–1757 AD)

Early Muslim Conquests:

The Muslim conquest of Bengal began with the Turkish general Bakhtiyar Khalji’s invasion in 1204. Khalji’s forces defeated the Sena dynasty, and Bengal was gradually absorbed into the Delhi Sultanate. Over the next several centuries, Bengal became a key region in the Islamic world, ruled by various Muslim dynasties, including the Bengal Sultanate (1352–1576), which was known for its wealth and cultural diversity.

The Bengal Sultanate:

The Bengal Sultanate flourished during the 14th and 15th centuries as an independent Muslim kingdom. It was a center of trade, culture, and learning, connecting the Indian subcontinent with the broader Islamic world. The Sultans built architectural marvels, such as mosques and forts, many of which still stand today. The most prominent sultan, Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah, was a patron of Persian literature and established diplomatic relations with China.

Mughal Period (1576–1757):

The Mughals, under Emperor Akbar, annexed Bengal in 1576 after a protracted struggle. Bengal became one of the wealthiest provinces of the Mughal Empire due to its fertile lands and thriving trade. Dhaka was established as the capital of Bengal during the Mughal period and became a key center for commerce and craftsmanship, particularly in textiles. The Nawabs of Bengal, appointed by the Mughal emperors, effectively ruled the region, but they gradually gained autonomy.

3. Colonial Bengal (1757–1947)

British East India Company:

The turning point in Bengal’s history came with the Battle of Plassey in 1757, when British forces, led by Robert Clive, defeated Nawab Siraj-ud-Daulah. This marked the beginning of British control over Bengal and eventually over much of India. Bengal became the first region to come under direct control of the British East India Company. The company’s exploitation of Bengal’s resources, combined with heavy taxation, led to economic distress and famines, such as the Bengal Famine of 1770.

Bengal Renaissance:

Despite British exploitation, the 19th century saw a cultural and intellectual awakening in Bengal, known as the Bengal Renaissance. Influential figures such as Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, and Rabindranath Tagore played crucial roles in reforming society, promoting education, and fighting against social injustices like Sati and child marriage. Bengal became the epicenter of Indian nationalism, with movements like the Young Bengal Movement and the Brahmo Samaj gaining prominence.

Partition of Bengal (1905) and Reversal (1911):

In 1905, the British colonial administration, under Lord Curzon, divided Bengal into two provinces: East Bengal and Assam, and West Bengal. This decision, seen as a tactic to divide and weaken the growing nationalist movement, sparked widespread protests and boycotts. The partition was eventually reversed in 1911, but the seeds of communal tension between Hindus and Muslims had already been sown.

The Independence Movement:

Bengal was at the forefront of the Indian independence movement. Leaders such as Subhas Chandra Bose, Surya Sen, and Chittaranjan Das played significant roles in resisting British rule. The Quit India Movement of 1942 also found strong support in Bengal. However, communal violence between Hindus and Muslims escalated during this period, especially during events like the Calcutta Killings of 1946.

4. The Partition and Pakistan Era (1947–1971)

Partition of Bengal (1947):

With the end of British rule in 1947, Bengal was once again divided, this time along religious lines. The western part became the Indian state of West Bengal, while the eastern part became East Pakistan, a part of the newly-formed state of Pakistan. Despite being geographically and culturally distant from West Pakistan, East Bengal (East Pakistan) became part of a nation dominated by West Pakistan.

Discontent in East Pakistan:

East Pakistan’s relationship with West Pakistan was strained from the beginning. The people of East Pakistan felt marginalized and exploited by the political and economic policies of the central government in West Pakistan. The imposition of Urdu as the sole national language in 1948 sparked the Bengali Language Movement, which culminated in the deaths of several students in Dhaka on February 21, 1952. This day is now commemorated as International Mother Language Day.

Economic disparities between the two wings of Pakistan further fueled discontent. East Pakistan, despite being the more populous and resource-rich region, received far less development aid and political representation. The situation worsened when the government of Pakistan, under President Ayub Khan, pursued policies that favored the western wing at the expense of the east.

Rise of Bengali Nationalism:

By the 1960s, Bengali nationalism was on the rise, led by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and his party, the Awami League. The demand for greater autonomy for East Pakistan grew stronger. In 1966, Sheikh Mujib presented the Six-Point Movement, which called for significant political and economic autonomy for East Pakistan. The movement gained widespread support, especially after the devastating Bhola Cyclone in 1970, which killed hundreds of thousands of people and was met with an inadequate response from the central government.

5. The Bangladesh Liberation War (1971)

1970 General Election:

In the general elections of 1970, the Awami League, led by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, won a landslide victory in East Pakistan, securing 167 out of 169 seats allocated to the region in the National Assembly. This gave the Awami League an overall majority in the Pakistan National Assembly, but the ruling elite in West Pakistan, led by President Yahya Khan and Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, refused to hand over power.

Operation Searchlight and the Declaration of Independence:

Tensions escalated, and on March 25, 1971, the Pakistan Army launched Operation Searchlight, a brutal crackdown on the people of East Pakistan. Thousands of Bengalis, including students, intellectuals, and political leaders, were killed. On the night of March 25, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman declared Bangladesh's independence, and the Liberation War began.

The Liberation War:

The war for Bangladesh’s independence lasted nine months, from March to December 1971. The Mukti Bahini (Liberation Army), comprised of Bengali military defectors and civilians, waged a guerrilla war against the Pakistan Army. India, under Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, supported the Bengali cause and provided training and arms to the Mukti Bahini. In December 1971, following a full-scale war between India and Pakistan, the Pakistan Army surrendered in Dhaka, and Bangladesh was born as an independent nation on December 16, 1971.

6. Post-Independence Bangladesh (1971–Present)

Early Years and Sheikh Mujib’s Leadership:

Bangladesh emerged from the war of independence devastated, with millions of lives lost and much of its infrastructure destroyed. Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, widely revered as the "Father of the Nation," became the first prime minister. His government focused on rebuilding the country, but the challenges were immense. Famine, economic instability, and political unrest plagued the early years of independence.

In 1975, Mujib introduced a one-party system through the BAKSAL (Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League) party, which led to dissatisfaction among many factions. On August 15, 1975, Sheikh Mujib and most of his family were assassinated in a military coup, plunging the country into political chaos.

Military Rule and Political Instability:

Following Mujib’s

[somaiya-vidyavihar-university]

Exploring the Pathways to a Career in Archaeology and Art History

Archaeology and art history are disciplines that offer a unique window into the past, enabling us to understand the cultural, historical and artistic developments of human civilization. For students with a passion for uncovering the secrets of ancient societies or those intrigued by the evolution of art, pursuing specialised courses can open doors to exciting career opportunities. In Mumbai, several institutions offer programs that cater to these interests, providing a strong foundation in both theoretical knowledge and practical skills.

Diploma in Archaeology: Unearthing the Past

A Diploma in Archaeology is an excellent starting point for anyone keen on pursuing a career in this field. This course typically covers a wide range of subjects, including excavation techniques, conservation methods and the study of ancient artefacts. Students learn how to interpret material evidence, which is crucial for reconstructing historical narratives. The program also includes fieldwork, allowing students to gain hands-on experience in archaeological digs. With Mumbai’s rich history and proximity to significant archaeological sites, students have ample opportunities to apply their learning in real-world scenarios.

