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siliconsignalsblog · 2 months

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At the heart of every embedded system lies meticulous design. The STM32 series, powered by ARM Cortex-M cores, offers a broad spectrum of choices tailored to various application needs — from simple microcontrollers to advanced processors with DSP and floating-point units. When embarking on a design journey:

Choosing the Right MCU: Selecting the appropriate STM32 MCU involves evaluating factors like processing power, memory requirements, peripheral interfaces, and power consumption.

Schematic and PCB Design: Utilizing tools such as Altium Designer or KiCad, translate the MCU selection into a schematic that incorporates necessary components and interfaces. PCB layout design ensures signal integrity, power distribution, and adherence to manufacturing constraints.

Development and Debugging

Once the hardware design is finalized, the focus shifts to software development — a critical phase where efficiency and reliability are paramount:

Embedded Software Development: Leveraging STM32CubeIDE or other IDEs, developers write firmware in C or C++ using STM32 HAL (Hardware Abstraction Layer) libraries. HAL simplifies access to MCU peripherals and accelerates development.

Testing and Debugging: Employing features like real-time debugging and trace, developers identify and resolve issues early in the development cycle. Tools like ST-Link and JTAG interfaces facilitate this process, ensuring firmware stability and performance optimization.

Production and Manufacturing Support

Moving from development to production requires seamless coordination and attention to detail to maintain product quality and consistency:

Manufacturing Readiness: Collaborating closely with manufacturing partners ensures that the design is manufacturable at scale. Design for Test (DFT) and Design for Manufacturing (DFM) principles streamline production processes.

Quality Assurance: Implementing rigorous testing protocols validates hardware functionality and software reliability before deployment. Automated testing frameworks and in-circuit testing (ICT) validate PCB assemblies, minimizing field failures.

Lifecycle Support: Beyond initial production, ongoing support is crucial. STM32’s ecosystem provides long-term availability, ensuring continuity for product updates, security patches, and compatibility with evolving industry standards.

Partner with Silicon Signals Pvt Ltd

Ready to embark on your next embedded system project with confidence? Partner with Silicon Signals Pvt Ltd for expert hardware and software design, development, and manufacturing support. With a proven track record in delivering innovative solutions powered by STM32 microcontrollers, we ensure your product meets and exceeds market expectations.

Contact us today to explore how our services can accelerate your product development journey and maximize your embedded system’s potential with STM32 series.

#embeddedsoftware #embeddedsystems #embeddedtechnology #linux kernel #android #linuxdebugging #androidbsp

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crnagora · 3 years

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Preko milion eura za razvoj IT sektora u Crnoj Gori

Ministar ekonomskog razvoja @JakovMilatovic potpisao je danas ugovor o sufinansiranju #ICTCortex klastera sa izvršnim direktorom Tarikom Zaimovićem. #Vijesti #CrnaGora #CGportal

Ministar ekonomskog razvoja Jakov Milatović potpisao je danas ugovor o sufinansiranju ICT Cortex klastera sa izvršnim direktorom Tarikom Zaimovićem. ICT Cortex je dobitnik Konkursa za podršku razvoja strateškog prioriteta Strategije pametne specijalizacije Crne Gore – Informaciono komunikacionih tehnologija. Ukupan iznos predviđen za realizaciju programa rada ICT klastera Cortex za period od tri…

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#CGportal #Crna Gora #ICT Cortex #Jakov Milatović #Tarik Zaimović #Vlada Crne Gore

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researchkenneth · 3 years

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Process Orchestration Market

The Process Orchestration Market is estimated to record a significant growth throughout the forecast period. The ICT sector constitutes 4.8% of the European economy. Europe’s organization ERDF i.e. European Regional Development Fund has allotted approximately USD 23 billion for investments related to ICT during the funding period 2014-2020. ICT refers to the communication technologies including the internet, wireless networks, social networking, cell phones, video-conferencing, computers, software, and other media applications and services enabling users to access, retrieve, and manipulate information in a digital form.

Market synopsis

Globally, the process orchestration is expected to grow from USD 3.45 billion in 2017 to USD 8.60 billion by 2023, at a CAGR of 16.8% during the forecast period. Process orchestration allows enterprises to efficiently execute the structured business plan by streamlining the business processes thereby, improving the operational efficiency of the business. This enables the companies to utilize their IT systems for catering their customers’ dynamic requirements thereby, driving the process orchestration market. Global digitalization is a major factor driving the process orchestration market as there is an increase in the user’s awareness for optimizing business process with digital transformation. Orchestration guides and drive end-to-end digital processes.

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Process orchestration enables automation and optimization of digital business processes from initial workflows to complex integrated cross domain processes. Moreover, increased requirement for improved IT systems to serve customers is also fueling the market growth. Process orchestration enables business and IT specialists to collaborate by developing and adapting processes jointly using the graphical business process model and notation (BPMN) standard. Additionally, high adoption of cloud services by SMEs and large enterprises is also contributing the market growth. However, the present organization capabilities and culture, and stringent regulations & compliance requirements are hindering the market growth.

Process Orchestration Market Research Report — Global Forecast till 2023 -Report image 00

Source: MRFR Analysis

Segmentation

The process orchestration market is segmented into function, component, deployment, organization size, industry vertical, and region.

By function, the market is segmented into supply chain management and order fulfillment marketing, human resource management, finance and accounting, customer service and support.

By component, the market is segmented into solution and service.

By deployment, the market is segmented into cloud and on-premise.

By organization size, the market is segmented into small and medium sized enterprise and large enterprise.

By industrial vertical, the market is segmented into BFSI, telecom and IT, consumer goods and retail, media and entertainment, manufacturing, transportation and logistics, energy and utilities, others.

