#In-vitro Transcription Templates Market

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mRNA Synthesis Raw Materials Market Size, Share, Growth, Analysis Forecast to 2030

mRNA Synthesis Raw Materials Industry Overview

The global mRNA synthesis raw materials market size was estimated at USD 1.72 billion in 2023 and is anticipated to grow at a CAGR of 2.85% from 2024 to 2030.

mRNA is synthesized by the process of transcription in the nucleus by using a template made up of a DNA nucleotide sequence. It includes various steps such as initiation, elongation, editing, and termination. mRNA synthesis has a broad range of applications in drug discovery, vaccine development, and the manufacturing of therapeutics. RNA-based vaccines have better immunogenicity, higher efficiency, and require short production time. The key factors driving the market growth include the growing academic and industrial interest in mRNA technology, the advantages of mRNA vaccines, and increasing funding for research.

Gather more insights about the market drivers, restrains and growth of the mRNA Synthesis Raw Materials Market

The COVID-19 pandemic created new opportunities for mRNA technology platforms with the introduction and widespread use of vaccines. Government agencies from several nations, research institutions, and numerous biotech and pharmaceutical companies are focusing on efficient and quick methods for the rapid detection of COVID-19. mRNA vaccines are a safe and efficient method for preventing COVID-19. In addition, the advantages associated with the mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines have sparked the attention of pharmaceutical businesses in delivering vaccines swiftly across the globe.

The National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases and Moderna, Inc. mutually developed the mRNA-1273 (NIAID) in March 2020. It shows 94.1% efficacy in symptomatic prevention from COVID-19 and in December 2020, received emergency use authorization from the US Food & Drug Administration (US FDA) for widespread immunization of people. As a result, the usage of mRNA vaccines increased exponentially during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Recently, RNA centers have been established at numerous institutions to promote therapeutic uses of RNA, particularly in vitro transcribed (IVT) mRNA. These facilities include the Yale Center for RNA Science and Medicine, the RNA Institute at the University of Albany, the State University of New York, and the RNA Therapeutic Institute at the University of Massachusetts in the United States. Additionally, university spin-off businesses funded by significant venture capital infusions such as Argos Medicines, Factor Bioscience, CureVac, Ethris, BioNTech, Moderna, eTheRNA, and Onkaido have advanced the preclinical and clinical development of mRNA-based therapeutics. Hence, growing academic and industrial interest in mRNA technology is anticipated to increase the need for mRNA synthesis raw materials, thereby boosting market growth.

Furthermore, the simplicity to manufacture the mRNA vaccine is a key reason for the development of these vaccines. For instance, it is essential for DNA to enter the nucleus, and then it can be transcribed into mRNA. However, mRNA does not need to enter the nucleus to function as it initiates protein translation in the cytoplasm. Hence, this process makes the mRNA vaccine more efficient and simple to manufacture. In contrast to viral vectors and DNA, mRNAs do not insert into the genome but express the encoded protein instantaneously. Typical cellular processes can eliminate the mRNA since it doesn’t integrate into the host genome, thus eliminating any chance of infection or insertion mutation. In addition, the In Vitro Transcription (IVT) process readily synthesizes mRNA. The process is relatively inexpensive and can be quickly applied to a variety of therapies. Such advantages of mRNA vaccines are anticipated to drive the market during the study period.

Moreover, several operating players in the market and various research institutes are receiving funding for the development of novel mRNA therapeutics. For instance, in October 2022, the University of Columbia received USD 11.1 million in funding from the government of Canada to advance the mRNA vaccine technology. This funding aims to improve their efficacy, reduce the potential side effects of vaccines, and allow for a smaller vaccine dosage. Similarly, in December 2022, ExPLoRNA Therapeutics received USD 813,578 in funding from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation to further develop its mRNA technology. Therefore, rising funding for research is expected to increase the need for mRNA synthesis raw materials and fuel the market growth during the forecast period.

Additionally, the growing prevalence of chronic and infectious diseases is increasing the therapeutic application of mRNA technology. For instance, according to WHO, cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, causing almost one in six deaths, while cardiovascular diseases lead to an estimated 17.9 million deaths each year. In addition, according to WHO, about 10 million people worldwide contracted tuberculosis in 2020 (1.1 million children, 5.6 million men, & 3.3 million women). Hence, scientists in industries and universities worldwide are finding novel and innovative ways to develop therapeutics using mRNA technology to prevent and treat disease. For instance, researchers at Penn Medicine are using the mRNA platform to create vaccines for several conditions such as cancer, treatment for food and environmental allergies, genetic diseases, and heart attack and stroke, among others.

Browse through Grand View Research's Biotechnology Industry Research Reports.

• The global recombinant DNA technology market size was valued at USD 728.9 billion in 2023 and is projected to grow at a CAGR of 5.4% from 2024 to 2030.

• The global DNA diagnostics market size was estimated at USD 10.64 billion in 2023 and is projected to grow at a CAGR of 4.51% from 2024 to 2030.

Key mRNA Synthesis Raw Materials Company Insights

The market players operating in the mRNA synthesis raw materials market are adopting product approval to increase the reach of their products in the market and improve the availability of their products in diverse geographical areas, along with expansion as a strategy to enhance production/research activities. In addition, several market players are acquiring smaller players to strengthen their market position. This strategy enables companies to increase their capabilities, expand their product portfolios, and improve their competencies.

Key mRNA Synthesis Raw Materials Companies:

The following are the leading companies in the mRNA synthesis raw materials market. These companies collectively hold the largest market share and dictate industry trends

F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd.

Jena Bioscience GmbH

Merck KGaA

Yeasen Biotechnology (Shanghai) Co., Ltd.

BOC Sciences

Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.

Maravai LifeSciences

New England Biolabs

Creative Biogene

HONGENE

Recent Developments

In April 2024, Telesis Bio Inc. announced its refocusing strategy to promote its innovative Gibson SOLA platform, targeting DNA and mRNA drug discovery. The company will also concentrate on enhancing its BioXp platform for mRNA synthesis, leveraging its distinct competitive advantage.

In February 2023, Life Edit Therapeutics Inc. and Moderna Inc. signed a collaboration agreement to discover and develop mRNA gene-editing therapies.

In January 2023, BioNTech and the UK Government signed a Strategic Partnership Agreement to help patients by advancing clinical trials for targeted mRNA immune therapies. To provide targeted cancer therapies to up to 10,000 patients by the end of 2030, through clinical trials or as approved treatments

Order a free sample PDF of the MRNA Synthesis Raw Materials Market Intelligence Study, published by Grand View Research.

[priyanshisingh]

Molecular Biology Enzymes Kits and Reagents Market Size, A Forecasted Outlook for 2023-2030

The latest market report published by Credence Research, Inc. “Global Molecular Biology Enzymes Kits and Reagents Market: Growth, Future Prospects, and Competitive Analysis, 2022 – 2030. The global demand for molecular biology enzymes kits and reagents market was valued at USD 20.2 Billion in 2022 and is expected to reach USD 38.12854245 Billion in 2030, growing at a CAGR of 9.50% between 2023 and 2030.

Molecular Biology Enzymes Kits and Reagents Market encompasses an extensive range of products crucial for various molecular biology protocols, research, and clinical applications. This market segment includes enzymes such as DNA and RNA polymerases, reverse transcriptases, restriction endonucleases, ligases, and various modifying enzymes, among others. These enzymes play pivotal roles in procedures like PCR, qPCR, sequencing, cloning, cDNA synthesis, and restriction digestion. Accompanying these enzymes are specialized reagents and kits optimized for specific applications, ensuring accuracy, reproducibility, and high yield. The demand in this market has been amplified due to the burgeoning biotechnology and pharmaceutical sectors, ongoing research in genetics and molecular biology, and the rising prevalence of infectious diseases and genetic disorders.

Additionally, the recent surge in genomic studies and personalized medicine has further propelled the requirement for high-quality enzymes and associated reagents. Major players in this space are continuously investing in R&D to offer innovative, efficient, and cost-effective solutions. However, the market's growth can be constrained by factors like high costs of certain products and stringent regulatory landscapes. Overall, the Molecular Biology Enzymes Kits and Reagents Market represents a dynamic and vital segment in the life sciences industry, with its products underpinning many modern biological and clinical breakthroughs.

Molecular Biology Enzymes Kits and Reagents Market Key Growth Trends have been a subject of great interest and significance in the scientific community. These trends highlight the constant evolution and advancements in molecular biology research, particularly in relation to enzymes, kits, and reagents. Researchers are continually seeking innovative solutions to optimize experimental procedures and improve efficiency. The market offers a wide range of enzymatic products that cater to diverse applications such as DNA amplification, sequencing, cloning, gene expression analysis, and protein purification. These growth trends indicate an increasing demand for user-friendly enzyme kits that provide reliable results with minimal effort. Furthermore, there is a growing emphasis on environmentally friendly products that reduce waste generation while maintaining high performance standards.

Molecular Biology Enzymes Kits and Reagents Market Key Offerings-

1. Enzymes

DNA Polymerases: Essential for PCR, qPCR, and sequencing applications.

RNA Polymerases: Used for in vitro transcription processes.

Reverse Transcriptases: Central to cDNA synthesis and RT-PCR.

Restriction Endonucleases: Enable DNA fragment analysis and cloning.

Ligases: Vital for linking DNA fragments together.

Modifying Enzymes: Such as methyltransferases and phosphatases, crucial for modifying DNA molecules.

2. Kits

PCR and qPCR Kits: Contain all necessary reagents for amplifying DNA or RNA.

cDNA Synthesis Kits: Offer reagents for synthesizing complementary DNA from RNA templates.

DNA Sequencing Kits: Provide the necessary components for DNA sequencing procedures.

Cloning Kits: Simplify the process of inserting DNA into vectors for expression or analysis.

Genotyping Kits: Facilitate the identification of genetic variations.

3. Reagents

Nucleotides: Basic building blocks for DNA and RNA synthesis.

