#How long does hydrocodone stay in your system

[banyan-pompano]

Understanding Naloxone

The opioid epidemic that started in the late 1990s continues to be a serious concern in the United States. The increase in prescription opioids resulted in many patients developing tolerance and dependence on them. As a result, opioid abuse has become a widespread problem. In response to this crisis, there have been efforts to combat opioid abuse. One of the ways to address this issue is through the use of naloxone. This medication can be lifesaving, yet many people are not aware of its benefits. In this ultimate guide to naloxone, we will explore what it is used for, how it works, its side effects, and which version is better.

What Is Naloxone Used For?

Naloxone is a medication that is used to reverse an opioid overdose. It has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a safe and effective way to reverse the effects of an opioid overdose. When administered, naloxone gives people enough time to get medical attention, which can be lifesaving. The drug is beneficial to individuals who struggle with opioid abuse or take high doses of opioids for pain. However, naloxone is not a formal kind of treatment for opioid dependence. Individuals who have struggled with opioid addiction can begin their recovery with medically monitored detox, which provides patients with 24-hour care and medical assistance as needed.

How Does Naloxone Work?

Naloxone is an opioid antagonist that blocks the effects of opioids. It can be used as a nasal spray, injected into the muscle, injected under the skin, or injected into the veins. When administered, naloxone works by binding to opioid receptors, reversing and blocking the effect of opioids like heroin, morphine, fentanyl, oxycodone, codeine, hydromorphone, hydrocodone, buprenorphine, and methadone. It is important to note that naloxone cannot be used to treat overdose caused by substances like alcohol, cocaine, methamphetamine, or benzodiazepines.

What Are The Side Effects Of Naloxone?

Naloxone does not cause side effects in an individual who is not overdosing or does not have opioids in their system. However, when administered to individuals who abuse opioids or have an opioid addiction, naloxone can cause withdrawal symptoms. The more naloxone medicine is given, the more intense these symptoms would be. These symptoms usually subside after half an hour to an hour. The side effects of naloxone include flushed skin, dizziness, fatigue, restlessness, anxiety, irritability, body aches, diarrhea, stomach pains, fever, and shortness of breath. It is important to note that these side effects are opioid withdrawal symptoms and would not occur in a person who is not overdosing or who does not have opioids in their system.

How Long Does Naloxone Stay In Your System?

Naloxone may stay in your system for 30 minutes to 12 hours. The duration of its effects is dependent on the dose and the severity of the individual’s condition, as well as their weight and height. Since naloxone is a fast-acting and temporary solution for opioid overdose, it mitigates overdose symptoms to give the individual enough time to receive medical assistance.

[gardenstablog5]

Deciding upon a Excellent Drug Rehabilitation Center

   Choosing a very excellent drug rehabilitation centre is a single of the most important picks that someone can make in their day-to-day lifestyle. The proper rehabilitation middle can reveal the big change in concerning prolonged long lasting restoration and providing up, so it is truly specifically important that consumers solely have an understanding of what to search for when they are procuring all about for a remedy put together. When deciding upon on a major good quality drug rehabilitation heart, there are quite a few issues to ponder: Generally confirm a center's licensing and accreditation initially. A great rehab middle should be accredited in the point out in which it is operating. Be suspicious of centers which are not, or which are not able to readily give up-to-working day license and accreditation data. If they you really should not fulfill their home state's requirements for accreditation, they truly really should not be viewed as. Normally verify out to see who's jogging the drug rehabilitation coronary heart. An accredited centre actually really should be function by perfectly-experienced health-related doctors, mental wellness authorities, and practice experts. Will not settle for everything at all a large amount less than a person who is effectively skilled in how to offer with the true bodily and psychological consequences of cleaning and routine treatment it can be similarly ineffective and perilous. Validate what varieties of therapy plans are readily readily available. No two occasions are the quite similar, and not all rehabilitation programs are intended equivalent. The finest rehabilitation amenities will current a selection of options centered on their patients' calls for-- ranging from intervention systems designed to guidance decrease addiction, to inpatient courses supposed for intense procedure, to sober residing programs to guide men and women that have finished other therapy programs. See what their course of action applications entail. Will people be offered other drug therapies to fight withdrawal signs and symptoms? Really a couple of rehabilitation courses depend closely on substituting a person drug for a even more-- men and women recovering from heroin may possibly find them selves dependent on methadone as an different, for instance. Some even rely on medications for despair or strain that have a quite exceptional probably for behavior, like Xanax. The suitable drug rehabilitation facilities offer their people powerful therapies that under no circumstances substitute just 1 routine for another. Check out out the excellent final results of their therapy tips. Excellent rehabilitation facilities really should actually have stats available on their all spherical achievement charges. These studies should to be compiled by a 3rd get together, not the rehabilitation middle by yourself-- a third get alongside one another is supplemental probable to be neutral, and will present you stats present a additional actual depiction of how effective the therapy technique center actually is. Chat to your overall health treatment service provider Talk about to your well staying professional about the appropriate solution answers for you. They will be equipped to stage you in the correct way when it comes to profitable, effectively accredited and accredited features in your situation, and could most likely be in a position to give you a referral for coverage needs. If you have any inquiries about where and how to use does hydrocodone make you high, you can contact us at the web-page. Study with impartial businesses like the Enhanced Corporation Bureau. The overall performance of a drug rehabilitation center just is just not the only needs to appear at it truly is also essential to see what style of grievances preceding people and their homes may possibly well have skilled. The Better Enterprise Bureau can produce some perception into these grievances, and assistance prospective customers choose if a treatment process centre is certainly heading to satisfy their calls for. And finally, see if the treatment center's assures are fair. The actuality of the make any difference is that recovering from drug dependancy is a lifelong battle. Relapses transpire, and there is no this type of issue as a wonder heal. Drug dependancy leads to deep and long lasting results on the human human body and intellect, and it can contemplate months of diligence to enable victims to resume dwelling a regular, well balanced, drug-no expense way of living. It's most powerful to be suspicious of any rehabilitation software that appears as properly superb to be true-- it in all likelihood is. Drug rehabilitation facilities should not be picked lightly, or principally based purely on price. An low-price tag, ineffective remedy tactic can complete up costing a great deal far more in the substantial run as folks relapse and are compelled to re-enter therapy. By holding these situations in intellect, customers and their people can guarantee that they are obtaining the best and most useful dependancy process obtainable to them.  