MA in Ancient Indian History, Culture and Archaeology: Delving Deeper

For those looking to further their expertise, an MA in Ancient Indian History, Culture and Archaeology offers an in-depth exploration of India’s rich and diverse past. This advanced program delves into the intricate details of ancient Indian civilizations, exploring topics such as the Indus Valley Civilization, Vedic period, Mauryan Empire and Gupta period. Students are encouraged to engage in critical analysis of historical texts, inscriptions and archaeological findings, developing a nuanced understanding of India’s cultural heritage. The program often includes research projects, allowing students to contribute original insights to the field of archaeology.

Art History Courses in Mumbai: Understanding the Evolution of Art

Mumbai, being a cultural hub, offers numerous Art History courses that cater to a wide range of interests. These art history courses in Mumbai provide a comprehensive overview of the evolution of art, from ancient to modern times. Students explore various art movements, styles and techniques, studying the works of great masters and the cultural contexts in which they were created. The curriculum often includes visits to museums and galleries, where students can view and analyse artworks firsthand. These courses are ideal for those looking to pursue careers in museums, galleries, or academic research.

Why Choose Somaiya for Your Archaeology and Art History Education?

When it comes to pursuing education in archaeology or art history, Somaiya Vidyavihar University stands out as a premier institution in Mumbai. Offering a range of programs including the Diploma in Archaeology and MA in Ancient Indian History, Culture and Archaeology, Somaiya provides students with a robust academic foundation and access to experienced faculty members who are experts in their fields. The university’s commitment to fostering a deep understanding of India’s cultural heritage, combined with its state-of-the-art facilities and emphasis on practical experience, makes it an ideal choice for students aspiring to excel in these disciplines. With its rich legacy and forward-thinking approach, Somaiya continues to nurture the next generation of archaeologists and art historians, equipping them with the skills and knowledge necessary to make significant contributions to the field. Choosing Somaiya means embarking on a journey that not only enhances your academic credentials but also immerses you in the vibrant cultural tapestry of India.

[mindbaanker]

BPSC Teacher Mock Test Free- 5

Welcome to the fifth edition of the BPSC (Bihar Public Service Commission) Teacher Mock Test! This test series is designed to assess your knowledge in various subjects relevant to teaching and general awareness. It will evaluate your understanding of historical events, literature, and notable personalities that have shaped the cultural and educational landscape of India.

Test Instructions:

Carefully read each question and select the most appropriate answer.

Choose the option that you believe corresponds to the correct answer.

After completing the test, you can review the correct answers along with explanations.

Let's dive into the questions:

Question 1: Who authored the renowned book 'Brihat Katha'?

गुणाढ्य

सर्व वर्मन

पाणिनि

राधागुप्त

Question 2: The famous book 'Brihat Katha' was written by Gunadyha, a distinguished scholar in the court of Satavahana King Hal.

वैदिक युग

मौर्य युग

गुप्त युग

मध्यकालीन भारत

Question 3: During the Mauryan Empire, who was responsible for overseeing markets and investigating corrupt practices?

संस्थाध्यक्ष

सीता अध्यक्ष

अंकाध्यक्ष

मानाध्यक्ष

Question 4: Which Brahmin scholar stated that 'A wife is half of her husband'?

शतपथ ब्राह्मण

ऐतरेय ब्राह्मण

गोपथ ब्राह्मण

तैत्तिरीय ब्राह्मण

Question 5: With which dynasty did the Shaka rulers initiate the Kshatrapa system of governance?

पार्थियन

कुषाण

शुंग

सातवाहन

Question 6: Which Mughal Emperor was ruling Delhi when the Vijayanagara Empire was founded?

फिरोज तुगलक

सिकंदर लोदी

गयासुद्दीन तुगलक

मुहम्मद-बिन-तुगलक

Question 7: Which Mughal Emperor is also known as "Padshah Ghazi"?

अकबर

जहांगीर

शाहजहाँ

औरंगजेब

Question 8: Which Mughal Emperor earned the title "Padshah Ghazi" and sat on the throne?

अकबर

जहांगीर

शाहजहाँ

औरंगजेब

Question 9: In the Mughal period, who were the officers responsible for revenue collection and maintaining accounts?

गवर्नर जनरल

दिवान

दरोगा

अमलगुजर

Question 10: During which event did Indians have their first contact with Islam?

Arab invasion of Sindh in the 7th century

Turkish invasion in the 11th century

Arab traders along the Malabar coast

None of the above

Question 11: Whose name is associated with the foundation of the revolutionary organization "Anushilan Samiti"?

Rajkumari Amrit Kaur

Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit

Aruna Asaf Ali

None of the above

Question 12: Which Indian literary figure is closely linked to the poem "Bidrohi" (The Rebel)?

Rabindranath Tagore

Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay

Kazi Nazrul Islam

Shambhunath Pandit

Question 13: Who was the first Indian woman to preside over an Indian National Congress session?

Rajkumari Amrit Kaur

Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit

Aruna Asaf Ali

Sarojini Naidu

Question 14: Which Governor-General implemented the "Forward" policy towards Afghanistan?

Lord Dufferin

Lord Mayo

Lord Elgin

Lord Ellenborough

Question 15: Which Bengali poet wrote the famous poem "Bidrohi" (The Rebel)?

Rabindranath Tagore

Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay

Kazi Nazrul Islam

Shambhunath Pandit

Question 16: Who was the first Indian to receive the Nobel Prize for Literature?

Rabindranath Tagore

Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay

Kazi Nazrul Islam

Shambhunath Pandit

Question 17: Who was awarded the first Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian award?

C. Rajagopalachari

Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan

Jawaharlal Nehru

M. Visvesvaraya

Question 18: Which Indian scientist is known as the "Missile Man of India"?

C. V. Raman

Homi J. Bhabha

A. P. J. Abdul Kalam

Srinivasa Ramanujan

Question 19: Which river is known as the "Sorrow of Bengal"?

Brahmaputra

Ganges

Yamuna

Godavari

Question 20: What is the Indian equivalent of the Nobel Prize?

Bharat Ratna

Padma Shri

Param Vir Chakra

Ashoka Chakra

Question 21: Which Indian state is known as the "Land of Five Rivers"?

Punjab

Haryana

Uttar Pradesh

Rajasthan

We hope you find this test informative and beneficial for your BPSC Teacher exam preparation. Best of luck in your journey to becoming an educator and making a positive impact on the lives of students!

You can mind more questions and answers in Mindbanker

[odishadetails]

Odisha, formerly known as Orissa, is a state located on the eastern coast of India. It has a rich and diverse history that dates back several thousand years. Here is an overview of Odisha's history:

Ancient Period: The early history of Odisha can be traced back to the 3rd century BCE when it was part of the Kalinga region. The Kalinga kingdom flourished under various dynasties such as the Mahameghavahana dynasty and the Shunga dynasty. The famous Kalinga War took place in 261 BCE when Emperor Ashoka of the Mauryan Empire attacked Kalinga, resulting in a devastating conflict. Ashoka was deeply affected by the violence and embraced Buddhism.

Medieval Period: During the medieval period, Odisha witnessed the rise and fall of several dynasties, including the Bhaumakara dynasty, the Somavamshi dynasty, and the Ganga dynasty. The temple architecture of Odisha reached its peak during this time, with magnificent structures like the Lingaraja Temple in Bhubaneswar and the Jagannath Temple in Puri being built.