Primers and Probes: Short strands of nucleic acids essential for processes like PCR.

Buffers and Solutions: Maintain optimal conditions for enzymatic reactions.

Dyes and Stains: Enable visualization of nucleic acids.

4. Sample Preparation Products

DNA and RNA Extraction and Purification Kits: Help in isolating nucleic acids from various samples.

Gel Extraction Kits: Allow for the purification of DNA fragments from agarose gels.

5. Assay Kits

Gene Expression Assays: Facilitate the study of gene activity.

Mutation Detection Assays: Enable the identification of genetic mutations.

Methylated DNA Detection Kits: Used to study DNA methylation patterns.

6. Library Preparation Kits

Essential for next-generation sequencing, these kits provide tools to create libraries from DNA or RNA samples for sequencing applications.

7. Accessory Products

Positive Controls: Provide known references for various assays.

Stabilizers and Preservatives: Extend the shelf-life of enzymes and other sensitive products.

Browse 250 pages report Molecular Biology Enzymes Kits and Reagents Market By Product (Kits & Reagents, Enzymes, Ligases, Restriction Endonucleases, Reverse Transcriptases, Other Enzymes) By Applications (PCR, Sequencing, Cloning, Epigenetics, Restriction Digestion, Synthetic Biology, Other) - Growth, Future Prospects & Competitive Analysis, 2016 – 2030)- https://www.credenceresearch.com/report/molecular-biology-enzymes-kits-and-reagents-market

Molecular Biology Enzymes Kits and Reagents Market Regional Analysis-

1. North America:

Status: Dominates the global market in terms of revenue.

Drivers: Robust biotechnological and pharmaceutical sectors, extensive R&D activities, advanced healthcare infrastructure, and the presence of key market players.

Key Countries: The United States, owing to its heavy investments in biopharmaceutical research and genomics, is a significant contributor.

2. Europe:

Status: Second-largest market after North America.

Drivers: Strong academic and research base, especially in countries like Germany and the UK, paired with substantial public and private funding.

Key Countries: Germany, UK, France, and Switzerland, with their rich history in pharmaceuticals and biotechnology research.

3. Asia-Pacific (APAC):

Status: Fastest-growing region in the market.

Drivers: Rapidly developing biotechnology sectors in countries like China and India, coupled with increasing government funding in healthcare and research. The region's large population also drives clinical research and diagnostics, necessitating molecular biology products.

Key Countries: China, India, Japan, and South Korea.

4. Latin America:

Status: Moderate growth compared to other regions.

Drivers: Gradual growth in biotechnology and healthcare sectors, increasing public awareness, and rising government investments in research.

Key Countries: Brazil and Mexico are the leading contributors due to their sizable pharmaceutical and biotech industries.

5. Middle East & Africa (MEA):

Status: Smaller market share but shows potential for growth.

Drivers: Increasing investments in healthcare and research, especially in affluent nations like the UAE and Saudi Arabia.

Key Countries: South Africa, UAE, and Saudi Arabia. South Africa, in particular, has shown significant strides in healthcare research.

Molecular Biology Enzymes Kits and Reagents Market Future Outlook-

The future of the Molecular Biology Enzymes Kits and Reagents Market is anticipated to be vibrant and dynamic, underpinned by a series of technological breakthroughs and evolving healthcare paradigms. As the world increasingly leans towards personalized medicine, the demand for molecular tools that facilitate precise genetic and genomic analyses is expected to surge. Additionally, the rising prevalence of chronic diseases and global health crises, such as pandemics, further emphasize the importance of molecular diagnostics and research, consequently bolstering the market. Technological advancements, especially in areas like next-generation sequencing, CRISPR-Cas genome editing, and single-cell analysis, will likely shape the market's landscape, opening new avenues for diagnostics and therapeutic interventions.

Moreover, emerging economies are set to play a pivotal role, with their escalating healthcare investments and burgeoning biotech sectors. However, the market isn't without challenges. Regulatory complexities, high costs of advanced solutions, and ethical considerations in areas like gene editing will require navigation. Collaborations, innovations, and strategic mergers will be key for market players to thrive. In essence, the Molecular Biology Enzymes Kits and Reagents Market is on the precipice of significant growth, poised to make monumental contributions to science and medicine.

Why to Buy This Report-

The report provides a qualitative as well as quantitative analysis of the global Molecular Biology Enzymes Kits and Reagents Market  by segments, current trends, drivers, restraints, opportunities, challenges, and market dynamics with the historical period from 2016-2020, the base year- 2021, and the projection period 2022-2028.

The report includes information on the competitive landscape, such as how the market's top competitors operate at the global, regional, and country levels.

Major nations in each region with their import/export statistics

The global Molecular Biology Enzymes Kits and Reagents Market  report also includes the analysis of the market at a global, regional, and country-level along with key market trends, major players analysis, market growth strategies, and key application areas.

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[rohitsathpute45]

The global In-Vitro Transcription Templates market size is expected to be worth around US$ 910Million by 2030, according to a new report by Vision Research Report.

The global In-Vitro Transcription Templates market size was valued at US$ 150 Million in 2021 and is anticipated to grow at a CAGR of 22.9% during forecast period 2022 to 2030.

[didanawisgi]

Pfizer’s COVID-19 Vaccine Goes Into Liver Cells and Is Converted to DNA: Study 

By Meiling Lee March, March 2, 2022

“The messenger RNA (mRNA) from Pfizer’s COVID-19 vaccine is able to enter human liver cells and is converted into DNA, according to Swedish researchers at Lund University.

The researchers found that when the mRNA vaccine enters the human liver cells, it triggers the cell’s DNA, which is inside the nucleus, to increase the production of the LINE-1 gene expression to make mRNA.

The mRNA then leaves the nucleus and enters the cell’s cytoplasm, where it translates into LINE-1 protein. A segment of the protein called the open reading frame-1, or ORF-1, then goes back into the nucleus, where it attaches to the vaccine’s mRNA and reverse transcribes into spike DNA.

Reverse transcription is when DNA is made from RNA, whereas the normal transcription process involves a portion of the DNA serving as a template to make an mRNA molecule inside the nucleus.

“In this study we present evidence that COVID-19 mRNA vaccine BNT162b2 is able to enter the human liver cell line Huh7 in vitro,” the researchers wrote in the study, published in Current Issues of Molecular Biology. “BNT162b2 mRNA is reverse transcribed intracellularly into DNA as fast as 6 [hours] after BNT162b2 exposure.”

BNT162b2 is another name for the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine that is marketed under the brand name Comirnaty.

The whole process occurred rapidly within six hours. The vaccine’s mRNA converting into DNA and being found inside the cell’s nucleus is something that the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) said would not happen.

“The genetic material delivered by mRNA vaccines never enters the nucleus of your cells,” the CDC said on its web page titled “Myths and Facts about COVID-19 Vaccines.”

This is the first time that researchers have shown in vitro or inside a petri dish how an mRNA vaccine is converted into DNA on a human liver cell line, and is what health experts and fact-checkers said for over a year couldn’t occur.

The CDC says that the “COVID-19 vaccines do not change or interact with your DNA in any way,” claiming that all of the ingredients in both mRNA and viral vector COVID-19 vaccines (administered in the United States) are discarded from the body once antibodies are produced. These vaccines deliver genetic material that instructs cells to begin making spike proteins found on the surface of SARS-CoV-2 that causes COVID-19 to produce an immune response.

Pfizer didn’t comment on the findings of the Swedish study and said only that its mRNA vaccine does not alter the human genome.

“Our COVID-19 vaccine does not alter the DNA sequence of a human cell,” a Pfizer spokesperson told The Epoch Times in an email. “It only presents the body with the instructions to build immunity.”

More than 215 million or 64.9 percent of Americans are fully vaccinated as of Feb. 28, with 94 million having received a booster dose.

Autoimmune Disorders

The Swedish study also found spike proteins expressed on the surface of the liver cells that researchers say may be targeted by the immune system and possibly cause autoimmune hepatitis, as “there [have] been case reports on individuals who developed autoimmune hepatitis after BNT162b2 vaccination.”

The authors of the first reported case of a healthy 35-year-old female who developed autoimmune hepatitis a week after her first dose of the Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine said that there is a possibility that “spike-directed antibodies induced by vaccination may also trigger autoimmune conditions in predisposed individuals” as it has been shown that “severe cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection are characterized by an autoinflammatory dysregulation that contributes to tissue damage,” which the virus’s spike protein appears to be responsible for.

Spike proteins may circulate in the body after an infection or injection with a COVID-19 vaccine. It was assumed that the vaccine’s spike protein would remain mostly at the injection site and last up to several weeks like other proteins produced in the body. But studies are showing that is not the case.

The Japanese regulatory agency’s biodistribution study (pdf) of the Pfizer vaccine showed that some of the mRNAs moved from the injection site and through the bloodstream, and were found in various organs such as the liver, spleen, adrenal glands, and ovaries of rats 48 hours following injection.

In a different study, the spike proteins made in the body after receiving a Pfizer COVID-19 shot have been found on tiny membrane vesicles called exosomes—that mediate cell-to-cell communication by transferring genetic materials to other cells—for at least four months after the second vaccine dose.

The persistence of the spike protein in the body “raises the prospect of sustained inflammation within and damage to organs which express the spike protein,” according to experts at Doctors for COVID Ethics, an organization consisting of physicians and scientists “seeking to uphold medical ethics, patient safety, and human rights in response to COVID-19.”

“As long as the spike protein can be detected on cell-derived membrane vesicles, the immune system will be attacking the cells that release these vesicles,” they said.

Dr. Peter McCullough, an internist, cardiologist, and epidemiologist, wrote on Twitter that the Swedish study’s findings have “enormous implications of permanent chromosomal change and long-term constitutive spike synthesis driving the pathogenesis of a whole new genre of chronic disease.”