By region, the market is segmented into North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific and the rest of the world.

Regional analysis

The global market for process orchestration is estimated to grow at significantly high rate during the forecast period (2018-2023). The regional analysis of process orchestration market is studied for North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, and the rest of the world. The research study also covers country level segment information in respective regions.

Among the regions covered, North America is dominating in terms of market size owing to early adoption of process orchestration and continuous innovation in various related technologies by companies for enhancing the existing business process. This helps to reduce the operational cost and increases the business efficiency. Additionally, the presence of various key vendor in North America such as IBM Corporation, Oracle Corporation, CA Technologies, ServiceNow Inc, Cisco Systems Inc, BMC Software Inc and others is helping towards the market growth. These companies cater the local customers as well as customers from other regions.

The increasing investment in the cloud-based service/solution by the government, small and medium enterprises, is further expected to boost market growth during the period of research study. However, process orchestration market in Asia-Pacific region is expected to be grow rapidly, during the forecast period. This is due to rapid economic changes, globalization, digitalization, and increased adoption of cloud-based services encouraging the enterprises and customers to adopt process orchestration. Also increasing demand for effective utilization of IT infrastructures and cost optimization is also expected to grow the market.

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Competitive Analysis

Process orchestration market is considered to grow with a significant rate, as it provides bussiness management related solutions to enterprises and increases the overall efficiency of the process and reduced operations expenses.

In April, 2017, Fujitsu Inc entered in a stratergic partnership with UBiqube PLC. This partnership is expected to strengthen integrated operations management solutions by connecting various products and services that are provided to the end-users such as corporations, local governments, and telecom operators, for managing large-scale networks.

In November, 2017, Atrinet’s Ltd. and Veryx Technologies had entered in a stratergic partnership for providing solutions and services that reduces the costs and delivery efforts by automating provisioning, monitoring and testing new services such as L3VPN, SD-WAN, 4G/5G Wireless Front-haul, Carrier Ethernet and others.

Key players

The key players in the process orchestration market are identified across all the major regions based on their country of origin, presence across different regions, recent key developments, product diversification, and industry expertise. Some of them are –are SAP SE (Germany), IBM Corporation (US), Oracle Corporation (US), CA Technologies (US), ServiceNow Inc (US), Cisco Systems Inc (US), BMC Software Inc (US), Fujitsu Ltd (Japan), OpenText Corporation (Canada), Newgen Software Technologies Limited (US), Software AG (Germany), HCL Technologies Limited (India), Wipro (India), and Micro Focus International PLC (UK). These players contribute a major share in the growth of process orchestration market. Apart from the top players, there are other players that contribute towards market growth. These include Arvato AG (Germany), Ayehu Software Technologies Ltd (US), Micro Focus International PLC (UK), Cortex Ltd (England), eQ Technologic (US), PMG.net (US), and others.

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Intended Audience

Business Process Management (BPM) Vendors

Consulting Service Providers

Resellers

Research Organizations

Enterprise Users

Technology Providers

Value-Added Resellers (VARs)

Cloud Service Providers

Government Organizations

Communications Service Providers (CSPs)

Third-party Knowledge Providers

Investment Bankers

Investors

About Kenneth Research

Kenneth Research is a reselling agency providing market research solutions in different verticals such as Automotive and Transportation, Chemicals and Materials, Healthcare, Food & Beverage and Consumer Packaged Goods, Semiconductors, Electronics & ICT, Packaging, and Others. Our portfolio includes set of market research insights such as market sizing and market forecasting, market share analysis and key positioning of the players (manufacturers, deals and distributors, etc), understanding the competitive landscape and their business at a ground level and many more. Our research experts deliver the offerings efficiently and effectively within a stipulated time. The market study provided by Kenneth Research helps the Industry veterans/investors to think and to act wisely in their overall strategy formulation

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preranajoshi1096 · 3 years

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Automotive Embedded Systems Market Size to Surpass US$ 30.40 Billion by 2027

Automotive Embedded Systems Market is valued at USD 20.90 Billion in 2018 and expected to reach USD 30.40 Billion by 2025 with the CAGR of 5.5% over the forecast period.

Automotive Embedded Systems Market: Global Size, Trends, Competitive, Historical & Forecast Analysis, 2020-2025. Increasing focus of customers on vehicle safety features, growing demand for automation and rising trend of vehicle electrification in automobile industry are some of the primary factors driving the growth of global automotive embedded system market.

Get Sample of This Report@ https://brandessenceresearch.com/requestSample/PostId/1290

* Sample pages for this report are immediately accessible upon request. *

Scope of Automotive Embedded Systems Market-

An embedded system is a computer system a combination of a computer processor, computer memory, and input/output peripheral devices that has a devoted function within a larger mechanical or electrical system. It is embedded as part of a complete device often with electrical or electronic hardware and mechanical parts. Because an embedded system usually controls physical operations of the machine that it is embedded within, it often has real-time computing constraints. An automotive embedded system is a computer system that is embedded into a car to control various functionalities. It is a computer system for electronic devices, built with the intent to control the mechanism of data and services. Software is an important aspect of the automotive embedded system. This system comprises single chip microcontroller such as cortex, advanced RISC machines (ARM), microprocessors, field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), digital signal processor (DSPs), and application-specific integrated circuit (ASICs).

Automotive embedded systems market report is segmented on the basis of product type, application and by regional & country level. Based upon product type, automotive embedded systems market is classified into embedded hardware and embedded software. Based upon application, automotive embedded systems market is classified into electrical and electronics, infotainment and telematics and powertrain and chassis and advanced driver assistance systems.