The Gajapati dynasty, founded by Anantavarman Chodaganga in the 12th century, played a significant role in Odisha's history. The Gajapatis ruled over a vast territory and were patrons of art, literature, and culture. They successfully resisted invasions from the Delhi Sultanate and even expanded their territories to include parts of modern-day Andhra Pradesh and West Bengal.

Colonial Period: In the 16th century, European powers, primarily the Portuguese, Dutch, and British, arrived on the Odisha coast for trade and established their settlements. The British gradually gained control over the region and made Cuttack their administrative headquarters. Odisha became a part of British India and remained under British rule until India's independence in 1947.

Post-Independence Period: After independence, Odisha became a state in the Indian Union on April 1, 1936. The princely states of Odisha were merged with the province of Odisha to form the present-day state. Since then, Odisha has made significant progress in various fields, including education, infrastructure, and industry. It has also witnessed socio-political movements for the rights of tribal communities and backward classes.

Odisha is known for its rich cultural heritage, art, music, dance, and literature. The Odissi classical dance form originated in the temples of Odisha and is one of the most prominent classical dance forms in India. The state is also famous for its vibrant festivals like Rath Yatra, Durga Puja, and Konark Dance Festival.

Overall, Odisha's history is a tapestry of ancient kingdoms, architectural marvels, colonial influence, and a vibrant cultural legacy.

HERE ODISHA MOST FAMOUS KANSA DINNER SET AVAILABLE

[delhidarshan1]

Exploring the Rich History: Purana Qila Museum in Delhi

Nestled in the heart of India's bustling capital city, Delhi, lies the majestic Purana Qila (Old Fort) – a historical gem that has withstood the test of time. But the significance of Purana Qila extends beyond its ancient walls. Within this iconic fort, visitors can delve into the cultural kaleidoscope of India's diverse past at the Purana Qila Museum. This article takes you on a journey to explore the fascinating exhibits housed within the museum's walls, shedding light on the rich history and heritage of Delhi and the Indian subcontinent.

A Historical Overview

Purana Qila, believed to have been built by the Afghan ruler Sher Shah Suri during the mid-16th century, stands as a testament to Delhi's glorious past. However, archaeological excavations suggest that the site might have hosted settlements dating back to the pre-Mauryan period (around 1000 BCE). It has witnessed the rise and fall of several empires, including the Mauryas, the Suris, the Mughals, and the British.

The Architecture of Purana Qila

Before diving into the museum's treasures, a glance at the fort's architectural grandeur is essential. Purana Qila is an excellent example of Mughal military architecture, featuring massive walls and imposing gateways. The architectural brilliance is also evident in its three arched entrances: the Bara Darwaza, the Humayun Darwaza, and the Talaqi Darwaza, each adding to the fort's aura.

The Purana Qila Museum

The Purana Qila Museum, situated within the fort's premises, was established with the aim of preserving and presenting Delhi's extensive historical legacy. The museum houses an extensive collection of artifacts, sculptures, and relics that span several periods of Indian history. It offers visitors an immersive experience, taking them on a chronological journey through time.

Galleries and Exhibits

a. Prehistoric Gallery: The journey commences with a prehistoric gallery that showcases artifacts from the ancient Indian civilization, including tools, pottery, and relics from the Indus Valley Civilization. This section provides insights into the lives of the people who once inhabited the region.

b. Maurya-Sunga-Gupta Gallery: As visitors move forward, they encounter artifacts from the Maurya, Sunga, and Gupta periods (3rd century BCE to 6th century CE). Intricately carved statues of deities, terracotta figurines, and exquisite pottery are on display, exemplifying the artistic excellence of these eras.

c. Sultanate and Mughal Gallery: This section transports visitors to the medieval period, showcasing artifacts from the Delhi Sultanate and Mughal Empire. Exquisite calligraphy, metalwork, and paintings reveal the cultural and artistic flourishing of the time.

d. Colonial Gallery: As India's history intertwines with British colonial rule, the museum presents a gallery dedicated to the colonial period. Here, visitors can explore the influence of British culture on Indian society and the struggle for independence.

e. Miscellaneous Gallery: The museum also houses a miscellaneous gallery, featuring an array of artifacts like coins, arms and armor, and textiles, further enriching the visitor's experience.

Educational and Cultural Activities

The Purana Qila Museum offers a range of educational programs and cultural activities, making it an enriching experience for visitors of all ages. Guided tours, workshops, lectures, and cultural events are regularly organized to promote historical awareness and appreciation.

Conclusion

The Purana Qila Museum stands as a window into the illustrious past of Delhi and the Indian subcontinent. With its rich collection of artifacts and exhibits from different epochs, the museum offers a captivating journey through time. From ancient civilizations to the Mughal era, from colonial rule to the struggle for independence, the museum preserves and presents the diverse facets of India's history. A visit to the Purana Qila Museum is not just an exploration of the past; it is an opportunity to connect with the roots of an ever-evolving nation and its vibrant cultural heritage.

[oldcoinkendra]

A Guide for Buyers: Exploring the Fascinating History of India's Old Coins

A Guide for Buyers: Exploring the Fascinating History of India's Old Coins

Collecting old coins can be a fascinating hobby for many people in India. Not only do these coins offer a glimpse into the country's rich history and cultural heritage, but they can also be a valuable investment. If you're new to the world of coin collecting, there are a few things you should know before getting started.

First, it's important to understand the different types of coins that are available for collectors. The most common types of old coins in India  buyers are British colonial coins, which were minted during the period of British rule in India. These coins can be divided into several categories, such as East India Company coins, British India coins, and Republic of India coins.

Another important factor to consider is the condition of the coins. Coins that are in good condition will be worth more than those that are damaged or worn. For example, a coin that is in "uncirculated" condition, meaning it has never been used, will be worth more than a coin that has been circulated.

When it comes to buying old coins, it's important to do your research and educate yourself about the different types of coins available. You can start by visiting museums, coin shows, and joining coin collecting clubs to learn more about the hobby. You can also consult with coin experts, such as dealers and numismatists, who can provide valuable information and advice.

Another good way to find old coins is to visit coin dealers and coin shops. Many of these dealers specialise in old and rare coins, and can provide a wide variety of coins for you to choose from. You can also find old coins at coin shows and online coin marketplaces. However, when purchasing coins from any of these sources, it is important to verify the authenticity of the coin, as there are many fakes in the market.

Finally, it's important to remember that coin collecting is a long-term hobby, and that the value of your coins may fluctuate over time. Therefore, it's important to be patient and not to rush into buying coins just because they are currently in high demand. With a little bit of research and patience, you'll be able to build a valuable and interesting collection of old coins.

Finding Out About India's Exotic Old Coin Collecting Culture

British India Coin Collection: This collection includes coins from the British colonial period in India, such as the Victoria Empress and George V King Emperor series.

Mughal Coin Collection: This collection includes coins from the Mughal Empire in India, such as the Akbar, Jahangir, and Shah Jahan series.

Indian Princely States Coin Collection: This collection includes coins from the various princely states that existed in India before the country's independence in 1947, such as the Baroda, Hyderabad, and Travancore series.

Ancient India Coin Collection: This collection includes coins from ancient India, such as the Mauryan, Gupta, and Pallava series.