Whether the findings of the study will occur in living organisms or if the DNA converted from the vaccine’s mRNA will integrate with the cell’s genome is unknown. The authors said more investigations are needed, including in whole living organisms such as animals, to better understand the potential effects of the mRNA vaccine.

“At this stage, we do not know if DNA reverse transcribed from BNT162b2 is integrated into the cell genome. Further studies are needed to demonstrate the effect of BNT162b2 on genomic integrity, including whole genome sequencing of cells exposed to BNT162b2, as well as tissues from human subjects who received BNT162b2 vaccination,” the authors said.”

[pragya1-blog]

In-vitro Transcription Templates Market  : Analysis and Research Report by Experts 2026

In-vitro transcription is a molecular method or procedure that allows synthesis of ribosomal nucleic acid (RNA) molecules. In-vitro transcription process enables health care researchers to synthesize different sizes varying from microgram, milligram, to kilo bases of desired RNA molecule, based on template-directed techniques. RNA synthesis is one of the major fields on genetic research, personalized medicine, and many other techniques. Advancements in the field of biotechnology (including nanotechnology and molecular biology) have found diverse applications of in-vitro transcription templates for RNA synthesis, which have more clinical benefits than randomized DNA probes. It allows researchers and healthcare professionals perform various reactions to identify biochemical processes of the body. In-vitro transcription requires DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, templates, and transcription factors.

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Rise in focus of health care and pharmaceutical companies in R&D, drug discovery, and gene editing has led to increase in demand for new and advanced transcription techniques to introduce new products and drugs in the pharmaceutical industry. This, in turn, is driving the global in-vitro transcription templates market during the forecast period. Rise in adoption of personalized medicine by health care providers is expected to increase demand for in-vitro transcription templates. Introduction of CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) gene editing technology, enabling targeted medicine using RNA to bind to specific targets, and increase in incidence of rare diseases are some drivers of the global in-vitro transcription templates market during the forecast period. However, requirement for large capital investment deters new entrants from entering the market. This has increased the bargaining power of manufacturers and is leading to high cost of the in-vitro transcription templates and restraining the adoption and subsequent expansion of the global in-vitro transcription templates market.

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The global in-vitro transcription templates market is segmented on the basis of product type, application, end-user, and region. Based on product type, the global market is dived into plasmids, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based products, oligonucleotides, and cDNA templates. The plasmids segment dominated the global in-vitro transcription templates market in 2017, owing to higher adoption of plasmids as templates by end-users. However, oligonucleotides segment is anticipated to expand at a considerable CAGR from 2018 to 2026. Expansion of the segment can be attributed to increase in application in research, therapeutics, and diagnostics of oligonucleotide templates. Base on application, the global in-vitro transcription templates market is segmented into drug discovery, structural studies, biochemical and genetic studies, and others. The drug discovery segment dominated the global market in 2017. In terms of end-user, the global in-vitro transcription templates market is segregated into contract research organizations (CROs), pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, academic & research institutes, and others. The pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies segment is expected to dominate the global market in 2017 due to high R&D focus and expenditure.

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Based on region, the global in-vitro transcription templates market is segmented into five regions: North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, and the Middle East & Africa. North America dominated the global in-vitro transcription templates market in 2017, and is expected to continue its dominance during the forecast period. Increase in focus of health care institutions toward personalized medicine and targeted drug delivery, high expenditure of pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies for R&D, and rise in government initiatives to promote drug discovery are some factors driving the market in North America. Europe accounted for the second largest share of the market in 2017, followed by Asia Pacific.

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[thegnmsolution]

Pfizer’s COVID-19 Vaccine Goes Into Liver Cells and Is Converted to DNA: Study

WordPress.com brianpeckford posted: " By Meiling Lee  March 1, 2022 Updated: March 1, 2 The messenger RNA (mRNA) from Pfizer’s COVID-19vaccine is able to enter human liver cells and is converted into DNA, according to Swedish researchers at Lund Unive" Charter's Last Surviving Signatory and Former Premier Sues Ottawa Over Travel Vaccine Mandates New post on *peckford42* Pfizer’s COVID-19 Vaccine Goes Into Liver Cells and Is Converted to DNA: Study by brianpeckford By Meiling Lee March 1, 2022 Updated: March 1, 2 The messenger RNA (mRNA) from Pfizer ’s COVID-19 vaccine is able to enter human liver  cells and is converted into DNA , according to Swedish researchers at Lund University. The researchers found that when the mRNA vaccine enters the human liver cells, it triggers the cell’s DNA, which is inside the nucleus, to increase the production of the LINE-1 gene expression to make mRNA. The mRNA then leaves the nucleus and enters the cell’s cytoplasm, where it translates into LINE-1 protein. A segment of the protein called the open reading frame-1, or ORF-1, then goes back into the nucleus, where it attaches to the vaccine’s mRNA and reverse transcribes into spike DNA. Reverse transcription is when DNA is made from RNA, whereas the normal transcription process involves a portion of the DNA serving as a template to make an mRNA molecule inside the nucleus. “In this study  we present evidence that COVID-19 mRNA vaccine BNT162b2 is able to enter the human liver cell line Huh7 in vitro,” the researchers wrote in the study, published in Current Issues of Molecular Biology . “BNT162b2 mRNA is reverse transcribed intracellularly into DNA as fast as 6 after BNT162b2 exposure.” BNT162b2 is another name for the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine that is marketed under the brand name Comirnaty. The whole process occurred rapidly within six hours. The vaccine’s mRNA converting into DNA and being found inside the cell’s nucleus is something that the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) said would not happen. “The genetic material delivered by mRNA vaccines never enters the nucleus of your cells,” the CDC said on its web page titled “Myths and Facts about COVID-19 Vaccines .” This is the first time that researchers have shown in vitro or inside a petri dish how an mRNA vaccine is converted into DNA on a human liver cell line, and is what health experts and fact-checkers said for over a year couldn’t occur. The CDC says that the “COVID-19 vaccines do not change or interact with your DNA in any way,” claiming that all of the ingredients in both mRNA and viral vector COVID-19 vaccines (administered in the United States) are discarded from the body once antibodies are produced. These vaccines deliver genetic material that instructs cells to begin making spike proteins found on the surface of SARS-CoV-2 that causes COVID-19 to produce an immune response. Pfizer didn’t comment on the findings of the Swedish study and said only that its mRNA vaccine does not alter the human genome. “Our COVID-19 vaccine does not alter the DNA sequence of a human cell,” a Pfizer spokesperson told The Epoch Times in an email. “It only presents the body with the instructions to build immunity.” More than 215 million or 64.9 percent of Americans are fully vaccinated as of Feb. 28, with 94 million having received a booster dose. Epoch Times Photo A 3D print of a spike protein of SARS-CoV-2—the virus that causes COVID-19—in front of a 3D print of a SARS-CoV-2 virus particle. (Courtesy of NIAID/RML) Autoimmune Disorders The Swedish study also found spike proteins expressed on the surface of the liver cells that researchers say may be targeted by the immune system and possibly cause autoimmune hepatitis, as “there been case reports on individuals who developed autoimmune hepatitis after BNT162b2 vaccination.” The authors of the first reported case  of a healthy 35-year-old female who developed autoimmune hepatitis a week after her first dose of the Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine said that there is a possibility that “spike-directed antibodies induced by vaccination may also trigger autoimmune conditions in predisposed individuals” as it has been shown that “severe cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection are characterized by an autoinflammatory dysregulation that contributes to tissue damage,” which the virus’s spike protein appears to be responsible for. Spike proteins may circulate in the body after an infection or injection with a COVID-19 vaccine. It was assumed that the vaccine’s spike protein would remain mostly at the injection site and last up to several weeks like other proteins produced in the body. But studies are showing that is not the case. The Japanese regulatory agency’s biodistribution study (pdf ) of the Pfizer vaccine showed that some of the mRNAs moved from the injection site and through the bloodstream, and were found in various organs such as the liver, spleen, adrenal glands, and ovaries of rats 48 hours following injection. In a different study , the spike proteins made in the body after receiving a Pfizer COVID-19 shot have been found on tiny membrane vesicles called exosomes—that mediate cell-to-cell communication by transferring genetic materials to other cells—for at least four months after the second vaccine dose. The persistence of the spike protein in the body “raises the prospect of sustained inflammation within and damage to organs which express the spike protein,” according to experts at Doctors for COVID Ethics , an organization consisting of physicians and scientists “seeking to uphold medical ethics, patient safety, and human rights in response to COVID-19.” “As long as the spike protein can be detected on cell-derived membrane vesicles, the immune system will be attacking the cells that release these vesicles,” they said. Dr. Peter McCullough, an internist, cardiologist, and epidemiologist, wrote on Twitter  that the Swedish study’s findings have “enormous implications of permanent chromosomal change and long-term constitutive spike synthesis driving the pathogenesis of a whole new genre of chronic disease.” Whether the findings of the study will occur in living organisms or if the DNA converted from the vaccine’s mRNA will integrate with the cell’s genome is unknown. The authors said more investigations are needed, including in whole living organisms such as animals, to better understand the potential effects of the mRNA vaccine. “At this stage, we do not know if DNA reverse transcribed from BNT162b2 is integrated into the cell genome. Further studies are needed to demonstrate the effect of BNT162b2 on genomic integrity, including whole genome sequencing of cells exposed to BNT162b2, as well as tissues from human subjects who received BNT162b2 vaccination,” the authors said. Source: Epoch Times *brianpeckford Read the full article

[healthcare-market]

In-vitro Transcription Templates Market to Flourish with an Impressive CAGR by 2030

In-Vitro Transcription Templates Market: Introduction

According to the report, the global in-vitro transcription templates market was valued at ~US$ 120 Mn in 2020 and is projected to expand at a CAGR of ~20% from 2021 to 2030. Increase in R&D funding in healthcare and biotechnology and rise in technological advancements in molecular biology are anticipated to drive the global in-vitro transcription templates market during the forecast period. Additionally, rise in prevalence of various types of cancer and infectious diseases, such as COVID-19, is expected to propel the global in-vitro transcription templates market over the next few years. Investments by key players to strengthen their position is likely to create significant opportunities in the market. For instance, in June 2020, Promega Corporation announced CE marking for the OncoMate MSI Dx Analysis System as a new in-vitro diagnostic (IVD) medical device in Europe. OncoMate MSI is a PCR-based, validated gold standard for determining microsatellite instability (MSI) status in solid tumors.

