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healthyandfitness-diy · 5 years ago

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Smoking and Tuberculosis

Tobacco smoking is injurious to health! Almost every one of us is familiar with an important disclaimer and understands it is a critical massage about your health. However, in order to satiate the never-ending bad habit, most of the people tend to ignore this important life-saving signal. Both, active and passive smoking is leading to causes of preventable death globally. Prolonged smoking can put out you at risk of tuberculosis (TB). This so-called high-status activity and as wrongly advertised marketing gimmick, severely hit young and adults of both genders. There is nothing called as ‘healthy smoking’. Electronic cigarettes loaded with vaporized chemical substances also increase the risk of cancer. They cause a serious lung condition called ‘popcorn lung’.

Effect Of Tobacco Smoking On Lungs

Prolong smoking impairs the total immunity of the lung system.

· When the tobacco smoke enters the lungs, it causes the release of free radicals (cell-damaging agents) in the bloodstream that leads to oxidative stress and cellular imbalance in the lungs.

· Smoking damages the linings of alveolar sacs, thereby trapping both the oxygen and carbon dioxide gas within the lungs. The trapped gas severely affects the normal functioning of the lungs. Smoking damages the lungs, incapacitating the natural defense system of the organs. It hinders the ability of alveolar macrophages (defense cells of lungs) to stop the attacking infection.

· Free radicals hamper many metabolic processes. They reduce the production of nitric oxide synthesis (defense messengers), which are responsible for instructing alveolar macrophages to attack infectious microorganisms. Thus, it is rightly said ‘A smokers’ lung is a comfortable house for many infections’.

· All these events provide an ideal condition for deadly and opportunistic pathogens like Mycobacterium tuberculosisto multiply at rapid growth.

· Bronchiolitis obliterans (BO), informally known as popcorn lung, is a disease that results in obstruction of bronchioles, the smallest airways of the lungs due to inflammation, which is a favorable condition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

HOW TO QUIT SMOKING CIGARETTES HOME REMEDIES: 10 SELF-HELP TIPS TO STOP SMOKING !!!!

What is Tuberculosis?

Tuberculosis (TB) is an airborne, aerosol-transmitted infectious disease. It is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Lungs are its primary site of infection. Tuberculosis transpires usually when a person inhales microscopic droplets nuclei containing viable bacteria, spreads via sneezing, speaking, coughing, etc. from active TB patients.

Pulmonary TB happens when Mycobacterium tuberculosis precisely affects the lungs. Whereas TB infection spreading to the other organs such as kidney, brain, lymph, bones, spine, etc., is called as extrapulmonary TB.

Signs and Symptoms of Tuberculosis -

It is important to notice the early signs and symptoms which includes

• Cough for more than 3 weeks

• Chest pain

• Breathlessness

• Night sweats

• Low-grade Fever

• Coughing up blood

Latent Tuberculosis

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is an opportunistic pathogen. It can remain present in the respiratory tract of a healthy person for a long period of time. This bacterium colonizes the alveolar sacs (airbags present in lungs) and remains in an inactive state (latent form) it is a non-infectious state. It becomes active upon lowering of the host's immunity.

Bacterial Entry from Air

TB bacilli are omnipresent. The infection spreads through the air because TB disease primarily affects the lungs. The transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis can occur in spite of the minimum duration of exposure to infectious agents. TB bacilli can infect many people in densely crowded places like public transport settings, crowded slums, hospitals and clinics, schools and indoor workplaces.

A healthy, a non-tobacco smoking person is able to mount a strong immune response towards TB infection whereas the immune response of tobacco smoking person can severely struggle against attacking TB infection.

Prevention or Cure - Your Call!

The cornerstone of TB treatment is the regular dosage regimen of antibiotics against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Antibiotics are prescribed by the doctors according to the stage of TB infection and the level of infection.

Screening and Diagnosis

1. Tuberculin Skin Test (TST) and Interferon Gamma Release assay (IGRA) for Latent TB infection only.

• In TST, the forearm of the patient is injected with a purified protein derivative (PPD) solution. TB infected person will have redness and swelling around the injected area, which is an indicative of the presence of TB infection.