Indian Republic Coin Collection: This collection includes coins from post-independence India, such as the Mahatma Gandhi and Bharat Ratna series.

Indian Commemorative Coin Collection: This collection includes coins that were minted to commemorate important events or personalities in Indian history.

Indian Error Coin Collection: This collection includes coins that were minted with errors, such as misaligned dies or double-struck coins.

Indian Numismatic Society Coin Collection: This collection includes coins from the Indian Numismatic Society, which is a leading organisation in the field of numismatics in India.

India's Old Coin Market: Where to Find the Hidden Jewels

Old coin buyers are individuals or groups who specialise in purchasing and collecting old coins. These buyers are typically interested in coins that are no longer in circulation or that have historical or numismatic value. They may also be interested in coins that have unique or interesting designs, or that are made from rare materials.

The collection of old coins is a popular hobby among many people, and there are many different ways to acquire coins. Some collectors may purchase coins from dealers or at coin shows, while others may find coins through estate sales or at flea markets. Some collectors may also trade coins with other collectors or purchase coins online.

Old coins can be collected for a variety of reasons. Some collectors may be interested in the historical significance of a coin, while others may be more interested in the coin's design or rarity. Some collectors may also be interested in the coins of a particular country or era, or in a particular type of coin, such as gold or silver coins.

Old coin buyers and collectors often have a deep knowledge of the coins they collect, and can often identify coins by their date, mint mark, and other characteristics. They may also have a good understanding of the coin grading system, which is used to determine the condition of a coin.

Overall, the collection of old coins is a fascinating hobby that can be enjoyed by people of all ages. Whether you are interested in the history of coins, the artistry of coin design, or the rarity of certain coins, there is something for everyone in the world of old coin collecting.

In conclusion,

 Coin collecting can be a rewarding hobby for those interested in India's rich history and culture. By understanding the types of coins available, the condition of the coins, and doing research, one can start building a valuable collection. However, always be cautious and verify the authenticity of the coin before purchasing.

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Haryana

Haryana-The State of India

Haryana state is the north Indian state situated in the country's National Capital Region (NCR) and lies between the states of Punjab to its west, Uttar Pradesh to its east, Rajasthan to its south, and Himachal Pradesh to its north. The state was carved out of the former state of East Punjab on 1 November 1966 on a linguistic basis, which itself was formed on 1 November 1966. Today, Haryana has the third-highest per capita income in India with ₹1,06,222 (US$1545) annually. The history of Haryana Haryana is one of the 29 states in India. Haryana has its own rich cultural heritage dating back several millennia. Archaeological excavations carried out at Rajim and other places have provided evidence that Rajim was settled around 1000 BC. The Vedic state of Brahmavarta is said to have existed as early as 1500 BC. It is a matter of debate as to when Haryana came into being, but some historians trace its history back to 900 BC or 1000 BC, while others claim that it came into existence only after AD 1100. The economy of Haryana Haryana was one of the first few states in India to promote industries, which are now known as HSIIDC. In 1976 Haryana was divided into four regions: Delhi, Jind, Rohtak, and Ambala to accelerate economic development. Some major tourist attractions in Haryana It is a state with high historical importance. Haryana was invaded by Alexander in 326 BC and it continued to be ruled by Mauryan (322-185 BC), Gupta Empire (c. 320–550 AD), Palas (856–1174), and Delhi Sultanate (1206–1526). Then it came under Mughal Empire from 1526 to 1707 followed by Maratha rule from 1760 to 1803; under British Raj from 1803 to 1947 and again in the post-independent period from 1947 onwards. Best time to visit The best time to visit Haryana would be between October and March. Haryana, being a northern state, has a pleasant climate for sightseeing and touring during these months. Moreover, there are few festivals celebrated in Haryana which attract tourists from all over India as well as from abroad. Some of these festivals include Hemis Festival, Kila Raipur Sports Festival, and Sonepat Melas to name a few. The tourism department of Haryana puts up various activities and events that are aimed at giving its visitors an experience they will cherish forever. Best places to live in Haryana Most people are unaware of it but Haryana is a beautiful place to live in. And there are several reasons for it. But don’t just take our word for it, we asked some residents what they think makes Haryana a great place to live in and we were told that it was very peaceful, that there were no drug issues unlike other states, and also no unemployment! The state is actually famous for sports and cultural programs that bring together almost all its inhabitants with equal enthusiasm. It has world-class educational institutions and food chains which attract scores of patrons who throng these places at all times. Places like Ambala and Gurgaon also enjoy tourism because there are several tourist destinations in these regions too such as historical monuments, religious sites, etc. Read the full article

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10 ancient universities of India

Vedic India is considered a very important place in the field of education since yesterday. Between the 8th century and the 12th century, India was the largest and famous center of education in the whole world. Where we see that the journey of education started through Gurukul and Ashrams and has reached the universities today. In which today, along with the latest education, importance is given to ancient education, culture, bed, Purana. As time progressed after the Vedic period. The education system of India became equally developed. Many ancient educational institutions like Nalanda University, Taxila University, Vikramshila University were established in India since ancient times. Where students from different countries have achieved the distinction of getting education in these ancient universities.

But today we and most of the people only know Jadya about Nalanda and other Taxila University. But do you know that apart from these ancient universities, there were many other universities and monuments which were temples of education at that time. So let us know about top 10 ancient  universities of India here today - Nalanda university Taxila University Vikramashila University Bihar Pushpagiri University Odisha Ratnagiri University, Odisha Vallabhi University Gujarat Udant Puri University Bihar Sompura University, Bangladesh Bikrampur University, Bangladesh Jagaddal University Bangladesh

1. Nalanda University Nalanda University is one of the oldest and most prominent centers of education in India. Also known as Nalanda International University. It is an international and research-intensive section located in the historic city of Vihar, India. Nalanda University was an important center of learning of the ancient which functioned primarily as an institution between the 5th and 13th centuries. And shortly thereafter, the Nalanda University began to be transformed into ruins. And the idea of ​​reviving Nalanda University was endorsed at the East Asia Summit in 2007. And on 1 September 2014, Nalanda University started its first academic session.

The university's first chancellor was Nobel Laureate Amartya Sen, followed by former Singapore Foreign Minister George Yeo. Nalanda is a graduate school in particular, currently offering only master's courses, with PhD programs starting in sequential phases from 2020. 2. Taxila University Taxila University located in Rawalpindi district of Punjab province of Pakistan is one of the most famous educational institutions of ancient times. According to the researchers, Takshila University is believed to have been established about 2700 years ago. And this university had more than 10,000 students from China, Babylon, Syria and Greece along with Indian students. Taxila University was particularly famous for science, medicine and the arts, but it also taught both religious and secular subjects. And even students from different parts of India for studying subjects like archery and astrology. Used to come

