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annieboltonworld · 4 years ago

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Juniper Publishers- Open Access Journal of Environmental Sciences & Natural Resources

Status of Edible Fishes of Lower Gangetic Delta In Terms of Heavy Metalss

Authored by Abhijit Mitra

Abstract

We analyzed concentrations of zinc, copper, lead and cadmium in ten commercially valuable finfish and shellfish species in the lower stretch of the River Ganga in April, 2016 using a Perkin-Elmer Sciex ELAN 5000 ICP mass spectrometer and expressed as mg kg-1 dry weight.In finfish species the concentrations of Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd ranged from 2.05±0.13 - 111.55±1.38, 1.26±0.11 - 53.15±0.60, BDL - 3.05±0.21 and BDL - 1.32±0.11 respectively. Concentrations in shrimp species ranged as follows: Zn: 1.19±0.06 - 141.21±1.50, Cu: 1.02±0.05 - 92.40±0.93, Pb: BDL - 2.01±0.17 and Cd: BDL in all the sampling stations. In crab the concentrations ranged from 11.65±0.10 - 213.66±1.60 for Zn, 6.18±0.11 - 109.23±1.00 for Cu, BDL - 9.99±0.79 for Pb and BDL - 1.48±0.07 for Cd. Metals in the soft body mass of oyster ranged from 21.44±0.28 - 202.78±1.49 for Zn, 8.66±0.09 - 69.14±0.79 for Cu, BDL - 8.02±0.26 for Pb and BDL for Cd. The concentration of metals was significantly affected by the sampling site and fish species. Heavy metals in the edible parts of the investigated fish species were compared with the permissible safety levels for human uses.

Introduction

Pollution of environment represents a major problem in both developed and underdeveloped countries. Among the different categories of pollutants persistent environmental contaminants are the worst in context to human health. Emissions of harmful substances have negative effects on the natural environment and human health [1]. When the consequences of environmental pollution become visible, it is often too late to prevent and chronic toxic effects, impossible to notice at the initial stage of the process, may manifest themselves after many years [2]. That is the main reason why it is imperative to conduct periodic pollution monitoring of aquatic environments. Heavy metals are stable and persistent environmental contaminants of aquatic environments. They occur in the environment both as a result of natural processes and as pollutants from human activities [3,4]. Some metals like Zn and Cu, which are required for metabolic activity in organisms, lie in the narrow "window" between their essentiality and toxicity. Other heavy metals like Cd and Pb, may exhibit extreme toxicity even at low levels under certain conditions, thus necessitating regular monitoring of sensitive aquatic environments [5-7]. From an environmental point of view, coastal zones can be considered as the geographic space of interaction between terrestrial and marine ecosystems that is of great importance for the survival of a large variety of plants, animals and marine species [8]. The coastal zone receives a large amount of metal pollution from agricultural and industrial activity [9]. Adverse anthropogenic effects on the coastal environment include eutrophication, heavy metals, organic and microbial pollution and oil spills [10]. The discharge of these wastes without adequate treatment often contaminate the estuarine and coastal water with conservative pollutants (like heavy metals), many of which accumulate in the tissues of resident organisms like fishes, oysters, crabs, shrimps, seaweeds etc. In many parts of the world, especially in coastal areas and on smaller islands, shellfish is a major part of food, which sulies all essential elements required for life processes in a balanced manner [11]. The shellfish (particularly the shrimp) is also the major exportable item of countries like India and therefore keenly related to economy of the country. Hence, it is important to investigate the levels of heavy metals in these organisms to assess whether the concentration is within the permissible level and will not pose any hazard to the consumers [12].

In Indian sub-continent the mighty River Ganga (~ 2500 km) is the reservoir of a wide spectrum of fishes distributed in different ecological habitats. The lower stretch of the River Ganga (known as Hooghly estuary) sustains about 256 species of finfish and is the breeding ground of several commercially important shellfish like shrimps, crabs and oysters (Penaeus s., Scylla serrata, Saccostrea sp., Crassostrea sp. Etc.). The River Ganga emerges from a glacier at Gangotri, about 7010 m above mean sea level in the Himalayas and flows down to the Bay of Bengal covering a distance of 2525 km. In this length, Ganga passes along 29 class-I cities (population over 1,00,000), 23 class-II cities (population between 50,000-1,00,000) and 48 towns having less than 50,000 population. About 50% of Indian population lives in the Ganga basin, and there are about 100 urban settlements with a total population of about 120 million on its banks [13]. The delta of Ganga may be said to start from Farakka in the maritime state of West Bengal.

The Gangetic delta, at the apex of Bay of Bengal is recognized as one of the most diversified and productive ecosystems of the Tropics. The deltaic lobe is unique for its wilderness, mangrove gene pool and tiger habitat. However due to intense industrial activities in the upstream zone, and several anthropogenic factors, the western part of the deltaic complex is exposed to pollution from domestic sewage and industrial effluents leading to serious impacts on biota [14]. The presence of Haldia port- cum-industrial complex in the downstream region of the River Ganga (also known as the Hooghly River) has accelerated the pollution problem with a much greater dimension [15]. The organic and inorganic wastes released from these industries and urban units contain substantial concentrations of heavy metals. The central part of the delta (encompassing the surroundings of Matla River) is relatively less stressful in terms of industrial discharge. Due to siltation of the Bidyadhari channel the area does not receive any water suly from the Hooghly River in the western sector and is therefore tide-fed in nature receiving the tidal flux from the Bay of Bengal (average salinity = ~32 psu). The present paper aims to highlight the concentration of selective heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd) in the muscle tissue of five common finfish species namely Polynemusparadiseus, Tenualosa ilisha, Liza parsia, Liza tade and Stolephorus commersonii, two commonly edible shrimp species Penaeus monodon and Penaeus indicus, crab species Scylla serrata and soft body parts of two oyster species Saccostrea cucullata and Crassostrea madrasensis collected from four stations distributed in two sectors (western and central Indian Sundarbans) of the lower Gangetic region.

Materials and Methods

Description of the study site

Two sampling sites were selected each in the western and central sectors of Indian Sundarbans, a Gangetic delta at the apex of the Bay of Bengal. The deltaic complex has an area of 9630 sq. Km and houses 102 islands. The western sector of the deltaic lobe receives the snowmelt water of mighty Himalayan glaciers after being regulated through several barrages on the way. The central sector on the other hand, is fully deprived from such suly due to heavy siltation and clogging of the Bidyadhari channel since the late 15th century [16]. The western sector also receives wastes and effluents of complex nature from multifarious industries concentrated mainly in the upstream zone. On this background four sampling stations (two each in western and central sectors) were selected (Table 1) and (Figure 1) to analyze the concentrations of heavy metals in the common edible finfish and shellfish species inhabiting the zone.

Sampling of Specimen

Five commonly edible finfish species (Polynemus paradiseus, Tenualosa ilisha, Liza parsia, Liza tade and Stolephorus commersonii), two shrimp species (Penaeus monodon and Penaeus indicus), crab species (Scylla serrata) and two oyster species (Saccostrea cucullata and Crassostrea madrasensis) were collected during low tide condition from the selected stations (Table 1) during a rapid EIA study from 10th April to 25th April, 2016. The collected samples were stored in a container, preserved in crushed ice, and brought to the laboratory for further analysis. Similar sized specimens of each species were sorted out for analyzing the metal level in the muscle of finfish, shrimps, crabs and soft body parts of oyster.

Analysis

a) Inductively Coupled Plasma - Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) is now - a - day accepted as a fast, reliable means of multi-elemental analysis for a wide variety of sample types [17]. A Perkin-Elmer Sciex ELAN 5000 ICP mass spectrometer was used for the present analysis. A standard torch for this instrument was used with an outer argon gas flow rate of 15 L/min and an intermediate gas flow of 0.9 L/min. The alied power was 1.0 kW. The ion settings were standard settings recommended, when a conventional nebulizer/spray is used with a liquid sample uptake rate of 1.0 mL/min. A Moulinex Super Crousty microwave oven of 2450 MHz frequency magnetron and 1100 Watt maximum power Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) reactor of 115 ml volume, 1 cm wall thickness with hermetic screw caps, were used for the digestion of the collected biological samples. All reagents used were of high purity available and of analytical reagent grade. High purity water was obtained with a Barnstead Nanopure II water-purification system. All glass wares were soaked in 10% (v/v) nitric acid for 24 h and washed with deionized water prior to use.

The analyses were carried out on composite samples of 10 specimens of each species having uniform size. This is a measure to reduce possible variations in metal concentrations due to size and age. 20 mg composite sample from each species of finfish and shellfish were weighed and successively treated with 4 ml aqua regia, 1.5 mL HF and 3 ml H2O2 in a hermetically sealed PIFE reactor, inside a microwave oven, at power levels between 330-550 Watt, for 12 min to obtain a clear solution. The use of microwave-assisted digestion aears to be very relevant for sample dissolution, especially because it is very fast [18-20].