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The usage of mRNA-based personalized cancer vaccines for the treatment of cancer has increased. For instance, Moderna’s Immuno-Oncology focuses on therapeutic vaccines and intratumoral immuno-oncology therapeutics. Moderna is able to make modified, mRNA-based personalized cancer vaccines to distribute one custom-tailored medicine for one patient at a time, which is concluded through next-generation sequencing and able to recognize mutations found on a patient’s cancer cells. Hence, increase in incidence of cancer boosts usage of in-vitro transcription templates in RNA-derived vaccines and therapeutics.

North America dominated the global in-vitro transcription templates market in 2020. The trend is likely to continue during the forecast period. Well-established healthcare and life science industries, early adoption of technologically advanced products, high awareness about various infectious as well as chronic diseases, and high per capita healthcare expenditure are the major factors attributed to North America’s large market share in 2020.

Asia Pacific is projected to be a highly lucrative market for in-vitro transcription templates over the next few years. The market in the region is anticipated to expand at a high CAGR during the forecast period. The growth of the healthcare sector and the increase in the development of RNA-based vaccines and therapies in countries such as Japan, India, and China are expected to propel the market in the region during the forecast period.

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Technological Advancements to Drive In-Vitro Transcription Templates Market

The adoption of technologically advanced products is likely to drive the demand, and thereby the global market. Technological advances and modalities for targeting RNA include using CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing technology, DNA-directed RNA intervention (ddRNAi) technology, and the advancement of specific low molecular modulators for RNA or RNA-modifying enzymes. For instance, CAL-1, Calimmune's leading therapeutic agent, depicts RNA-based gene therapy using ddRNAi to suppress the CCR5 gene to regulate HIV infection and to prevent HIV-positive entities from developing AIDS. Several firms focused on the production of small-molecular RNA modulators have been set up over the past few years.

Targeting splice-variant control sequences within introns (non-coding regions of an RNA transcriptor DNA sequence within a gene) or exons (coding regions) offers opportunities to develop therapeutics. For instance, Skyhawk Therapeutics, Inc. (Waltham, Massachusetts, the U.S.) was founded with a platform to identify selective small molecule modulators of the RNA spliceosome complex that target RNA mis-splicing (exon skipping), which drives multiple diseases including neurological conditions and cancer. These emerging technologies offer significant opportunities to develop alternative strategies to target RNA for drug development.

N4 Pharma is developing Nuvec, an innovative silica nanoparticle for drug delivery with possible applications across cancer therapy and immunology. That includes enhancing the cellular uptake of novel and disruptive medicines such as mRNA and DNA vaccines or therapies.

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Infectious Diseases to Dominate In-Vitro Transcription Templates Market

In terms of disease, the global in-vitro transcription templates market has been classified into cancer, infectious diseases, lifestyle diseases, genetic diseases, and others. The infectious disease segment accounted for major share of the global market in 2020. The segment is projected to dominate the global market during the forecast period. mRNA vaccine has been studied for various diseases including CMV, Zika, and rabies. Development and launch of RNA-based vaccines are anticipated to propel the segment during the forecast period.

Vaccine to Hold Major Share of In-Vitro Transcription Templates Market

Based on treatment, the global in-vitro transcription templates market has been categorized into vaccine and therapeutic. The vaccine segment accounted for major share of the global market in 2020. For instance, the U.S. FDA issued an emergency use authorization (EUA) for Moderna’s COVID-19 vaccine for the prevention of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).

Clinical to Dominate In-Vitro Transcription Templates Market

Based on research stage, the global in-vitro transcription templates market has been bifurcated into exploratory and clinical. A number of RNA-based vaccines and therapies is in the pipeline and clinical stage. This is likely to augment the clinical segment over the next few years.

Pharmaceutical & Biotechnology Companies to Account for Major Share of In-Vitro Transcription Templates Market

In terms of end user, the global vitro transcription templates market has been divided into pharmaceutical & biotechnology companies, CROs & CMOs, academics & research, and others. The need of discovery of new therapeutics, vaccines, and capacity expansion leads to high adoption of in-vitro transcription templates among pharmaceutical & biotechnology manufacturers. This is projected to drive the segment during the forecast period.

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North America to Dominate In-Vitro Transcription Templates Market

In terms of region, the global in-vitro transcription templates market has been segmented into North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, and Middle East & Africa. North America dominated the global in-vitro transcription templates market in 2020, followed by Europe. North America accounted for major share of the global in-vitro transcription templates market in 2020. The growth of the market in the region is can be attributed to increase in demand for biopharmaceuticals such as vaccines and RNA-based therapeutics, peptides for the treatment of cancer, neurological diseases, and chronic kidney diseases. Moreover, rise in prevalence of lifestyle diseases, increase in healthcare spending, and strong economy are factors responsible for North America’s dominance of the global in-vitro transcription templates market during the forecast period.

The in-vitro transcription templates market in Asia Pacific is anticipated to grow at a rapid pace during the forecast period. Increase in disposable income and purchasing power of consumers, rise in biotechnology, research institutes, and research funding by government and private bodies, expansion of healthcare infrastructure, large population base, and rise in incidence of chronic and infectious diseases are the key factors expected to augment the in-vitro transcription templates market in Asia Pacific during the forecast period.

Competition Landscape of In-Vitro Transcription Templates Market

The global in-vitro transcription templates market is fragmented in terms of number of players. Key players in the global in-vitro transcription templates market include Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., Promega Corporation, Agilent Technologies, Inc., New England Biolabs, Takara Bio Inc., Lucigen Corporation, Enzynomics Co. Ltd., Enzo Life Sciences, Inc. and Cytiva (Danaher)

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[healthcare00897]

Single Cell Analysis Market Growth Probability, Key Vendors and Future Scenario Up To 2026

Single cell analysis is an emerging technology that helps sequence whole human genome at a single cell level. This particularly includes genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, epigenomics, and metabolomics with its sensitivity improved to single cell level. In genomics, new generation methodologies such as next generation sequencing and third generation sequencing play crucial roles. The aim of single cell analysis is mainly to measure and analyze cellular heterogeneity. Single cell analysis interpret life at fundamental level and find immense applications in the field of medicine. Single cell analysis over conventional standard cell numbers sequencing method enable the discovery and investigation of unknown micro-organisms. A study published in the Journal of Single Cell Analysis 2014, stated that a variety of technologies that are powerful and less expensive, such as Multiple Annealing And Looping-Based Amplification Cycle (MALBAC) and Multiple Displacement Amplification (MDA), find great progress in uncovering somatic mutations in human genome and detection of copy number variation. But in human single-cell genomics, Whole Genome Sequencing or Whole Exome-Sequencing (WGS or WESseq) finds great potential in clinical applications, especially in screening, diagnosis, and monitoring. It is popular in academic research because mRNA helps bridge genome structure and epigenomics modification with phenotype, reveals gene functions and regulatory network, and most importantly it is easier to perform than proteomics.

https://www.coherentmarketinsights.com/ongoing-insight/single-cell-analysis-market-1078

Inclination toward single-cell technology by biologists is mainly because many samples including stem cells, immune cells, neurons, cancers, and other tissues exhibit a stochastic nature with heterogeneity factor. Conventional methods cannot provide transcriptomic profile in highly heterogeneous cell population. Even if cell population is less, single cell analysis can enable the identification of biomarkers of delicate phenotypes or disorders (e.g. cancer stem cells). In addition, this analytical technique also helps classify different cell types in different physiological and pathological conditions, in very rare events of any somatic mutation, epigenetic modification of regulatory gene expression, and its function.

10x Genomics, in 2017, launched the chromium single cell V(D)J solution for profiling full length paired V(D)J transcripts from hundreds to millions of lymphocyte. It is a reagent system, which has the ability to completely identify and characterize T and B cells by single cell sequencing. This will reveal true clonality and diversity in adaptive immune system. This product will have an impact on research based single cell analysis market.

Adoption rate of treatment options, for instance, stem cell therapy and in-vitro fertilization (IVF) is increasing significantly. Moreover, long shelf life of single cell analysis products and consumable products is another driver for the growth of single cell analysis market.

However, high cost of instruments may have a negative impact on market growth in future.

Global Single Cell Analysis Market – Trends and Opportunity

A study by the Journal of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry in 2014, stated that Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectroscopy (ICP-MS) and ICP Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES) are applied using metal atoms such as nanoparticle for investigation of cell-to-cell variance or cellular uptake of drugs and other elements. Single-cell genomics find many clinical applications such as genetic diagnosis of embryo-related diseases and to study blood-borne Circulating Tumor Cells (CTCs). These applications may be further employed for diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of cancer.

Major key players in the global single cell analysis market include 10X Genomics, Abcam Plc., Agilent Technologies, Fluxion Biosciences, Becton, Dickinson and Company, Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc., Bio-Techne Corporation, Bruker, Danaher Corporation, Fluidigm Corporation, GE Healthcare, and Illumina, among others.

Key Developments in Single Cell Analysis Market

In June 2019, Proteona Pte. Ltd. launched its latest ESCAPE proteogenomics assay, for the characterization of Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T cell. The Proteona CAR-T assay is based on the Enhanced Single Cell Analysis with Protein Expression (ESCAPE) RNA sequencing technology.

In March 2019, Mission Bio launched Tapestri Designer, an automated cloud-based tool for designing targeted single-cell DNA custom panels. It is an easy-to-use web interface and will create custom panels in minutes for the Tapestri Platform.