The role of Taxila University as a center of knowledge continued under the Mauryan Empire and Greek rule (Indo-Greeks) until the second and third centuries BCE. But the destruction of the Torman in the 5th century AD put a halt to the university's activities. 3. Vikramshila University Bihar Vikramashila University, built during the reign of King Dharma Pal of the Pala dynasty, was the second most prominent learning center after Nalanda University. Which is currently located in the city of Bhagalpur in Bihar. Vikramashila University was one of the largest Buddhist universities in ancient India and was also a major center of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent. And this university was known for studying Buddhism, scripture and Vedas. According to historians, Vikramshila University served as India's premier education center from the 8th century to the end of the 12th century. 4. Pushpagiri University Odisha Pushpagiri University located in Jajpur district of Odisha was established by the Kalinga kings in the third century. And it was one of the oldest universities in India after Nalanda, Tashakshila and Vikramashila University. Which served as a university until the 11th century. The Pushpagiri University has also been transformed into an ancient Buddhist stupa, an important Buddhist site ruins like the ancient Mahavihara. 5. Ratnagiri University, Odisha Ratnagiri University is an integral part of Buddhist tourist destinations along with Lalitgiri and other Buddhist sites located in the Udayagiri region. It was an important place for pilgrimage and is a major stronghold of Buddhism in Bengal in Odisha and in Northeast India. Udayagiri and Lalitgiri are two large Buddhist complexes in the state of Odisha. Which is a part of Puspagiri University, known as the Diamond Triangle of Odisha. Excavations conducted by the Archaeological Survey of India show that it was a large Buddhist complex. There were statues of Buddha, stone wells and many terracotta temples. 6. Vallabhi University Gujarat Vallabhi University was an important center of Buddhist education, located in Bhavnagar district of Gujarat. The university was also famous for Buddhist education as well as education for secular subjects. This was the reason that students from all over the world used to come to Vallabhi University to get education. And this university had gained prominence in the field of education mainly from the 6th century to the 12th century for about 600 years. And it was also considered a rival of the ancient university Nalanda. 7. Udanta Puri University Bihar Udanta Puri University is one of the oldest universities in India. Udanta Puri University was built during the reign of Pal Bansh. According to historians, the University of Udanta Puri served as an important center of education from the 8th century to the 12th century. And about 12000 students were educated in this university. . Sompura University, Bangladesh Sompura University in Naugaon district of Bangladesh is one of the most important Buddhist viharas in the Indian subcontinent. Which was the best teaching center of Buddhism in ancient times. Which was also founded by the kings of the Pala dynasty. It hosted a traditional Buddhist stupa at the center. And it was the largest of the monasteries, spread over about 27 acres. 9. Bikrampur University, Bangladesh Bikrampur Vihar located in Bangladesh was the most famous vihara of ancient India, which is today part of Munshiganj district. Bikrampur University was a major center of ancient Buddhist education during the Pura Empire. 10. Jagaddal University Bangladesh Jagaddal University was primarily a Buddhist monastery. Which is currently located in North Bengal, Bangladesh. And the credit of its establishment also goes to the rulers of the Pala dynasty, who built it. Jagaddal Mahavihara is listed as a temporary site for UNESCO World Heritage Sites and Jagaddal University is one of the five great monuments of India including Vikramashila, Nalanda, Sompura and Odantapura.

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Uttar Pradesh State Archaeology Department

The Uttar Pradesh State Archaeology Department plays a pivotal role in preserving and promoting the state’s vast cultural and historical heritage. Uttar Pradesh is home to some of the most significant archaeological sites in India, ranging from ancient cities and temples to Buddhist stupas and Mughal architecture. The department’s primary objectives include conducting archaeological excavations, conserving historical monuments, managing museums, and raising public awareness about the importance of heritage conservation.

Key Responsibilities -

Archaeological Excavations: The department conducts excavations at key sites across the state, revealing ancient artifacts, structures, and relics that offer insights into the region’s history. Sites such as Sarnath, where Buddha gave his first sermon, Hastinapur, associated with the Mahabharata, and Kaushambi, a major city during the Mauryan Empire, are some of the prominent locations of archaeological significance. These excavations help uncover layers of history spanning from the Indus Valley Civilization to medieval periods, enriching our understanding of India's past.

Monument Conservation: Uttar Pradesh is home to a wide array of ancient monuments, including temples, forts, stupas, and palaces. The department is responsible for the restoration and maintenance of these monuments, ensuring their preservation for future generations. Conservation work involves structural repairs, protection from environmental damage, and the prevention of unauthorized encroachments. Iconic structures like the Dhamek Stupa in Sarnath, Chunar Fort, and various Mughal-era buildings receive ongoing attention to maintain their historical integrity.

Museum Management: The department oversees a network of museums across the state that house valuable artifacts discovered during excavations. These museums, such as the State Museum in Lucknow and the Sarnath Archaeological Museum, display collections that offer glimpses into the region���s rich history. From ancient sculptures and coins to medieval art and manuscripts, these museums serve as educational hubs for both scholars and the general public. They play a crucial role in preserving and showcasing Uttar Pradesh’s archaeological heritage.

Public Awareness and Educational Initiatives: Beyond excavation and conservation, the department is actively involved in raising public awareness about the importance of preserving cultural heritage. It organizes workshops, heritage walks, and exhibitions to engage local communities and tourists. Educational programs are conducted in schools and universities to foster an understanding of archaeology and history among younger generations. The department’s outreach efforts are designed to instill a sense of pride in the state’s rich cultural history and promote active participation in heritage conservation.

Research and Documentation: The department contributes significantly to research in the field of archaeology. It publishes excavation reports, scholarly articles, and research papers that provide valuable insights into the state’s archaeological discoveries. This documentation is crucial for academics, historians, and researchers who study India’s ancient civilizations and cultural developments.

Significant Archaeological Sites -

The Uttar Pradesh State Archaeology Department manages several key sites:

Sarnath: An important Buddhist pilgrimage site where Buddha gave his first sermon. The site includes stupas, monasteries, and the famous Ashoka Pillar.

Hastinapur: Known for its association with the Mahabharata, this ancient city has yielded relics from early Vedic times.

Ayodhya: Revered as the birthplace of Lord Rama, this city has been a focal point for archaeological and religious studies.

Kaushambi: A significant city from the Mauryan period, known for its ancient fortifications, monasteries, and artifacts.

Conclusion -

The Uttar Pradesh State Archaeology Department plays a crucial role in safeguarding the state’s rich archaeological and historical legacy. Through its efforts in excavation, monument conservation, museum management, public education, and research, the department ensures that Uttar Pradesh’s cultural heritage is preserved and appreciated. These initiatives not only protect the region’s past but also educate future generations about the importance of preserving and honoring the state’s unique historical treasures.

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India Architecture Before Common Era ( BCE ): The Bhaja Caves

Introduction

India has the most amazing ancient rock-cut architecture and cultural heritage at more than 1500 historical sites. One of the fine portrayals of stone carved architecture is found at the Bhaje or Bhaja caves that date back to the 2nd century BCE. An example of the Buddhist architecture in the initial stages that is deemed to be sculptured by the Hinayana sect is represented by these caves. Constructed on a trade route from the Arabian sea to the Deccan plateau in ancient times it is an assemblage of 22 caves that comprises 14 rock-cut stupas, a magnificent chaityagraha, and many viharas. Meditation and residence of Buddhist monks were the main motive that is still fulfilled today as the caves still support the Buddhist monks that are taking education.

Location

Standing in the Indrayani river valley in the Deccan plateau the Bhaja caves are located at Lonavala around 3 km from Malavali station on the Mumbai Pune road in Maharashtra state. The west facing caves stand tall at 120 meters above the Bhaja village in a green verdant surrounding.