[phoenixnarrativeposts]

Addressing the Opioid Crisis in Phoenix

I interviewed a doctor who specializes in caring for pregnant and parenting women with substance use disorders. She is on the front line of the opioid crisis and has decided to share some of her insights with us.

#opioids #opioidcrisis #addiction #phx

The opioid crisis has exploded in the media over the past 5 years. In fact, two years ago today, Governor Ducey declared a state of emergency regarding the opioid epidemic in the state of Arizona.

I’ve visited many organizations in our city that deal directly with the opioid crisis, and the good news is Phoenix has many resources. The bad news is there is an unfortunate lack of knowledge of those resources in our community.

During this time, I was fortunate to be able to interview a doctor who specializes in caring for pregnant and parenting women with substance use disorders and is on the front lines of the opioid crisis–Maria Manriquez, M.D., FACOG.

What started the opioid epidemic?

MM: In the late 1990s, pharmaceutical companies reassured physicians and other providers that patients wouldn’t become addicted to opioid pain relievers.

As a result, healthcare providers began to prescribe them at increased rates to comply with addressing the “5th vital sign” and improve patient satisfaction.

This lead to more patients becoming dependent on opioids as well as more opioids available for diversion. In 2017, an estimated 2 million people suffered from opioid use disorder–both prescription opioid and heroin use disorder.

What’s the difference between being an opioid dependent versus being an opioid addict?

MM: Let’s use nicotine as an example. A person may use nicotine and find themselves needing more than the original amount to have the same positive effects. This is defined as tolerance.

When the person doesn’t use nicotine they may have negative side effects, this is defined as withdrawal.  Wanting to have nicotine and it being on your mind is defined as craving.  Using the money you may have saved for something else relates to the compulsion associated with addiction.  

So when an individual uses a substance and then misuses or abuses it, that leads to dependence or addiction.

Once the neurobiology of the brain has been altered secondary to misuse or abuse a person may have a chronic lifelong addiction or use disorder.

Is long term use of opioids indicative of dependence or addiction?

MM: Regular use of opioids increases the chances of being dependent or addicted. This is why doctors are discouraged from prescribing patients opioid pain relievers for chronic pain like headaches, back pain, or pelvic pain that hasn’t been evaluated by imaging or other diagnostics.

Opioid pain medication is best for acute pain like a broken bone, just after a surgery, or in terminal (end of life) circumstances.  

In some instances, it only takes a person a week or two to become dependent.

Maria Manriquez, M.D., FACOG

What are the main differences between Oxycodone and Hydrocodone?

MM: Oxycodone is made by modifying Thebaine, an organic chemical found in opium. Hydrocodone is semisynthetic, made from codeine.

How long does hydrocodone stay in your system?

Hydrocodone has a longer half-life than oxycodone, so it stays in your system longer. For instance, hydrocodone can be detected in your system for 2-3 days after ingesting. Of course, taking either for a long period of time may result in developing a “physical dependence” on them.

What is Norco?

MM: Norco is the brand name of the combination drug that has hydrocodone and acetaminophen (Tylenol).

Is Pentazocine, or any other mixed opioid agonist/antagonist, being used or investigated for opioid dependence applications, like suboxone/buprenorphine?

MM: Pentazocine is an opioid agonist and when combined with naloxone, an antagonist, you have the brand name medication Talwin NX.  Talwin NX is used to treat pain–not for opioid dependence.  

Pentazocine is an agonist at the K-opioid receptor unlike most of the other opioids which primarily act at the mu receptor.

What are the main differences between suboxone, subutex and methadone for severe opioid dependence?

MM: Opioid use disorder is classified as mild, moderate or severe depending on the number of criteria met. There are 11 criteria that are evaluated if 2-3 are present that would be considered mild, 4-5 moderate and 6 or more severe.

Maintenance agonist therapy (MAT) is appropriate for treating any classification.

Maria Manriquez, M.D., FACOG

The current MAT is Methadone, Suboxone (buprenorphine/naloxone) and/or Subutex (buprenorphine alone) which is really only used during pregnancy.

Suboxone has naloxone added to prevent the medication from being tampered with and used intravenously.  We use Subutex in pregnancy because of the concern that the naloxone could stimulate withdrawal in the pregnant patient and cause untoward effects in the fetus.

All three of the MAT medication work well. Methadone is a full agonist and as a side effect has the same ability to decrease respiratory effort as any other opioid. It can only be obtained from a methadone clinic.

Suboxone is a combination drug, including the partial agonist (buprenorphine) and antagonist (naloxone).  The buprenorphine has a greater affinity for the mu receptor but does not have the same ability to decrease respiratory effort or symptom relief. This is called a ceiling effect.

As a result, this has rendered the drug safer than methadone.

A lot of research is being done in the space of pregnancy, opioid use disorder, and the effects on newborn babies.  Current literature suggests buprenorphine has earlier and shorter neonatal abstinent syndrome (NAS) than methadone.

Buprenorphine can be prescribed by doctors with an X waiver on their DEA registration. This is often more convenient for patients especially when they are far away from a methadone clinic.

How do you use methadone to help with opioid dependency in pregnancy?

MM: I am waivered to prescribe buprenorphine, both Suboxone and Subutex. If the patient prefers to take either of these medications I am able to prescribe these medications and work with them to manage their continuous care both during and after pregnancy.

If they have been on methadone and are stable then it is recommended that they continue to use methadone. Patients on methadone would see me for their obstetric care and obtain their prescription of methadone from a methadone clinic.