In November 2018, Dolomite Bio launched high throughput single nuclei RNA sequencing (sNuc-Seq) protocol for its Nadia Instrument. It enables researchers to profile both complex and archived tissues for accelerating disease and drug discovery research in therapeutic areas such as oncology and neurology.

In September 2018, Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc. launched its scATAC-Seq solution, a single-cell assay for transposase-accessible chromatin using sequencing. The solution enables genome-wide open chromatin sequencing at the single-cell level with the help of company’s proprietary ddSEQ Single-Cell Isolator.

In June 2018, New England Biolabs (NEB) launched NEBNext Single Cell/Low Input RNA Library Prep Kit for Illumina. The new kit can produce full-length transcript sequence-ready libraries from single cells and ultra-low input RNA when incorporated with optimized template switching protocol and NEB’s Ultra II FS enzymatic DNA fragmentation technology.

In September 2017, Becton, Dickinson and Company launched BD Rhapsody, a single cell analysis platform. The platform has been designed to perform gene expression profiling. It can detect rare molecules responsible for biological diversity that are often missed with whole transcriptome profiling.

Global Single Cell Analysis Market Taxonomy

The global single cell analysis market is segmented on the basis of product, types of cells, type of technique, application, and end user.

By product:

Automated

Manual

By Types of cells:

Human

Animal

Microbial

By Type of technique:

Mass Spectroscopy (MS)

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

Next-Generation Sequencing

Flow Cytometry

Microscopy

By Application:

Noninvasive Prenatal Diagnosis (NIPD)

In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)

Circulating Tumor Cells (CTCs)

By End User:

Academic & Research Institutes

Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutical Companies

Hospitals and Diagnostic Laboratories

Cell Banks and IVF Centers

[juniperpublisherscellscienc-blog]

Recent Trends and Strategies for Targeting M – Cells via Oral Vaccine against Hepatitis B: A Review- Juniper Publishers

Abstract

Background: The presence of a mucus layer that covers the surface of a variety of organs has been capitalized to develop mucoadhesive dosage forms that remain in the administration site for more prolonged times, increasing the local and systemic bioavailability of the administered vaccine. The emergence of micro and nanotechnologies together with the implementation of non‐invasive and painless administration routes has revolutionized the pharmaceutical market and the treatment of disease.

Objectives: To overcome the main drawbacks of the various routes and to maintain patient compliance high, the engineering of innovative drug delivery systems administrable by mucosal routes has come to light and gained the interest of the scientific community due to the possibility to dramatically change the drug pharmacokinetics.

Method: We review herein reported observations on nanoparticle (NP) mediated immunostimulation and immunosuppression, focusing on possible theories regarding how manipulation of particle physicochemical properties can influence their interaction with immune cells to attain desirable immunomodulation and avoid undesirable immunotoxicity.

Result: These results show that both HBV particles and purified HBsAg have an immune modulatory capacity and may directly contribute to the dysfunction of mDC in patients with chronic HBV. The direct immune regulatory effect of HBV and circulating HBsAg particles on the function of DC can be considered as part of the mechanism by which HBV escapes immunity.

Conclusion: NPs are recognized as self or there is an absence of immune recognition, this represents a major area of interest in the field of drug delivery. It is now well accepted due to their huge advantages and properties such as NP size, surface charge, hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity and the steric effects of particle coating can dictate NP compatibility with the immune system.

Keywords: Hepatitis B Virus (HBV); HBV Infection; Vaccines; Nanoparticles; Oral Mucosal Delivery System

Introduction

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is the most common chronic viral infection in the world. An estimated 2 billion people have been infected and more than 350 million are chronic carriers of the virus [1]. In the 2018 Global Burden of Disease study, HBV infection ranked in the top health priorities in the world and the tenth leading cause of death (7,86000 deaths per year). These data have led WHO to include viral hepatitis in its major public health priorities. HBV is transmitted through contact with infected blood or semen [2,3]. Three major modes of transmission prevail. In areas of high endemicity, HBV is transmitted mostly perinatally from infected mothers to neonates, in low endemic areas, sexual transmission is predominant and third major source of infection is unsafe injections, blood transfusions or dialysis. HBV belongs to the Hepadnaviridae family. It is a partly double stranded DNA virus with approximately 3200 base pairs. The transcriptional template of HBV is the cccDNA, which resides inside the hepatocyte nucleus as a mini-chromosome.The maintenance of covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) is essential for the persistence of the virus [4,5].

The replication of HBV implicates reverse transcription of the pregenomic RNA intermediate into HBV DNA. Reverse transcriptase is error prone and the mutation rate is high (appendix). The receptor for HBV entry into hepatocytes is sodium taurocholate polypeptide [6]. These mutations abolish or down regulate the production of HBeAg without affecting the replication capacity of the virus and cause HBeAg negative chronic HBV infection. The precore and basal core promoter mutations can occur alone or together. HBV infection can be prevented by avoiding transmission from infected people and by inducing immunity in unexposed people. A safe and effective vaccine has been available since 1982, introduction of HBV vaccine led to a decrease in the incidence of not only HBV infection but also hepatocellular carcinoma [7,8]. Most experience available to date comes from using two recombinant. vaccines like Engerix-B (SmithKline Biologicals, Belgium) and RECOMBIVAX HB-Vax II (Merck & Co., USA). Admministered via different routes such as Pulmonary, Nasal, Intravenous (IV), Intramuscular (IM), Subcutaneous and Oral mucosal (OM) in the form of dried powder, liquid along with nanoparticles (NPs) [9]. Among of all DS NPs offers many potential advantages e.g. large surface area, site-specific delivery of drugs, peptides and genes, improved in vitro, in vivo stability and reduced side effect profile. However, NPs are often first picked up by the phagocytic cells of the immune system (e.g. macrophages), there may be undesirable interactions between NPs and the immune system whenever given via OM. Aim of the present study was to assess advantages of NPs and OM delivery system (DS) in comparison to the other formulation and site of administration [10].

Nps As Potential Delivery System of Vaccine

NPs interact with the immune system and effects on the immune cells may benefit treatment of disorders mediated by unwanted immune responses and enhance immune response to weak antigens [11–13]. On the other hand, undesirable immunostimulation or immunosuppression by NPs may result in safety concerns and should be minimized. One of the few studies on immunosuppression has demonstrated that inhalation of CNTs suppresses B cell function and that the TGF- produced by alveolar macrophages is a key element in the mechanism of the observed immunosuppression. Other studies have shown that NPs can be used to deliver immunosuppressive drugs and prevent immunosuppressive properties of small-molecule drugs. Similarly, allergen-loaded PLGA, chitosan, poly (lactic acid), poly (methyl vinyl ether-co-maleic anhydride) NPs, and dendrosomes have been reported as effective suppressors [14,15]. NPs are also evaluated for their immunostimulatory potential based on their ability to stimulate innate or adaptive immune responses. NP immunogenicity is drawing interest because NPs have been shown to improve antigenicity of conjugated weak antigens and thus serve as adjuvants because some NPs have been shown to be antigenic themselves. The former property has been shown to depend on particle size, surface charge and significantly contribute to the development of improved vaccine formulations [16]. Particle size has been reported as a major factor in determining whether antigens loaded into NPs induce type I (interferon) or type II (IL-4) cytokines, thereby contributing to the type of immune response [17]. A leading hypothesis on why nanotechnology formulations (Polymeric NPs, Nanoliposomes, Solid Lipid NPs (SLNs), Nanoemulsions) are effective in vaccine development is that nonsoluble NPs provide controlled, slow release of antigens, creating a depot at the site of injection and providing protection in the destabilizing in vivo environment [18,19].

M-Cell Targeted Mucosal Vaccine and Transport Mechanism Across the Intestinal Mucosa

Literature surveys were suggested that exploiting the potential of M-cell-specific mechanisms for drug and vaccine. delivery to the mucosal immune system. Many M-cell-targeted molecules have been used for development of mucosal vaccines [20–23].

M-cell-specific molecules in mucosal vaccine development

M cells express a large amount of immune-surveillance receptors on the apical surfaces, contributing to the variety of microbial pathogens and antigens [24]. They are provided with an array of molecules to present luminal antigens to the underlying mucosal lymphoid tissues. Therefore, identifying M-cell-specific targeting molecules has been a focus, by recognizing molecules exploited by pathogens to invade M cells [25–27].

Glycoprotein

GP2 is specially expressed on M cells; this protein is highly expressed on the apical membranes of Peyer’s Patch (PP) M cells, but not highly expressed on other enterocyte populations [28]. Recent studies have revealed that GP2 acts as a transcytotic receptor, bound to FimH+ bacteria such as Escherichia coli and S. Typhmurium, by recognizing FimH, a major component of the type 1 pilus on the outer membrane of a subset of Gramnegative enterobacilli [29,30]. Thus, GP2 on M cells can act as a transcytotic receptor for bacterial antigens, and worthy of note, participate in the mucosal immune responses to these particular bacteria; a subset of commensal and pathogenic enterobacteria (E. coli and S. Typhmurium) [31–33]. Other research has shown that a murine GP2 (mGP2)-specific aptamer, isolated using Systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX), with a loop structure and the nucleotide sequence, AAAUA (both important for binding to mGP2), binds to mGP2 expressed on the cell surface, indicating that the aptamer serves as a promising tool for testing M-cell-targeted vaccine delivery in murine model systems [34].

Cellular Prion Protein (PrPC)

PrPC is highly expressed on the luminal side of the apical plasma membrane of murine M cells and co-localized with GP2, suggesting that it is an antigen receptor candidate on M cells [34- 36]. PrPC interacts with heat shock protein (Hsp) of B. abortus, which had been recognized as an immunodominant antigen of many microbes. Accumulated evidence suggests that PrPC on M cells is well placed to contribute to mucosal immunosurveillance by enhancing transcytosis of B. abortus or other exogenous antigens [37–39].