The regions covered in this Automotive Embedded Systems market report are North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of the World. On the basis of country level, market of Automotive Embedded Systems is sub divided into U.S., Mexico, Canada, U.K., France, Germany, Italy, China, Japan, India, South East Asia, GCC, Africa, etc.

Automotive Embedded Systems Companies:

Automotive embedded systems market report covers prominent players are,

Robert Bosch GmbH

Panasonic Corporation

Toshiba

Continental AG

Denso Corporation

Mitsubishi Electric Corporation

Delphi Automotive LLP

Texas Instruments Incorporated

Infineon Technologies AG

Harman International

NXP Semiconductors N.V.

Johnson Electric.

Panasonic Acquired All Shares of German Software Company OpenSynergy

News: Aug 09, 2016, Panasonic Corporation and OpenSynergy GmbH declared that Panasonic has acquired all the unresolved shares of the German software business to make it a subsidiary on July 22. OpenSynergy is a high-tech business focusing in embedded automotive software for cockpit solutions. Panasonic positions its automotive business as a high growth area, and expects the business to contribute in the area of "comfort", "safety", and "environment".

Automotive Embedded Systems Market Dynamics –

The global automotive embedded systems market is witnessing substantial growth due to increasing demand of automation, consumers growing demand towards electric vehicles and rising trend of vehicle electrification in automobile industry. According to the IEA report, Electric car deployment has been growing rapidly over the past ten years, with the global stock of electric passenger cars passing 5 million in 2018, and growth of 63% from the previous year. About 45% of electric cars on the road in 2018 were in China – a total of 2.3 million – compared to 39% in 2017. However, the life span of electronic systems is usually low, power requirements are high and the system design is very complicated. The making of an electronic system requires complex level of software algorithms, which indirectly results in high battery utilization. These factors are hindering the market growth. Furthermore, automotive embedded systems assure the end user requirements in terms of safety, comfort and even costs. Changes in system architecture, modifications in software development and enhancement of integrated services would bring new major opportunities in the Automotive Embedded Systems market.

Automotive Embedded Systems Market Regional Analysis –

North America is dominating the automotive embedded systems market with the potential rate due to increasing focus on vehicle safety features, adoption of advanced automation and rising trend of vehicle electrification in automobile industry. According to the International Federation of Robotics report, one of the most visible ways that automation impacts jobs is the ever-increasing reliance on robots for industrial work. In 2016, the number of manufacturing robots was 1.83 million. Experts expect that number to grow to 3.05 million in 2020. The figures indicate that new improvements are speeding up this trend, and that we are very likely going to see an even more drastic yearly increase in the robot workforce.

The Asia Pacific is expected to emerge as the fastest-growing regional market over the forecast period due to the increasing vehicle production in many countries of this region, improving socio-economy condition, and growing demand for electric vehicles, especially in China. According to PwC’s automotive analyst group report, Auto facts, global production is set to rise by 22.3m units between 2014 and 2021, at an annual compounded growth rate (CAGR) of 3.4%.1 Whilst the BRIC markets have previously led global growth, car sales have dipped 20% to date since December last year, due to slowing growth in China and declining sales. One of these growth areas is Southeast Asia (SEA). Total vehicle sales in the country reached 212,000 units in 20143, and are forecast to hit 310,000 this year. In fact, car sales reached a highest of 19,731 units in March 2015 compared to last year’s 15,292 units in the same month.

Key Benefits for Automotive Embedded Systems Market Reports –

Global Market report covers in depth historical and forecast analysis.

Global Market research report provides detail information about Market Introduction, Market Summary, Global market Revenue (Revenue USD), Market Drivers, Market Restraints, Market opportunities, Competitive Analysis, Regional and Country Level.

Global Market report helps to identify opportunities in market place.

Global Market report covers extensive analysis of emerging trends and competitive landscape.

Automotive Embedded Systems Market Segmentation –

By Product Type: Embedded Hardware, Embedded Software

By Application: Electrical and Electronics, Infotainment and Telematics, Powertrain and Chassis, Advanced Driver Assistance Systems

Regional & Country Analysis North America, U.S., Mexico, Canada , Europe, UK, France, Germany, Italy , Asia Pacific, China, Japan, India, Southeast Asia, South America, Brazil, Argentina, Columbia, The Middle East and Africa, GCC, Africa, Rest of Middle East and Africa

Table of Content

1. Chapter - Report Methodology

1.1. Research Process

1.2. Primary Research

1.3. Secondary Research

1.4. Market Size Estimates

1.5. Data Triangulation

1.6. Forecast Model

1.7. USP’s of Report

1.8. Report Description

2. Chapter – Global Automotive Embedded Systems Market Overview: Qualitative Analysis

2.1. Market Introduction

2.2. Executive Summary

2.3. Global Automotive Embedded Systems Market Classification

2.4. Market Drivers

2.5. Market Restraints

2.6. Market Opportunity

2.7. Automotive Embedded Systems Market: Trends

2.8. Porter’s Five Forces Analysis

2.9. Market Attractiveness Analysis

3. Chapter - Global Automotive Embedded Systems Market Overview: Quantitative Analysis

4. Chapter – Global Automotive Embedded Systems Market Analysis: Segmentation By Type

5. Chapter – Global Automotive Embedded Systems Market Analysis: Segmentation By Application

Full Research Report @ https://brandessenceresearch.com/automotive-and-transport/automotive-embedded-systems-market-industry-analysis

About Us: Brandessence Market Research and Consulting Pvt. ltd.