We thank Dr. Manriquez for her time and expert advice on the opioid crisis and encourage you to follow her on Twitter and on Facebook.

So this all being said, here’s what’s on my mind:

We all have our own unconscious biases.

Our biases towards drug addiction have blinded us to the opioid crisis that’s unfolding right in front of us.

Most women who smoke or drink STOP when they find out they’re pregnant.

However, most of the women Dr. Manriquez cares for CAN’T STOP when they find out they’re pregnant. It’s not a choice for them. It’s a disorder.

Our community needs to understand there is a difference between abuse and addiction. Many of the ills in our community are due to the abuse of substances–whether it be sugar, carbs, alcohol, or drugs. There is a line that gets crossed where abuse becomes addiction and we are quick to pass judgment on addicts, equating them to abusers. One in five high school students reports misusing prescription drugs. Most first time abusers of painkillers obtain them from a friend or relative.

We, as a community, need to destigmatize our biases against opioid addiction.

People who take prescription painkillers can become addicted with just one prescription.

Center for Disease Control and Prevention

Drug addicts are our neighbors, our friends, our students, and our children. They need help and there are resources available but we need to stop thinking of the addict strictly as an abuser.

We will follow up on this interview and topic because we’ve only scratched the surface of this important issue.

I encourage you to watch a few minutes of Chasing the Dragon, a documentary from the FBI and DEA on opiate addiction with real people and real stories.

How can we remove associations of shame or disgrace from people who suffer from substance use disorder?

Related Content:

Phoenix Narrative Phoenix Opioid CrisisMethadone and pregnancyOxycodone vs hydrocodoneHow long does hydrocodone stay in your systemWhat is norcoIs norco an opiateHow long does norco stay in your systemHow long do opiates stay in your systemBusiness licenseDo I need a business licenseDo I need a business license to sell on etsyDo you need a business license to sell on etsyPhoenix business licenseCity of Las Vegas business licenseNevada business licenseSeattle business license

Related Links:

https://phoenixnarrative.com/

https://phoenixnarrative.com/health-wellness/addressing-the-opioid-crisis-epidemic-in-phoenix/

https://phoenixnarrative.com/business-finance/what-is-an-occupational-license/

[pillsmartstore]

Suffering from Severe Pain?? Time for Hydrocodone

Hydrocodone For Sale 

Hydrocodone For sale is one of the strongest pain relievers used for the person who is suffering from mild to severe pain after an operation or injury. It is an Opioid analgesic or mainly a pain reliever. This drug is sold by the brand-named Ultram. It comes in both tablets and injections. This medication when taken orally starts showing its effect within 1 hour.

It was available as a generic medicine and over millions of people use this drug in the United States. If Opioids are properly used daily, it can help a patient feel better and the patient will recover faster without any problem. As it is a part of Acetaminophen, it also helps to reduce fever.

Mexico and India are even allowed to sell this medication over the counter. US military special forces take it to stay awake for a long-time during missions. Students sometimes take this drug to increase their focus on study sessions. Business Executives and gamers use it to go through their exhausting projects and during competitions to improve their vigilance and increase reaction times.

Usage

The main purpose of this drug is to treat moderate to severe pain after a surgery or injury caused by an accident. It can also be used as a muscle relaxer for the treatment of back pain. It works by activating the opioid receptors such as neurons and nerves present in the Central Nervous System (CNS) and spinal cord.

As it affects the brain, Hydrocodone can also help to bring a feeling of happiness. So, it can also be used as an antidepressant like other synthetic opioids. As it belongs to the group of benzodiazepines, so people had used this as a sleeping agent for decades. So, it can be said that this drug can cure the patients who are suffering from Insomnia or other sleeping disorders by controlling the normal sleeping cycle.

Instructions to use

Hydrocodone comes in both as a tablet, drops and in an injection. Injections are used in hospitals. Though the dosage depends from person to person. For adults the fast-acting tablets should be used up to 3 times a day, drops have to be taken about 4 times a day and slow releasing capsules are taken for usually 1 or 2 times a day.

You can take it at any time of the day with food or without food. But it is recommended to take it at a fixed time. For more information, you can read the instruction manual which is provided inside the box. Though the dosage depends from person to person. Children should take about 1 or 2 per day to increase their focus on the study.

It is very important to change your diet because having healthy food increases the medicine effects. There is a good chance that this drug changes your work life by increasing your more attention to your work.

Interactions with other drugs

Drug interactions depend on how much dosage and how long you are using your medications. It does not interact much with other drugs like other pain killers but it is recommended not to use other high dosage medications with this one because it can affect the removal of Hydrocodone from the body.

It can be used as a part of combination therapy which means you can take other medication with this drug. It comes in a tablet so one should take it with water by swallowing the whole tablet. There is a good chance that this drug changes your work life by increasing your more attention to your work.

It is very important to change your diet because having healthy food increase the chance of medicine effects. Hydrocodone is very helpful for the patients having unexpected panic attacks, worrying about having additional attacks or attack consequences. The effects of this product are for long term use with more than 9 weeks.  

Precautions

It is recommended not to take alcohol during the period of this medication because taking alcohol can make you more dizzy or drowsy. Always avoid fake products from the market and buy Hydrocodone online because we sell original drugs and deliver it to almost all parts of the world. It is recommended to buy Hydrocodone online because most people use this dosage over a long period of time and also, we have hydrocodone for sale available right now.

Conclusion

Hydrocodone is the safest pain killer among other drugs in the market. If we compare this with other generic drugs Hydrocodone is better because it is cheap and slightly effective than other products. It can help us to solve problems faster and remember things longer.

We recommend you to buy this product from our website. There is no chance of getting fake drugs and we will provide you original medicines with proof. Stay healthy, stay wise.

[adderallovernight]

Buying Generic Adderall XR 10mg Online Overnight FedEx Delivery in USA

How to get an Adderall prescription online?