After digestion, 4 ml H2BO3 was added and kept in a hot water bath for 10 min, diluted with distilled water to make up the volume to 50 ml. Taking distilled water in place of biological samples and following all the treatment steps described above the blank process was prepared. The final volume was made up to 50 ml. Finally, the samples and process blank solutions were analyzed by ICP-MS. All analyses were done in triplicate and the results were expressed with standard deviation.

The accuracy and precision of our results were checked by analyzing standard reference material (SRM, Dorm 2). The results indicated good agreement between the certified and the analytical values (Table 2).

b) Statistical analysis

A logarithmic transformation was done on the data to improve normality. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to assess whether heavy metal concentrations varied significantly between sites and species; possibilities less than 0.01 (p < 0.01) were considered statistically significant. All statistical calculations were performed with SPSS 9.0 for Windows.

Results and Discussion

Heavy Metals in Finfish

The species-wise variation was not uniform for all the metals. Zn accumulated as per the order Liza parsia > Liza tade > Tenualosa ilisha > Polynemus paradiseus > Stolephorus commersonii (Figure 2). Cu accumulated as per the order Liza parsia > Tenualosa ilisha > Polynemus paradiseus > Liza tade > Stolephorus commersonii (Figure 3). Pb accumulated as per the order Liza parsia > Tenualosa ilisha > Polynemus paradiseus > Liza tade > Stolephorus commersonii (Figure 4). In case of Cd the order was Liza parsia > Tenualosa ilisha > Liza tade (Figure 5) [21] pointed out that the affiance of metal uptake from contaminated water and food may differ in relation to ecological needs, metabolism, and the contamination gradients of water, food and sediment, as well as other factors, such a salinity, temperature and interacting agents.

The selected finfish species in the present study have different food preference and different behavioral pattern e.g., Liza parsia, Liza tade, Polynemus paradiseus, and Stolephorus commersonii are resident fish species in the study area, while Tenualosa ilisha exhibit migration from coastal region (~ salinity = 20-30 psu) to freshwater system in the upstream zone of the River Ganga for breeding. These factors may be attributed to species-wise variation of heavy metals in the study zone.

The spatial variation of bioaccumulation followed the order station 1 > station 2 > station 3 > station 4, which may be related to different degree of contamination in different location. The Zn concentration in all the finfish species (except Liza parsia in station 1) were found to be lower than the recommended maximum level allowed in food as prescribed by the World Health Organization [22]. Furthermore the selected heavy metals in finfish muscle (except Zn in Liza parsia in station 1) were also within the permissible limits for human consumption as indicated by the Food and Agricultural Organization [23]. In case of Cu, the concentration in Polynemus paradiseus (in station 1), Tenualosa ilisha (in stations 1 and 2), Liza parsia (in stations 1 and 2) were higher than the WHO (1989) limit, but the Cu concentration in all the fish samples were within the FAO (1992) limit. Pb concentration in Polynemus paradiseus, Tenualosa ilisha and Liza parsia in station 1 and Liza parsia in station 2 exceeded the WHO (1989) limit, but they were all within the limit of FAO (1992). Cd concentration in Tenualosa ilisha, Liza parsia and Liza tade in station 1 exceeded the WHO (1989) limit, but remained within the 0.05 - 5.5 m range of FAO (1992) for Cd in fish.

Heavy metals in shrimp

Zn being an essential element for normal growth and metabolism of animals, exhibited highest accumulation in the shrimp muscle when compared with the other three metals. According to the results obtained, the zinc levels in the shrimps from station 1 (Nayachar Island) facing the Haldia port-cum- industrial complex were highest, which were higher than the permissible level, i.e., 400 m in crustacean tissue [24].

These levels also exceeded the recommended maximum level of Zn allowed in food by World Health Organization which is 100 m [22]. The concentrations of Zn in shrimps from other three stations were much below the permissible limit for human consumption (Figure 6). We observed significant variations of Zn in shrimp muscle between the stations and also between the shrimp species (p < 0.01).

Levels of Coer in shrimps from the selected stations (except for station 1) ranged from 1.02±0.05 to 17.02±0.31 ng/g, far below the normal permissible range, i.e., 120 m as recommended for the crustacean tissue (Franklin, 1987). In case of station 1 the value ranged from 70.88±0.89 to 92.40±0.93 ng/g (Figure 7). These values are higher than the recommended value of Cu in food, which is 30 m as prescribed by WHO (1989).

High concentration of Pb was observed in shrimp muscle from station 1 (1.38±0.10 in Penaeus monodon and 2.01±0.17 in Penaeus indicus). Station 2 is within the navigational route of the ships and tankers in the Hooghly channel through which the wastes of the upstream region find way to Bay of Bengal. Hence shrimps sampled from this station exhibited considerable concentrations of Pb in the muscle. Stations 3 (Gosaba) and 4 (Satjelia island) are in the central sector of Gangetic delta, almost without any industrial activities which may be attributed to low concentrations of lead in the shrimp samples collected from these areas (Figure 8).

We also observed significant statistical differences in Pb concentrations in shrimp muscle between the stations and also between the selected shrimp species (p < 0.01). Except for station 1, levels of lead in shrimp muscle from three locations were below the permissible level which is 4.0 μg/g for crustacean tissue [24]. When compared with the recommended value of WHO (1989) in context to consumption of shrimp as food (2 m for Pb), the concentrations in Penaeus indicus in station 1 was above this level (Figure 4). All the shrimp species of stations 1 and 2 exhibited higher value than recommended by FAO (1992). Concentration of Cd was below detectable level (BDL) in shrimp tissue in all the sampling stations (Figure 9).

Heavy metals in crab

In Scylla serrata heavy metals accumulated as per the order Zn > Cu > Pb > Cd. The metal level in this group of crustacean is influenced by moulting as the process is known to play a major role in metal mobilization. Hence in the present study we considered marketable sized crab (aroximately 120 gm in weight) to avoid the interference of the ecdysis process. The concentrations of Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd in the muscle ranged from 11.65±0.10 - 213.66±1.60 for Zn, 6.18±0.11 - 109.23±1.00 for Cu, BDL - 9.99±0.79 for Pb and BDL - 1.48±0.07 for Cd respectively. These values are much higher (except stations 3 and 4) in most cases than the recommended levels of WHO (1989) for heavy metals in food (Figure 6-9). Reports on metal concentration in crabs under natural conditions for coastal waters of India are limited [25-27] and the present data therefore can serve as a baseline figure for the species particularly in the Gangetic delta region.

Heavy metals in oyster

The trace metal in soft mass of oyster results from the net balance between the process of metal uptake and metal loss [28]. The distribution of trace metals followed the order Zn > Cu > Pb> Cd. Oyster species could not be collected from station 1 because of their absence due to low aquatic salinity (~ 6.50 psu). The low salinity of station 1 due to freshwater discharge from the Farakka barrage has made the habitat unsuitable for the survival of oysters (that normally require salinity between 10 - 32 psu).

In the present study area oyster is not consumed as food by the local inhabitant, but considering its wide use as seafood in other parts of the world the soft body tissue was examined for Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd whose values ranged from 21.44±0.28 - 202.78±1.49 mg kg-1, 8.66±0.09 - 69.14±0.79 mg kg-1, BDL - 8.02±0.26 mg kg-1 and BDL respectively. The concentrations of Zn, Cu and Pb in oysters of station 2 exceeded the permissible limits of WHO (1989).

Spatial variation of heavy metals in finfish and shellfish

Heavy metal contamination of the environment has been occurring for centuries, but its extent has increased markedly in the last fifty years due to technological developments and increased consumer use of materials containing these metals. Pollution by heavy metals is a serious problem due to their toxicity and ability to accumulate in the biota [29]. There is still a general concern about the impact of metals in the aquatic environment [30]. Heavy metals have contaminated the aquatic environment in the present century due to intense industrialization and urbanization. The Gangetic delta is no exception to this usual trend. The rapid industrialization and urbanization of the city of Kolkata (formerly known as Calcutta), Howrah and the newly emerging Haldia complex in the maritime state of West Bengal has caused considerable ecological imbalance in the adjacent coastal zone [31]. The Hooghly estuary, situated on the western sector of the Gangetic delta receives drainage from these adjacent cities, which have sewage outlets into the estuarine system. The chain of factories and industries situated on the western bank of the Hooghly estuary is a major cause behind the gradual transformation of this beautiful ecotone into stinking cesspools of the megapolis [31]. The lower part of the estuary has multifarious industries such as paper, textiles, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, plastic, shellac, food, leather, jute, tyres and cycle rims [32]. In addition to industrial discharges, proliferation of tourism units has also contaminated the environment to a great extent particularly around Digha (station 2).