Brandessence market research publishes market research reports & business insights produced by highly qualified and experienced industry analysts. Our research reports are available in a wide range of industry verticals including aviation, food & beverage, healthcare, ICT, Construction, Chemicals and lot more. Brand Essence Market Research report will be best fit for senior executives, business development managers, marketing managers, consultants, CEOs, CIOs, COOs, and Directors, governments, agencies, organizations and Ph.D. Students. We have a delivery center in Pune, India and our sales office is in London.

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kastine15 · 4 years

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Students are getting left behind

COVID-19 has forced us to adapt to the idea of “new normal”, leading one problem to another. Based on our research, online learning is an education that takes place over the internet. It is often referred to as “e-learning” among other terms. However, online learning is just one type of “distance learning”. One of the advantages of online learning is that you can learn whatever you want whenever you want! But why do you think so many people are protesting for the academic freeze and ligtas na balik eskuwela? How bad is it? The pandemic heavily changed the circulation of today's educational curriculum. The pandemic that is ravaging the globe is likely to cause the most serious disruption to educational opportunity in at least a century. Due to the pandemic, more than 90% of schools all over the world are forced to shut down and our country implemented online classes. Though e-learning offers ease, flexibility, and the ability to remotely access a classroom in the student’s own time. Health problems might increase as screen time increases. Staring at the screen for too long may lead to eye strain, blurry vision, headaches, etc… This is indeed a cause of worry for many people since this can lead to a more serious problem. Many people are pleading for less screen time to avoid health issues and also to spend more time with their families. According to the Department of Education’s (DepEd) Information and communications technology (ICT) Service Director Aida Yuvienco, in a recent interview with “GovInsider”, Only 26 % of public schools are connected to the internet, and she added that nearly 5,000 public schools in remote areas do not even have access to electricity. Despite our passion for learning many students are forced to stop school, due to expensive resources and their location. According to DepEd, an incoming grade 9 student in Santo Domingo Albay committed suicide out of depression from being unable to afford gadgets needed for online classes. Who is affected and how are they affected? Students and teachers are the majority of those affected by online classes. Students that are considered privileged spend extra time using their gadgets, to comply with their requirements. Some are found having difficulty in understanding and grasping the lessons taught in online classes. Doctors want to make eyestrain a major health concern especially for the students and adults who work from home. Children under three years should not have any online classes, children between four and six could have 90 minutes of teaching, with one break in between and children between seven and 12 could have up to four hours of lessons with two or three breaks to avoid eye strain or other serious eye problems. On the other hand, some families are financially unstable and can not afford the basic resources needed for online learning. Effects

Could cause different types of headaches to students and teachers because of the radiation; Not all students are comfortable with online learning, this may cause them to have difficulty in understanding;Courses that involve skill and practical activities cannot be practiced due to lack of equipment and tools;One of the major consequences of the transition to online learning is its impact on student health, specifically sleep habits. Students in different time zones than their institutions are now sacrificing sleep to wake up for classes on Zoom. According to Matthew Walker, a sleep scientist at Google and professor of neuroscience at the University of California at Berkeley explained how lack of sleep can affect learning outcomes; Walker wrote that sleep deprivation causes deficits in the prefrontal cortex, which normally keeps our amygdala, the emotional and impulse region of the brain, in check. The vast majority of children who lose opportunities to learn because of the pandemic, it will be hard to recover from those losses; the harder it is the longer the period of physical isolation from other students and teachers.

Possible solutions

What will work?

Students sit down and learn through a self-paced system listening to their teacher online completely on their own. The main aim of online education is to help students continue to study so that the student’s not waste time or year because of the situation.

What will not work?

The key benefits of online education are low costs. Online learning will ever fully replace classroom learning. Learning practical skills. Been in the realm of fostering connection and collaboration between learners.

Possible outcome?

Not all will be able to learn, and it will only continue when the pandemic is solved or when the government has a better plan to support those learners that cannot afford online learning. Learners may feel a sense of isolation.

Because of the given situations, it’s not just online classes that should be stopped, but also the spread of COVID-19. Many people are struggling financially, physically, and mentally during these times. Students are struggling, some are left behind, but everyone can make a change if they want to. We need to stop the Online class because so many people do not have gadgets, they are poor and they have no money to buy Wi-Fi and gadgets. Some people/families cannot afford the expenses and the other needs because of this pandemic. When we are in an online class, we will need to have a fast connection which means we have to buy Wi-Fi, but what if they do not have the money to buy, how will they learn?

References:

Mindspark Interactive Network, Inc. (2012), Purpose of Education [Blog post] Retrieved from

https://www.excite.com/education/education/purpose-of-education?fbc%20lid=iwar2bd6dgoajd2djx5keh1o2pfzfcc91ftflo35agdqy6jojackhl9incklq

Georgia Cooke (2020, July 27), Online learning vs Face-to-Face learning [Blog post] Retrieved from

https://www.elucidat.com/blog/online-learning-vs-face-to-face-learning/#:~:text=To%20answer%20the%20question%3A%20is,than%20face%20t%20o%20face%20learning.&text=Brandon%20Hall%20found%20that%20elear%20ning,employee%20time%20than%20classroom%20

Ilona C. Kritz (2020, June 11), PH not ready for Online Schooling [Blog post] Retrieved from https://www.manilatimes.net/2020/06/11/campus-press/ph-not-ready-for online-schooling/730998/

Jan Arcilla (2020, June 20), Online classes just one option, DepEd says [Blog post] Retrieved from

https://www.manilatimes.net/2020/06/20/news/national/online-classes-ju st-one-option-deped-says/733038/

Amrita Balram (2020, April 20), How online learning can affect student health [Blog post] Retrieved fromhttps://www.jhunewsletter.com/article/2020/04/how-online-learning-can affect-student-health#:~:text=One%20of%20the%20major%20consequenc es,up%20for%20classes%20on%20Zoom.