Adderall is a prescription drug, which means that the drug should not be taken otherwise apart from the purpose it is used for. When you buy Adderall online, you should have a complete set of information that is related to the drug. You can buy the drug from the websites that are selling it along with a prescribed dose that will benefit your health according to the health conditions. But before you buy Adderall, there are a few things that you should know about your safety.

Buy Adderall Online | Adderall for Sale | Up to 20% Flat

·         Adderall 12.5mg

·         Adderall 15mg

·         Adderall 20mg

·         Adderall 30mg

·         Adderall 5mg

·         Adderall 7.5mg

·         Adderall XR 10mg

 What is the use of Adderall?

Adderall is a medication that is primarily used for treating two disorders, ADHD and Narcolepsy. Now, before we talk about how much Adderall is taken by the people and its proportions, let’s discuss the diseases that it is used to cure.

ADHD is a disorder where a person tends to lose his ability to concentrate on a task or an activity. Patients who use Adderall on a regular basis are found out to be cured with the use of this drug. However, taking Adderall for an extended time period can be harmful to your health as the drug has the property of creating addiction in patients.

Narcolepsy is a disorder that is related to sleep. Patients who are suffering from this disorder can fall asleep at any point in time in a calming and peaceful environment. The reason for this disorder has not yet been found.

Compare Medicine Price Here -

compare medicine price

prescription comparison

compare prescription prices

compare pharmacy prices

allergy medicine comparison

compare medicine tablets

 What to avoid while using Adderall?

This medication has the potential to impair your thinking or reactions. Be cautious if you are driving or doing anything else that requires you to be alert. When taking Adderall, avoid drinking fruit juices or taking vitamin C. These may cause your body to absorb less of the medication.

 Read Health Related Blogs Here –

 Migraine: More Than “Just a Headache”

Why a Consistent Sleep Schedule Important to Your Health?

What Should We Need to Know About the Omicron Variant?

Facts and Myths About Insomnia

Every thing You Need To Know About Xanax

How Long Does Hydrocodone Stay In Your System?

Best Ways to Reduce Stress

How To Maintain a Healthy Mindset?

Healthy Lifestyle Habits to Stay Fit

  buy adderall online,  buy Adderall, adderall online,  Tips for Better Health in 2022, adderall for sale,   adderall online doctor,  online adderall prescribers,   where to buy Adderall,  adderall prescription online,  adderall without prescription,  Depression- The Silent Killer, where to get Adderall,   order adderall online,  buying generic adderall online,  where can i buy Adderall,  how to buy Adderall,  buy adderall online without prescription, stress,  buy adderall pills,  buy adderall online no prescription,  adderal online,  where to get adderall pills,  buy adderal online,  adderall buy online,  buy adderall online no prescription,   how to buy adderall online,  adderall buy, can you buy adderall online,  adderall no prescription,  online Adderall,  buying Adderall, buying adderall online, Read Health related blog, get adderall online,  buy adderall without prescription, ADHD,  can you buy adderall over counter,  buy adderall no prescription,    where to buy adderall online,    adderall online no prescription, Opioid withdrawal,  how to get adderall online,  buy adderall 30mg,  get prescribed adderall online,  get an adderall prescription online,  order Adderall,  adderall on line,  buy adderal, buy adderal, adderall for sale online,   get adderall prescription online, Depression,  adderall online pharmacy,  can you buy Adderall,  adderall purchase,  price of Adderall,  where to buy adderal,  purchase Adderall, Pain medication, purchase Adderall,   buy adderall otc,  can i buy adderall online,  adderall doctor online,   adderall doctor online,  adderal for sale, buy adderall in india,   buying adderall online reviews,  online adderall prescription, relationship anxiety,  buying adderall online without prescription,  no prescription Adderall,   where to find Adderall,  adderall online without prescription,  buy adderall without a prescription,  online pharmacy Adderall,  how to buy real adderall online, adderall where to buy, buying adderall xr, buy aderall online, aderall online, adderall online no prescript, purchase adderall online, adderall xr online,  adderall sale,    where can i get adderall for cheap,      

[nashvillerecovery]

Choosing the Right Addiction Treatment Center in Nashville

It's easy and typical for most any business to say "We're the best!" and list all the reasons why they are better than their competitor. It's also easy to forget the purpose and culture of your business when marketing it, choosing promotion over intent. I know, because I've done it. It's easy to forget the most important aspect of helping people who are addicted to opioids - help people find an addiction treatment center that's right for them. Why Do We Spend so Much Time and Energy Spreading the Good Word About Nashville Recovery? That's easy - Only 1 of every 10 people who are addicted receive treatment. When people speak of the "opioid epidemic" they assume it's getting under control and that big strides have been made to help those in need. Sadly, we're not even close to solving this problem. There's 10-times more people who are addicted and still have not found treatment. My goal for Nashville Recovery has always been to become a trusted resource for addiction treatment information. And, if by providing free information we can help steer people into opioid recovery, even if it's at another clinic, then we have a responsibility to do so. One of the reasons we spend so much time and energy marketing Nashville Recovery is because there are still millions of people who don't know this type of recovery exists. They have no idea that Suboxone can eliminate withdrawals, allow them to continue working, keep them with their family, and start them on a road to living clean and sober for the rest of their life. Suboxone is by far the best and easiest solution for overcoming opioid addiction, and I say that from my personal experience taking Suboxone. Suboxone is a miracle and it saved my life.