• In IGRA, the release of gamma interferon by white blood cells upon exposure to antigens derived from Mycobacterium tuberculosis indicates the presence of TB infection.

2. Imaging test

• Chest radiography X-rays are used to visualize lung abnormalities.

• Computed Tomography (CT) visualizes the lung abnormalities more efficiently than chest Radiology. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is the radiation-free alternative for the detection of TB.

3. Mycobacterium Growth Indicator Tube (MGIT) and Drug Susceptibility Testing (DST)

• MGIT technique is used to detect the presence and growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. DST resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis against the anti-TB drugs.

4. TB-PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) –

• It is a rapid molecular technique which uses DNA amplification for the detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

5. GeneXpert (Cartridge based nucleic acid amplification test) CBNAAT

• A molecular technique which rapidly and simultaneously detects Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Rifampicin resistance; a surrogate marker for MDR.

6. Line Probe Assay

• Multidrug resistance TB poses a potential threat to TB control due to its treatment challenges. Line probe assay is a novel technology for rapid detection of anti-TB drug resistance in the first line and second-line drugs.

Several studies report that 20% of the TB related cases are due to tobacco smoking. Therefore, better give a thought before you take a puff!

#Cigarette Smoking Causes Tuberculosis In Young And Adults https://healthyfit07.blogspot.com/2018/10/

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reportsandmarkets · 6 years ago

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Global Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Transport Market Global Industry Trends, Share, Size and 2025 Future Report

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Transport

Magnetic Resonance Imaging Transport is a specific apparatus that are manufactured with specific careand special skills, utilized to transport the MRI patients with great care. It is made up of no magneticmaterials as MRI consumes magnetic and radio waves. MRI is useful in detecting various acute diseasesand abnormalities inside the patient’s body.

Acce…

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#Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Transport Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Transport 2018 Report #Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Transport Industry #Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Transport Market #Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Transport market analysis #Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Transport Research Report

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rohinic123-blog · 5 years ago

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Diagnostic Radiopharmaceuticals & Contrast Media Market to be at Forefront by 2027

Diagnostic Radiopharmaceuticals & Contrast Media Market: Introduction

Diagnostic radiopharmaceuticals are molecules containing a drug attached with a radioisotope targeted toward a certain tissue/organ for diagnosis as well as treatment of diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and hyperthyroidism. Radiopharmaceuticals are being extensively used in a technique called molecular imaging as biomarkers for specific molecular procedures that determine the onset and/or growth of a disease.

Contrast media are used to improve the quality of medical imaging such as CT, PET/CT, MRI, and ultrasound. Their value has long been recognized by regular use in the radiology department across the world.

Planning To Lay Down Future Strategy? Request Brochure Of Diagnostic Radiopharmaceuticals & Contrast Media Market

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Key Drivers and Restraints of Global Diagnostic Radiopharmaceuticals & Contrast Media Market

Technological advances leading to efficient workflow would increase acceptance of contrast media

Technological advances is one of the major drivers of contrast media. Over the years, contrast media injectors have evolved significantly, right from manual injection systems to automated versions. Majority of the market players focus on developing efficient injectors with enhanced capabilities such as control on the flow of contrast media, in-built patient safety, and cost reduction.

Other factors include increased use of data management systems and ensuring appropriate dosage in sync with fast medical imaging scanners. These features enable efficient workflows, which leads to increased acceptance of these contrast media. Some of the current trends in the design and performance of the contrast media injectors include switch from single to dual head injectors and prefilled & syringe less injectors.

Rise in awareness about accurate diagnosis

Increase in incidence of cancer and cardiovascular diseases across the globe asserts the need of an efficient diagnostic procedure that is highly accurate as well as cost-effective. Molecular imaging procedures using radioisotopes are gaining popularity primarily due to the ease of administration and high accuracy.

Every day over 100,000 diagnostic procedures are performed globally using radiopharmaceuticals. The Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO) estimated that over 60 million doses of technetium-based radiopharmaceuticals alone were required globally for nuclear imaging and therapy in 2016.

