#Kīlauea volcan

[aestum]

(by USGS)

[rock-swag-tournament]

Rock Swag Tournament Round 1: Igneous Rocks Part 11

Tuff is an igneous rock...or maybe a sedimentary rock based on who you ask! It is made of lithified volcanic ash (lithification is the process by which particles of stuff become rock, and volcanic ash is sand grain-sized pieces of ejected volcanic matter).

Tuff generally also has pieces of all kinds of other stuff, as well. As long as stuff that is 2 mm or smaller makes up 75% of the rock, it will be considered tuff. Anything less than 75% volcanic ash, and the rock is described as "tuffaceous."

Fun fact: the Moai on Rapa Nui (Easter Island) are made of tuff! Also, according to one submitter, "this is one of the few volcanic rocks that can be made into a really lovely paint. Specifically a vaguely purplish gray" COOL!

Ignimbrite could be considered a type of tuff, but it is more specifically a rock formed from a pyroclastic flow deposit. Pyroclastic flows are one of the deadliest geological phenomena as they are burning hot clouds of gas and debris that race down the sides of volcanoes during some eruptions!

Ignimbrites can have more and larger pieces of volcanic debris, but they could also simply be tuffs that have welded due to the high heat from an eruption. Ignimbrites also may contain fiamme, which are "flame-shaped" lapilli (volcanic tephra or debris between 2 and 64 mm big) that have been flattened or sheared during deposition.

More on pyroclastic flows under the cut, because they are fascinating in that they are dangerous and I must talk about them.

Pyroclastic flows are blisteringly hot and terrifyingly fast clouds of volcanic gas and assorted tephra: volcanic material that can include ash (particles less than 2 mm), lapilli (between 2 and 64 mm), and blocks and bombs (greater than 64 mm).

They flow (violently rocket) down the side of volcanoes after explosive eruptions. You generally don't have to worry about pyroclastic flows on Kīlauea any time soon because those eruptions are mostly lava flows (which you can usually outrun). However, some of the most famous volcanic eruptions from recorded human history--Mount St. Helens in 1980, Krakatoa in 1883, and Vesuvius in 79 CE--were accompanied by pyroclastic flows.

Pyroclastic flows can be triggered a number of ways. Some examples are lava domes collapsing and causing an avalanche of sorts, part of the volcano exploding or collapsing in one direction (like Mount St. Helens), or the plume of debris and gas that is shot vertically into the air during an eruption collapsing back down to the surface (like Mount Vesuvius).

There is no outrunning a pyroclastic flow. They flow down the side of volcanoes and across the surrounding landscape at typical speeds upwards of 80 km/h (50 mph), but they can reach speeds of several hundred km/h. These clouds of debris are also several hundred degrees Celsius. You do not survive a pyroclastic flow!

If you would like to see what one of these looks like, I have two videos. Please be warned that because pyroclastic flows are so deadly, one of these two videos discusses deaths related to a specific eruption.

This video is from a documentary (I do not know the name of the film) and the beginning shows the genesis of the pyroclastic flow: the lava dome collapses and causes an avalanche. The pyroclastic flow then moves along a stream valley and close to a nearby town. CW: This video mentions the number of deaths directly related to this eruption and pyroclastic flow. There is footage of a vehicle and a person fleeing the pyroclastic flow, but the town they are in is are far enough away that the pyroclastic flow does not reach their location, and they survive. The potentially triggering part of the video begins at 0:24.

This video shows a pyroclastic flow going into the ocean. CW: As far as I can see, there are no people or animals in the path of the pyroclastic flow in this video and so there are presumably no deaths associated with this eruption.

[fraryguitar]

Old Sol, the Pacific ocean and Volcanic haze from Kīlauea. 

[dayseternal-blog]

Omg only heard now about the ongoing volcano eruption in Hawaii, hope you and your loved ones are safe and sound 🫂

It’s big news! Very exciting. And it’s on a different island (the youngest- Hawaiʻi / the Big Island) from me (Oʻahu, where the capitol city is), so my family and I are not in any danger unless if like the wind were to aggressively blow lots of vog and Pele's hair (strands of volcanic glass) this direction.

It's been close to 40 years since Mauna Loa last erupted! And so, yeah, in my lifetime, Mauna Loa has never erupted. Kīlauea (also the Big Island) erupts fairly regularly, so it's not exactly eruptions that are the big news. It's that Mauna Loa hasn't erupted in so long. Also that Mauna Loa is kind of in the middle of the island nearer to towns, while Kīlauea is more on the side, closer to the coast. People also been saying that Mauna Loa is the biggest volcano in the world? I wasn't aware of that.

It's definitely dangerous for Big Island residents if lava flow changes direction. Also the Pele's hair is a concern. Apparently that stuff really just blows around. Scientists and such seem to be closely monitoring Mauna Loa's activity. I just read right now that the volcanic eruption will continue for some time still because there's still tremors going on underground, meaning that magma is still being supplied to the vent. But people have no sense of fear because they go lining up along the nearest roads to take pictures of the lava flow!

Thank you for your concern! It seems like so far things are going okay over there. The only thing in danger of getting covered by lava at this point is a highway.