My Two Week Search for an Addiction Treatment Center in January 2014

In January 2014 I was in a very bad place. I had gone to a "top 5" inpatient treatment center and was relapsing week after week, over and over again. I actually lost count as to how many times I relapsed. I felt like a total failure. I let me down, my family down, my work was suffering, my son was starting to ignore me, my wife was ready to leave... I was completely hopeless. I assumed it was my lack of willpower that was keeping me addicted to opioids. I had no idea that addiction is a disease, and that the "choice" to quit had been taken away from me the very first day I took opioids. I'm just one of the lucky ones who found a remedy taking hydrocodone, oxycodone and OxyContin. At first, narcotic pain pills solved all of my problems: Eliminated my back pain Gave me motivation Made me feel like I fit in Gave me energy (weird, right?) When I took opioids I'd get a huge boost of energy. And, I was taking over 200mg of oxycodone every day. Most people will take 5-10mg of oxy and they're ready to lay down and go to sleep. Not me. I was ready to repaint the whole house every time I took pain pills. Narcotic Pain Pills Solved All of My Problems.... Until They Didn't No matter what I tried, I could not stop taking those damn pills. I tried tapering, and would end up taking even more. I tried stopping cold turkey and would go through a couple days of withdrawals and give in. I tried drinking lots of alcohol to help with the withdrawals, but then I'd get ever more sick, and worse, I'd start desiring cocaine. Talk about a miserable circle of death. I was convinced I needed something in my system at all times to cope with life and avoid withdrawals. I couldn't imagine life WITH PILLS and I couldn't imagine life WITHOUT PILLS I was ready to get help or die. I couldn't imagine life with pills and I couldn't imagine life without pills. Every time I thought about being clean I couldn't help but feel it just wasn't an option for me. I believed in my heart I would always need something, even something small in my system every day just to maintain sanity and not go into withdrawal. I was taking an average of 225mg of oxycodone and OxyContin each day. I did that for three years, and had been taking pills for over 13 years every single day. I was the definition of the word "Addicted". Getting clean was like a mirage. Other people could do it, but not me. I felt I was different somehow. Turns out, I'm just like everyone else - Thank God. I Knew an Outpatient Addiction Treatment Center Was My Only Hope - My Last Resort I spent two weeks visiting outpatient addiction clinics in the Nashville area hoping to find one that provided what I needed to get clean and stay clean: Prescribe Suboxone Provide private therapy A friendly staff that would make me feel good about my recovery and my visits A clean, comfortable, positive atmosphere A doctor that would allow me to take Suboxone for as long as I needed to A doctor that would help me taper slowly and gradually, not abruptly Sadly, I didn't find what I was looking for back in January of 2014. Good Addiction Treatment Centers in Nashville are Finally Here This is usually the place in the article where I tout all of Nashville Recovery's benefits over the other outpatient addiction treatment centers in Nashville. Yet the truth is, there are lots of good addiction treatment centers in Middle Tennessee. Many I would recommend to anyone looking to get clean from their opioid addiction. It Doesn't Matter Where You Go - As Long as You Actually Go Like me six years ago, many people don't think or perhaps even know there's a solution for their opioid addiction. They think they're a special case, take too many pills, have used for too long and simply can't be helped. The good news is they're wrong. I won't say all outpatient addiction treatment centers in Nashville are great, but I will say that as long as you find a clinic that is state licensed, provides Suboxone and private therapy, and appear to have your best interests at heart, then you can probably get clean. The Key is Just Getting Started Don't wait - Get started today. Choose a clinic, make the appointment and get going. Even if the clinic you choose isn;t right for you, at least you're taking a step in the right direction. Once you start Suboxone you're probably going to feel a whole lot better and that should buy you some time to hunt for the perfect clinic. Taking Action is the First Step in Addiction Treatment The truth is, Nashville Recovery IS different than most other addiction treatment centers. Here's a few bullet points to help you compare us to other state licensed addiction treatment centers: We are state licensed. Most addiction treatment centers in Nashville are not state licensed. Being state licensed means we go through annual audits that ensure we are providing the most up to date guidelines and procedures for outstanding opioid recovery) We provide and promote free weekly therapy to all of our clients We are owned by people in recovery. (No one knows addiction like an addict in recovery!) We provide a very positive atmosphere and a staff that's motivational for your recovery We don't judge people. We don't care what you've done in the past. What matters is what you do right now. You've probably had enough people judge you and put you down for your addiction. What if you had a place to go where people lifted you up? Made you feel like a human being and helped you overcome a disease that is taking your life away? That's what we do. We Are Determined to Help You Succeed Nashville Recovery's staff is determined to help you succeed. We provide the education, medicines, therapy, tools, motivation and opportunity to change your life for the better. And, we stick with you for as long as needed, since everyone's path is different. You might need three months or you might need three years. Does it really matter how long it takes if it changes your life forever? We provide recovery for as long as you need it, we won't tell you when to stop or when to taper. It's totally up to you. If you would like to try Nashville Recovery, you can schedule a phone or video appointment today and begin taking Suboxone immediately. Weekly phone, video and clinic therapy is provided at no additional charge to all clients. Addiction treatment via telemedicine has made opioid recovery faster, easier and more affordable than ever before. You simply can't choose a better time to start addiction treatment then right now. Read the full article

[fadimahar-blog]

How Long Does Nicotine Stay in your system

Nicotine is a stimulant medication that is found in tobacco items. There are a large number of synthetic concoctions in tobacco plants, and significantly more are included in the cigarette producing process. In any case, nicotine is the segment that gives cigarettes their addictive quality. Nicotine is a normally happening fluid alkaloid that makes up around 5 percent (by weight) of the tobacco plant. Pee nicotine tests can recognize the medication for up to 20 days, while it is generally shorter in blood tests.

Related: How Long Does Nicotine Stay in your system

Related: How Long Does Percocet Stay in the System, Blood, Urine, Hair, Saliva, and Breastmilk?

To what extent Does Nicotine Stay in Your Blood? The Effects of Nicotine

When you smoke a cigarette, you are expending 1 mg of nicotine, which is sufficient to create an invigorating impact on your sensory system. In a little measurement, nicotine supports disposition, enhances memory and perception, diminishes craving, soothes discouragement, and builds cerebrum action. After you breathe in nicotine by smoking, it is utilized in the body, so it can be identified in blood, pee, and spit.

To what extent does nicotine remain in your blood? Nicotine is typically discernible in a blood test for 1-3 days after the utilization of a tobacco product.* However, the time span that nicotine remains in your framework may change in view of how much or how regularly you smoke, and may likewise be influenced by your age and general wellbeing. Likewise, now and then cotinine levels are utilized to decide nicotine's essence in the body. Cotinine is the thing that nicotine progresses toward becoming when it is utilized in the body. If so, it can take 1-10 days.