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Strict regulatory guidelines for production, storage, and usage

Radioisotopes, by default, carry the stigma of radiation and its ill effects. The fear of radioactivity among patients as well as hospital authorities is likely to affect the rate of uptake of radiopharmaceuticals. Consequently, the regulatory guidelines for production, transport, and storage of these molecules are quite stringent, involving strict manufacturing guidelines, stern regulatory processes for FDA approvals, supply chain efficiency, and safety handling measures.

Additionally, the apprehensions involved with radiopharmaceutical exposure and overdose of radiation are the key factors restraining the market

Insulin Infusion Pumps Segment to Dominate Global Market

In terms of product type, the global diagnostic radiopharmaceuticals & contrast media market can be classified into technetium (Tc-99m), thallium (Tl-201), gallium (Ga-67), iodine (I-123), rhenium (Re-186), yttrium (Y-90), fluorine-18 (18F-FDG), rubidium (Rb-82), and others

Based on application, the global diagnostic radiopharmaceuticals & contrast media market can be categorized into radiology, interventional radiology, interventional cardiology, and others

In terms of procedure, the global diagnostic radiopharmaceuticals & contrast media market can be split into X-ray/CT, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ultrasound, and others

Based on end-user, the global diagnostic radiopharmaceuticals & contrast media market can be divided into hospitals, research & academic institutes, diagnostic imaging centers, and others

North America to Dominate Global Diagnostic Radiopharmaceuticals & Contrast Media Market

In terms of region, the global diagnostic radiopharmaceuticals & contrast media market can be segmented into North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, and Middle East & Africa

North America accounted for the largest share of the global diagnostic radiopharmaceuticals & contrast media market in 2018. Consistent technological advances and rigorous research & development initiatives resulting in development of novel and effective diagnostic radiopharmaceuticals & contrast media drive the market in the region. Moreover, increase in preference for early diagnosis of several chronic ailments such as cardiac disorders and cancer contributed to the growth of the diagnostic radiopharmaceuticals & contrast media market in North America and Europe.

Asia Pacific is expected to be the fastest growing market due to increase in research & development activities, rise in patient population, and surge in health care expenditure

Leading Players Operating in Global Diagnostic Radiopharmaceuticals & Contrast Media Market

The global diagnostic radiopharmaceuticals & contrast media market was highly fragmented in 2018. Key players operating in the global diagnostic radiopharmaceuticals & contrast media market are:

NTP Radioisotopes SOC Ltd.

Nordion, Inc.

Lantheus Medical Imaging, Inc.

IBA Group a.s.

Medtronic

Eckert & Ziegler

Advanced Accelerator Applications

Medtron AG

Bayer

Mallinckrodt Pharmaceuticals

Bracco Imaging S.p.A.

More Trending Reports by Transparency Market Research –

Digital Pathology Market –

https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2019/02/01/1709009/0/en/Digital-Pathology-Market-to-reach-more-than-US-900-Million-by-2026-TMR.html

Hepatitis Therapeutics Market –

https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2019/02/04/1709736/0/en/Hepatitis-Therapeutics-Market-to-touch-US-25-197-2-million-by-2026-TMR.html

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cancersfakianakis1 · 6 years ago

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The Effect of Neoadjuvant Androgen Deprivation Therapy on Tumor Hypoxia in High-Grade Prostate Cancer: An <sup>18</sup>F-MISO PET-MRI Study

Publication date: 15 November 2018

Source: International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics, Volume 102, Issue 4

Author(s): Ismini C. Mainta, Thomas Zilli, Jean-Christophe Tille, Thomas De Perrot, Jean-Paul Vallée, Franz Buchegger, Valentina Garibotto, Raymond Miralbell

Purpose

Tumor hypoxia is associated with radioresistance and poor prognosis after radiation therapy for prostate cancer (PCa). In this prospective pilot study, we assessed the ability of 18F-misonidazole (18F-MISO) positron emission tomography (PET)–magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to detect hypoxia in high-grade PCa patients who were candidates for curative radiation therapy, and we evaluated 18F-MISO PET-MRI modulation after 3 months of neoadjuvant androgen deprivation therapy (nADT).