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airolcus · 6 years

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A new study reveals that learning Physics makes the brain more active

A new study has shown that parts of the brain, which are not used while learning science becomes active when exposed to the world of Physics. The finding was published in the journal Frontiers in ICT, which shows that it is possible to change the brain’s activity by exposing it to the different forms of instructions. The study was done using the fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging), which measures the flow of the blood in the brain. The researchers looked at the brain map to see the active regions of the brain busy in solving a physics problem or reasoning task. “The neurobiological processes that underpin learning are complex and not always directly connected to what we think it means to learn,” said Eric Brewe, an associate professor at Drexel University in the US. More than 50 volunteers took part in the study and they were taught Physics using ‘Modeling instructions’ in which students are the active participants in the learning process. Before students participated in the class, they were asked to take a test while undergoing fMRI. Students were again asked to take the test after the completion of the cost, which was again monitored by the fMRI. During the pre-instruction scan, the lateral prefrontal cortex and parietal cortex, sometimes called the brain’s “central executive network” were involved in problem-solving. “One of the keys seemed to be an area of the brain, the dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex, that generates mental simulations,” Brewe said. “This suggests that learning Physics is an imaginative process, which is not typically how people think of it,” he said. After the completion of the class, pre and post learning scans were revealed and researchers noticed an increased activity in the frontal poles. Frontal poles are linked to the learning. The other area which activated during the learning was the posterior cingulate cortex, and this area is linked to the episodic memory and self-referential thought, researchers told. “These changes in brain activity may be related to more complex behavioral changes in how students reason through physics questions post- relative to pre-instruction,“ said Brewe. "These might include shifts in strategy or an increased access to physics knowledge and problem-solving resources,” he said.

Source: https://www.brainbuxa.com/education-news/a-new-study-reveals-that-learning-physics-makes-the-brain-more-active-8342

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scienceblogtumbler · 4 years

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Brain immune cell defect may help explain social impairments in males with autism

Many cases of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) may result from problems in immune cells that normally work to trim back unneeded brain connections in early life, suggests a new study led by scientists at Scripps Research.

The study, published April 14 in Nature Communications, examined the effects of a set of gene mutations that account for a small percentage of autism disorders. These mutations are known to cause a general overproduction of many proteins in brain cells, but how that overproduction leads to autism behaviors has been a mystery.

The scientists found evidence that the most relevant effect of this protein overproduction occurs in brain-based immune cells called microglial cells. These cells normally prune unneeded brain connections, or synapses, as the brain develops in childhood.

Working in mice, the scientists determined that the protein overproduction impairs microglial cells in a way that hampers their synapse-pruning function, but only in males, leading to autism-like social behavior deficits.

The finding dovetails with the long-standing observation that autism disorders are four to five times more prevalent in males than females. It is also consistent with recent evidence that in people with ASDs, the brain commonly has a higher number of synapses than normal.

“Our study suggests that impairments in microglia play a key role in the development of autism behaviors, at least in some cases, and may help explain the higher prevalence of autism disorders in males,” says study senior author Baoji Xu, PhD, professor in the Department of Neuroscience at Scripps Research. “That, in turn, suggests that microglia might be a good target for future drugs that prevent or treat autism spectrum disorders.”

Autism disorders are found in an estimated 2.4 percent of boys and 0.5 percent of girls. They involve a variety of abnormalities including social skill deficits, repetitive behaviors, and hypersensitivities to sounds and light. Research suggests that these disorders are largely genetic but can be caused by abnormalities in a variety of different genes acting alone or in combination. To date, well over 100 gene mutations and variants have been linked to ASDs.

One set of autism-linked gene abnormalities—which include mutations in the genes PTEN, TSC1, TSC2, and FMR1—accounts for about 3 percent of ASD cases. The common effect of these abnormalities is to disrupt a pathway that normally regulates the level of protein production in cells, allowing protein production to rise.

Xu and his team sought to determine if there is a particular cell type in the brain that explains the connection between elevated protein production and ASD-like behaviors. They engineered mice to make—in just one cell type at a time—abnormally high levels of a protein-production factor called eIF4E. A high level of eIF4E is thought to be one of the common events that links PTEN, TSC1 and other autism mutations that increase protein production.

The team found that when high eIF4E levels occurred in microglial cells, the mice developed ASD-like abnormalities in social behavior, as well as cognitive deficits and repetitive behaviors. Curiously, although protein production rose in the microglial cells of both male and female mice, the ASD-type abnormalities occurred only in male mice.

The same behavioral abnormalities were not seen at all when the high eIF4E levels occurred in neurons or in helper cells called astrocytes, although mice whose neurons had high eIF4E levels showed more anxiety-like behaviors.

The researchers examined affected microglial cells for clues to how elevated protein synthesis in these cells could lead to ASD-like behavioral changes. They found that in young male mice, microglial cells in important brain regions, including the medial prefrontal cortex, the hippocampus and the striatum, were significantly larger and also more numerous, whereas in females these changes were much more subtle and transient.

Microglia during brain development normally prune synapses that are unused or otherwise unwanted. Xu and his colleagues found that in the male ASD-like mice with elevated microglial eIF4E, there were more synapses than normal, suggesting a pruning deficit—a pattern also thought to be widely present in people with autism.