Pee Nicotine Test and Saliva Test

In case you're considering to what extent nicotine remains in your blood, you may likewise be occupied with to what extent it remains in your pee or salivation since these tests are additionally used to identify nicotine in the body. In pee nicotine tests, it can more often than not be distinguished for 3-4 days, however in more uninvolved smokers, it can stay for up to 15-20 days. In a salivation test, which is the most exact test, nicotine can be distinguished for over 10 hours or up to 2-4 days.*

Related: How long does adderall stay in your system- urine, blood, hair, saliva

Related: How Long Does Hydrocodone Stay in Your System, Urine, Blood, Hair, Saliva, Drug Test

There are approaches to viably clear nicotine from your framework, the greater part of which incorporate eating a sound eating routine, drinking a lot of water, and getting exercise.

In the event that you are hoping to get tried for nicotine levels, or you basically need more data or counsel on your tobacco utilize, FastMed Urgent Care would be cheerful to help. Our stroll in facilities is open 365 days multi-year with expanded hours. We likewise acknowledge most significant protection designs so quality human services are accessible to you with ease.

At FastMed, our main goal is to serve our networks and patients with an abnormal state of value, individual care, moderate and advantageous pressing consideration, family hone, and other strength medication administrations.

[ms-motivatedmind]

How long does hydrocodone stay in your system

Everything about Hydrocodone here: https://hydrocodoneinfos.wordpress.com/ Hydrocodone is a type of medicine used for pain relief. This medicine is especially used by the patients who are alleviated through severe pain. Using this medicine with large amount can stop or slow down the breathing process. Most of the doctor prescribed it to use for the short period of time. Using this medicine on a regular basis can make you addicted of it which is very harmful for the body. The patient who suffers from asthma, have breathing problems and blockage in intestine or stomach thus you should avoid using this medicine in large amount.

It is possible that you can be addictive to hydrocodone. Hydrocodone may be habit forming or can create a dependency on it. If you are not so careful while taking this medication, it could be a problem for you in future as you are going to develop a psychological and physical dependency on the drug. Call your doctor if you feel an urge to take more medication than prescribed. Don’t crush, inject or chew the hydrocodone. Just swallow it. Don’t take a larger amount of it and don’t continue for a longer period. Follow your doctor’s words obediently.

[tyler2061-blog]

How Long Does Oxycodone Stay in Your System? Oxycodone is endorsed for individuals with extreme agony who need the drug 24 hours per day. It is a sedative pain relieving that works by changing the manner in which the mind and sensory system react to torment. Brand names for broadened discharge cases and tablets incorporate Hysingla and Zohydro ER. Other than Oxycodone alone, there are likewise items, for example, Vicodin, Lorcet, and Norco that consolidate Oxycodone with acetaminophen, ibuprofen, headache medicine, or antihistamines. Realizing to what extent Oxycodone influences your framework and to what extent it takes to dispose of it can help maintain a strategic distance from unsafe connections with different meds, reactions, and danger of overdose. How Oxycodone Affects Your System When you are first recommended Oxycodone, your specialist will progressively build the measurements and timing, guaranteeing you can endure it. It comes in expanded discharge containers and tablets, taken on more than one occasion day by day. Oxycodone order online When taken, it starts to work in 10 to 20 minutes, with the pinnacle impacts in 30 to a hour, at that point proceeding for 4 to 8 hours. The body separates it to a few metabolites, with half of it separated in just shy of 4 hours. It is killed through the liver and pee. As a sedative, hydrocodone attempts to square agony as well as discourages breathing, which can prompt unsafe cooperations with numerous different prescriptions and substances and concerns on the off chance that you have ever had COPD, asthma, head damage, or any breathing issues. You should be intently observed when you begin on Oxycodone or change your portion. Regular symptoms incorporate clogging on the grounds that this medication moderates your stomach related tract. You ought to examine this with your specialist to take measures to assuage obstruction. You may likewise feel lazy and shouldn't drive or work apparatus on the off chance that it influences you in that way. Buy Vicodin Online You additionally may hazard withdrawal manifestations in the event that you abruptly quit taking Oxycodone. Try not to cease it without following the headings of your specialist. Forestalling Dangerous Interactions with Oxycodone in Your System You should not drink liquor or utilize any meds containing liquor while you are on Oxycodone or you chance a perilous cooperation. Your specialist has to know all prescriptions you have been taking, just as any that you cease or begin taking while at the same time taking Oxycodone. They can influence how hydrocodone functions in your body, and the other way around, so measurements may should be acclimated to anticipate risky communications. These incorporate antifungal drugs, benzodiazepines, carbamazepine, cimetidine, anti-microbials, opiate torment prescriptions, muscle relaxants, phenytoin, rifampin, narcotics, dozing pills, sedatives, and meds for psychological instability, sickness, and HIV. Home grown enhancements that may cooperate incorporate St. John's wort and tryptophan. In the event that you are pregnant or plan to wind up pregnant, examine this with your specialist as there is a danger of perilous withdrawal in infants of moms who have drawn out utilization of Oxycodone amid the pregnancy. Indications of Overdose or Dangerous Interaction with Hydrocodone On the off chance that more Oxycodone is taken before the last portion is out of the framework, an overdose could happen. Overdoses can occur if the pill is cut or pulverized, which will discharge excessively of the medication at one. Continuously take them unblemished. Here are the manifestations of a Oxycodone overdose or a hazardous response with different medications and drugs: • Moderated relaxing • Drowsiness • Muscle shortcoming • Chilly, sticky skin • Limited or broadened understudies • Moderated heartbeat • Trance like state • Demise Call 9-1-1 promptly on the off chance that you speculate somebody is experiencing a Oxycodone overdose. Whenever got early the overdose can be switched with a treatment of Narcan. To what extent Oxycodone Takes to Be Eliminated From Your System An assortment of variables assume a job in deciding precisely to what extent Oxycodone takes to be discharged by the body and expelled from your framework. It goes through to the pee where it tends to be distinguished for three to four days after a portion. Oxycodone, in the same way as other different medications, can be distinguished with a hair follicle tranquilize test for as long as 90 days. On the off chance that you have been recommended Oxycodone and must take a medication screening test, make sure to reveal your solution to the testing research facility.