Methods and Materials

Eleven PCa patients with a Gleason score (GS) ≥ 8 underwent 18F-fluorocholine (18F-FCH) PET–computed tomography at diagnosis and an 18F-MISO hybrid PET-MRI examination before nADT; a second 18F-MISO PET-MRI examination was acquired after 3 months of nADT for all patients but one who dropped out because of noncompliance with nADT. Immunohistochemistry for tissue hypoxia- and proliferation-related biomarkers (glucose transporter 1, carbonic anhydrase IX, vascular endothelial growth factor A, Ki-67, hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha, and epidermal growth factor receptor) was performed in lesions bearing the highest GS. We used nonparametric tests to assess (1) the presence of 18F-MISO–positive regions (tumor-to-background ratio [TBR] ≥ 1.4) at baseline; (2) the correlation between imaging parameters (PET tracer uptake, Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System [PIRADS] scores, and dynamic contrast enhancement perfusion markers) at baseline; (3) the difference in immunohistochemistry staining between 18F-MISO–positive and –negative lesions; and (4) the changes in 18F-MISO PET-MRI after nADT.

Results

Uptake of 18F-MISO was significant in 7 patients, being coincidental with the highest GS region in 5 of them. A significant correlation was found at baseline between GS and 18F-MISO TBR, between 18F-MISO TBR and MRI perfusion markers, between GS and 18F-FCH maximum standardized uptake value, between GS and PIRADS score, and between 18F-FCH maximum standardized uptake value and PIRADS score. No difference was found between 18F-MISO–positive and –negative biopsy specimens with respect to tissue biomarkers. The TBR of 18F-MISO diminished significantly after nADT only in high-grade lesions and in regions with a significant uptake at baseline.

Conclusions

PET imaging with 18F-MISO showed variable uptake in PCa, associated with a higher GS, lowering significantly after 3 months of nADT in high-grade lesions. These results suggest the existence of a hypoxic microenvironment in PCa and a reoxygenation effect of nADT.

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#Oncology-Sfakianakis

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newmarketresearch1 · 6 years ago

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Rare Earth Metals Market - Global Industry Insights, Trends, Outlook, and Opportunity Analysis, 2018–2026

Rare earth metals are a group of seventeen metallic elements, including fifteen lanthanides, with atomic numbers 57 (lanthanum, La) to 71 (lutetium, Lu), together with yttrium (Y, atomic number 39) and scandium (Sc, atomic number 21). Cerium oxide, an abundantly found rare earth metal, is used as a catalyst in catalytic converters and various metal alloys to reduce emission in automotive exhaust system. Rare earth metals enhance the efficiency of industrial processes such as catalytic cracking, chemical catalysis, glass manufacturing, automotive emission control, energy storage, energy efficient electrical motors, manufacturing lighter and less brittle steel alloys, energy efficient fluorescent lamps acoustic devices, and military and defense electronics.

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These metals are also used in positron emission tomography (PET) scan, magnetic resonance imagery (MRI) contrast agents, x-ray tubes, nuclear medicine imaging, and portable x-ray machines, for application in genetic screening tests, medical cancer treatment applications, and dental lasers. Rare earth metals have unique luminescent, magnetic, and electrochemical properties, exhibiting reduced emissions, weight, and energy consumption, due to which they are increasingly being used in advanced technologies.

Scandium is primarily used to strengthen metal compounds for various industrial purposes. Yttrium is a non-lanthanide, which in used in superconductors, powerful pulsed lasers, cancer treatment drugs, rheumatoid arthritis medicines, and surgical supplies, among others. Increasing prevalence of such cancer and rheumatoid arthritis is in turn, increasing demand for rare earth metals. Lanthanum finds it application in wastewater treatment, petroleum refining, camera, and telescope lenses. While, praseodymium is used in the manufacturing of aircraft engines and in flint for starting fires. Increasing demand for air transportation due to growing population is expected to increase demand for praseodymium, which are used to manufacture aircraft.