The Bhaja Chaitya Griha

The Bhaja Chaitya Griha is the most distinguished chaitya that is said to be one of the first ancient chaityas that are still in preserved condition as per the Archeological Survey of India and the biggest of all the Bhaja caves.This chaitya griha has a rectangular hall of 18 meters long, 8.50 meters wide, and 6.5 meters in height with an arched horseshoe shaped ceiling that is supported by the Burmese teak wood rib beams. The arched gateway has a horseshoe shaped chaitya window carved above it while a number of small chaitya windows sit on the fencing motifs on both sides.

On the inside there are 27 octagonal pillars that are without a capital in a somewhat leaning position mimicking the wooden pillars that were used to bear the load of the ceiling in the ancient times due to its inclination. But here they are carved as decorative artifacts after the realisation in the later period that upright pillars can also do the same.

The walls of the chaitya griha have the classic Mauryan glossy finish with in all 8 inscriptions that bear the name of some donors and reliefs that express Indian mythological tales along with Buddha images. It is here in the inscriptions that we find mention of the existence of these caves to be of 2200 years old.

The main stone carved stupa in the centre has a hermika i.e. fence like structure on the top with a hole on top to hold a wooden umbrella. From the outside one can notice that the whole verandah structure resembles a high rise building with verandas and windows with notable reliefs.

The 14 stupas

There are in all 14 stupas out of which 9 stupas are carved out of the smaller cave while 5 stand inside. Built in memory of worshipped monks some bear their name inscriptions with their specific titles holding the remains of the monks that stayed in the viharas till their death. They form a magnificent space structure one can roam in between to admire their beauty.

Sculptures

Deemed to have been painted in vibrant colours before enclosing in plaster, the sculptures here present excellent art pieces like that of the famous ‘ dancing couple ‘ in the last cave that is at the south. Interestingly the symbolic representation or important life incidents of Buddha are found throughout in the form of images of lotus, elephant or throne. However after 4 th century AD the paintings of Buddha became part of the caves.Demons driven over by chariots of royal women on wooden relief can be seen on the verandahs. Carving of a woman playing tabla with another one dancing discards the previous assumption that the musical instrument is of a foreign origin.

One astonishing fact is that the Bhaja caves have shady insides but the windows here are carved in such a unique way that the everyday setting sun rays enter the cave to illuminate the god and goddesses stature. Such and many other works of significant archeological structures are present here and so it can be definitely said that the uphill climb of 180 to 230 steps to reach the Bhaja caves has the potential to please your eyes with the wonderful Buddhist art and architecture of ancient India.

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The World Heritage Site of Sanchi

Dating from the third century BC to the second century AD, the stupas at Sanchi represent a high water mark in Buddhist craftsmanship and figure. Only 46 kms from Bhopal, Sanchi is prestigious for its landmarks speaking to different Buddhist design styles, the stupas, the chaitya sanctuary, and the religious communities.

The city's history can be followed back to as ahead of schedule as the third century when Buddhism was at its pinnacle and Emperor Ashoka, who had grasped Buddhism, was at the apex of his capacity and wonder. The time of third century BC - twelfth century AD, which saw Buddhism thriving under the support of Emperor Ashok, was set apart by the development of sublime rustic landmarks that say a lot of both the fine craftsmanship of the time and the vision and foresightedness of the ruler. Without a doubt the most exceptional of these are the incredibly famous' stupas of Sanchi assigned as the World Heritage Site for their archeological and authentic significance. Of these, the most popular and notable is Stupa-1, initially worked by ruler Ashoka. In India, this stupa is known to be the most established stone figure, estimating 36.5 m in distance across and 16.4 in tallness with a huge hemispherical arch. Around the stupa is a cleared parade way which has been navigated by pioneers throughout the hundreds of years.

Near the Stupa is a chunar sandstone column piece with the notorious Mauryan clean and bearing the acclaimed decree of Ashoka, notice the event of any break in the Buddhist people group. Encompassing the extraordinary stupas are the four doors acclaimed as works of art of early Buddhist craftsmanship. Worked in the first century BC they bear carvings delineating legends and stories depicting the different periods of the Buddha's life, through images, for example, the Lotus, (speaking to his introduction to the world), the Tree (edification), and the Wheel got from the title of his first lesson and the Footprints, just as those representing his physical nearness. The impeccable carvings joined with the encompassing figures together present a fitting parity to the enormous robustness of the stupa that they circle. The passages

Include: a) the eastern passage portraying the seven manifestations of the Buddha, b) the northern door limited by a wheel of law which delineates the supernatural occurrences related with what Buddha had referenced in the Jatakas and the southern entryway speaking to the introduction of Gautama which is reproduced in a progression of fragile carvings.

The subsequent stupa remains at the very edge of the slope, and its qualification is the stone balustrade that shapes a ring around the stupa. The third stupa is found near the Great (Stupa 1). Looking like a hemispherical arch this stupa is delegated with an umbrella of cleaned stones, which is characteristic of its strict noteworthiness. The stupa's deepest chamber contains the relics of the Buddha's Earliest educates unesco world heritage site in india 2020.

Standing near the Southern Gateway of the Great Stupa is the renowned column known for its exceptionally tasteful plan and noteworthy organized parity.

Aside from the Stupas that remain as persuasive images of the Buddhist engineering at its best, there are different spots of strict essentialness, for example, the Buddhist Vihara, the Great Bowl, the Gupta sanctuary and the archeological historical center. The 'Buddhist Vihara are the hallowed relics of the stupa find d a short good ways from Sanchi. They have been revered in a glass gasket on a stage introduced in the inward sanctum of this modem religious community. The Great Bowl - as the name infers - is a mammoth bowl cut out of a stone coalition which contained food that was circulated among the priests dwelling in the city. The Gupta sanctuary (presently in ruins) having a place with the third century AD, gives one of the most punctual known instances of sanctuary engineering of this period.

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Major Stupa and Columns of India

Stupa-

The start of the stupa was made in the form of a dead body made of a dead body, which was treated by the local public, adopted by the custom of the Stupa and Ashok made stupas in the whole of India like Mercury. The oldest stupa received from Pipharhuva NepalStupas were in the form of a huge hemisphere in which the monument of Mercury was kept in a central chamber with a beautiful rhinestone in a small box, the title of the stupa was of raw bricks and the outer part was a fixed brick which had a deep fold of plaster. Above the stupa was a umbrella of wood or stone and it was surrounded by wooden wall fencing, in which there was a statutory place for Dakshina. Keep Pradakshina in the stupa was the main form of reverence for memorial symbols. INDIAN ART AND CULTURE NOTES Major Stupas and Columns in India HindiGate of 

Sanchi

It is more famous for its carving door decoration than Vastu Vidya is a statue of Amravati which was constructed in its final form in the second century which was larger than the Stupa of Sanchi, two stupas of Sarnath and Nalanda in the north Indian Indian Stupa are very famous. There were four small stupas of stupas, in which the bodies of famous Sanyasis were kept for their religious fidelity and scholarship. Some major forms are low --Nagargunkonda Stupa This stupa was made of Amravati stupa, which was 70 to 80 feet in height and 104 feet in diameter, it was constructed by Mitti Gare and brick. INDIAN ART AND CULTURE NOTES Major Stupas and Columns in India Hindi-Nalanda

  Stupa

The stupa of Nalanda, which was offered seven times by karma, looks like the Pyramid of its present form, which has a staircase up to its pebbles. Initially, it was a tall stupa built on a high base, with a small stupa on each end.-Saranath's