C5a Receptor (C5aR)

The expression and nonredundant role of C5aR in human M-like cells and mouse M cells have been demonstrated, indicating the role of C5aR as a target receptor to induce the immune response [40]. Sae-Hae Kim et al. verified phosphorylation of C5aR in vivo after oral infection of mice by Yersinia enterocolitica. They confirmed the expression of C5aR in the apical area of mouse M cells and human M-like cells by measuring the expression levels of mRNA and protein [41- 43]. Sae-Hae Kim et al. also used the outer membrane protein H (OmpH) ligand of Yersinia enterocolitica, which acts as a targeting ligand to C5aR in M cells, to induce specific mucosal and systemic immunity against envelope domain III (EDIII) of dengue virus (DENV), suggesting OmpH — mediated targeting of antigens to M cells as an efficient oral vaccination against DENV infection [44].

Other specific molecules

There are other M-cell-specific molecules that may specifically bind to components of potential pathogenic organisms [45]. Peptidoglycan recognition protein 1 is an innate recognition protein binding to bacterial peptidoglycan and is also expressed highly in M cells53. Annexin (ANX) A5 expressed by M cells can bind to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Gramnegative bacteria and block endotoxin activity, suggesting that ANXA5 on M cells acts as an uptake receptor for Gram-negative bacteria [45]. The discovery of M-cell-targeting receptors using pathogen-exploited molecules could be a promising approach in the development of effective mucosal vaccines. Clusterin, fatty acid binding protein, cathepsin E, secretogranin V and other M-cell-expressed proteins may have potential roles in M cell functions, but these are less clearly understood [46–47]. The increasing evidences have demonstrated that M-cell-specific molecular antibody, which is conjugated with antigen protein or liver vector, can transport the antigen to mucosal tissues, leading to produce efficient immune responses [48]. However, some molecules, selected as M-cell-specific molecules, are not uniquely expressed on M cells, resulting in producing a non-ideal oral delivery system for targeting M cells.With the development research on the mechanism of M cell differentiation, we can regulate the immune processes by means of artificial mediation of the M-cell-specific molecules gene expression [49,50]. For instance, we can increase the efficiency of mucosal vaccination, through booting the expression of certain M-cell-specific molecules. Meanwhile, we can even inhibit the viral infection, by reducing the expression of some molecules, which are necessary for the entry of some virus particles [51].

M cell ligands as novel and effective mucosal vaccine targets

Many researchers have studied M cell ligands, in order to take advantage of the fact that targeting specific receptors on the apical membrane of M cells could specifically increase antigen uptake and presentation, evoking immune responses and providing protection against Infection [52,53].

Co1 ligand

Many studies have investigated the M-cell-targeting ligand, Co1, selected from a phage display library against differentiated M-like cells, and have produced recombinant antigen fused to the selected ligands using the model antigen [58]. Co1 ligand promotes the uptake of fused antigen and enhances the immune response against the fused antigen, indicating that Co1 could be used as an adjuvant for targeted antigen delivery into the mucosal immune system to enhance immune induction [59]. Another promising approach used Co1 ligand to induce specific immune responses against a pathogenic viral antigen, EDIII of DENV. Efficient antigen delivery into PPs was observed and the antibodies induced by the Co1-ligand-conjugated EDIII antigen showed effective virus-neutralizing activity. Taken together, these results reveal that M-cell-targeting ligands with adjuvant activity can be designed to exploit our knowledge of receptors expressed on the apical surface of M cells involved in pathogen invasion [60, 61].

Caveolin-1

Caveolin-1 is the major structural component of caveolae. It was examined its expression in Caco-2-driven M-like cells, and was verified that co-culturing with B lymphocytes, caveolin-1 could increase the susceptibility of M cells to Salmonella infection. Some recent studies have shown that caveolin-1 is not only a good marker of human M cells, but also a potent candidate for understanding M cell transcytosis as a novel target for mucosal immunity [62].

Ulex europaeus agglutinin (UEA)-1

UEA-1 has been confirmed as a specific ligand for α-Lfucose present on the apical membrane of M cells, anchored for selective delivery of antigen to GALT. Some researchers have used NPs coated by UEA-1-conjugated alginate to induce immunological response in BALB/c mice and compared them with aluminum hydroxide gel-based conventional vaccine [63]. The results demonstrated that immunization with the former induced efficient systemic as well as mucosal immune responses against BSA compared to other formulations, which indicated the potential of UEA–alginate-coated NPs as an effective oral delivery system. However, UEA-1 lectin also reacted strongly with other issues, such as goblet cells and the mucus layer covering the intestinal epithelium [64].

Reovirus surface protein α 1 (pα1)

pα1 has the ability to bind M cells, which facilitates reovirus infection via pα1. A genetic fusion between ovalbumin (OVA) and pα1 was applied nasally, to enhance tolerogen uptake [65]. Studies showed that OVA– pα1-mediated tolerance was lost in the absence of interleukin-10, demonstrating that the feasibility of using pα1 as a mucosal delivery platform specifically for low-dose tolerance induction. Another targeted transgene vaccination using pα1 conjugated to polylysine through intranasal immunization, could induce mucosal immunity and enhance cell-mediated immunity, leading to prolong mucosal IgA and produce antigen-specific serum IgG [66].

The number of M cell receptors and their ligands that have been identified so far is limited, and most of them are not just expressed in M cells, but in neighboring enterocytes as well. Tolllike receptor (TLR)-4 and α5β1 integrin, belonging to pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs), are expressed on the surface of human and mouse M cells [67]. Interaction between these innate immune system molecules with pathogen-associated molecular patterns is essential for bacteria translocation across the lumen. Nevertheless, PRRs are also expressed in other enterocytes and not merely in M cells. For example, α5β1 integrin is both dispersed on the lateral and basolateral surfaces of enterocytes and on the apical surface of M cells, which is a challenge in targeting M cells alone [68].

M-cell-targeting ligands can enhance the uptake of oral vaccines by M cells and improve antigen-specific immune responses in both mucosal and systemic immunity. It seems that targeting ligand to antigen is a very promising approach in the development of efficient mucosal vaccine. However, simple targeting of antigen to M cells does not ensure the production of efficient protective immunity. We should pay more attention to the ligand study and find out the “optimal transporter”, presenting antigens to M cells, leading to efficient immune responses [69].

Immune-Olerance

The antibody response to HBV — envelope antigens (HBsAg) is a T-cell dependent process.6 Antibodies to HBsAg serve as neutralising agent. These neutralising antibodies are especially important in the prevention of viral infection, since they could prevent viral attachment and entry into the cells by absorption of the viral particles. Induction of anti-HBs alone during prophylactic vaccination is often sufficient to completely prevent viral infection, irrespective of whether this is the only operative defence mechanism against the viral infection during the course of natural infection [70]. The antibody is detectable in patients who have recovered from acute hepatitis B and in people immunised with HBV vaccine, but it could become undetectable in patients who have recovered fully from infection. Antibody to HBcAg (Hepatitis B core antigen) is detected in virtually all patients who have ever been exposed to HBV. Unlike antibody to HBsAg this antibody is not protective; its presence alone cannot be used to distinguish acute from chronic infection [71].

The HBV-specific T-cell and B-cell responses are generally undetectable. The exact mechanism by which HBV escapes immunity is still not known. Dendritic Cells (DC) play an important role in antiviral immunity and have the unique capacity to activate naive T cells and stimulate B and natural killer cells. Both circulating and tissue-resident immature DC sample the environment for the presence of foreign antigens and upon activation, DC migrate to lymphoid tissues to initiate immune responses [72]. Depending on their maturation status, represented by the expression level of costimulatory and Human Leucocyte Antigen (HLA) molecules and the capacity to produce proinflammatory cytokines, DC can induce either immunity or tolerance. Immature and semi-mature DC are associated with tolerogenic responses, so in the context of HBV a defect in the maturation process of DC may lead to tolerogenic T-cell responses and HBV persistence [73].

https://juniperpublishers.com/ijcsmb/IJCSMB.MS.ID.555671.php

[rohinic123-blog]

Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction Kits Market  to Register Substantial Expansion by 2030

Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction Kits Market: Introduction

Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is a popular in vitro method and has an important application in the medical science and biomaterial industry. DNA: RNA is utilized as a template for reverse transcription. Reverse transcriptase enzyme uses mRNA to produce cDNA, a single stranded DNA. This process is known as reverse transcription. In a further process, the DNA polymerase converts single stranded cDNA into double stranded DNA, which could be used as a template for PCR reaction. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction is utilized in a laboratory to study gene expression, in the diagnosis of genetic diseases, and in pharmacotherapy. RT-PCR is primarily used to measure mRNA level and the surface proteins and is feasible in the clinical laboratories.

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RT-PCR is used in detecting the mRNAs, pre-mRNAs, non-coding RNA, and other types of RNA. RT-PCR requires buffer, thermocyclers, nucleotides, template, and enzyme for constructing RT-PCR products. RT-PCR is used as a diagnostic tool for severe acute respiratory syndrome, including Coronavirus indication. RT-PCR test is a rapid and reliable diagnostic assay for detecting coronavirus disease. COVID-19 is a recently emerged coronavirus, an infectious disease with higher viral load and flu like symptoms such as cough, fever, and breathing difficulty. This new infection has driven the demand for effective diagnostic tools, which is projected to augment the global RT-PCR kits market.

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Key Drivers and Restraints of Global Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction Kits Market

Increase in incidence of infectious diseases and genetic disorders across the globe is a major driver of the global RT-PCR kits market. Technological advancements, increase in investments in research & development, and efficient diagnostic tools are anticipated to augment the global reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction kits market. Emergence of COVID-19 has driven the need of better diagnostic tools, which is expected to propel the global RT-PCR kits market. Moreover, increase in incidence of HIV, malaria, tuberculosis, and other genetic disorders is likely to boost demand for RT-PCR kits during the forecast period.