The affected microglia in the mice showed gene activity patterns indicating an enhanced capacity to prune synapses. However, experiments also revealed that the cells lacked the usual motility, or movement ability, that would enable them to carry out their synapse pruning functions. Xu and his colleagues suspect that this reduction in microglial motility may be the most important factor, so that on balance the cells’ synapse-pruning abilities are impaired, leading to ASD-like brain changes.

The researchers now are following up with studies to discover precisely why protein increases affect microglia in males so much more than in females. That discovery could prove to be an important piece of the puzzle of sex differences in autism—and could suggest new targets for autism treatments.

The study, “Elevated protein synthesis in microglia causes autism-like synaptic and behavioral aberrations,” was authored by Zhi-Xiang Xu, Ji-Wei Tan, Anna Riso, Ethan Xu, Guey-Ying Liao, Haifei Xu, Amy Clipperton-Allen, Damon Page and Baoji Xu, of Scripps Research; Gyu Hyun Kim, Sang-Hoon Lee, Na-Young Do, Chan Hee Lee and Kea Joo Lee of the Korea Brain Research Institute; Ye Sun of Florida Atlantic University; and Soonwook Kwon of Catholic University of Daegu.

Funding was provided by the National Institutes of Health (R21 MH108046, R01 DK103335, R01 DK105954, R01 MH108519) and the Ministry of Science and ICT of the Republic of Korea, 18-BR-01-01 and 2017M3C7A1048086. Z.X.X. and H.X. were partially supported by a Training Grant in Alzheimer’s Drug Discovery from the Lottie French Lewis Fund of the Community Foundation for Palm Beach and Martin Counties.

source https://scienceblog.com/515556/brain-immune-cell-defect-may-help-explain-social-impairments-in-males-with-autism/

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techiexpert · 5 years

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SoC Industry Benefits from Smart Electronic Devices & Growing Adoption of IoT

Undoubtedly, many have heard about the system on a chip (SoC). It wasn’t much of a thing some two decades ago, but today, SoC comes in as an approach to make electronic devices smaller, more powerful, and more energy efficient than ever before. So, what is Soc or System on a Chip? Why is it of special importance to mobile devices such as smartphones and others? Well, an SoC is an electronic integrated circuit which comprises all the required components of a computer and other electronic systems, including a memory unit, a GPU (graphics processor), timing units, CPU (central processing unit), power management circuits, analog-to-digital converter (ADC), a USB controller, wireless radios (WiFi, GPS, Bluetooth, FM radio, 2G/3G/4G LTE), and more.

SoCs find application in numerous industries such as consumer electronics, telecommunication, and automotive for a variety of devices such as smartphones, tablets, wearables, digital cameras, wireless routers, etc.

The system on chip market has been gaining traction in recent years owing to the growing demand for smart and power-efficient electronic devices, increase in adoption of the Internet of Things (IoT), and the compactness of SoCs. As per the report by Allied Market Research, the SoC market is expected to accrue a sum of $205.4 billion by 2023, growing at a CAGR of 8.1% during the forecast period, 2017 – 2023. The market is dominated by several big players who are aiming to develop or support the development of SoCs.

They are increasingly investing in their development to effectively cater to the needs of the consumers and make their presence known in the market. For instance, Qualcomm Technologies, Inc., an American semiconductor company and a subsidiary of Nasdaq-listed Qualcomm, recently announced the integration of Qualcomm Snapdragon mobile platform with 5G into a System-on-Chip (SoC). Last year, the company announced the launch of a 5G-ready 7nm Snapdragon 855 SoC chipset to fuel high-end smartphones. CEVA Inc., a semiconductor company and Nurlink Technology, an IC design company, launched Nurlink’s NK6010 3GPP Rel.14 eNB-IoT system-on-chip (SoC).

STMicroelectronics, a semiconductor manufacturing company, unveiled a Linux-driven STM32MP1 SoC, its first Cortex-A chip. Octasic, a Montreal-based company offering low power wireless and media processing solutions, launched a high-performance system on chip (SoC) which are optimized for small cells, portable base stations, and specialized handsets. Huawei, a leading global provider of information and communications technology (ICT) infrastructure and smart devices, unveiled the Kirin 980 SoC in his IFA 2018 keynote named, “The Ultimate Power of Mobile AI”.

Qualcomm Announces 5G-Integrated Mobile Platform

Qualcomm Technologies recently introduced a Snapdragon Mobile Platform with 5G integrated into a system-on-chip (SoC). The company said that their R&D and leading mobile platforms allow the phone manufacturers to come up with new innovations and scale groundbreaking products across the world. It also said that the addition of the 5G multimode modem and application processing technologies into a single system on chip is a significant step in making 5G more widely available across regions and tiers. The 5G integrated mobile platform benefits from their recently launched second-generation 5G mmWave antenna module and sub-6 GHz RFFE components and modules. The 5G modem-to-antenna solution is aimed at enabling manufacturers to quickly and cost-effectively create 5G smartphones for any 5G network or region.

Qualcomm Launches 5G-ready 7nm Snapdragon 855 Chipset

Qualcomm launched its 7nm chipset – Snapdragon 855. The new product features greater performance and efficiency than the Snapdragon 845. It also comes with a multi-core AI engine which offers up to 3x better AI performance compared to the previous mobile platform. Besides these, the Snapdragon 855 features Computer Vision (CV) ISP for enhanced computational photography. According to the company, the FinFET chipset is the world’s first commercial mobile platform that supports multi-gigabit 5G networks. The Snapdragon 855 also offers an embedded 5G modem, thus making more space in the smartphone and allowing manufacturers to add other components to it.