These units are point sources of heavy metals in the estuarine and coastal waters. Due to toxic nature of certain heavy metals, these chemical constituents interfere with the ecology of a particular environment and on entering into the food chain they cause potential health hazards, mainly to human beings. It was reported by several workers that the discharge of heavy metals into the sea through rivers and streams results in the accumulation of pollutants in the marine environment especially within shrimps [33]. Thus shellfish and shellfish products can be used for monitoring potential risk to humans because these are directly consumed by a large population [34]. Bioaccumulation patterns of metals in shellfish muscle can be utilized as effective indicators of environmental metal contamination [35,36]. According to many researchers, some shellfishes by virtue of their mobile nature are not fair indicator of aquatic contamination, but their regular consumption by human beings makes it absolutely necessary to monitor their different organs, particularly the muscles. The present study is therefore important not only from the safety point of view of human health, but also from the quality point of view as many of these shellfish species have high export value.

Of the four metals studied in the present work, Zn and Cu are essential elements while Pb and Cd are non-essential elements for most of the living organisms. The concentrations of zinc and coer in all the finfish and shellfish species were relatively higher, compared to the concentration of other metals in same samples. It can be explained because these metals (Cu and Zn) are essential elements required by animals for metabolic process. Zinc and coer aear to diffuse passively (probably as a soluble complex) the gradients created by adsorption of membrane surfaces and are found in blood proteins metallothioneins [37] concluded that different tissues of aquatic animals provide and/or synthesize non-exchangeable binding sites resulting in different accumulation levels.

The primary sources of Zn in the present geographical locale are the galvanization units, paint manufacturing units and pharmaceutical processes, which are mainly concentrated in the Haldia industrial sector (Station 1). Reports of high concentrations of Zn were also highlighted in the same environment by earlier workers [14,15,31].

The main sources of Cu in the coastal waters are antifouling paints [38], particular type of algaecides used in different aquaculture farms, paint manufacturing units, pipe line corrosion and oil sludges (32 to 120 m). Ship bottom paint has been found to produce very high concentration of Cu is sea water and sediment in harbours of Great Britain and southern California [39,40]. In the present study area, the major source of Cu is the antifouling paints used for conditioning fishing vessels and trawlers apart from industrial discharges (that is predominant around station 1). Station 2 (Digha) is not only the site for tourism and beach recreational activities, but it is also a major fish landing station in northeast coast of India, where large number of fishing vessels and trawlers contaminate the water with Cu. This is the reason why Cu was detected in considerable quantity in the fish muscle of station 2. Traces of Cu in the samples of stations 3 and 4 (which is totally an industry- free zone) may also be related to use of antifouling paints to keep the fishing vessels and passenger boats free from biofoulers.

Pb is a toxic heavy metal, which finds its way in coastal waters through the discharge of industrial waste waters, such as from painting, dyeing, battery manufacturing units and oil refineries etc. Antifouling paints used to prevent growth of marine organisms at the bottom of the boats and trawlers also contain lead as an important component. These paints are designed to constantly leach toxic metals into the water to kill organisms that may attach to bottom of the boats, which ultimately is transported to the sediment and aquatic compartments. Lead also enters the oceans and coastal waters both from terrestrial sources and atmosphere and the atmospheric input of lead aerosols can be substantial. Station 1 is exposed to all these activities being proximal to the highly urbanized city of Kolkata, Howrah and the newly emerging Haldia port - cum - industrial complex, which may be attributed to high Pb concentrations in the finfish, shrimp and crab muscle. Because of the low salinity of station 1 (~6.5 psu during the study period) oyster could not be found in this zone.

The main sources of Cd in the present geographical locale are electroplating, manufacturing of Cd alloys, production of Ni- Cd batteries and wielding. No trace of Cd was recorded in the shrimp muscle from stations 3 and 4, which are located almost in industry-free zone surrounded by mangrove vegetation. The accumulation of Cd in the soft body parts of oyster is a cause of concern as many Government departments and NGOs have initiated pilot scale oyster culture in the lower Gangetic region as means of alternative livelihood [41].

Conclusion

Sea foods are a cheap and the most accessible source of animal protein for the coastal inhabitants. However, there is a growing amount of evidence that seafood could be potentially harmful to human health as these are contaminated from heavy metals. In the Gangetic delta region of the tropics few studies have been carried out to assess the magnitude of contamination in commercially important finfish and shellfish species. This study revealed that the commercially important marine organisms in the lower Gangetic delta, at the apex of Bay of Bengal have been contaminated by heavy metals to a greater degree and exceeds the recommended safety levels for consumption at station 1 in the western sector owing to intense industrialization. Antifouling paints used for conditioning vessels and trawlers are also the major sources of heavy metals in the system that is ultimately deposited in the organisms. Strict regulation for the usage of heavy metals and frequent monitoring and controlling programmes are needed to check heavy metal contamination of marine organisms in the area that may potentially cause greater threats to human and ecological health [42].

For more articles in Open Access Journal of Environmental Sciences & Natural Resources please click on: https://juniperpublishers.com/ijesnr/index.php

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abdulwahabalam · 5 years ago

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Blog Interview

The Long Awaited Abdul Wahab Interview is Here

https://propakistani.pk/2017/11/10/long-awaited-abdul-wahab-interview/

If you are a regular ProPakistani reader, you must know about Abdul Wahab. A constant presence in our comments section, he has become a cult figure and a source of great amusement.

We asked you to chip in with your questions a while back and today, we are finally publishing the full interview with Abdul Wahab for your reading pleasure. We have kept editing to a minimum to let Wahab’s unique personality shine through the text.

Onwards to the readers’ questions and Abdul Wahab’s answers.

When did you start following ProPakistani?

Exactly i don’t know but I remembered that I am following ProPk since 1 year ago.

I have to ask from Abdul Wahab. What’s your age?

It’s not about age, it’s about 26 Years of my Life (My DOB is 26-SEP-1991) on 17th Rabi O Awal 1412 Hijri on Thursday Morning.

Stars Kabhi Khabaar He Paida Hote hai :)

Tell us about your academic qualifications?

I am studying MA (Economics) Final (Pata Nahi Nursery Se Final Tak Ka Safar Main Ne Kis Tarha Suffer Kiya)

What inspires you to read and post on ProPakistani?

Gossip, Entertainment & a Lot of Knowledge.

Wo alag baat hai ye saare articles main pehly he KAHI aur pharh chuka hota hou.

And wo alag baat hai K main bina parhe he comments karta deta ho heading main kuch baaten samajh ati hai.

What are your hobbies and what do you do for a living? Are you a student?

My Hobby is Surfing, Browsing, Working, Cleaning My Home, Watching Horror Movie, Shows, Carton, Movies, Outing, Long Driving & Don’t Forget Sleeping.

I take oxygen for Living & yes I am Student, Professional, Bachelor (means Single).

What do you do in your free time and when ProPakistani doesn’t publish (on weekends)?

I am totally considering on my job only during free time.

Abdul Wahab, I have seen you ignoring hateful comments or seeing the funny side of it. What many people would like to know is that how do you manage to take all those negative trolls so bravely and remain positive all the time?

Dil Bara Hona Chahyeh & My Dadi Said to me “Jo Bura Kehte hai Asal Main Wahi Bure Hote hai Don’t take seriously.”

I am smiling on every time & don’t take seriously my haters.

Its my haters who are gonna make me famous (So Thank U for Hating Me & for the Bad Replies on my funny Comments).

Do you think that ProPakistani articles are going to make a change in Pakistan? Where do you see your comments in this regard? Do you see your commenting make a difference?

Yes ProPk & me want change in Pakistan. We demand a Better Pakistan as Iqbal Sahab dreamed & as our Quaid wanted.

Hi Wahab. Brother you are one of the great persons here and the best at the comments. My Question is why mostly your comments are judgmental, declarative or biased? Why not make them based on your experiences or arguments-based?

Express the Experience is on my first priority, sometime when i stuck due to policies and department politics then ” Sunata Ho Phir Bohat ”

Wahab bhai, what are your future plans?? Any other forums you plan to target on?

My First Future plan to get marry after that (my thinking will start to end only on my Wife).

Anyway Mr. Aamir Atta is my ideal Tech person. I want to become like this man since I got a lot of info here from ProPk.

What do you think about the IT sector in Pakistan and its future ? Do you think our low Internet Penetration is hindering our IT sector from booming ?

We need highly qualified and experience person in IT sectors specially in PTA chairman who have a skill to understand the lack of IT Sectors Problem.

Enhance the PTCL Network, Internet Speed, 3G 4G Covered Areas, Polices & Benefits to Export on IT Sector, Low Taxes rate of IT Product Import. Interest free loan etc.

No doubt you are quite Popular in a wide reader’s network (ProPakistani), how does it feel?

Well, feeling never express in words : I can feel only Aaj lagta hai main hawaon mein hoon, Aaj itni khushi mili hai,

Have you ever thought of writing an article for ProPakistani? If yes what topic you would have chosen?

Yes i am thinking on daily basis to write a article to ProPk.