 Smackup Stupa 

It is built in the sixth century of the Gupta period. The shape of this stupa is similar to that of a stone drum. It used to be used in the construction of the stupa. It has a height of 128 feet. In the middle of this there have been many who built the statue of Mercury. May have gone. INDIAN ART AND CULTURE NOTES Major Stupas and Columns in India Hindi- Stupa of Amravati

The remains of the Stupa have been received from the Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh of South India. It was constructed in Satavahana period. The stupa had a diameter of 180 feet. The marble has been used on its walls and on the walls the life of Mahatma Buddha is characterized by his living idols. Puja scene and other scenes are also included.- Stupa of Sanchi

Sanchi stupa is situated in Madhya Pradesh, which was constructed by the great emperor Ashoka. Here there is a small and a large stupa. There is a harnika on the top of the stupa, which has a umbrella penalty installed on it. The symbolism of Buddhism promoted by the four streets of the Stupa's dome are made up of which Vedika is filled with huge pylons at the gateways of the Vedicus. The story of the life of Lord Buddha on the pylon, and the stories of his previous lives are mentioned. Stupa Gaj Singh Dharma Chakra transformation, etc. The height of the stupa of Sanchi is 54 feet and its diameter is 120 feet. INDIAN ART AND CULTURE NOTES Major Stupas and Columns in India 

Hindi-Bharhut stupa

Bharuch stupa was built by the great emperor Ashoka, General Cunningham had discovered this stupa in 1873, collecting the remains of it and securing it in the Kolkata Museum, the diameter of the base of the stupa was 68 feet and there was a long fence of the four stones and the stupa of Bharhat Mercury and 30 Jatak stories have been inscribed in the marking of Buddha Pooja showing animals and humans worshiping Lord Mercury with reverence. Class A picture is shown Buddhist Jataka Accessories Dev vagina and Yakshini the stupa worship the Bodhi tree by elephants in the picture is marked.- Vihar

Vihara is an important and integral part of Buddhism and architecture. Vihar was built by cutting rocks and coughing them Bihar was a monastery in which monastic monks used to reside in the education initiation of the monks and other religious activities in Vihar Some major prominent ones were edited:- Bhaja Vihar

This Vihar is located in the south of Baja, Vihar was famous as the religious center of Buddhism and the main center of education initiation. There is a large veranda in the center of Vihara, both of which are built and the rooms are built on both sides of the entrance of the verandah. . INDIAN ART AND CULTURE NOTES Major Stupas and Columns in India Hindi-Nasik Vihar

16 viharas were constructed in Nashik on the banks of Godavari in Maharashtra. Gautami Vihar is considered the most important of these here. Many Buddhist religions used to study and studied here. Nasik Vihar was famous as the largest center of Buddhism. Was there.-Nhapan Vihar

This Vihar is present in the form of a ruins. There are four chambers constructed in this Pavilion of Bihar, which are used for religious activities and the study of Buddhist monks. The ramparts of the Vihar are figuratively furnished. INDIAN ART AND CULTURE NOTES Major Stupas and Columns in India HindiPillar

In India, there has been a tradition of establishing pillars for political and religious reasons since ancient times. The construction of the pillar first started in the Mauryan period, the same style is seen in the Mauryan pillars, their craftsmen lived under the supervision of kings and only when the dynasty was over The exquisite sample of the destroyed art of Maurya is the monolithic pillar by Ashoka, which is the best craftsman of the time.

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A Brief History of Special Education

We are here to critically understand the relevance of Ancient Indian education system in the modern time. Has the modern education ethos has helped to understand the Indian society. Do we want to become original thinkers again or remain in the present system which breeds mediocrity? India need to think carefully how much foreign system of best shapewear  education has helped her. Time has come to go back to high level of education which will produce thinkers.

Basis of Indian education has been learning and understanding. It became just memorizing after countless invasions. India was the most prosperous nation in the world in the ancient times. It believed in exploitation of the natural resources just that much which was needed. Excessive exploitation of natural resources was not done nor was it encouraged. In India people worship nature: plants, wind, fire, water, sun and so on. This proves the respect it gave to all the living plants and animals on the Earth. In Hindu religion it is said that over exploitation of the sea, should be avoided and that is known as "samudramanthan." Giving education was considered as noble job, a solemn duty of the teacher and he should not expect remuneration from the students. A teacher used to be dedicated and did take teaching as a mission.

Academics also helped to reform the societies. We could recall the contribution made by the great economics teacher of Takshashila and Nalanda Universities; Chankaya who realized that for economic development in the region it was necessary to make an undivided nation: India. He helped Chandragupta to establish the Mauryan Empire which Maternity Shapewear  ruled the entire subcontinent and beyond. This empire in recent time gave the system that gave us the ethical standards which Indians value even now. The education standards were high and people came from far lands to study all streams of subjects here in India. Indians also worship goddess of education "Saraswati." Even today it is celebrated with great fanfare.

Hindus do have a function where the child is introduced to learning and that is the culture of India. Indian society is based on education. People in education are given the highest position in society called Brahmins. In ancient times one had to work very hard to become a Brahmin. In those days it was not by birth. One had to take that profession then only he could become a Brahmin. The Brahmin could not take money to give education. Education in ancient India was free to all. The kingdom would fund education. India is a country which has low literacy but high education. People know about life, nature, plants, and its importance and so on.

Indian education system was based on the principle of total development; mind and emotions. Indian system paid great emphasis to development of ethical sole and therefore, introduced brahmacharya system. During this period a student is supposed to learn only. washer dryer clearance  Indian system gave emphasis to learning through practice. It was indeed based on religious practices and religious acts. One must appreciate that religion in those days was just a way of life hence, no conflict with education. One had to follow a strict way of life which one has to still follow. Athavaveda an ancient book talks in detail the education part; the system and methods to be followed.

It however, had some defects. Education was restricted to those who deserve and was not available to all. Second it was Guru (teacher) centric i.e. for every thing one had to depend on the guru and his knowledge was considered perfect. Buddhism democratized the education by allowing all to study. This helped to spread education and institutionalise education by forming Universities. Buddhism did not deviate from Hindu system of imparting education but made it broad-based. Here again educators and students had to be religious people and had to follow a strict rules. Even here it was not fully devoid of old Guru System. Even Buddha said "Buddham saranam gachchami" (Come to Buddha to get enlightenment). Mind you, in ancient times the great saints did research on their own and developed body of knowledge which was in contrast to what Buddha said. However, he challenged the system of concentration of knowledge in few hand. This might have diluted the quality of knowledge but this improved the appliances houston understanding of the people in general in India.

This also developed a bond among people of India which is keeping this country together. This is the secret of unity in diversity of India. A diverse country became one population having same principle of life that is achieving mokshya (eternal bliss).

Indians always paid great importance to education which would improve the ethical standard of the population. Resilience of ancient Indian education system was proved again and again. Since the early stages of foreign invasion India lost all its material wealth but not the Indian ethos and superiority of our (Arian) culture and believes. This was possible because of the foundation of Indian education system. Others talk about Ethics but Indians practice through education.