Rare Earth Metals Market Outlook – Increasing Demand for Recyclable and Environment Friendly Materials to be the Major Market Driver

The market in Asia Pacific is expected to witness rapid growth over the forecast period. According to The Wall Street Journal, China produces around 90% share of the total rare earth metals globally. The growth of the market in this region is thus attributed to high number of rare earth metal resources found in countries such as China and India. In India, the production of rare earth metals is under the control of the Indian Rare Earths Limited (IREL), a governmental undertaking under the administrative control of the department of Atomic Energy. According to Scientific American, India is authorizing a plant to produce up to 5,000 tons of rare earth metals per year, which would help India to contribute around 5 percent to the global supply of the rare earth metals.

Increasing demand for renewable energy such as hybrid automobiles, next generation rechargeable batteries, wind turbines, and biofuel catalysts are expected to boost growth of the rare earth metals market, which are used in such application. However, fluctuating prices of these metals, use of alternative substances, and challenging mining of metals due to their unusual concentrations, are expected to restrain growth of the rare earth metal market.

Major companies operating in the global rare earth metals market include Lynas Corporation, Avalon Rare Metals Inc, Greenland Minerals and Energy, Iluka Resources Ltd., Alkane Resources Limited, Rock Tech Lithium Inc., Artemis Resources Limited, and Great Western Minerals Group.

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xspectro · 8 years ago

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How holograms are revolutionizing the world

We're all fascinated by holograms or at least the promise of what they can do. Think the famous Princess Leia projection in Star Wars; holographic fashion shows in New York, Hamburg and Beijing; the massive success of synthetic pop star Hatsune Miku in Japan, or recent reports of holographic politicians in France.

Technically, all of these are misrepresentations of holography – either special cinematic effects, video projections onto water and smoke, or a hi-tech version of an old Victorian stage trick called Pepper's Ghost. But holograms are big business. It is suggested that by 2020 the market for genuine, display holograms will be worth US$5.5 billion – so how are they impacting society? Here are five of the most incredible ways they are being used.

Military Mapping

Geographic intelligence is an essential part of military strategy and fully dimensional holographic images are being used to improve reconnaissance. One American company has delivered over 13,000 3-D holographic maps of "battle-spaces" for the US army. This allows soldiers to view three-dimensional terrain, look "around" corners and helps with mission training.

The company does this by taking complex computerised image data, which they make into a holographic sheet. Not only can users "look into" the high quality 3-D image of the terrain stored in the hologram sheet, but the technology is simple to use and can be rolled up for easy storage and transportation. It all sounds very Star Wars, but the maps are also useful in disaster evacuation and rescue scenarios.

Being able to "unroll" an accurate 3-D holographic image of new terrain clearly offers strategic advantages, but such technologies also generally filter down to wider society. Perhaps we can expect flexible 3-D Google Maps at some point. Information Storage

We now generate huge amounts of data. Digital storage capacity increases (and becomes cheaper) every year and we have an insatiable desire to store our data and keep it for a lifetime. Just think about your own computer and the hundreds of gigabytes of information it can store, from family photos to videos and documents. Now consider your storage disc – and everyone else's – being corrupted and the vast losses involved. All very timely, given the recent WannaCry ransomware attack, which affected 150 countries.

A holographic image is stunningly realistic because the recording process stores all of the information about the light reflected from the recorded subject. That is a massive amount of information.

But holograms don't have to record information about a visual object – they can also record pure data, pages and pages of it. This means that holograms can, potentially, store unthinkable amounts of information. Not only can the prototype systems store 4.4m individual pages of information on a disc similar to a DVD, but they offer long-term security, too.

If you make an optical hologram of a page of information and then smash it, for example, you can reconstruct it from any of the pieces. This makes holographic data storage extremely reliable. Unlike CDs and DVDs, which store their data on the disc's surface, holograms store data in three dimensions and those pages can overlap in the storage space.

Researchers have been suggesting the possibilities of holographic data storage for over 50 years and it looks like they are getting closer to a usable system. Indeed, as computing begins to be based on light (photons), rather than electricity (electrons), holographic storage could one day be the storage solution of choice.

Medical

Holography could also revolutionise medicine, as a tool for visualising patient data while training students and surgeons. Many medical systems generate complex data using advanced imaging technology, such as Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and ultrasound scans. Normally, that electronic information is used to display a flat image on a computer screen, but it can also be used to produce full colour, computer-generated 3-D holographic images.