My topics would be #How to Implement a Policies in Pakistan, #Education Priority, #Save Tree, #Islamic # Current Affairs, #Politics & My Favorite “Bacho Ki Shaadi Jaldi Karni Chahyeh ”

What interests you more, Technology or Politics?

Of course Marriage But Officially i Consider on the Tech Q K Pakistan K Politics Main Kuch Nahi Rakha Ye Sub Mill K HUM Ko Mamu Bana Rahy hai.

Please tell us about your prospective about Pakistan? Do you see you have a better future here or you will become a part of brain drain?

Pakistan have a great talent, natural resources & here is great future, But some politician have wasted these things.

We have to be saved these things to making a bright future of Pakistan for our child & family.

If you are ever considered as the Prime Minister or President of Pakistan, what three steps would you take first?

Less Inflation, Pure Water Purified Plant, Arrange Energy Crisis.

How can he be always online to comment?

I am available in ProPk only 10AM TO 7PM (My Office Time Only).

I am Not Using ProPk At Home Or outside Working Areas.

If you could make a suggestion on improving ProPakistani, what would it be?

ProPk Is best it’s my first website to comments on there : I’ve some queries for ProPk :

We have many apps & software to convert ENGLISH to URDU (ProPk) Used it to Share Article in One Page into Two Languages to Share anyone.

ProPk Must have Windows, Andriod, & IOS Apps & Update Daily.

ProPk add searching option contains format to search out anything in ProPk Pages

ProPk showing yearly profit & lose statement

ProPk arrange camping to participate any training with the help of Organization

ProPk arrange online computer course in both or URDU languages to learn easily

ProPk make apps for (Games, Books, Education,Songs Movie Etc)

PorPk Focus on Current Affair TECH News

ProPk Advise us regarding addmission, test, result, exam, etc for each university & Faculty

ProPk launch compliant cell (Some Member have issue)

ProPk have proff reading problem make sure each and everything before posting

ProPk conduct a surcvey report monthly basis (Which article best, what you want, suggest, comments, voting etc)

ProPk arrange MEMBER ot the Month (for Best Comments, Most Comments Etc)

ProPk add website vising counting on daily basis

ProPK notification issue please resolve it

Add twitter notification to get any one who are following on you in Twitter

What if you are made Prime Minister of Pakistan; any to do list?

I Want to do something. I have a lot of ideas on to how to grow income & how to save money & how to spend money in Pakistan & on the Pakistani People:

Focus to open Tax Free Manufacturing Plant (Growth Our Local Industry)

Focus to open Water Purification Plant at KARACHI SEA for Pure Drink & Supply to Whole Pakistan

Focus on KALA BAGH DAM & Another PAK DAM in PAKISTAN

Focus on Wind Turbine to produce electricity

Focus to open GAS & Oil Plant to avoid importing

Change Complete High Level Management & Staff of PIA, Post Office, Steel Mill, Government Department, Custom, Associations, Police, Rangers, Army Etc

Completely bio metric system from Child Birth to Death & In All Stage (Admission, Job, Purchasing, Buying, GSM, Mobile, Traveling Etc)

All Social Websites & Apps linked with Bio Metric system. Per CNIC only One ID can be registered in all social sites to secure internet security & safety.

Focus to open Registered Free Hospitals, School, Collage, University, Shop, Industries, Bank, Etc (On Government Stage)

Completely Free Education From Nursery to Under Graduation with Books, Notes Etc (& Scholarship for onward education)

Road, Bridge, Under Pass, Repair & New to be prepared

Only Government Public Buses are allowed on road (All Private should be banned). Rate 5 Rupee Per Stop (Student Free) 06AM TO 06PM

In Pakistan, Saturday, Sunday should be considered as Leave for Industry, Banks, Education, Etc (Except Hospital)

Working Timing for all sectors : 07 AM TO 3PM (One Shift 8 Hours) Each Industry must be working on 8 Huors Shift ( No More Overtime)

Working Benefits : Annual Leaves, Bonus, Gratuity, Provident Fund, Medical, Loan (Interest Free) Etc

All Policies, Rules, Regulation & Law are same in Pakistan & applicable in all areas of Pakistan including all provinces & department

Focus to open Pakistan Foods Authority

No More SASTA Bike & Car E.g Bike Min PKR 70,000 & Car E.g 1,000,000 Starting Price Without Taxes

Heavy Taxes on Using, Bike, Car, Smart Phone,(Any Other Like this) & Import (Those Product already made in PAK) (To Save the environment)

Same Price of All Product in Pakistan e.g. Fuel, Foods, Veg, Fruits, Equipment., Etc

Monthly Rent on Using Social Apps

All Women Should be wear Scarf, in all premises of Pakistan.

Each Government, Private Department Office, Industry should have valid Uniforms.

No Morning Show, No Ramadan Show, No Game Show, No Music Show, No Women on Commercials allowed in Pakistan

First Priority on ISLAM then Pakistan

All MNA MPA, Mayor, PM, CM, DIG, SP SHO, etc should be Graduates & Master. They must be Beard on Face & Five Time Namazi & Know the Baisc Rules of ISLAM

No Parci, Sifarish, Relation Ship to be entertain in Pakistan Only Merit & Experience are allowed

All Online Shopping processes must be registered

SAZA On Public Places

Focus to Plant Trees. Strict Rules for Plant Tree on Each Home Office Areas for All Pakistanis

Banned complete Import Indian Items, Iran Afghanistan , Sham. Israil Etc Countries

Basic Salary of Employee PKR 20,000 (8 Hours Only)

Complete Salary to be giving through Bank Accounts ONLY No More taking Cash Allowed to AnyOne

Focus to Moderate Highways & Tourism Areas

All Rules & Regulation to be changed according to current affairs (After Public Verification)

NAB have authorized to check all people money & transaction etc

All Government Vacancy, Hiring, Appointment Etc to be launch under One Department

Low Taxes in all sectors

9PM is last timing for shutdown complete markets (Medical Facility will be available on 24Hours)

Marriage are allowed only in Marriage LAWN, No More Street, Ground Ceremony : Time Closed 11PM Otherwise Jail

Focus to open & support IT Sectors to compare international markets using apps, software etc.

Allow PayPal, & Permission to Branch less Banking to remit internationally with limits.

Focus to Quick Problem Resolving.

Bearing of all types of Expense by Pakistan Bait ul Maal for child births

Jobless person are allowed to get the cash from any bank with thumb impression PKR : 5000 to survive life no More Beggars until unless the getting job.

Focus to Enhance the network of AmanTech Faculty in Pakistan.

Salary taxes starting on 1 Lac

All Department using ERP , MRP Etc Software

Focus to Online with Quality, Paper Less Working

Searching Bridal & Groom & Support Poor People for Marriage

Focus to open Government Compliant Cell to launch complaint against, Any Government, Private Department, Any Education , Any Foods, Any Person with Proff:

Only these taxes would be eligible in Pakistan, Custom Duty (1% to 35%), Sales Tax (5% to 15%) Income Tax (1% to 20%) Regular Duty (10% to 100%) Anti Dumping Duty (15% 55%) Depends the product and category

Fixed Rates for Utilities Bill e.g

Teacher License, Coaching License Etc for Quality of Education

At the Time of Azaan, All types of PTCL, Internet, Mobile, Social Apps, TV Cable Etc is stopped until the completion on Namaz (Five Times)

Government Arrange PAKISTAN TALENT HUNT Program on Live on Media to showing talent, skill of Each Pakistani.

Poor Family Loan Services without interest

Emergency ATM Loan Service 500 (In Case of CashLess Pockets) One Time Transaction on Each Month (Only For Account Holder Who have Good Rating in Bank)

In Case of Employee Terminated then Factory Or Department giving him or her 6 Month Bonus Salary

Salary of Each People of Pakistani transferred into account before 30th Of Each Month

Online CNIC, CRC, Pass Port, Domicile, PRC Etc facilities

Online Police Station FIR Facilities

CPCL & PTA have free hand to track any person using IP Address, Mobile Number Code Etc

Corruption, Bribes Case Etc (Recover All Amount & JILAWATAN Til Death Or Phansi )

Government decided consumer product price with subside

Protocol of 3 Van Only (Without STOPPED the Road & Etc) for PM, President, General ARMY NAVY & AIR FORCE Only No More Protocol for MNA MPA Mayor Etc & They all will be in touch with Public

Public Platform for advising

All People of Pakistani Should be marry within 25 Years (Boys & Girls too) Government Support Financially (if need it) & registered marry otherwise take serious action.