CEVA and Nurlink launch GNSS and NB-IoT SoC

CEVA and Nurlink unveiled Nurlink’s NK6010 3GPP Rel.14 eNB-IoT system-on-chip. Run by the CEVA-Dragonfly NB2 IP solution, NK6010 is a cost-effective and power-efficient SoC that can enable narrowband connectivity in the internet of things (IoT) devices such as smart meters, wearables, asset trackers, and industrial sensors.

The SoC comes with an RF front-end, RF transceiver, cellular baseband, application processor, power management unit, a low-power multi-GNSS subsystem, and more. According to Xiaohua Kong, CEO at Nurlink, the NK6010 was developed to cater to the escalating demand for NB-IoT chipsets to run the multitude of new use cases and applications that narrowband cellular connectivity serves. The CEVA-Dragonfly NB2 allows them to speed up their time-to-market by offering several important building blocks for their SoC design.

STMicroelectronics Rolls Out Linux-Driven Cortex-A SoC

The new STM32MP1 SoC launched by STMicroelectronics is designed with the aim of easing the transition for developers shifting from its STM32 microprocessor unit (MCU) family to more complex embedded systems. The SoC comes with dual, 650MHz Cortex-A7 cores and is built for industrial, consumer, smart home, health, and wellness applications. Supporting a 2-lane MIPI-DSI interface, the chip also features 32KB instruction and data caches, and a 256KB L2 cache.

High-performance SoC Unveiled by Octasic

The latest high-performance OCT3032 System-on-Chip (SoC) by Octasic includes Opus3, the company’s third-generation digital signal processor (DSP) core architecture.

Featuring 32 programmable DSP cores along with on-chip hardware accelerators and an embedded quad-core Arm Cortex-A7 processor, the SoC provides the highest processing capacity per watt for 2G to 5G small cells, Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) networks, network-in-a-box (NiB) applications, defense tactical communications, and more. David Sanchez, Chief Technology Officer at Octasic said, “In terms of performance, our new OCT3032 System-on-Chip can handle over 25 times more throughput capacity for wireless base stations than our previous devices.

We have designed the OCT3032 to address the lower power and higher density requirements of LTE and 5G network rollouts. It is not only smaller with more processing power than our previous devices, a single OCT3032 device can support up to four independent simultaneous SDR air interfaces, making it possible to develop 2G to 5G capabilities on this one device.”

Huawei Spins Out New SoC

The Kirin 980 SoC launched by Huawei features TMSC 7 nm technology and enables the integration of 6.9 billion transistors within a small die size. The CPU integrated to the chip leverages an intelligent flex-scheduling feature that develops a 3-level energy efficiency architecture consisting of two super-big cores based on Cortex-A76, another two big cores based on Cortex-A76, and four little cores Cortex-A55.

Operating faster than the prior generation, Kirin 980 allows for faster app launch times, better multi-tasking, and smoother user experience. The Mali-G76 GPU has also been integrated into the Kirin 980 to deliver unmatched gaming experiences. Featuring a new clock boosting technology, the Mali-G76 makes use of artificial intelligence to smartly recognize gaming workloads and adjust resource allocation for optimal performance.

The post SoC Industry Benefits from Smart Electronic Devices & Growing Adoption of IoT appeared first on Techiexpert.com.

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joyceneves07 · 6 years

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A new study reveals that learning Physics makes the brain more active

A new study has shown that parts of the brain, which are not used while learning science becomes active when exposed to the world of Physics. The finding was published in the journal Frontiers in ICT, which shows that it is possible to change the brain’s activity by exposing it to the different forms of instructions. The study was done using the fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging), which measures the flow of the blood in the brain. The researchers looked at the brain map to see the active regions of the brain busy in solving a physics problem or reasoning task. "The neurobiological processes that underpin learning are complex and not always directly connected to what we think it means to learn," said Eric Brewe, an associate professor at Drexel University in the US. More than 50 volunteers took part in the study and they were taught Physics using ‘Modeling instructions’ in which students are the active participants in the learning process. Before students participated in the class, they were asked to take a test while undergoing fMRI. Students were again asked to take the test after the completion of the cost, which was again monitored by the fMRI. During the pre-instruction scan, the lateral prefrontal cortex and parietal cortex, sometimes called the brain's "central executive network" were involved in problem-solving. "One of the keys seemed to be an area of the brain, the dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex, that generates mental simulations," Brewe said. "This suggests that learning Physics is an imaginative process, which is not typically how people think of it," he said. After the completion of the class, pre and post learning scans were revealed and researchers noticed an increased activity in the frontal poles. Frontal poles are linked to the learning. The other area which activated during the learning was the posterior cingulate cortex, and this area is linked to the episodic memory and self-referential thought, researchers told. “These changes in brain activity may be related to more complex behavioral changes in how students reason through physics questions post- relative to pre-instruction," said Brewe. "These might include shifts in strategy or an increased access to physics knowledge and problem-solving resources," he said.

source https://www.brainbuxa.com/education-news/a-new-study-reveals-that-learning-physics-makes-the-brain-more-active-8342

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best-worst-practices-blog · 7 years

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def __main__():

So here you are, reading my blog. My account of what I get up to, how badly I fuck up, how bad I feel about it and what I learn in the process. Let me get you up to speed on why I suddenly feel so self-important that somebody might actually want to read about my life.

Where are you right now?

Well the smart-ass answer is “I’m in bed, it’s about half 2 in the morning (where and when most of my bad ideas come to me, wrapped in an irresistible veneer of a great idea) and I’m in bed writing this.” but the answer you’re probably looking for (and the one I’m obviously dancing around) is I am in Galway, Ireland and I am a Software Developer.

How did that happen?