[ccindecision]

Famous Volcanic Eruptions That Shook the Earth

Famous Volcanic Eruptions That Shook the World

Have you ever wondered about those powerful volcanic eruptions that made headlines and changed the course of history? From the devastating to the awe-inspiring, these volcanic events left an indelible mark on our planet and its inhabitants.

Tambora's Deadly Dance (1815)

Imagine an eruption so massive it unleashed a "volcanic winter" that darkened the skies and sent temperatures plummeting. That's Mount Tambora in Indonesia in 1815. Its cataclysmic eruption killed an estimated 120,000 people and caused widespread chaos and famine.

Krakatoa's Thunderous Roar (1883)

Picture the sound of a megaphone turned up to 11. That's how loud the eruption of Krakatoa was. Its thunderous roar echoed across the ocean, creating tsunamis that killed countless people. The ash cloud it sent up circled the globe, casting a shadow over the world.

Pinatubo's Ashy Legacy (1991)

Prepare yourself for the second-largest volcanic eruption of the 20th century: Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines. Its eruption in 1991 churned out a colossal ash plume that spread across Southeast Asia like a dusty blanket. While many were evacuated, the ash still caused major damage to infrastructure and agriculture.

Mount St. Helens' Iconic Fury (1980)

Mount St. Helens in the United States erupted in 1980, releasing a torrent of superheated gas and ash that raced down its slopes. The result? A devastating pyroclastic flow that obliterated everything in its path. 57 people lost their lives, and Washington State's landscape was forever transformed.

Laki's Toxic Cloud (1783)

In Iceland in 1783, the Laki volcano erupted for eight long months. It wasn't the lava that was the problem, it was the toxic cloud of sulfur dioxide it spewed out. This cloud spread across Europe, poisoning crops, livestock, and killing over 25% of Iceland's population. It was a volcanic tragedy that left a deep scar on the continent.

Did you know that Kīlauea is one of the most active volcanoes on Earth? Discover more about this and other famous volcanoes around the world. Check out Famous Volcanoes.

What were the deadliest volcanic eruptions in history?

Volcanoes, towering over the Earth like fiery giants, have unleashed their fury throughout history, leaving an unforgiving mark on human existence. These cataclysmic events have claimed countless lives and forever changed the landscape of our planet.

Unveiling the Most Devastating Volcanic Eruptions

1. Mount Tambora, Indonesia (1815): In 1815, Mount Tambora erupted with unparalleled violence, spewing ash and pumice into the atmosphere. This colossal eruption triggered a "volcanic winter," cooling the Earth's surface for years and plunging the world into darkness. The death toll from Tambora's wrath is estimated at a staggering 100,000 souls.

2. Krakatoa, Indonesia (1883): Krakatoa, the infamous volcanic island, exploded with an earth-shaking roar in 1883. The thunderous explosion reverberated around the globe, generating deadly tsunamis that swept away coastal communities. Ash from the eruption reached distant lands, and the death toll soared to over 36,000.

3. Mount Pelée, Martinique (1902): The slopes of Mount Pelée on the Caribbean island of Martinique witnessed a fiery spectacle in 1902. A pyroclastic surge, a deadly cloud of superheated gas and ash, surged down the volcano's flanks, engulfing the town of Saint-Pierre. In a matter of minutes, over 30,000 lives were incinerated.

4. Nevado del Ruiz, Colombia (1985): The eruption of Nevado del Ruiz in Colombia unleashed a devastating lahar, a volcanic mudflow. The lahar raced down mountain slopes, burying the city of Armero under a suffocating blanket of mud. The tragedy claimed the lives of an estimated 25,000 people.

5. Mount Pinatubo, Philippines (1991): Mount Pinatubo, located in the Philippines, erupted in 1991 with explosive force. The second-largest volcanic eruption of the 20th century, Pinatubo spewed ash and aerosols into the atmosphere, disrupting global climate patterns. The eruption caused widespread damage and forced the evacuation of thousands of people.

These volcanic eruptions stand as a chilling testament to nature's raw power. They have reshaped landscapes, claimed countless lives, and left an enduring mark on human history.

How Volcanic Eruptions Affect Climate and Ecosystems

Volcanic eruptions, nature's grand explosions, don't just light up the night sky with fiery displays. They also pack a powerful punch that can ripple through our planet's climate and ecosystems. It's like a cosmic wake-up call that reminds us of Earth's explosive past and its potential to change in the future.

The Climate Connection

Volcanic eruptions have a knack for messing with our weather moods. When these giants erupt, they spew out a blend of gases, ash, and tiny particles called aerosols. These airborne travelers can float hundreds of miles into the atmosphere, where they can stay for years.

Aerosols, especially sulfate aerosols, have a special talent—they reflect sunlight like mirrors. So, when there's a lot of aerosol in the air, less sunlight reaches Earth's surface, making it cooler. It's like they're putting a huge sunscreen on our planet.

This cooling effect is what scientists lovingly call "volcanic winter." It's not quite a full-blown ice age, but it can send temperatures tumbling for years or even decades. The most famous volcanic winter was sparked by the 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora in Indonesia, which led to a global temperature drop of about 0.9°F.

But here's the twist: volcanic eruptions also release gases like carbon dioxide, which trap heat in the atmosphere, making the planet warmer. However, this warming effect tends to be less intense than the cooling caused by aerosols. It's like a warm blanket competing with a chilly breeze.