Government makes a village for support all beggars,poor people by living, by medical by education

Only One Jail System In Pakistan that name “PAKISTAN CENTRAL JAIL” suited in Sea Or Desert Area (Which People who has courrt assine a terror more than 3 month) (NO More Jail in Public Places) (Fully Mobile Signal Jammers, No Internet, Etc) All person who have in Jail make sure for Foods, Education, Islamic Education, Timing limit for News & Watching Movie Etc

All Government Privatized action will be taken after Public Voting :

All Pakistani House ,Flat, Building, Floor Wise home Etc should be registered and get the MAP too : OtherWise taken serious aciton

Government scheme arrange Middle Class Family Housing Scheme with Under Budget

Government arrange to learning Modern Langues that name ” Pakistan Institute of Languages” which is providing you More Than 100 Languges in affordable fee & free for poor people

Government can arrange 5000 People of Pakistani On Monthly Basis Will be going to Performed UMRAH for 10 Days In Just PKR 25,000 (Including all Expense) (Who have never Gone for UMRAH)

Government can arrange 75% of Quota of Approve HAJI for PAKISTAN will be going under Govt Scheme in Just PKR : 200,000 (On Installment)

All Companies , Industry, Office, School, Collage University Etc Shall be using resisted Window 10 With Office 365 & IDM in PC.

No More Window, Software, Games Available in CD Or DVD in less than 100 Rupees With Two Time Installation ( In Karachi CD Or DVD Cost Right Now 25/50)

Government makes Apps for Cloud Storage with Contact (Your Memory Card & PC Data) Free & Some Affordable Price in One CNIC with One Number

In All August, All Pakistani should be arrange Falg of Pakistan out side of home, at in Bike Or Car, Bus, Road, Building etc\

No More Job Posting In News Paper & Any Other Site without Pro Per Mention Work, Lum Sum Salary Benefit. With Company nameEtc & Must be used Office Domain Email lD. No More Add published with Hotmail, Gmail, Yahoo Etc

All Pakistani News Media Have Proper WebSites Page in URDU Langues Or Convert into Urdu

Politician Age Starting 20 to 40 Years Only (No More Allowed in Politics & Government Job After 40) (Until Unless Public Vote)

If Any One Political Party Have Won the General Election Then No More Allowed In Next Election Only

No More Smoking, Tobacco, Chalia, Gutka, Chars, Afheem, Ghanjah, Durgs, Alcohol Etc in the Premise of Pakistan (For Public Using Not For Medical Purpose) Only Simple PAN Allowed With Sweet Supari

Arrange to All Clean City Green City & Lot More Policies & Working in my mind but i didn’t get any platform to enhance my skills

Electric 3 Rupee for Residential

5 Rupee for Commercial,

Or Fixed 1000 Rupee Per Ground Floor (300 Unit tak) :

More Floor More 1000 (Commercial 5 Rupee Per Unit)

Gas 2 Rupee for Residential

6 Rupee for Commercial,

Fixed 500 Per Ground Floor More Floor More 500 (100 Unit tak)

Water 500 Per Ground Floor Fixed

(Contact to Me [email protected] / +923462356930

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gosunsolarenergy · 3 years ago

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Ukraine Crisis Highlight Dependence on Oil: Solar Energy Products Can Help Replace The Oil

As we face the Russian attack on Ukraine, many people have been wondering what a war with Russia might mean for a continent relying on Russia for fossil fuels. Combating the immediate impacts of conflict may push governments to abandon efforts to address the more significant climate challenge. A protracted battle might result in an increasing number of states severing relations with Russia, jeopardizing the world's vital oil and gas supply.

The global market is already dealing with oil prices surging above $100 per barrel for the first time since 2008. Governments are trying to find alternatives.

Let’s find out how much oil is exported from Russia to the United States and Europe.

How may solar energy assist us in weaning ourselves off oil?

And how GoSun has innovated several products to free you from oil!

Amount Of Oil Exported To The U.S From Russia

The United States imported approximately 27.7 million barrels of crude oil from Russia in 2020, accounting for 1.3 percent of total crude oil imports. The EU depends on Russian gas for 45 percent of its imports and around 40 percent of its consumption.

Additionally, we examined preliminary figures for 2021, which indicated that the US purchased approximately 72.6 million barrels from Russia, out of a total of 2.2 billion that year. It equates to roughly 3.3 percent of total crude oil imports.

In terms of petroleum, the US imported around 7.86 million barrels per day in 2020. According to the EIA, Russia accounted for approximately 7% of total petroleum (including crude oil) imports.

Russia is one of the Worlds’ biggest oil producers; and natural gas.

In 2021, the EU imported around 45% of its gas from the country, according to the International Energy Agency.

In 2020, Russian oil imports accounted for about 25% of the bloc’s crude purchases, according to the region’s statistics office.

Replace Oil with Solar Energy

To combat higher oil prices and to reduce dependence on oil, it is best to invest in renewable energy products. Some of the most energy efficient appliances and products manufactured are by GoSun.

GoSun manufactures a wide range of solar devices, including ground-breaking solar ovens that employ vacuum insulation to bake, boil, or fry a meal in less than 20 minutes using just sunlight.

It is the first consumer solar product maker to penetrate mainstream markets focused on outdoor power, food, and beverage use. GoSun presently works with several well-known businesses, including REI, ACE, and Home Depot.

Following are solar products that can reduce dependence on oil or fossil fuels and products that can be used for both recreation purposes and every day.

Solar Ovens

Solar ovens are becoming more and more popular these days because of their efficiency in reducing the usage of fossil fuels. However, GoSun patented solar ovens are considered among the most energy efficient. These solar cookers' futuristic design and exceptional efficiency can consume up to 100 times less energy than traditional ovens.

While most electric ovens require and run between 1500 and 5000 watts, and the average electric stove consumes around 3000 watts (even a toaster oven consumes 1500 watts), the GoSun Oven consumes just 15 to 90 watts.

Solar Water Purifiers

The GoSun Flowis another of the company's innovations. It is a solar water purification device that eliminates manual pumping, sucking, gravity, or chemical treatment. It operates on a low-energy USB pump and filters out 99.9 percent of pathogens in water, including bacteria, viruses, and various pollutants.

You may use the GoSun Flow pump straight from its integrated solar carrying case or from the integrated power bank that comes with the solar water purifying system. The GoSun Flowis available with an optional faucet system that incorporates a clamp for hand washing or showering!

Our Job Is To Get Off of Russian Power and Oil.

It’s important to know that we hold the key to the energy transition. Consumers, individuals, and industry must lead the massive change required.

It would significantly improve energy security, significantly reduce CO2 emissions, and to shrink the Russian government's primary source of revenue, if we stop using so much oil. We as individuals can begin to make a difference.

Many small, discrete energy transfers can occur—for example, switching to solar power products rather than oil. The more a person consumes, the greater their responsibility.

Therefore, make prudent decisions and generate demand for exceptional items.

Our Summary

The recent economic fallout of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine has resonated around the world, leaving many households wondering how the crisis will affect their finances.

Inflation would mainly be caused by the shortages and rising prices of goods such as oil, wheat, metals, etc., because Russia is a significant producer of all these goods. It has helped make Russia become a superpower. However, to stop giving Russia undue power, it is necessary to stop using their products such as oil. The simplest option is to switch to solar energy products in your households, industries, etc.

If you want to help show your support for an independent Ukraine, and become more energy independent, start using more solar energy products, go to GoSun, the best products designed to fulfill the basic requirements of their consumers.

This month, Gosun will be showing its support to Ukraine by providing Sunflower seeds (Ukraine’s National Flower) with each order, and donating to NGO’s supporting the refugees.

Do you think you can help support Ukraine crisis and reduce dependence on oil? Just Stop using oil and switch to solar products likeGoSun !

0 notes

earaercircular · 3 years ago

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Solutex, the most sustainable omega 3 is extracted with CO2 in Aragon

Omega 3 Fatty Acid Bottles. Solutex

One of the world leaders in fatty acids exports to 20 countries from the Zaragoza municipality of Mallén. The company is a benchmark in green chemistry due to its strong commitment to the circular economy.

It has offices in Winston-Salem (United States), Quebec (Canada), Bombay (India) and Seoul (South Korea), but its engine room, a modern factory with a capacity of over 4,000 metric tons , is located in the Aragonese town of Mallén.[1]

There, the Solutex team produces the high concentrates of omega 3 fatty acids that have made the company a reference in the so-called green chemistry, which is characterized by the sustainable management of resources and the non-generation of waste. "The circular economy is fundamental for us," says its CEO, Fernando Moreno Egea.

It has been, he says, since Solutex was founded in 2004. That year, Moreno Egea and his wife, Verónica Olaya Lavigne, decided to invest all their savings to found a company from scratch. "It was an aspiration that came from long ago and, after two decades of professional life working for third parties, we saw the opportunity to set up this project of common life," says Moreno Egea.

The company was thought of with an international dimension from the beginning, he explains. So the first business trip they made was to Japan. "The next mission was to open a commercial office in Chicago, with the help of Icex[2]," he recalls.