Well, I tried physics for a while in University and, while it’s still something that interests me, it’s not really the career for me. I did take a brief intro to Python labeled “Computer Science 101” in my first year at Uni though, and that pretty much decided what I was going to do with my life. Fast forward through a year and a half of largely self-destructive lifestyle choices followed by a few months of isolation and reorientation in my family home and we arrive at the beginning of my career.

What was the game plan?

I’ve never been great at long-term planning, other than knowing I want to procreate before I’m 30. So I kind of just took what was immediately available to me. A local course was running where I could do MS Office, Web Design and Video Production so I did that for 6 months. As is the case with a lot of Irish courses from the ETB, it was horribly out-dated. I wasn’t allowed to use bootstrap in my assignments for Web Design, we never touched JavaScript and the camera we used for Video Production took little cassettes etc. It wasn’t all bad though, I learned how to use GIMP and Inkscape in the process. I fucking love those programs now and I use them regularly. I also made a bunch of funny shit because for some reason, when I’m bored out of my gourd, my comedic cortex goes nuts. Here’s one of my rejected mockups for a Web Design assignment:

Apparently ETB examiners have no sense of humour and this would guarantee that they threw my exam in the shitter if I included it. Screw it, I still think that’s funny. But here’s a few that were deemed “Appropriate enough”:

That “Land Before Time” joke kills me every time.

While I was doing this course, I took an online course simultaneously: Cisco’s CCENT certification. Networking is really interesting if you have the patience to learn it. I had the patience only because I was so bored though so please, don’t ask me how to configure the Cisco Switch you own for some reason, that info has been overwritten by shitty memes and Synthwave since taking that course.

Immediately after finishing that course I moved back to Galway to do another course in MySQL and PHP. It was a’ight. The minutia of optimising DBs still largely elude me but I have a pretty solid working knowledge of DBMS.

Now we’re getting up to speed. Near the end of the MySQL course, a fellow trainee (you know who you are) kept pushing me to go networking events in the Galway start-up scene. I was hesitant because I’m lazy but eventually I figured that if I went, he might leave me alone and I wouldn’t be forced to take such long looks at myself. Networking is tiring for an introvert, but if you’re tidy, friendly and mannerly (and the professional match-makers are there) then you won’t have to go too often. After showing my face a handful of times I had landed a freelance gig with a guy called Gerry. I’m still working with him.

So you got a job, what now?

Well I didn’t have much of a job. The freelance gig ended up being fairly low-pay because Gerry isn’t made of money and the project was going to take a while so he contracted me for 10 hours a week for €10 an hour. I could no longer afford to live in Galway after the course so I moved back home and stayed there for the best part of a year while I continued to work for Gerry.

In a way I saw the experience as more valuable than the money, and I don’t think I was wrong, but I took that to extremes as I am one to do. Most weeks I would work on the project for 50-60 hours for no extra pay simply because I had little else to do. All my friends had moved away or were still in college and I don’t really drink so I just worked. A lot. I learned Django, Bootstrap, jQuery, P5.js and got better at CSS. About every 6 weeks or so I’d burn out though. My mind and body would run out of steam and I’d spend anywhere between a few days and a week just recuperating, playing video games and catching up on sleep. All the while I’d feel guilty that I wasn’t working, which you might think it strange because at this stage I’m basically owed at least 4 times as much as I’ve worked, but that doesn’t stop the old noggin from naggin’.

As for what now? Well I trained as a Trainer somewhere in there in the year I spent at home working so I taught a course in a local town for 5 weeks. I was teaching Digital Skills to retirees and older folk. The isolation was really getting to me though. Rural Ireland is a small place and at this stage I’m 21 and looking to jump-start a career as a Dev. I needed to get out.

Did you?

Yes.

I was already looking for accommodation at this stage and trying to figure out a way that my existing freelance work could support me (it wouldn’t). I half-heartedly applied to an ICT apprenticeship program that I had heard about a year prior. Next thing I know, I’m sitting in GMIT at an interview with a really cool company, Tr3Dent. You should check them out, it’s pretty gnarly shit that they do.

I thought the interview went okay, I knew I came across as knowledgable and enthusiastic but I felt I had over-shared (as I am one to do) and that I’d been too candid about some less-than-admirable details from my “Journey so far”. Didn’t seem to matter though. They liked me, my attitude and my whole schtick apparently. I got the gig.

So... you got a job?

Hold your horses Sally! Not quite. It’s an apprenticeship with 6 months of solid training before you even go near your sponsor company, then 12 months of 3 days in-company and 2 in training, then 6 months of 4 days work, 1 day training. Then... if you’re a really good boy/boyette... you might get a full time job out of it. Basically you’d have to be a colossal asshole or completely incompetent to not stick the landing but other things can happen too. The company could go under, then you’re fucked and it’s not even your own fault. I digress. I’m stoked about the company that’s sponsoring me and I can’t wait to work with them. Until then, it’s back to the training centre for this guy.

Are you done?

Not quite, I have one other thing I want to shout about, then you can leave. Remember the guy that was pushing me to get involved in the local start-up scene? Yeah, well he’s persistent, I’ll give him that. I bumped into him after starting the training and it turns out he’s on a course in the same place as me... I go to one networking event. Fast forward a week and I’m juggling opportunities that frankly, I don’t know if I have the time to take them all on. For the first time in my career I might have to start saying “No” to people. Fucked up if you ask me. It’s such a weird feeling when you’re after emerging from underground where the majority of the human contact you get is the old “D’ya want tay?” that I’d feel obliged to give every 30-odd minutes when I’d be making myself a delicious caffeinated beverage.

Anyway...

Now I’m on a pretty solid track to full time employment with the option for some side hustle along the way. Pretty good deal if you ask me...

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