RT-PCR kits are effectively used in the detection of COVID-19, as these are highly sensitive and deliver faster diagnosis compared to other diagnostic tests. Compared to other virus isolation techniques, real time PCR has lower contamination error and offers faster results. This effectiveness of RT-PCR technique as a diagnostic tool is projected to drive the global RT-PCR kits market during the forecast period. Presence of key players offering RT-PCR kits s is also anticipated to boost the growth of the global market in the next few years. RT-PCR is conducted in closed tube, which is widely preferred as an accurate method for detection of coronavirus. Adulterated food products drive demand for quantitative diagnosis of the biological contaminants in the food, which is likely to present significant opportunities in the RT-PCR kits market in the near future. Private laboratories such as a Mylab and Altona Diagnostics are instructed to supply RT-PCR COVID tests to various laboratories. This is expected to fuel the growth of the global market in the next few years. Companies such as Seegene and SD Biosensor received approval for RT-PCR based diagnostic test for COVID 19 diseases in India in 2019. This is likely to drive the global RT-PCR kits market.

North America to Lead Global Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction Kits Market

In terms of region, the global reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction kits  market can be segmented into North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, and Middle East & Africa

North America is projected to dominate the global reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction kits market during the forecast period. This is attributed to higher adoption rate of innovative RT-PCR kits, increase in incidence of infectious and chronic disease including COVID-19, rise in investments in research & development, surge in health care expenditure, technological advancements, and fast approval of novel devices. Around 400,549 confirmed cases of COVID-19 have been recorded in the U.S. as of April 2020. This is anticipated to boost the RT-PCR kits market in the region. Moreover, presence of key players in North America is a major factor driving the RT-PCR kits market in the region.

Europe was the second largest market for reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction kits in 2019, followed by Asia Pacific. Increase in incidence of infectious diseases and technological advancements are expected to drive the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction kits market in Europe. Moreover, availability of laboratory testing and research & development facilities and presence of pharmaceutical companies are likely to drive the RT-PCR kits market in the region. Asia Pacific is expected to be the fastest growing market for reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction kits during the forecast period. This can be attributed to increase in incidence of coronavirus, efficient diagnostic procedures, developing health care infrastructure, and surge in incidence of infectious diseases including malaria, tuberculosis, and HIV.

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Key Players Operating in Global Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction Kits Market

The global reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction kits market is established, with the presence of a number of key players. Major players operating in the global reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction kits market are:

Hoffman-La Roche Ltd.

Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.

Qiagen N.V.

Meridian Bioscience, Inc.

Takara Bio, Inc.,

Agilent Technologies, Inc.

Abbott Laboratories

Merck KGaA

Becton, Dickinson and Company

altona Diagnostics

Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc.

Promega Corporation

Enzo Life Sciences, Inc.

Cole-Parmer Instrument Company LLC

Bioneer Corporation

Mylab Discovery Solutions

biomérieux S.A

Other Prominent Players

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DNA Polymerase Market by 2027 Growth Analysis of all Top Key Players Like Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Qiagen N.V.

DNA polymerase is class of enzyme present in the organisms. The role of DNA polymerase enzymes is to replicate DNA, thereby helping in DNA repair and maintenance. This enzyme is used to the transfer genetic information from across generations. DNA polymerase works on phenomenon by shifting along with single strand template reading nucleotide bases as it goes. The global DNA polymerase market is expected to reach a value of US$ 389.4. Mn by the end of 2027, according to a latest research by Future Market Insights (FMI). The report on DNA polymerase further projects significant growth potential with average year-on-year growth rate of 6.5% through 2027.

DNA polymerase enzymes have paved growth path for DNA replication and transcription technique. DNA polymerases play an important role in development of PCR, and sequencing, on which the current biotechnology is standing. Besides, polymerases are the main engine for various molecular biology operations including DNA labelling, amplification and sequencing. DNA polymerases are the basic components used in molecular diagnostics for personalized medicine. DNA polymerases are the building blocks of novel genetic techniques, which are used to detect alterations in genomics that can cause various diseases. Commercialization of new DNA polymerases families is creating new avenue for growth for the DNA polymerase market. The prominent types of DNA polymerases used in biotechnology are labelled under A and B category. These DNA polymerases enzymes are single subunit polymerases. Genetically engineered tailor-made DNA polymerase enzymes would be the next pocket of investment. The promising attributes of these DNA polymerase are likely to increase the accuracy of PCR technique and also enable end users to conduct molecular testing directly from tissue sample. These novel DNA polymerase enzymes also find application in whole genome amplification and in next-generation sequencing technique.

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The automation of sample handling processes includes automated clinical and analytical testing, high throughput screening, diagnostics and large-scale bio-repositories, which help to ease operator workflow, reduce sample preparation time and avoid errors in dispensing and handling. Increasing use of automation in different end-use segments is expected to fuel the demand for high-throughput techniques, which increases the demand for higher quantity of reagents (DNA Polymerase) used in the process. The growing demand for high-quality reagents is creating the need to launch novel products in the market. Qiagen offers the QIAgility system for rapid, high-precision PCR setup, and Tecan also offers multiple solutions for automated PCR setup. Several manufacturers are also remolding their product offerings to ensure compatibility with automated systems to better integrate with end customer workflows.

The DNA polymerase market has several large players as well as multiple smaller companies. There are limited companies that have a complete focus on being a provider of reagents for research and diagnostic use. Different vendors have different specializations and product offerings, with most of the large companies combining research products and reagents with equipment, in-vitro diagnostics tools, etc. Having a sole focus on DNA polymerase market ensures better quality of products, customer loyalty and an established distribution network that can cater to product availability around the globe. R&D spending on life sciences and investment in developing molecular diagnostics kits and reagents are expected to grow at a stable rate over the next several years.

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FMI has segmented the global DNA polymerase market into product type, end users, & regions. In terms of revenue, the eukaryotic DNA polymerase segment holds substantial market share and is expected to gain traction due to increased demand for DNA polymerase and its consequent adoption over the forecast period. The segment in DNA polymerase market is expected to exhibit healthy CAGR of 6.7% over the forecast period.

The report covers some of the key companies operating in the DNA polymerase market, which include Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Merck KGaA, Qiagen N.V., Agilent Technologies Inc., Takara Bio Inc., Genescript, Illumina Inc., New England Biolabs, Inc., and Bioline & Promega Corporation, among others

[healthcare-research-report-blog]

In-vitro Transcription Templates Market to Record Sturdy Growth by 2026

In-vitro transcription is a molecular method or procedure that allows synthesis of ribosomal nucleic acid (RNA) molecules. In-vitro transcription process enables health care researchers to synthesize different sizes varying from microgram, milligram, to kilo bases of desired RNA molecule, based on template-directed techniques. RNA synthesis is one of the major fields on genetic research, personalized medicine, and many other techniques. Advancements in the field of biotechnology (including nanotechnology and molecular biology) have found diverse applications of in-vitro transcription templates for RNA synthesis, which have more clinical benefits than randomized DNA probes. It allows researchers and healthcare professionals perform various reactions to identify biochemical processes of the body. In-vitro transcription requires DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, templates, and transcription factors.

Rise in focus of health care and pharmaceutical companies in R&D, drug discovery, and gene editing has led to increase in demand for new and advanced transcription techniques to introduce new products and drugs in the pharmaceutical industry. This, in turn, is driving the global In-Vitro Transcription Templates Market during the forecast period. Rise in adoption of personalized medicine by health care providers is expected to increase demand for in-vitro transcription templates. Introduction of CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) gene editing technology, enabling targeted medicine using RNA to bind to specific targets, and increase in incidence of rare diseases are some drivers of the global in-vitro transcription templates market during the forecast period. However, requirement for large capital investment deters new entrants from entering the market. This has increased the bargaining power of manufacturers and is leading to high cost of the in-vitro transcription templates and restraining the adoption and subsequent expansion of the global in-vitro transcription templates market.

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 The global in-vitro transcription templates market is segmented on the basis of product type, application, end-user, and region. Based on product type, the global market is dived into plasmids, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based products, oligonucleotides, and cDNA templates. The plasmids segment dominated the global in-vitro transcription templates market in 2017, owing to higher adoption of plasmids as templates by end-users. However, oligonucleotides segment is anticipated to expand at a considerable CAGR from 2018 to 2026. Expansion of the segment can be attributed to increase in application in research, therapeutics, and diagnostics of oligonucleotide templates. Base on application, the global in-vitro transcription templates market is segmented into drug discovery, structural studies, biochemical and genetic studies, and others. The drug discovery segment dominated the global market in 2017. In terms of end-user, the global in-vitro transcription templates market is segregated into contract research organizations (CROs), pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, academic & research institutes, and others. The pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies segment is expected to dominate the global market in 2017 due to high R&D focus and expenditure.

Based on region, the global in-vitro transcription templates market is segmented into five regions: North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, and the Middle East & Africa. North America dominated the global in-vitro transcription templates market in 2017, and is expected to continue its dominance during the forecast period. Increase in focus of health care institutions toward personalized medicine and targeted drug delivery, high expenditure of pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies for R&D, and rise in government initiatives to promote drug discovery are some factors driving the market in North America. Europe accounted for the second largest share of the market in 2017, followed by Asia Pacific.

Key players operating in the global in-vitro transcription templates market include Bio-Synthesis Inc., Thermo Fisher Scientific, Promega Corporation, Lucigen, New England Biolabs, Takara Bio USA (a Takara Bio Company), Enzynomics co Ltd., Enzo Life Sciences, Inc., and Agilent Technologies.