Aims of the Indian System as I think were:

1. The direct aim was to make all students fit to become useful members of the society so that they could follow the duties of all other Ashrams of life faithfully. 2. The aim was to make firm and good character through moral values. 3. The Indian education system made a car dealerships in houston  distinction between mere scholarship and total education. 4. The aim of the system was development of total personality. 5. Next was inculcation of civic and social duties. India in ancient time was a society mainly governed by social laws which gave us our strength. It is the only society where the social system of conducting business was so strong and independent that we survived in spite of foreign invasion and rule. 6. Indian education promoted social efficiency and happiness. We all know in our ancient books there are examples of people helping the society. 7. Ancient education system taught preservation of national heritage and culture hence we still have a culture different from all other societies. This still remains our strength and some day we will be able to re-establish our national pride. This has given us the unbroken continuity since the ancient times. It is the strength of our ancient education that we survive as a nation.

Then the question is where did we go wrong? Our education system got encased in a shell for it had to be protected from foreign influence. This violent massacre of our culture by foreign invaders made us extremely introvert. The openness of our society was lost and formal education became the domain of few. This destroyed the ability of our academia to expand knowledge. The burning of our established centers of education made people scared. The mass lost the desire to learn because they did not value home-grown knowledge. People drifted from formal learning process and this gave way to all sorts of raw practices in our society.luxury cars houston  Indian society lost the basic ability to acquire and take advantage of knowledge. The body of knowledge became foreign which was a rare commodity only the rich could afford. The British rule took advantage of this void and introduced a system to suit needs of the Empire. The system did not encourage beyond copying. This practice is still prevalent in Indian education system. It discourages boys from having their own independent opinion on a subject.

We stopped learning and all our ancient texts were being considered as part of religion. We should re-design our education system incorporating the main ethos of our time- tested old system with new knowledge. We must reintroduce the concept of self-control which has been there in our society. This may make our people to appreciate need for ethical standards. Yes, let us go back to the relationship that existed between education and society defined by our age-old tested system. The quality of some of the books written 2500 years ago or beyond is so high that people of today can not write. That was the level of our original research why and when we lost that ability is a matter of concern even now. We must revive that and rebuild the education system in India as we want it; the total development. Copying of the west has not helped and it shall not help in future this has to be recognized once for all. We believe in the Ethical values of the society and that can not be compromised at any cost. Society has lost thousands of years and let us Houston SEO Expert  not loses further time in search of right education for India. Dr Aloke Chakravartty Dean School of Management Brainware 00919230527596

Dr. Aloke Chakravartty is at present Dean of TIG Business Schools in India. He has over 28years of experience of the industry and over 6 years of international consulting experience. He has set up many projects small medium and large. He was promoted to write this article after seeing how private education in developing countries are growing For over two hundred years the American education system has been based on the right of all its citizens to an education. Through this guiding principle America has led the world to expanded education opportunity for women, oppressed minorities, and populations generally. As the world has come to embrace the American philosophy, America is abandoning this core belief and dividing education into the wealthy, who can afford education, and the rest of the country that will not be able to afford it.

For several decades, American education was in retreat in the technical areas of science and engineering. To address SEO Company Toronto these deficiencies, technical schools in secondary education and for profit colleges came into existence. They encouraged students not inclined to pursue additional education to enter technical fields and pursue higher education. Students that would not become engaged in a process of learning were suddenly involved. Students who could not make passing grades were suddenly making the A's and B's in vocational technical courses and for profit technical institutions.

Today, these two areas of education constitute a growing number of successful students actively involved in higher education. Vocational schools and for profit colleges are designed to encourage students to become involved in technical careers, and are often structured without much of the liberal arts training that accompany traditional degrees. There's been a longstanding disagreement as to whether students should be funneled into specific and very narrow technical educational streams, or weather all students should be forced to obtain a more generalized education designed to move them toward undergraduate degrees and eventually to graduate degrees.

Although this disagreement has ragged for several generations, the effect of vocational training and for profit technical institutions cannot be denied. They have successfully moved a large segment  what career is right for me of the population into technical careers very successfully. However, in recent months the department of education has begun to take issue with the success of the schools because they cannot guarantee that their graduates will be able to meet income guidelines created to show the success of American education of dollars that are being spent for these programs. Vocational schools and secondary education are being cut across the nation in response to the economic downturn our society is currently facing, and this policy of the department of education. Rather than address the more complex issue of how we can meld traditional, and technical areas of education into a single educational system, federal funding to provide vocational training and technical education is being slashed by the Federal government.

At a time when the administration and the business community l recognize the need for a stronger commitment to technical education throughout the country, we are reducing the ability of students to obtain the education loans necessary to pay for their education because we have a fundamental disagreement as to whether there should be more general education in English, literature and the arts, and less a single minded focus on a narrow technical field. This seems to be an argument without merit since both have the single purpose of trying to educate the American public to be competitive in the marketplace of tomorrow. This is occurring at the same time that business analyst certification  a recent study has demonstrated that the effect of a college education benefits all students whether it is in their field, general education, or in a narrow technical area. Rather than building on that premise to encourage students across the country to pursue higher education, our focus has turned to the ability of students to repay the loans to banks as the single determining factor as to whether the education was useful. The standard being put forward by the department of education does just that.

It focuses their efforts on seeing that students can make enough money to repay the loans, rather than  used appliances houston  focusing on why education costs are rising so dramatically. Their focus is on making sure that students repay banks. With businesses making arguments that they need to import more foreign workers to meet the growing technical demand of high tech industry, we're forcing American students out of the educational system as we argue their ability to pay back a bank is the single determining factor as to the quality of their education. This would not be so absurd if it were not for another of movement that is taking place in grade schools around the country today.

For people who have money, there is a growing need for private preschools that are for profit in nature to prepare their children for the prestigious schools that select only a handful of American students each year. This for profit model for primary and secondary schools is becoming early childhood development  as popular in United States as it is abroad in countries such as Europe and Asia. Parents of wealth are quick to hand over as much as $40,000 a year to have their children placed in preparatory schools that will prepare them for prestigious colleges. Currently, a number of private investors are putting up as much as $200,000,000 to fund these types of for profit institutions. It is a growth industry that will find a burgeoning market place with in this country and abroad as the division between haves and have-nots in education continues to broaden.

These parents have little faith in the public education system in this country. They are putting their money, and their children in the hands of for profit institutions that they believe will make them better able to compete in the highly technical world of tomorrow. As Madison Avenue at the American banking system find a new profitable market, they will exploit it as fully and as completely as they have the traditional American education system, to the detriment of the larger society. Education in this country is becoming a tool of banks and the wealthy and not what was envisioned by the founding fathers or the many men and women who helped create this country over many generations. It is no longer serving the public need and  technical schools near me only looks to the needs of the wealthy, and the financial institutions whose profit motive is the single driving force for their existence.

While the rest of the world is adopting the American model of an educational system that is the envy of the world, we are abandoning that system to move toward one that cannot serve the nation or the society. If we continue down this road our nation will be forever looking to the educational systems of other countries to provide the technological expertise, and the innovative thinking that will move the world A+ certification training  and the society forward. In one breath the department of education for our nation is telling us that for profit institutions do not work and we must regarded with suspicion graduates at any college level from these institutions, while at the same time this same model is being instituted at grade schools and in elementary schools across the nation because there is a growing need for a better education system to meet the standards of tomorrow. However this growing need plus size shapewear excludes much of American Society. If we follow this path it will only the wealthy will receive an education in this country.