The Ecosystem Impact

Volcanic eruptions can wreak havoc on ecosystems, turning once-thriving landscapes into disaster zones. Pyroclastic flows, fiery streams of volcanic ash and gas, race down the mountainside, incinerating everything in their path. Lahars, destructive mudflows made of volcanic ash and debris, can also carve paths of destruction.

Not only do these events destroy habitats, but they also can wipe out entire populations of wildlife. The volcanic ash that falls from the sky can coat plants, blocking sunlight and making it harder for them to grow. It can also clog waterways, making water sources unusable for plants and animals alike.

A Case Study: Mount Tambora's Fury

In 1815, Mount Tambora in Indonesia unleashed a catastrophic eruption that shook the world. The effects of this volcanic giant were felt far and wide:

Climate: The eruption sent so much sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere that it triggered a volcanic winter, dropping global temperatures by 0.5°C for several years.

Ecosystem: The surrounding area was devastated by pyroclastic flows and lahars, destroying habitats and killing countless animals.

Conclusion

Volcanic eruptions, as magnificent as they may be, serve as a reminder of the delicate balance of our planet. They have the power to shape our climate and ecosystems, leaving lasting impacts on our world. However, while these eruptions can bring challenges, they also offer opportunities for scientists to study Earth's dynamic nature and prepare for future events.

What are the Warning Signs of an Impending Volcanic Eruption?

In the lead-up to a volcanic eruption, a series of telltale signs may unfold, giving us clues that nature's fiery giant is stirring beneath the Earth's surface. Here's a closer look at the common warning signs to watch out for:

Ground Rumblings

The ground beneath your feet starts to tremble with a continuous vibration. This "volcanic tremor" signals the movement of fluids or magma deep within the volcano. In some cases, you might also hear a rhythmic pulsing sound called "harmonic tremor," indicating that fluids or magma are ascending towards the surface.

Earthly Shape-Shifts

If the ground around the volcano starts to bulge or dip, it's a sign that the mountain's shape is changing. This deformation could be triggered by the movement or buildup of magma, creating pressure changes within the volcano.

Heat Wave Warning

The volcano may start to emanate heat like a glowing ember. You might notice increased thermal anomalies on the surface, indicating heightened heat flow from below.

The Smell of the Wild

Volcanoes release a signature scent, thanks to the gases they emit. Sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen sulfide can fill the air, signaling that volcanic activity is ramping up. Changes in the composition of these gases, such as an increase in the ratio of sulfur dioxide to carbon dioxide, can further indicate an impending eruption.

Shaking it Up

Seismic activity around the volcano intensifies. Earthquakes become more frequent and stronger, and volcanic tremors surge. Sometimes, you may witness seismic wave patterns changing, with an increase in high-frequency earthquakes. Swarms of earthquakes, where numerous tremors occur in a short span of time, are also a cause for concern.

Nature's Animal Alerts

Animals in the vicinity of the volcano may exhibit unusual behaviors. Increased agitation, restlessness, or a sudden migration away from the area can signal their heightened awareness of impending danger.

Withering Greens

The vegetation around the volcano may show signs of distress. Plants may wilt, shrivel, or die, affected by the volatile gases and changes in the environment.

Water Watch

FAQ

Q1: What are the three largest volcanic eruptions in recorded history?

A1: The three largest volcanic eruptions in recorded history are:

Mount Tambora, Indonesia (1815)

Krakatoa, Indonesia (1883)

Mount Pinatubo, Philippines (1991)

Q2: What was the deadliest volcanic eruption in history?

A2: The deadliest volcanic eruption in history was the 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora in Indonesia, which killed an estimated 71,000 people.

Q3: What are the most common types of volcanic eruptions?

A3: The most common types of volcanic eruptions are:

Effusive eruptions: These eruptions produce lava flows that spread out over the ground.

Explosive eruptions: These eruptions produce ash, pumice, and other pyroclastic materials that are ejected into the atmosphere.

Q4: What are the signs that a volcano is about to erupt?

A4: Some of the signs that a volcano is about to erupt include:

Increased seismic activity

Ground deformation

Changes in gas emissions

Increased temperature

Q5: What are the effects of volcanic eruptions?

A5: Volcanic eruptions can have a wide range of effects, including:

Destruction of property and infrastructure

Loss of life

Climate change

Economic disruption

[curatedglobaltravel]

Why Hawaii is the Ultimate Spring Break Haven for Adults

INTO YOUR ELEMENT

FOUR REASONS WHY HAWAII IS THE PERFECT ADULT SPRING BREAK DESTINATION

If spring is nature's celebration of life, then Hawaii is earth's greatest luau. There are few places on this planet that the four elements — air, fire, water, and earth — are on such spectacular display. Spring is our annual reminder that the natural world always finds the perfect balance, and after the last year, you're likely feeling ready to get back into your element. My recommendation? A well-deserved Hawaiian spring break to make your aloha spirit soar. Travel is for the young at heart, and below are four elemental reasons why you should consider a grown-up spring break escape to Hawaii. This adventure is easier than you may think: simply get in touch with me and get pre-tested before you fly (a requirement of all travelers to Hawaii). You deserve unparalleled travel experiences, and I look forward to helping you travel safely and exceptionally to your island of choice when you're ready.