A company in Scotland has been successful in using this kind of data to produce 3-D images for training and display. The advantage here, as with all "real" holograms, is that no special viewing devices, or glasses, are needed. Students and doctors can simply "look", unhindered, at the three-dimensional images.

Storing several different images in the same hologram means that the viewer can move around the display, allowing them to examine different organs or body parts. To date, the company has produced 3-D holographic images of structures including the brain, liver, lungs, heart, skeleton, vascular system, nerves and muscles.

This may appear to be the stuff of science fiction but a commercial industry is now rapidly growing around these technologies.

Fraud and Security

Holograms are complex optical devices and difficult to make, which gives them an incredible advantage in the commercial security market.

You probably have a security hologram in your pocket at the moment. That small silver rectangle of a dove on your credit card is a white-light, mirror-backed, transmission hologram. It displays a three-dimensional image which is visible as you move from side to side, and changes colour as you tilt your card up and down. It's very easy to manufacture en masse – but also extremely difficult to forge.

Bank notes have also championed the use of secure holograms. The reflective strip on the new UK polymer £5 bank note contains an image of Big Ben and uses holography to produce a set of changing colours as you tilt the note, as well as a 3-D image of the coronation crown, which can be seen "floating" above it.

If you like a tipple and want to be sure you are drinking the "real deal", winemakers in South Africa are also adding holographic labels to their bottles to reassure buyers that they contain vintage wine rather than a less delicious counterfeit.

Art

Artists became involved with holography almost as soon as it became a practical optical process. In the UK, Margaret Benyon, the "mother" of British creative holography, managed to secure access to complex and expensive holographic recording equipment as early as 1968, on an arts fellowship in the mechanical engineering department at Nottingham University. Much of what she discovered there laid the groundwork for her interest in the critical discussion around the process and its use by artists. She eventually submitted a doctoral thesis, which questioned and investigated the "Art of Holography".

Around the world, there are pioneering artists using the three-dimensional recording opportunities of holograms to bend and cut space; construct multiple, visually solid, objects in the same volume; combine collections of still images or video to produce animated 3-D works, and to sculpt pure light.

Most recently, a show of creative holography took place in central London; an international selection of artists are currently contributing work to an exhibition on Governors Island, New York, which runs over the summer; and artists from Italy, Canada, the UK and US have been selected for an exhibition utilising holography and media arts in Santa Fe, New Mexico in June. During 2018, an academic symposium in Portugal for artists and scientists, wanting to discuss the progress of holographic art and technology will take place.

We think of holography as something that jumps out and pokes us in the eye, but a great deal of work and research is actually quietly taking place in labs and studios around the world. What's more, the applications are changing lives, saving lives and stimulating creative and intellectual discussion.

The future is bright – the future might just be holographic.

Source: The Conversation

#the conversation #holograms

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healthyandfitness-diy · 6 years ago

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via HEALTHY AND FITNESS https://ift.tt/2OIurvS

Smoking and Tuberculosis

Tobacco smoking is injurious to health! Almost every one of us is familiar with important disclaimer and understands it is critical massage about your health. However, in order to satiate the never-ending bad habit most of the people tend to ignore this important life saving signal. Both, active and passive smoking is leading to causes of preventable death globally. Prolonged smoking can put out you at risk of tuberculosis (TB). This so called high status activity and as wrongly advertised marketing gimmick, severely hit young and adults of both genders. There is nothing called as ‘healthy smoking’. Electronic cigarettes loaded with vaporized chemical substances also increase the risk of cancer. They cause a serious lung condition called ‘pop corn lung’.

Effect Of Tobacco Smoking On Lungs

Prolong smoking impairs total immunity of the lung system.

· When the tobacco smoke enters the lungs, it causes the release of free radicals (cell damaging agents) in the bloodstream that leads to oxidative stress and cellular imbalance in lungs.

· Smoking damages the linings of alveolar sacs, thereby trapping both the oxygen and carbon dioxide gas within the lungs. The trapped gas severely affects the normal functioning of lungs. Smoking damages the lungs, incapacitating the natural defense system of the organs. It hinders the ability of alveolar macrophages (defense cells of lungs) to stop the attacking infection.