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[healthcare-market]

In-vitro Transcription Templates Market : Emerging Trends, Business Growth Opportunities, Major Driving Factors

In-Vitro Transcription Templates Market: Introduction

According to the report, the global in-vitro transcription templates market was valued at ~US$ 120 Mn in 2020 and is projected to expand at a CAGR of ~20% from 2021 to 2030. Increase in R&D funding in healthcare and biotechnology and rise in technological advancements in molecular biology are anticipated to drive the global in-vitro transcription templates market during the forecast period. Additionally, rise in prevalence of various types of cancer and infectious diseases, such as COVID-19, is expected to propel the global in-vitro transcription templates market over the next few years. Investments by key players to strengthen their position is likely to create significant opportunities in the market. For instance, in June 2020, Promega Corporation announced CE marking for the OncoMate MSI Dx Analysis System as a new in-vitro diagnostic (IVD) medical device in Europe. OncoMate MSI is a PCR-based, validated gold standard for determining microsatellite instability (MSI) status in solid tumors.

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The usage of mRNA-based personalized cancer vaccines for the treatment of cancer has increased. For instance, Moderna’s Immuno-Oncology focuses on therapeutic vaccines and intratumoral immuno-oncology therapeutics. Moderna is able to make modified, mRNA-based personalized cancer vaccines to distribute one custom-tailored medicine for one patient at a time, which is concluded through next-generation sequencing and able to recognize mutations found on a patient’s cancer cells. Hence, increase in incidence of cancer boosts usage of in-vitro transcription templates in RNA-derived vaccines and therapeutics.

North America dominated the global in-vitro transcription templates market in 2020. The trend is likely to continue during the forecast period. Well-established healthcare and life science industries, early adoption of technologically advanced products, high awareness about various infectious as well as chronic diseases, and high per capita healthcare expenditure are the major factors attributed to North America’s large market share in 2020.

Asia Pacific is projected to be a highly lucrative market for in-vitro transcription templates over the next few years. The market in the region is anticipated to expand at a high CAGR during the forecast period. The growth of the healthcare sector and the increase in the development of RNA-based vaccines and therapies in countries such as Japan, India, and China are expected to propel the market in the region during the forecast period.

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Technological Advancements to Drive In-Vitro Transcription Templates Market

The adoption of technologically advanced products is likely to drive the demand, and thereby the global market. Technological advances and modalities for targeting RNA include using CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing technology, DNA-directed RNA intervention (ddRNAi) technology, and the advancement of specific low molecular modulators for RNA or RNA-modifying enzymes. For instance, CAL-1, Calimmune's leading therapeutic agent, depicts RNA-based gene therapy using ddRNAi to suppress the CCR5 gene to regulate HIV infection and to prevent HIV-positive entities from developing AIDS. Several firms focused on the production of small-molecular RNA modulators have been set up over the past few years.

Targeting splice-variant control sequences within introns (non-coding regions of an RNA transcriptor DNA sequence within a gene) or exons (coding regions) offers opportunities to develop therapeutics. For instance, Skyhawk Therapeutics, Inc. (Waltham, Massachusetts, the U.S.) was founded with a platform to identify selective small molecule modulators of the RNA spliceosome complex that target RNA mis-splicing (exon skipping), which drives multiple diseases including neurological conditions and cancer. These emerging technologies offer significant opportunities to develop alternative strategies to target RNA for drug development.

N4 Pharma is developing Nuvec, an innovative silica nanoparticle for drug delivery with possible applications across cancer therapy and immunology. That includes enhancing the cellular uptake of novel and disruptive medicines such as mRNA and DNA vaccines or therapies.

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Infectious Diseases to Dominate In-Vitro Transcription Templates Market

In terms of disease, the global in-vitro transcription templates market has been classified into cancer, infectious diseases, lifestyle diseases, genetic diseases, and others. The infectious disease segment accounted for major share of the global market in 2020. The segment is projected to dominate the global market during the forecast period. mRNA vaccine has been studied for various diseases including CMV, Zika, and rabies. Development and launch of RNA-based vaccines are anticipated to propel the segment during the forecast period.

Vaccine to Hold Major Share of In-Vitro Transcription Templates Market

Based on treatment, the global in-vitro transcription templates market has been categorized into vaccine and therapeutic. The vaccine segment accounted for major share of the global market in 2020. For instance, the U.S. FDA issued an emergency use authorization (EUA) for Moderna’s COVID-19 vaccine for the prevention of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).

Clinical to Dominate In-Vitro Transcription Templates Market

Based on research stage, the global in-vitro transcription templates market has been bifurcated into exploratory and clinical. A number of RNA-based vaccines and therapies is in the pipeline and clinical stage. This is likely to augment the clinical segment over the next few years.

Pharmaceutical & Biotechnology Companies to Account for Major Share of In-Vitro Transcription Templates Market

In terms of end user, the global vitro transcription templates market has been divided into pharmaceutical & biotechnology companies, CROs & CMOs, academics & research, and others. The need of discovery of new therapeutics, vaccines, and capacity expansion leads to high adoption of in-vitro transcription templates among pharmaceutical & biotechnology manufacturers. This is projected to drive the segment during the forecast period.

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North America to Dominate In-Vitro Transcription Templates Market

In terms of region, the global in-vitro transcription templates market has been segmented into North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, and Middle East & Africa. North America dominated the global in-vitro transcription templates market in 2020, followed by Europe. North America accounted for major share of the global in-vitro transcription templates market in 2020. The growth of the market in the region is can be attributed to increase in demand for biopharmaceuticals such as vaccines and RNA-based therapeutics, peptides for the treatment of cancer, neurological diseases, and chronic kidney diseases. Moreover, rise in prevalence of lifestyle diseases, increase in healthcare spending, and strong economy are factors responsible for North America’s dominance of the global in-vitro transcription templates market during the forecast period.

The in-vitro transcription templates market in Asia Pacific is anticipated to grow at a rapid pace during the forecast period. Increase in disposable income and purchasing power of consumers, rise in biotechnology, research institutes, and research funding by government and private bodies, expansion of healthcare infrastructure, large population base, and rise in incidence of chronic and infectious diseases are the key factors expected to augment the in-vitro transcription templates market in Asia Pacific during the forecast period.

Competition Landscape of In-Vitro Transcription Templates Market

The global in-vitro transcription templates market is fragmented in terms of number of players. Key players in the global in-vitro transcription templates market include Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., Promega Corporation, Agilent Technologies, Inc., New England Biolabs, Takara Bio Inc., Lucigen Corporation, Enzynomics Co. Ltd., Enzo Life Sciences, Inc. and Cytiva (Danaher)

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About Us

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[healthcare-research-report-blog]

In-vitro Transcription Templates Market Estimated to Expand at a Robust CAGR by 2026

In-vitro transcription is a molecular method or procedure that allows synthesis of ribosomal nucleic acid (RNA) molecules. In-vitro transcription process enables health care researchers to synthesize different sizes varying from microgram, milligram, to kilo bases of desired RNA molecule, based on template-directed techniques. RNA synthesis is one of the major fields on genetic research, personalized medicine, and many other techniques. Advancements in the field of biotechnology (including nanotechnology and molecular biology) have found diverse applications of in-vitro transcription templates for RNA synthesis, which have more clinical benefits than randomized DNA probes. It allows researchers and healthcare professionals perform various reactions to identify biochemical processes of the body. In-vitro transcription requires DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, templates, and transcription factors.

Rise in focus of health care and pharmaceutical companies in R&D, drug discovery, and gene editing has led to increase in demand for new and advanced transcription techniques to introduce new products and drugs in the pharmaceutical industry. This, in turn, is driving the global In-Vitro Transcription Templates Market during the forecast period. Rise in adoption of personalized medicine by health care providers is expected to increase demand for in-vitro transcription templates. Introduction of CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) gene editing technology, enabling targeted medicine using RNA to bind to specific targets, and increase in incidence of rare diseases are some drivers of the global in-vitro transcription templates market during the forecast period. However, requirement for large capital investment deters new entrants from entering the market. This has increased the bargaining power of manufacturers and is leading to high cost of the in-vitro transcription templates and restraining the adoption and subsequent expansion of the global in-vitro transcription templates market.

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 The global in-vitro transcription templates market is segmented on the basis of product type, application, end-user, and region. Based on product type, the global market is dived into plasmids, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based products, oligonucleotides, and cDNA templates. The plasmids segment dominated the global in-vitro transcription templates market in 2017, owing to higher adoption of plasmids as templates by end-users. However, oligonucleotides segment is anticipated to expand at a considerable CAGR from 2018 to 2026. Expansion of the segment can be attributed to increase in application in research, therapeutics, and diagnostics of oligonucleotide templates. Base on application, the global in-vitro transcription templates market is segmented into drug discovery, structural studies, biochemical and genetic studies, and others. The drug discovery segment dominated the global market in 2017. In terms of end-user, the global in-vitro transcription templates market is segregated into contract research organizations (CROs), pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, academic & research institutes, and others. The pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies segment is expected to dominate the global market in 2017 due to high R&D focus and expenditure.

Based on region, the global in-vitro transcription templates market is segmented into five regions: North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, and the Middle East & Africa. North America dominated the global in-vitro transcription templates market in 2017, and is expected to continue its dominance during the forecast period. Increase in focus of health care institutions toward personalized medicine and targeted drug delivery, high expenditure of pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies for R&D, and rise in government initiatives to promote drug discovery are some factors driving the market in North America. Europe accounted for the second largest share of the market in 2017, followed by Asia Pacific.

Key players operating in the global in-vitro transcription templates market include Bio-Synthesis Inc., Thermo Fisher Scientific, Promega Corporation, Lucigen, New England Biolabs, Takara Bio USA (a Takara Bio Company), Enzynomics co Ltd., Enzo Life Sciences, Inc., and Agilent Technologies.

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 About Us

Transparency Market Research (TMR) is a market intelligence company, providing global business information reports and services. Our exclusive blend of quantitative forecasting and trends analysis provides forward-looking insight for thousands of decision makers. TMR’s experienced team of analysts, researchers, and consultants, use proprietary data sources and various tools and techniques to gather, and analyze information. Our business offerings represent the latest and the most reliable information indispensable for businesses to sustain a competitive edge.

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