The following year, and once the technological model had been developed, it was time to implement its industrial pilot. It is then that they decide to incorporate Antonio Rodríguez Palmero [3]and Sepides[4], an arm of the Sociedad de Participaciones Industriales (SEPI) into their shareholding, which took 19% and 25% of the capital, respectively, with a financial contribution.

This allowed them "a rapid international expansion that currently encompasses more than 20 countries and that accounts for practically 85% of their turnover," he points out. Since then, the company “has only grown to be one of the most relevant global players in advanced nutritional lipids, with an expected consolidated turnover for 2021 of 25 million euros and an ebitda (profit before tax) of 5 , 2 million euros ”, says the CEO.

Innovations

The initial objective of Solutex was to obtain ingredients for food use through clean and sustainable technology of extraction and purification with CO2 in a supercritical state. "From a technological point of view, CO2 is a material that at certain conditions of pressure and temperature has both the diffusion and dissolution properties of liquids, which makes it a unique and determining solvent", Moreno Egea points out.

This technology, to which "high vacuum distillations and other sustainable techniques would soon be incorporated", gave rise in 2007, indicates the CEO, "to the first disruptive innovation of the company, which was the separation of the fatty acids EPA and DHA from omega 3 oil matrices ”, allowing the elaboration of differential ingredients and tailor-made for the pharmaceutical, nutritional and cosmetic industries.

Solutex's second breakthrough innovation came in 2014 in the field of immunonutrition, with the identification, production and subsequent commercialization of lipid mediators, molecules that are key in the body's inflammation processes. As a consequence of the research process that led to this advance, the company “has a portfolio of more than 100 patents”, affirms Fernando Moreno Egea.

The CEO adds that Solutex invests about 10% of its sales in R&D. "For this, we have a wide network of collaborators and experts, in addition to maintaining important agreements with different universities such as Harvard, Wayne, Granada and, particularly, with the University of Zaragoza, where we developed the Solutex Chair in Sustainable Chemistry" , highlights.

Put in value

The company, whose corporate headquarters are in Madrid, employs close to one hundred people, including ten PhDs in their specialties and more than thirty superior graduate degrees. In 2016 it entered the pharmaceutical group Ferrer[5], which acquired 10% of the shares, with the aim of reinforcing its capital and expanding the research and possible application of lipid mediators in other fields, such as pharmacy.

Currently, Solutex "explores different opportunities for growth and new projects, for which it studies different financial alternatives," says its chief executive. He adds that the company expects to have financing from European funds assigned to Spain, to expand its factory in Mallén, a work valued at 4 million euros.

Looking back and evaluating the journey of these 15 years, Moreno Egea feels a “great satisfaction”, when verifying how the fundamental pillars of Solutex - “internationalization, sustainability, technology, a very cohesive professional team, the capacity of the shareholders to envision the company and move it forward, and advanced, differential products ”- have supported the framework of the company.

To conclude, the CEO once again emphasizes the circular economy practiced by the company and the organization's commitment to the environment, which is embodied in the responsible management of natural resources and in the effort to leave behind a footprint. of very low carbon: "On the one hand, we value the sustainability certification of the raw materials we buy, and, on the other, we use clean technologies that do not generate waste and that allow us to revalue the materials resulting from the processes."

Source

Alexandro Gonzales Luna: Solutex, el omega 3 mas sostenible se extrae von CO2 en Aragon, El País, 2-9-2021, https://cincodias.elpais.com/cincodias/2021/09/01/companias/1630490620_532774.html

[1] https://solutexcorp.com/about/ Solutex is a leading global manufacturer and supplier of highly concentrated omega-3 EPA/DHA fatty acids for pharmaceutical, nutritional and cosmetic industries. 18 million euros, 85% of the company's turnover in 2020, came from exports to more than 20 countries. The company has commercial offices in countries such as India, the United States, Canada and South Korea. The growing international expansion will allow Solutex to increase its turnover, despite the effects of the pandemic, from the 21 million registered last year to 25 million euros and close the 2021 financial year with an EBITDA of 5.2 million. [2] https://www.icex.es/icex/es/index.html ICEX España Exportación e Inversiones (Spain Export and Investments) is a Spanish national business public entity whose mission is to promote the internationalization of Spanish companies and the promotion of foreign investment [3] Rodriguez Palmero Rodriguez De Liebana Antonio, [4] SEPI Desarrollo Empresarial, S.A., S.M.E. (SEPIDES) is a company integrated in the Sociedad de Participaciones Industriales (SEPI), a public body dependent on the Spanish Ministry of Finance. https://www.sepides.es/empresa/sepides/sepides/ [5] https://www.ferrer.com/en/we-are-ferrer/global-presence/ferrer-spain Founded in 1959, Ferrer is a Spanish multinational privately-held pharmaceutical company headquartered in Barcelona with a presence in over 90 countries. They operate in the pharmaceutical, health, fine chemicals (API), and food sectors. The company has expertise in the fields of cardiology, central nervous system, dermatology, gastroenterology, metabolism, oncology, musculoskeletal system, paediatrics, pain management, and respiratory.

#green chemistry #circular economy

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minimac-mspl · 4 years ago

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Steel Sector Of India

India is the 2nd largest steel producer country in the world after china.

India produces more than 111.2 Million Metric Tons of Steel every year. The export and import of finished steel stood at 8.24 MT and 6.69 MT, respectively, in FY20.

The per capita consumption of steel has increased from 57.6 kgs to 74.1 kgs during the last five years. This industry is said to increase its production capacity to 300 million tones by 2030–31.

Both, the Government and Private sectors of this industry are majorly investing to increase production capacity and improve technologies for sustainable growth.

Steel production in India can be increased if the health of machinery is maintained. Lubrication Reliability plays an important role to achieve and maintain the health machine.

The different types of Hydraulic equipment used in Steel Plants face an untimely breakdown and hindrance in operation due to OIL contamination and clogged systems.

Lubrication Reliability is an important part of O&M in Steel Plants. To increase hydraulic equipment's health, Superfine Oil is mandatory.

Minimac's range of Oil Purification Systems ensure fine filtration of oil upto 0.1 micron. We take care of your equipment and eliminate the source of contamination after thorough Oil Analysis and Condition Monitoring.

Read how Minimac Systems Pvt Ltd helped a steel plant in Rourkela, Odisha to overcome the disturbance caused due to frequent clogging of inline lube oil filters.

https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/nas-5-lube-oil-cleanliness-achieved-through-high-agrawal-mlt-1-

Lubricants face many challenges in providing lubrication to mechanical equipment, depending on the environment they operate in.

Temperature fluctuation, heat, heavy load, entrained air etc. are some of the challenges faced by lubricants. These challenges invite different types of contamination which reduce the life of the equipment and hinder smooth flow of operation.

Dealing with these challenges is not easy and demands regular check of Oil and equipment lubricants need periodic purification to eliminate contaminants.

One of the most common and stubborn kinds of contaminants which is found in lubricants is Varnish. Check out our article link to know more about varnish and its effects.

https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/what-varnish-its-effects-anshuman-agrawal

Reusing lubricants is always better than disposing of lubricants!

The use of lubricants in steel producing facilities is extensive. Changing trends in lubrication and reliability suggest that lubricants can be reused after purifying them from different types of contamination.

The reuse of lubricants would lower the disposal and help companies save the substantial cost and time of operation and maintenance. This would also help save the environment and support sustainable growth.

Lets Purify and Reuse!

We at Minimac study your maintenance needs and provide the best solution. We believe in Discern, Design & Deliver.

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sheetalchemicals · 4 years ago

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Aluminium Sulphate Manufacturers in India

Sheetal Chemicals have proven ourselves to be one of the best at providing excellent quality industrial chemicals. We are Chemicals Manufacturers in India and particularly Industrial Chemicals Manufacturers in India. We believe that the best products are those that are made by us and that belief has helped us grow to new heights. We promise to do our best to make you happy.

We are chemical suppliers in India and we have started out in 1997. This will be 20 years since we have opened our business. While we may not be the oldest chemical supplier company in India or the biggest, we do deliver fine ranging products to all our consumers. We are an Industrial chemicals supplier in India and we take great pride in being an Indian company and having had an amazing customer base, we hope to keep growing to reach new levels.

We are Sulphamic Acid Manufacturers in India, Sulphamic Acid Suppliers in India and Sulphamic Acid Exporters in India. We provide good quality sulphamic acid for your cleaning needs.

Benzene sulfonyl chloride is an organosulfur compound with the formula C6H5SO2Cl. It is a colourless viscous oil that dissolves in organic solvents, but reacts with compounds containing reactive N-H and O-H bonds. It is mainly used to prepare sulfon amides and sulfonate esters by reactions with amines and alcohols, respectively. The compound is prepared by the chlorination of benzene sulfonic acid or its salts with phosphorus oxychloride or, less commonly, by a reaction between benzene and chloro sulfuric acid. We provide Benzene Sulfonyl Chloride in India and are Benzene Sulfonyl Chloride Manufacturers in India, providing good quality Benzene Sulfonyl chloride.