THE ELEMENT OF AIR

CHARTER A HELICOPTER TO EXPERIENCE KAUAI FROM SUCH GREAT HEIGHTS

Hawaii exists for endless exploration, and when you climb aboard a chartered helicopter, your access is granted to go just about anywhere you desire. With spectacular coastlines and amazing green, black, and white sand beaches, stunning valleys, dramatic volcanoes, and so much more — you certainly have options. You won't be disappointed seeing any island from a bird's eye view, but Kauai by helicopter is not to be missed. Your jaw will drop at your first sight of the Garden Isle's Nā Pali Coast and the "Grand Canyon of the Pacific" at Waimea. Consider indulging in an exclusive remote landing to treat yourself to a gourmet picnic overlooking lush, tropical valleys and waterfalls. Where to stay on Kauai:  Treat yourself to a 5-star bungalow, cottage or villa at The Lodge at Kukui’ula. Kauai's quarantine requirement is anticipated to lift by early April, meaning now is the perfect time to get in touch to plan your upcoming island adventure.

THE ELEMENT OF FIRE

DISCOVER HAWAII VOLCANOES NATIONAL PARK ON THE BIG ISLAND

It's remarkable how climatically diverse The Big Island is — from snow-capped peaks to lush rainforests and staggering sea cliffs — and then there's Kilauea, the world’s most active volcano. This is an island you have to see to believe.  Hawaii has literally emerged from the ocean, and we have millions of years of volcanic activity to thank for its creation. A visit to Hawaii Volcanoes National Park is practically a mandatory experience -— and with the current ongoing eruption of Kīlauea Volcano creating a growing lava lake, now is an exhilarating time to visit! One way to get up close (but not too close!) is on a guided hike. You can also experience a private boat tour where you'll marvel as molten lava cascades into the ocean like a fiery waterfall. Where to stay on the Big Island:  Experience aloha at the newly opened Mauna Lani, an Auberge Resort. (Bonus: it's Sharecare VERIFIED™). Receive privileged access to complimentary upgrades, early check-in/late check-out, daily breakfast for two, $100 spa credit, wifi, and more.

THE ELEMENT OF WATER

GO WITH THE EBB & FLOW ON MAUI

Like the tide gently enticing the waves back into the ocean, you won't be able to resist the draw of Maui. With its cobalt blue waters and breathtaking beaches, Maui is picture-perfect, yet photos never seem to do it enough justice.  Spend a leisurely day splitting your time between swimming in the resort's infinity pool and dipping into the warm ocean waters. Snorkel or scuba dive with sea turtles and spinner dolphins amongst gorgeous reefs in the crystal clear waters of nearby Molokini. Spy humpback whales breaching the surface during their annual migration (November - May), or take in the heavenly island views on a ferry trip to Lanai. Drive the winding and super scenic coastal Road to Hana. And don't mind the occasional rain showers — in Maui, it's safe to assume a vibrant rainbow will greet you around every breathtaking bend in the road. Where to stay on Maui:  Andaz Maui at Wailea Resort is situated on Maui's premier southwestern coastline along Mokapu Beach. Private perks include complimentary upgrades, early check-in/late check-out, daily breakfast for two, $100 spa credit, wifi, and more.

THE ELEMENT OF EARTH

GET GROUNDED ON LANAI

Mother Nature puts on quite a show on the secluded Hawaiian island of Lanai. With 90,000 acres of pristine beauty to explore, consider horseback riding along peaceful trails, off-roading to remote beaches, and marveling at the island's otherworldly rock formations. A surprise to many, you're more likely to find pine forests in Lanai than white sand beaches dotted with palm trees. Drier than its neighboring islands, Lanai's landscapes are strikingly beautiful and rooted in mystery. Where to stay on Lanai: Indulge at Sensei Lanai, a Four Seasons Resort. This luxurious wellness enclave is set amongst lush gardens and impeccable sculptural art. The opportunities for reconnection are endless, and you'll be pampered with private perks including complimentary round-trip airfare from Honolulu on Lanai Air, upgrades, early check-in/late check-out, daily breakfast for two, $100 spa credit, wifi, and more.

CONTACT US NOW TO BOOK YOUR NEXT GETAWAY

[frankiesmeow-blog]

Last month I was fortunate enough to finally make a pilgrimage to The Volcano National Park in Hawaii.

Mauna Loa was unfortunately inaccessible due to recent volcanic activity, and mostly shrouded in clouds due to the on and off rain that is typical in the Winter months, so no chance to see her, but that did mean I got to spend my whole visit on Kīlauea.

Imagine me, life long lover of volcanos, staring into the maw of the most active volcano on earth and absolutely melting with happiness.

Imagine me, having waited 25 years to visit this sacred place, traversing the rim to touch the earth and smell the fumes and bear witness to a literal rainbow developing in the caldera not even 100 feet in front of my face.

Imagine me, misty eyed as I wander through the visitors center and art museum and Volcano House. Imagine me basking in the glory of the power of the Earth.

Now imagine all of this to the soundtrack of a 12 year old boy singing the Jurassic Park main theme. On repeat. For three hours.

I have genuinely never experienced something so unique in my life. Every where I went across the entirety of VNP, five notes from the theme song of a movie about dinosaurs followed me.