[buygenericmediciens]

It’s an opioid medication whose generic name is Hydrocodone while it is sold in the market with the brand name of Hysingla. A patient can buy hydrocodone online from any of the trusted online medical stores. 

What is Hydrocodone used for?

This medication is used for treating severe pain of a prolonged duration if other measures are not sufficient. Its other use includes using it as a cough suppressant in the adults.

How long does Hydrocodone stay in your system?

The pain relief effect of Hydrocodone will wear off within four to six hours. But the presence of drugs may still be detected in the saliva for up to 36 hours, in urine for four days and in the hair for 90 days after the last dose.

How to take the dosage of Hydrocodone?

The intake of Hydrocodone medication can be habit-forming thus it should be taken exactly as directed. Thus this point should be kept in mind while buying Hydrocodone online from any of the online medical stores. 

While taking Hydrocodone to discuss with your doctor about your pain treatment goals, length of treatment and other ways to manage the pain. The patient should not fully crush or chew the extended-release capsules. This may cause serious problems, including overdose and death in the worst condition.

What are the Hydrocodone possible side effects?

If the patient is not taking Hydrocodone as told by the doctor then they may face certain side effects. Below are a few side effects of Hydrocodone:-

Sleepy

Dizzy

Lightheadedness

Nausea

Vomiting

Constipation

Severe headache

Increased urination

Visual disturbances

Hydrocodone Bitartrate

This is made from Codeine and it binds to opioid receptors in the central nervous system. It is a type of analgesic agent, a type of antitussive and a type of opiate.

Difference between oxycodone & Hydrocodone

Oxycodone is a semi-synthetic and is synthesized from thebaine (an opium alkaloid) and will only relieve pain, not cough while Hydrocodone is also semi-synthetic but it is derived from Codeine and while more potent than Codeine, stills retain cough suppressant properties.

Hydrocodone Paracetamol interactions

Hydrocodone Paracetamol is a high power drug thus take it with extra caution. Hydrocodone Paracetamol does interact with several medications listed below:-

Acetaminophen

Ambien

Aspirin low strength

Celebrex

Cymbalta

Ibuprofen

Lyrica

Tylenol

Zyrtec

Synthroid

Vitamin B12 

Is Hydrocodone a narcotic?

Hydrocodone is a narcotic pain reliever and a cough suppressant, similar to Codeine. Hydrocodone blocks the receptors on nerve

cells in the brain that give rise to the sensation of the pain. Acetaminophen is a non-narcotic analgesic (pain reliever) and antipyretic (fever reducer).

Hydrocodone & Alcohol

Combining the prescription opioid Hydrocodone with alcohol can produce a range of health effects, from Drowsiness to severe liver problems. In some cases, drinking while using medication can lead to death. Alcohol increases the effects of opioids on the central nervous system. Consuming painkillers and Alcohol together produces sedative effects causing people to feel extremely tired.

Hydrocodone for dogs

The use of Hydrocodone is primarily as a cough suppressant ( antitussive ) in dogs, working on receptors within the brain. Hydrocodone is often paired with another drug, homatropine, mostly for purpose of preventing abuse.

Which is stronger oxycodone or Hydrocodone?

Both oxycodone and Hydrocodone are powerful painkillers and they have been shown to be highly effective at treating pain. A study shows that a combination of oxycodone and acetaminophen was 1.5 times more potent than hydrocodone with acetaminophen when taken at equal doses.

Hydrocodone withdrawal

Hydrocodone is known to produce painful withdrawal symptoms (akin to a very severe flu) in people with chemical dependency or addiction that may need a detox. The withdrawal symptoms of Hydrocodone are essentially the opposite of the effects that the drug produces. The withdrawal of Hydrocodone induces depression. They experience a significant amount of discomfort as the brain and body learn to function without Hydrocodone. It includes withdrawal symptoms such as Nausea and physical pain.

[tramadol100mgonline-blog]

Lortab is a narcotic pain reliever considered to be a mix of acetaminophen and Hydrocodone. People generally prefer to buy Lortab online because it is prescribed for the treatment of the symptoms of severe pain. If you are willing to buy the drug from an online pharmacy, you’ll also get a prescription that helps you in proper intake of the medication along with giving you lots of information about the drug.

lortab lortab 10 lortab 7.5 Lortab 5 what is Lortab Lortab side effects Lortab elixir lortab vs norco Lortab 5/325 Lortab 5/500 Norco vs Lortab how long does Lortab stay in your system Percocet vs Lortab Lortab dosage Lortab vs Percocet m366 Lortab Lortab pills Lortab vs Vicodin what are Lortab Lortab generic buying Lortab online Lortab high Lortab generic names Lortab withdrawal Lortab 10 pictures yellow Lortab

[nashvillerecovery]

Choosing the Right Addiction Treatment Center in Nashville

It's easy and typical for most any business to say "We're the best!" and list all the reasons why they are better than their competitor. It's also easy to forget the purpose and culture of your business when marketing it, choosing promotion over intent. I know, because I've done it. It's easy to forget the most important aspect of helping people who are addicted to opioids - help people find an addiction treatment center that's right for them. Why Do We Spend so Much Time and Energy Spreading the Good Word About Nashville Recovery? That's easy - Only 1 of every 10 people who are addicted receive treatment. When people speak of the "opioid epidemic" they assume it's getting under control and that big strides have been made to help those in need. Sadly, we're not even close to solving this problem. There's 10-times more people who are addicted and still have not found treatment. My goal for Nashville Recovery has always been to become a trusted resource for addiction treatment information. And, if by providing free information we can help steer people into opioid recovery, even if it's at another clinic, then we have a responsibility to do so. One of the reasons we spend so much time and energy marketing Nashville Recovery is because there are still millions of people who don't know this type of recovery exists. They have no idea that Suboxone can eliminate withdrawals, allow them to continue working, keep them with their family, and start them on a road to living clean and sober for the rest of their life. Suboxone is by far the best and easiest solution for overcoming opioid addiction, and I say that from my personal experience taking Suboxone. Suboxone is a miracle and it saved my life.