Aluminium sulphate is used in water purification systems and in dyeing and printing textiles. Aluminium sulfate is sometimes used to reduce the pH of garden soil, as it hydrolyzes to form the aluminium hydroxide precipitate and a dilute sulfuric acid solution. Aluminium potassium sulfate and another form of alum, aluminium ammonium sulfate, are the active ingredients in some antiperspirants. It is used in baking powder, in firefighting foam, in septic pencils, in dentistry and to kill pesky bugs. It is a very useful and multifaceted element. We are Aluminium Sulphate Manufacturers in India and Aluminium Sulphate Suppiler in India.

Benzene sulfonic acid is an organosulfur compound with the formula C6H5SO3H. It is the simplest aromatic sulfonic acid. It forms white deliquescent sheet crystals or a white waxy solid that is soluble in water and ethanol, slightly soluble in benzene and insoluble in nonpolar solvents like diethyl ether. It is often stored in the form of alkali metal salts. Its aqueous solution is strongly acidic. Benzene sulfonic acid is mainly consumed by conversion to other specialty chemicals. A variety of pharmaceutical drugs are prepared as benzene sulfonate salts. We are Benzene Sulfonic Acid Manufacturers in India.

Benzoyl chloride, also known as benzenecarbonyl chloride, is an organochlorine compound with the formula C6H5COCl. It is a colourless, fuming liquid with an irritating odour. It is mainly useful for the production of peroxides but is generally useful in other areas such as in the preparation of dyes, perfumes, pharmaceuticals, and resins. Everyone who wants to make good perfume knows that the secret of the perfume is this wonder chemical. So, order some today to let your perfume smell beyond perfect and make everyone drool. We are one of the biggest and best Benzoyl Chloride Manufacturers in India.

Benzyl cyanide (abbreviated BnCN) is an organic compound with the chemical formula C6H5CH2CN. This colourless oily aromatic liquid is an important precursor to numerous compounds in organic chemistry. We are Benzyl Cyanide Manufacturers in India.

Diethyl sulfate is a highly toxic and likely carcinogenic chemical compound with formula (C2H5)2SO4. It occurs as a colourless, oily liquid with a faint peppermint odour and is corrosive. We are the best Diethyl Sulphate Manufacturers in India.

Rubber and tanning industries use a lot of chemicals. After all, they need to remove all that harmful bacteria from the skin of the animal. One of the most important chemicals that they use is ortho chloro benzaldehye. We are one of the biggest and the best Ortho Chloro Benzaldehyde Manufacturers in India.

We are Para Toluene Sulphonic Acid Manufacturers in India. Phenyl acetic acid is used in some perfumes, as it possesses a honey-like odor in low concentrations. We are Phenyl Acetic Acid Manufacturers in India.

#Aluminium Sulphate Manufacturers in India

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360smesolution · 3 years ago

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Industrial Oil Purification System Manufacturers,Exporters in India-AR ENGINEERING

http://hydraulicoilfiltrationmachine.com/industrial-oil-purification-system.html

#Industrial Oil Purification System ManufacturersIndustrial Oil Purification System Suppliers in Indiaindustrial oil filtration plantIndustri

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abhijeetpawar22 · 4 years ago

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Chemical Separation Membranes Market 2026:Global Size, Key Companies, Trends, Growth and Regional Forecasts Research

Market Insights:

The recently updated research report on the Chemical Separation Membranes market highlights vital information, such as market drivers, challenges, drivers, risks, competitive strategies, vendor landscape, and more. The Chemical Separation Membranes report is beneficial to the readers since it helps them to understand the current market scenario including trends. Chemical Separation Membranes market research is the compilation of all the key drivers, opportunities, restraints, and challenges that directly influence the market. Chemical Separation Membranes report impactful factors are described with details to help business owners, distributors, suppliers, and more in planning their future activities carefully and gain significant profits in the coming years.

Global Chemical Separation Membranes market is expected to be valued at USD XX billion with a CAGR of XX % over the forecast period 2020 - 2026.

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Players Covered:

DeltaMem AG, Pentair PLC, DIC Corporation, Novamem Ltd., PBI Performance Products, Inc., Pervatech BV, Evonik Industries AG, 3M Company, Markel Corporation, Compact Membrane Systems, Inc., L'Air Liquide S.A., Overview, MedArray Inc.

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The sudden entry of the novel Coronavirus has significantly impacted most businesses and their key areas. These include delivery and supply of essentials, disturbances in raw material supply, delayed or rejected logistics, reduced demand, hampering in production, and more. Chemical Separation Membranes market research report hence focuses on the COVID-19 impact on the different verticals to offer accurate market scenario to buyers and help them plan strategies for the forecast period.

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On the basis of type, the Chemical Separation Membranes market is divided into:

PTFE Membranes

EPTFE Membranes

PEEK Membranes

Polypropylene Membranes

PVDF Membranes

Silica Membranes

Zeolite Membranes

Others

The Chemical Separation Membranes market report highlights key end use industries that demand on a larger scale. It also sheds light on the other segments and the potential segments that will register a considerable share of the Chemical Separation Membranes market in the coming years. It also offers graphical representation including tables, pie charts, and statistics to help businesses plan their activities accordingly.

On the basis of end user:

Water Purification

Food and Beverages

Oil and Gas

Pharmaceuticals

Laboratory and Analytical

Ink and Coating

Electronics and Semiconductors

Energy Generation

Others

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Geographically, researchers have segmented the Chemical Separation Membranes market as North America, South America, Europe, Asia Pacific, and Middle East and Africa. These regions are further elaborated with key potential areas for producers, existing market players, and newbies to plan approaches. Demographic details, consumer buying pattern, the concentration of manufacturers, and governmental regulation associated with import and export are also precisely mentioned in the Chemical Separation Membranes report for better analysis by buyers.

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Historical and future projections of the global Chemical Separation Membranes market

Categorization of the Chemical Separation Membranes market to highlight the growth opportunities and trends influencing these segments

Varying consumption pattern of customers in various regions

Geographic analysis in terms of growth outlook, Chemical Separation Membranes market share, and major countries

Product launches, partnerships, mergers and acquisitions, and research and development projects of different Chemical Separation Membranes market players

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Which region is outshining in terms of value by the end of 2026?

Who are the consumers utilizing Chemical Separation Membranes for different reasons?

Which players are adopting collaboration strategy in the Chemical Separation Membranes market?

What is the CAGR of global Chemical Separation Membranes market throughout the historic period 2020-2026?

Which segment registers the Chemical Separation Membranes largest share, in terms of value?

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palvichemical · 3 years ago

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Common uses of Caustic Soda

Sodium hydroxide does not have an odour (NaOH). It is made up of solid white crystals that absorb water from its surroundings. Workers who come into contact with caustic or sodium hydroxide may be injured. The volume, duration, and activity of the damage define the severity of the injury. It can result in temporary hair loss as well as burns to the eyes, skin, and internal organs.

Sodium hydroxide is used to make colours, rayon, explosives, paper, soaps, as well as various petroleum products. Electroplating, cotton fabric processing, oxide coating, metal cleaning and processing, and electrolytic extraction are all possible applications.

Palvi Chemicals is one of the excellent and reliable Caustic Soda suppliers in Ghana.

Uses:

In the chemical industry, sodium hydroxide is a common strong base. Sodium hydroxide is used to make sodium salts and detergents, as well as to control pH and synthesise organic molecules. Because it is less expensive and easier to handle in bulk, it is normally handled as an aqueous solution.

Sodium hydroxide is used in a number of circumstances when the alkalinity of a mixture of neutralising acids needs to be increased.

Palvi Chemicals is the most popular and trustworthy Caustic Soda exporter in Nigeria.

Sodium hydroxide is used as a drilling mud additive in the petroleum industry to promote alkalinity in bentonite mud systems, increase mud viscosity, and neutralise any acid gas encountered in the geological formation as drilling progresses.

Another use is in salt spray testing, where the pH must be kept under control. Sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid are used to balance the pH. In a traditional neutral pH salt spray test, the corrosive agent is the resultant salt, NaCl.

Sodium hydroxide is used in caustic washing to remove sulphurous impurities from low-quality crude oil.

If you are looking for the most renowned and distinct Caustic Soda Distributor in Nigeria, Palvi Chemicals is the right choice for you.

Other applications:

● It's utilised in soap and detergent manufacturing. Sodium hydroxide is used more commonly than potassium hydroxide since it is less expensive and requires less quantity.

● Because sodium hydroxide converts fats and grease that could clog pipes into soap that dissolves in water, it's used in drain cleaners.

● It's used in the manufacturing of synthetic textile fibres (such as Rayon).

● It's utilised in the paper-making process. Around 56% of the sodium hydroxide produced is consumed by industry, with the paper industry accounting for 25%.

● It is used in the purification of bauxite ore, which is used to make aluminium metal and is also known as the Bayer process.