Reading plaques about the creation of the Hawaiian islands?

~ doo doo doo doo doo ~

Crossing the street?

a distant ~ doo doo doo doo doo ~

Pondering merchandise in three different gift shops?

~ doo doo doo doo doo ~

Standing in the rain to look out across the island?

~ doo doo doo doo doo ~

Listening to a tour guide discuss the importance of Pele to the native Hawaiians?

~ doo doo doo doo doo ~

For three hours I experienced my own personal soundtrack to a once in a lifetime experience. That 12 year old boy, probably just bored out of his mind or maybe vocally stimming to deal with the large crowds, gave me a memory that will bring me joy for the rest of my days.

Magical experiences are everywhere you go if you are brave enough to accept them.

[writing--references]

Hulihia Kīlauea Mōhalu Dress - Chocolate.

The ʻohe kapala designs in this fabric layout represent the volcanic eruption of 2018.  The parallels of this most recent eruption and descriptions within the chant Hulihia Kīlauea inspired us to give it this name.  The words of the chant speaks of a landscape changing dramatically and the quick moving river of lava, covering lands quickly, are similar to this flow that erupted in the forests of Keahialaka. Our island continues to grow and expand, inspiring stories and design!  Ola nō! Today we fancy it up a little - just so we can talk style, life, and print - in today’s terms!  The collar frames the iwilei and the poʻo, the sleeve caps the shoulder, and the length is just enough to cover the beachwear. We invite you to bring your attitude: walk deliberately, lift that chin, shake that head of hair loose…. Wear it with tights. Keep your jeans on. May everything bloom in your wake! 

[jphilspace]

Volcanic activity, seen in Kīlauea's Halemaʻumaʻu crater, in Hawaii, on September 10, 2023. The new eruption comes after a quiet period that lasted several months. 

Big Island VIP / Reuters

[zehub]

Hawaï : Les images impressionnantes de l'éruption d'un volcan retransmises en direct sur YouTube

La dernière éruption du volcan Kīlauea avait duré au total douze jours, en juin dernier

[winari2]

Les images époustouflantes de l'éruption du volcan hawaïen Kīlauea

[importanttigercreation]

Welcome to the news channel of the Angry Nature, Today we will tell you about kilauea volcano,Hawaii, Yellowstone supervolcano 👇 https://youtu.be/Z7uHxApKnRE The summit eruption of Kīlauea Volcano, within Halemaʻumaʻu crater, continued over the past 24 hours. All recent eruptive activity has been confined to the crater. Kīlauea is an active shield volcano in the Hawaiian Islands. Located along the southeastern shore of the Big Island of Hawaiʻi, the volcano is between 210,000 and 280,000 years old and emerged above sea level about 100,000 years ago. No significant changes have been observed at the summit or in either rift zone. Halemaʻumaʻu Lava Lake Observations: Eruption of lava in three locations of Halemaʻumaʻu crater floor continued over the past 24 hours. The eastern lake remains active and remains about 25 acres in size with the small southern lava fountain still being active. The smaller lava pond in the central portion of the crater floor also has an active small lava fountain with nearly continuous expansive overflows over the last day, and channels from the small central lava pond flow to the eastern lake. The western lake in the basin of the 2021–2022 lava lake remains active. A live-stream video of the lava lake is available. Summit tiltmeters remain mostly flat over the past 24 hours. Volcanic tremor remains above background levels. A sulfur dioxide (SO2) emission rate of approximately 2,000 tonnes per day (t/d) was measured on February 13, 2023. It formed from an intraplate hot spot and is the most studied volcano in the world. Kilauea's constant lava eruptions have built up the volcano and given it a shield-like form that is still growing. #kilauea_volcano #hawaii_volcano #angry_nature #hawaii #kilauea #hawaii_eruption #kilauea_eruption #lava ________________________________ The channel lists such natural disasters as: 1) Geological emergencies: #earthquake #volcanic_eruption mudflow, #landslide landfall, avalanche; 2) Hydrological emergencies: #flash_flood #tsunami Limnological catastrophe, floods, flooding; 3) Fires: Forest fire, Peat fire, Glass Fire, Wildfire; 4) Meteorological emergencies: #tornado, #cyclone #blizzard Hail, Drought, Hail, #hurricane #storm, Thunderstorm, typhoon Tempest, Lightning. ATTENTION: All videos are taken from open sources. The selection is based on publication date, title, description, and venue. Sometimes, due to unfair posting of news on social networks, the video may contain frames that do not correspond to the date and place. It is not always possible to check all videos. We apologize for any errors! Thank you for watching, don't forget to subscribe our channel, We Wish you good Weather,

[einereiseblog]