· Free radicals hamper many metabolic processes. They reduce the production of nitric oxide synthesis (defense messengers), which are responsible for instructing alveolar macrophage to attack infectious microorganisms. Thus, it is rightly said ‘A smokers’ lung is comfortable house for many infections’.

· All these events provide an ideal condition for deadly and opportunistic pathogens like Mycobacterium tuberculosisto multiply at rapid growth.

· Bronchiolitis obliterans (BO), informally known as pop corn lung, is a disease that results in obstruction of bronchioles, the smallest airways of the lungs due to inflammation, which is a favorable condition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

HOW TO QUIT SMOKING CIGARETTES HOME REMEDIES: 10 SELF-HELP TIPS TO STOP SMOKING !!!!

What is Tuberculosis?

Signs and Symptoms of Tuberculosis -

It is important to notice the early signs and symptoms which includes

• Cough for more than 3 weeks

• Chest pain

• Breathlessness

• Night sweats

• Low grade Fever

• Coughing up blood

Latent Tuberculosis

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is an opportunistic pathogen. It can remain present in the respiratory tract of a healthy person for a long period of time. This bacterium colonizes the alveolar sacs (air bags present in lungs) and remains in an inactive state (latent form) it is non-infectious state. It becomes active upon lowering of the host's immunity.

Bacterial Entry from Air

TB bacilli are omnipresent. Infection spreads through air because TB disease primarily affects the lungs. The transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis can occur in spite of minimum duration of exposure to infectious agents. TB bacilli can infect many people in densely crowded places like public transport settings, crowded slums, hospital and clinics, schools and indoor workplaces.

A healthy, non-tobacco smoking person is able to mount a strong immune response towards TB infection whereas the immune response of tobacco smoking person can severely struggle against attacking TB infection.

Prevention or Cure - Your Call!

Screening and Diagnosis

1. Tuberculin Skin Test (TST) and Interferon Gamma Release assay (IGRA) for Latent TB infection only.

• In TST, forearm of the patient is injected with purified protein derivative (PPD) solution. TB infected person will have redness and swelling around the injected area, which is an indicative of the presence of TB infection.

• In IGRA, the release of gamma interferon by white blood cells upon exposure to antigens derived from Mycobacterium tuberculosis indicates the presence of TB infection.

2. Imaging test

• Chest radiography X-rays are used to visualize lung abnormalities.

• Computed Tomography (CT) visualizes the lung abnormalities more efficiently than chest Radiology. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is the radiation free alternative for detection of TB.

3. Mycobacterium Growth Indicator Tube (MGIT) and Drug Susceptibility Testing (DST)

• MGIT technique is used to detect the presence and growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. DST resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis against the anti-TB drugs.

4. TB-PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) –

• It is a rapid molecular technique which uses DNA amplification for the detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

5. GeneXpert (Cartridge based nucleic acid amplification test) CBNAAT

• A molecular technique which rapidly and simultaneously detects Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Rifampicin resistance; surrogate marker for MDR.

6. Line Probe Assay

Several studies report that 20% of the TB related cases are due to tobacco smoking. Therefore, better give a thought before you take a puff!

#Cigarette Smoking Causes Tuberculosis In Young And Adults https://healthyfit07.blogspot.com/2018/10/

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newmarketresearch1 · 7 years ago

Text

Rare Earth Metals Market - Global Industry Insights, Trends, Outlook, and Opportunity Analysis, 2018–2024

Request For Sample Copy of this Research Report :

https://www.coherentmarketinsights.com/insight/request-sample/293

Rare Earth Metals Market Outlook – Increasing Demand for Recyclable and Environment Friendly Materials to be the Major Market Driver

For More Information:

https://www.coherentmarketinsights.com/ongoing-insight/rare-earth-metals-market-293

About Coherent Market Insights:

Mr. Shah Coherent Market Insights 1001 4th Ave, #3200 Seattle, WA 98154 Tel: +1-206-701-6702 Email: [email protected]

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