● Metals are degreased, oil is refined, and colours and bleaches are made with it.

● It's used to keep the pH of water treatment plants in check.

● It is used to give bagels and pretzel dough a distinctive shining appearance.

#Caustic Soda suppliers in Ghana #Caustic Soda exporter in Nigeria #Caustic Soda Distributor in Nigeria

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hydropress19 · 5 years ago

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Filter Plates Manufacturers in Coimbatore - Hydro Press Industries

Hydro Press Industries are one of the best filter plates manufacturers in South India. With expert mechanism and efficiency the filter plates from Hydro Press delivers quality and performance. We manufacture a wide range of filter plates in-house. We make use of high molecular polypropylene. Our filter plates are recognised for their excellent chemical resistance even at high temperatures, long working life, zero problems of leakage, crack and corrosion and enhanced filtration and washing efficiency.

In house manufacturing

100 % virgin polypropylene filter plates

Excellent quality, High machining accuracy and good finishing

Extended life

Available in wide range of sizes and configuration

Plates available with design pressure ranging from 4 bar up to 30 bar pressure

Discharge : Open and closed discharge

Feed : Centre feeding , Top / bottom Corner feeding, Top Centre

To know more https://www.hydropressindustries.com/filter-plate.php

Stellar Performance of Hydro Press Filter Press across Industries

Hydro Press Industries is one of the leading manufacturers and exporters of various types of filter presses with different sizes and configurations. Our filter presses are installed and working successfully in various types of Industries such as Effluent / Sewage / Water Treatment plants, Paper industries, Edible oil industries, Leather tanneries, Food processing, Chemical, Mineral and Ceramic industries in India and overseas.

Waste Water Treatment plants

Our filter presses find application in effluent treatments plans, municipal sewage works, industrial purification plants and industrial acid waste neutralisation.

Chemical Industries

Efficient and effective filtration is required in the chemical industry. Filter presses are used as part of the production process to filter pigments, dyes, catalysts, detergents, bio-fuels and other intermediate products.

Sewage Treatment Plants

Our water treatment systems are used to control waste water from industries, sewage odour control, BOD reduction, aeration, clarification and nitrogen removal.

Effluent Treatment Plants

In effluent treatment plants, automatic and fully automatic presses are used for liquid and chemical waste, soil decontamination, liquid electroplating waste and special waste incineration plants.

Tannery Industries

The tannery sector uses a lot of chemicals to obtain the end product. The chemicals are dissolved in water and sludge is created. The filter presses reduces the moisture content, volume and weight of the solid residue

Textile Industries

The water waste from the textile industry contains contaminants such as dyes, surfactants and heavy metals. With the use of a filter press, the problem of sludge bed is eliminated and overflow is controlled.

Food Processing Industries

Filter presses are used to filter and purify finished products such as sugar, wine, beer, yeast for baking and brewing and pectin.

Edible oil industries

Filter press machines and refinery machines are used as oil purifiers in the edible oil processing industry. It is used to refine rice bran oil, coconut oil, sunflower oil, sesame oil, mustard oil, gingerly oil, and peanut oil.

Pharmaceutical Industries

Filter presses are commonly used in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industry. It is mainly used to filter agar-agar, blood plasma, algae and other various intermediate pharmaceuticals.

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ourriyadesaime · 5 years ago

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gosunsolarenergy · 3 years ago

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Ukraine Crisis Highlight Dependence on Oil: Solar Energy Products Can Help Replace The Oil

As we face the Russian attack on Ukraine, many people have been wondering what a war with Russia might mean for a continent relying on Russia for fossil fuels.

Combating the immediate impacts of conflict may push governments to abandon efforts to address the more significant climate challenge. A protracted battle might result in an increasing number of states severing relations with Russia, jeopardizing the world's vital oil and gas supply.

The global market is already dealing with oil prices surging above $100 per barrel for the first time since 2008. Governments are trying to find alternatives.

Let’s find out how much oil is exported from Russia to the United States and Europe.

How may solar energy assist us in wean ourselves off oil?

And how GoSun has innovated several products to free you from oil!

Amount Of Oil Exported To The U.S From Russia

In terms of petroleum, the US imported around 7.86 million barrels per day in 2020. According to the EIA, Russia accounted for approximately 7% of total petroleum (including crude oil) imports.

Russia is one of the Worlds’ biggest oil producers; and natural gas.

In 2021, the EU imported around 45% of its gas from the country, according to the International Energy Agency.

In 2020, Russian oil imports accounted for about 25% of the bloc’s crude purchases, according to the region’s statistics office.

Replace Oil with Solar Energy

To combat higher oil prices and to reduce dependence on oil, it is best to invest in renewable energy products. Some of the most energy efficient appliances and products manufactured are by GoSun.

GoSunmanufactures a wide range of solar devices, including ground-breaking solar ovens that employ vacuum insulation to bake, boil, or fry a meal in less than 20 minutes using just sunlight.

Following are solar products that can reduce dependence on oil or fossil fuels and products that can be used for both recreation purposes and every day.

Solar Ovens

Solar ovens are becoming more and more popular these days because of their efficiency in reducing the usage of fossil fuels. However,GoSun patented solar ovens are considered among the most energy efficient. These solar cookers' futuristic design and exceptional efficiency can consume up to 100 times less energy than traditional ovens.

Solar Water Purifiers

You may use the GoSun Flow pump straight from its integrated solar carrying case or from the integrated power bank that comes with the solar water purifying system. The GoSun Flow is available with an optional faucet system that incorporates a clamp for hand washing or showering!

Our Job Is To Get Off of Russian Power and Oil.

It’s important to know that we hold the key to the energy transition. Consumers, individuals, and industry must lead the massive change required.

Many small, discrete energy transfers can occur—for example, switching to solar power products rather than oil. The more a person consumes, the greater their responsibility.

Therefore, make prudent decisions and generate demand for exceptional items.

Our Summary

The recent economic fallout of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine has resonated around the world, leaving many households wondering how the crisis will affect their finances.

This month, Gosun will be showing its support to Ukraine by providing Sunflower seeds (Ukraine’s National Flower) with each order, and donating to NGO’s supporting the refugees.

Do you think you can help support Ukraine crisis and reduce dependence on oil? Just Stop using oil and switch to solar products like GoSun !

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homewecomesblog · 4 years ago

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Keravita Pro 2021 5 Steps The Best Nails and Hair

Product Name: Keravita Pro Click here to get Keravita Pro at discounted price while it's still available... All orders are protected by SSL encryption – the highest industry standard for online security from trusted vendors.Keravita Pro is backed with a 60 Day No Questions Asked Money Back Guarantee. If within the first 60 days of receipt you are not satisfied with Wake Up Lean™, you can request a refund by sending an email to the address given inside the product and we will immediately refund your entire purchase price, with no questions asked. Description: Keravita Pro 5 Steps The Best Nails and Hair Keravita Pro 5 Steps The Best Nails and Hair Keravita Pro Mr. Benjamin Jones.Their Interpretations Hi, I’m Benjamin Jones I live in a small town near Tallahassee, Florida, together with my dear wife, Gemma. 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If you experience any unusual symptoms while taking Keravida Pro, you should stop taking the supplement and consult your doctor for real medical advice. Therefore, before using Keravida Pro, consult your doctor first for any invisible side effects. Again, do not replace your diet pills with this dietary supplement. Always take this with two meals, preferably breakfast and dinner. It is designed in addition to your diet, there is no other way. Keravita Pro This is the best product that is 100% fulfilled to suit everyone's needs Keravita Pro This is the best product that is 100% fulfilled to suit everyone's needs Please note that the information we provide is not an alternative to accessing a qualified medical professional. We recommend that you talk to your doctor about changes in your lifestyle and discuss with him or her. If you have any questions or concerns about any medical conditions, please contact your doctor. The content of the website and the product for sale are based on the author's opinion, and they are provided only as "available" and "available". When looking for information on health concerns you should do your own research and confirm the information with other sources, and always carefully review the information with your healthcare provider before using any protocol provided on this website and/or products sold. Click Bank is the retailer of products on this site. CLICKBANK® is located at 1444 South Entertainment Away, Suite 410, Boise, Idaho, 83709, US-based Delaware Company Click Sales, Inc. Used with the trademark and license of. Clickbank's role as a retailer does not include the endorsement, endorsement or review of these products or any claims, statements or comments used in the promotion of these products. Shipping charges apply to international exports (outside the United States). Read more here. Click here to get Keravita Pro at discounted price while it's still available... All orders are protected by SSL encryption – the highest industry standard for online security from trusted vendors.Keravita Pro is backed with a 60 Day No Questions Asked Money Back Guarantee. If within the first 60 days of receipt you are not satisfied with Wake Up Lean™, you can request a refund by sending an email to the address given inside the product and we will immediately refund your entire purchase price, with no questions asked. Read the full article

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