Von brodelnden Lavaseen bis hin zu tödlichen Eruptionen – wir kartieren die aktivsten Vulkane der Welt Vulkane sind unbestreitbar die furchterregendsten Wunder der Natur. Sie tauchen in Geschichten über Begeisterung und Heldentum auf, erheben sich erschreckend über bescheidene Siedlungen und flüstern Drohungen mit Gewalt und Zerstörung. Sie sind sowohl visuell als auch akustisch überwältigend und für den unerschrockenen Beobachter einzigartig aufregend. Besonders die aktivsten Vulkane der Welt bieten eine erschreckende Schönheit, die Nervenkitzel-Suchende unwiderstehlich machen. Technisch gesehen definieren Wissenschaftler einen „aktiven Vulkan“ als einen Vulkan, der in den letzten 10.000 Jahren ausgebrochen ist. Nach dieser Definition gibt es heute 1.500 aktive Vulkane auf der Welt, von denen sich 75 % entlang des eindrucksvoll benannten Pazifischen Feuerrings befinden. Natürlich brechen einige aktive Vulkane viel häufiger aus, als die Definition vermuten lässt. Kīlauea auf Hawaii ist derzeit der aktivste Vulkan der Welt, gefolgt vom Ätna in Italien und dem Piton de la Fournaise auf La Réunion. Danach ist ein Ranking subjektiv, aber die folgende Liste kommt dem nahe. Jeder Eintrag hat einen zugeordneten Volcanic Explosivity Index, eine Rangliste der größten Vulkanexplosionen in der jüngeren geologischen Geschichte (wobei 7 die höchste ist). Aktivste Vulkane Kīlauea Ort: Hawaii, USAKontinuierliche Eruption: Ab 1983Explosivitätsindex: 4 Bild: Ivan Vtorov, CC BY-SA 3.0 Kīlauea ist der jüngste Vulkan auf Hawaiis Big Island. Er befindet sich am südöstlichen Hang des benachbarten Mauna Loa und galt viele Jahre eher als Satellit als als eigenständiger Vulkan. Untersuchungen haben jedoch gezeigt, dass Kīlauea über ein eigenes Rohrleitungssystem verfügt, das Magma aus mehr als 60 km Tiefe an die Oberfläche befördert. Außerdem liegt der Gipfel auf einer Reihe von Vulkanen, zu denen Mauna Kea und Kohala gehören, aber nicht Mauna Loa. Die Eruptionen von Kīlauea haben Teile der Autobahnen, Regenwälder, Häuser und sogar Menschenleben der Insel zerstört. Die Einheimischen hinterlassen Leis als Opfergaben für die Feuergöttin Pele, von der angenommen wird, dass sie in den Lavaseen des Halema'uma'u-Kraters lebt. Der Ätna Ort: Sizilien, ItalienKontinuierliche Eruption: 3.500 JahreExplosivitätsindex: 5 Bild: CC BY-SA 3.0 Der Ätna ist der größte der aktivsten Vulkane Europas. Er brach erstmals vor etwa 500.000 Jahren aus und tut dies seit 3.500 Jahren ununterbrochen. Der Ätna liegt an der Grenze zwischen der afrikanischen und der eurasischen Platte und hat einen Basisumfang von unglaublichen 140 km. Er ist bei weitem der größte der drei aktiven Vulkane Italiens, die anderen sind Stromboli und der Vesuv. In der griechischen Mythologie hat Zeus das tödliche 100-köpfige Monster Typhon unter dem Berg gefangen, das in seiner Wut „Feuerflüsse“ hervorströmen lässt. Piton de la Fournaise Ort: Insel La Réunion (Französisch)Kontinuierliche Eruption: Ab 1920Explosivitätsindex: 5 Bild: CC-BY-SA-2.0-FR Piton de la Fournaise („Gipfel des Hochofens“) spuckt seit mehr als einer halben Million Jahren basaltische Lava aus. Der Vulkan liegt auf der Ostseite von Réunion und hat eine 8 km (5 Meilen) breite Caldera, die teilweise vom Meer durchbrochen wird und sich in der Anfangsphase des Versagens befindet. Irgendwann wird die Caldera von Enclos Fouqué in den Indischen Ozean einstürzen und, wie manche sagen, einen „Megatsunami“ verursachen. So wie es aussieht, verursachen Eruptionen in der Caldera nur begrenzten Schaden, da es in der Gegend nur wenig Infrastruktur gibt. Eruptionen außerhalb der Caldera stellen eine ernsthaftere Bedrohung dar, sind aber selten, da nur sechs aufgezeichnet wurden, die letzte im Jahr 1986. Stromboli Ort: Stromboli, ItalienKontinuierliche Eruption: 2.000 JahreExplosivitätsindex: 3 Stromboli ist bekannt für seine heftigen Ausbrüche von geschmolzener Lava, Asche und Gestein, was den Begriff „Strombolianer“ inspirierte, um vergleichbare Aktivitäten an anderen Orten zu beschreiben.

Die Eruptionen des Stromboli sind weithin sichtbar und daher auch als „Leuchtturm des Mittelmeers“ bekannt. Es thront auf der Insel Stromboli, dem Gipfel eines großen Unterwasservulkans, der über 1.000 Meter unter der Meeresoberfläche beginnt. Laut dem Gelehrten Clyde S. Kilby identifizierte der Autor JRR Tolkien seinen fiktiven Vulkan Mount Doom mit Stromboli. Der Vulkan kommt auch am Ende von Jules Vernes Roman Reise zum Mittelpunkt der Erde vor. Berg Yasur Ort: Insel Tanna, VanuatuKontinuierliche Eruption: 800 JahreExplosivitätsindex: 3 Der Berg Yasur nimmt als Reiseerlebnis Nummer eins einen besonderen Platz in unseren Herzen ein. Yasur liegt auf der abgelegenen Pazifikinsel Tanna und ist berühmt für seine strombolianischen Eruptionen. Das Leuchten des Vulkans ist weithin sichtbar und war anscheinend das, was Kapitän James Cook 1774 auf der ersten europäischen Reise auf die Insel anzog. Heute ist er einer der am leichtesten zugänglichen aktiven Vulkane der Welt, hat sich jedoch als fatal für sorglose Touristen erwiesen, die sich in das untere Randgebiet wagen. Ambrym Ort: Insel Ambrym, VanuatuKontinuierliche Eruption: Ab 1935Explosivitätsindex: 6+ Bild: Gemeinfrei Ambrym ist ein großer Basaltvulkan mit einer 12 km (7,4 Meilen) breiten Caldera, das Ergebnis einer gewaltigen Explosion, die um 50 n. Chr. stattfand. Ambryns Eruptionskraft wird mit 6 bewertet, der zweithöchsten im Volcanic Explosivity Index. Mehrmals im Jahrhundert verursachen Eruptionen von Ambrym Zerstörung auf der Insel. Der Mount Benbow, einer der beiden aktiven Vulkankegel von Ambryn, brach 1913 aus und veranlasste die Evakuierung der Bevölkerung nach Mele auf der Hauptinsel Efate. Berg Merapi Ort: IndonesienKontinuierliche Eruption: Ab 1967Explosivitätsindex: 4 Bild: Rudytanjung, Dreamstime Mount Merapi, in der Nähe des Zentrums von Java gelegen, ist der aktivste der 130 aktiven Vulkane Indonesiens. Über 300 Tage im Jahr rollt Rauch von der Bergspitze und fast die Hälfte seiner Eruptionen wird von pyroklastischen Strömen (Wolken aus überhitzten Gasen und glühenden festen Partikeln) begleitet. Mehrere Eruptionen von Merapi haben Todesopfer gefordert. 1994 wurden 64 Menschen getötet, und bei einer Reihe von Eruptionen im Jahr 2010 kamen zahlreiche Menschen ums Leben, Dutzende wurden verletzt und Zehntausende zur Evakuierung gezwungen. Erta Ale Ort: ÄthiopienKontinuierliche Eruption: Ab 1967Explosivitätsindex: 1 Traumzeit Erta Ale liegt in der Afar-Senke im Nordosten Äthiopiens und hält den Rekord für den am längsten existierenden Lavasee, der seit 1906 besteht. Vulkane mit Lavaseen sind sehr selten; Nur Kīlauea, Ambryn und Erebus aus dieser Liste sowie Nyiragongo in der Demokratischen Republik Kongo haben dauerhafte oder nahezu dauerhafte Lavaseen. Erta Ale, was in der lokalen Afar-Sprache „rauchender Berg“ bedeutet, ist mit Temperaturen von bis zu 47 °C (118 °F) einer der trockensten, niedrigsten und heißesten Orte der Erde. Der Vulkan bietet einige atemberaubende Ausblicke, aber es gab Berichte über Gewalt gegen Touristen, darunter eine Reihe von Todesfällen, daher ist Vorsicht geboten. Pacaya Ort: GuatemalaKontinuierliche Eruption: Ab 1965Explosivitätsindex: 3 Pacaya lag mindestens ein Jahrhundert lang inaktiv, bevor es 1965 zu einem heftigen Ausbruch kam. Ein Großteil seiner Aktivität ist strombolianisch, umfasst aber auch Ascheausbrüche und Lavaströme. Im Mai 2010 brach Pacaya heftig aus und schleuderte Trümmer und Aschesäulen bis zu 1.500 Meter (4.920 Fuß) hoch. Asche regnete auf eine Reihe von Städten, darunter die Hauptstadt Guatemala-Stadt. Die nationale Katastrophenschutzbehörde CONRED rief Alarmstufe Rot aus und empfahl die Evakuierung der umliegenden Gemeinden. Der Ausbruch beschädigte Hunderte von Häusern und tötete mehrere Menschen, darunter den lokalen Nachrichtenreporter Anibal Archila, der von Vulkantrümmern getroffen wurde. Berg Erebus Ort: AntarktisKontinuierliche Eruption: Ab 1972Explosivitätsindex: 4

Traumzeit Der Mount Erebus ist der südlichste der aktiven Vulkane der Welt. Auf Ross Island gelegen, hat es eine Gipfelhöhe von 3.794 Metern (12.448 Fuß) und beherbergt einen der wenigen beständigen Lavaseen der Welt. Erebus ist bemerkenswert, da seine geringe, aber anhaltende Aktivität es Vulkanologen ermöglicht, das strombolianische Eruptionssystem sehr nahe an den aktiven Schloten (Hunderte von Metern) zu untersuchen. Erebus ist auch für seine Fumarolen bekannt: Öffnungen in der Erdkruste, die Dampf und Gase aus Vulkanen entweichen lassen. Sobald der Dampf eine dieser Öffnungen verlässt, gefriert er und bildet schließlich massive Schneekamine. Violent Earth ist eine spektakuläre visuelle Erkundung der beeindruckendsten und dramatischsten Naturereignisse: Erdbeben, Eruptionen, Schlammlawinen, Tsunamis und mehr. Zusätzliche Fotografie: Dreamstime .

[anxioustwilight]

For those interested, I figured I’d include a compilation of my most prominent Androids:

For Ballistic:

Zebra Stripes, mentioned above,

Technomancer, named after his skin, who is sold to a wealthy woman to be her suitor,

Cardinal, named after his skin, who seldom speaks and seems nervous.

For Mirage:

Six, named after one of his barcode numbers, with the Fool’s Gold skin. He is a little more nervous and less confident than the real Mirage; I would compare him to Dwight Fairfield from Dead by Daylight.

Sportacus, named after the mustache on his Boogie Down skin, and called Sport for short. Though he has good aim, he is deaf in his right ear.

For Octane:

Ping, named after the fact that he usually only speaks in “ping” voice lines and is otherwise selectively mute. His skins include Daemon Hunter (and the blue/green one), Hit and Run, Daruma Darter, and Head Trip. He probably has a different skin every time you see him.

For Wattson:

Zero, with the Cyber Security skin, is a fan of the Peacekeeper and violence. She is described in the above AO3 fic. Though bloodthirsty, she is rather patient and kind!

For Caustic:

Shang Tsung, with the Third Emperor skin. He is quiet and calculating, but lacks Caustic’s usual fascination with death. He is very close to a Crypto android named Yakuza.

Mikhail, with the Divine Right skin, is actually blind. He is generally Dad-like and helpful, though can be rather cynical and sarcastic. He has a habit of finding small creatures, like rats, to feed and rehabilitate.

For Crypto:

Yakuza, with The Hired Gun skin. He can be very cold and paranoid, and is extremely aggressive for a Crypto. Ironically, it is Shang that usually reigns him in.

Lucky, with the Limelight or Lucky Charm skins, shakes often, which affects his aim. He is also the type to get upset easily, particularly if his advice or pings go ignored.

For Revenant:

Pharaoh, with the Death Etching or Revelations skins. He appears in the fic. He’s rather similar to Revenant, though with more concern for his teammates, and a stronger will to survive.

For Fuse:

Teal, with the Art of War skin, is a Fuse with anxiety. He tends to follow Six around and trust his judgment/advice. Pharaoh won’t admit it, but he has somewhat of a thing for him.

For Valkyrie:

Ellie, short for Elliott, because she acts closer to Mirage than Valkyrie. She’s known for her keen eyesight and quickdraw.

For Seer:

Beastmaster, with the Out For Blood skin. Sent on a promotional voyage, his dropship crashed on a hostile planet, and he was left to fend for himself for months. Now, he acts more similar to Bloodhound than Seer.

For Loba:

Envy, with the Boundless Envy skin, can be rather selfish and immature. Though since relating to Stripes, she is more protective of her teammates. She still dislikes all Revenants, though she will tolerate Pharaoh being in the same room.

For Vantage:

Kīlauea, named after a volcano due to her Volcanic skin. She is similar to Vantage, though with different opinions on society and the wilderness. She finds Stripes and Ping fun.

For Lifeline:

Painkiller, named after her skin and based off of my bestie. She’s very protective and hangs around her teammates, even when they make questionable decisions. She isn’t afraid to call them out, though!

For Horizon:

Heiroglyph, named after her skin, has a habit of dropping solo—well, with Newt, of course. She can handle herself well and is usually a lot for new teammates to keep up with.

While I’m waiting for Olympus to go away, I thought I’d write some Headcanons for Ballistic.

And by “Headcanons for Ballistic”, I mean incorporating him into my Android AU.

It’s simple: the games are populated by Androids, and that’s why there can be multiple of the same Legend. It also allows for the audience to place bets on who the real Legend is.

Some Androids act differently from their Legend outside of the Games. This fact allows you to take any Legend and place any trait or personality onto them. You’re never wrong!

For Ballistic, the Android I’m thinking of is named Zebra Stripes. Androids are typically named after their cosmetic skins or the numbers on the barcode of their forearms.

Zebra Stripes is still a polite British gentleman, but with a tad more nervous energy. He’s one of the newest Androids, so he doesn’t know where he is or quite what he’s doing. He has the energy of a grandfather suddenly left babysitting his grandkids: he’s trying his best, but since he doesn’t quite know what to say, he’ll offer them things usually acquired by his wealth.

If you were upset, for example, Stripes would offer his sympathy and a cup of tea. He’s a good listener. While the real Ballistic has plenty of wisdom with his age, Stripes was built a few days ago. Some of the Androids have quirks about them, like the Crypto with hand tremors or the Mirage that’s deaf in one ear; Stripes has memory issues, so he doesn’t remember much of Ballistic’s life. Basically: Ballistic knows exactly what to say, but the most Stripes can do is nod and say “that sucks” in a more eloquent way.

[cloudselkie]

At 9:30 PM HST 12/20/2020, Kīlauea reawakened with a spectacular eruption at the summit caldera, Halema'uma'u. This is the first summit eruption of Kīlauea since 2008.

From USGS Volcanoes Twitter: Red spots are the approximate locations of vents feeding lava flowing into the bottom of Halema‘uma‘u crater. The water lake has been replaced with a growing lava lake. The easternmost vent is currently exhibiting fountains up to approximately 50 m (164 ft) high.

Webcams to watch the eruption.

All images from the USGS Volcanoes Twitter and the Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park Twitter.