My Two Week Search for an Addiction Treatment Center in January 2014

In January 2014 I was in a very bad place. I had gone to a "top 5" inpatient treatment center and was relapsing week after week, over and over again. I actually lost count as to how many times I relapsed. I felt like a total failure. I let me down, my family down, my work was suffering, my son was starting to ignore me, my wife was ready to leave... I was completely hopeless. I assumed it was my lack of willpower that was keeping me addicted to opioids. I had no idea that addiction is a disease, and that the "choice" to quit had been taken away from me the very first day I took opioids. I'm just one of the lucky ones who found a remedy taking hydrocodone, oxycodone and OxyContin. At first, narcotic pain pills solved all of my problems: Eliminated my back pain Gave me motivation Made me feel like I fit in Gave me energy (weird, right?) When I took opioids I'd get a huge boost of energy. And, I was taking over 200mg of oxycodone every day. Most people will take 5-10mg of oxy and they're ready to lay down and go to sleep. Not me. I was ready to repaint the whole house every time I took pain pills. Narcotic Pain Pills Solved All of My Problems.... Until They Didn't No matter what I tried, I could not stop taking those damn pills. I tried tapering, and would end up taking even more. I tried stopping cold turkey and would go through a couple days of withdrawals and give in. I tried drinking lots of alcohol to help with the withdrawals, but then I'd get ever more sick, and worse, I'd start desiring cocaine. Talk about a miserable circle of death. I was convinced I needed something in my system at all times to cope with life and avoid withdrawals. I couldn't imagine life WITH PILLS and I couldn't imagine life WITHOUT PILLS I was ready to get help or die. I couldn't imagine life with pills and I couldn't imagine life without pills. Every time I thought about being clean I couldn't help but feel it just wasn't an option for me. I believed in my heart I would always need something, even something small in my system every day just to maintain sanity and not go into withdrawal. I was taking an average of 225mg of oxycodone and OxyContin each day. I did that for three years, and had been taking pills for over 13 years every single day. I was the definition of the word "Addicted". Getting clean was like a mirage. Other people could do it, but not me. I felt I was different somehow. Turns out, I'm just like everyone else - Thank God. I Knew an Outpatient Addiction Treatment Center Was My Only Hope - My Last Resort I spent two weeks visiting outpatient addiction clinics in the Nashville area hoping to find one that provided what I needed to get clean and stay clean: Prescribe Suboxone Provide private therapy A friendly staff that would make me feel good about my recovery and my visits A clean, comfortable, positive atmosphere A doctor that would allow me to take Suboxone for as long as I needed to A doctor that would help me taper slowly and gradually, not abruptly Sadly, I didn't find what I was looking for back in January of 2014. Good Addiction Treatment Centers in Nashville are Finally Here This is usually the place in the article where I tout all of Nashville Recovery's benefits over the other outpatient addiction treatment centers in Nashville. Yet the truth is, there are lots of good addiction treatment centers in Middle Tennessee. Many I would recommend to anyone looking to get clean from their opioid addiction. It Doesn't Matter Where You Go - As Long as You Actually Go - So GO! Like me six years ago, many people don't think or perhaps even know there's a solution for their opioid addiction. They think they're a special case, take too many pills, have used for too long and simply can't be helped. The good news is they're wrong. I won't say all outpatient addiction treatment centers in Nashville are great, but I will say that as long as you find a clinic that is state licensed, provides Suboxone and private therapy, and appear to have your best interests at heart, then you can probably get clean. The Key is Just Getting Started - Choose a Clinic and Go Don't wait - Get started today. Choose a clinic, make the appointment and get going. Even if the clinic you choose isn;t right for you, at least you're taking a step in the right direction. Once you start Suboxone you're probably going to feel a whole lot better and that should buy you some time to hunt for the perfect clinic. Get Started Now. Taking Action is the First Step in Addiction Treatment The truth is, Nashville Recovery IS different than most other addiction treatment centers. Here's a few bullet points to help you compare us to other state licensed addiction treatment centers: We are state licensed. Most addiction treatment centers in Nashville are not state licensed. Being state licensed means we go through annual audits that ensure we are providing the most up to date guidelines and procedures for outstanding opioid recovery) We provide and promote free weekly therapy to all of our clients We are owned by people in recovery. (No one knows addiction like an addict in recovery!) We provide a very positive atmosphere and a staff that's motivational for your recovery We don't judge people. We don't care what you've done in the past. What matters is what you do right now. You've probably had enough people judge you and put you down for your addiction. What if you had a place to go where people lifted you up? Made you feel like a human being and helped you overcome a disease that is taking your life away? That's what we do. We Are Determined to Help You Succeed Nashville Recovery's staff is determined to help you succeed. We provide the education, medicines, therapy, tools, motivation and opportunity to change your life for the better. And, we stick with you for as long as needed, since everyone's path is different. You might need three months or you might need three years. Does it really matter how long it takes if it changes your life forever? We provide recovery for as long as you need it, we won't tell you when to stop or when to taper. It's totally up to you. If you would like to try Nashville Recovery, you can schedule a phone or video appointment today and begin taking Suboxone immediately. Weekly phone, video and clinic therapy is provided at no additional charge to all clients. Addiction treatment via telemedicine has made opioid recovery faster, easier and more affordable than ever before. You simply can't choose a better time to start addiction treatment then right now. Read the full article

[phoenixnarrativeposts]

How long does #hydrocodone stay in your system? http://bit.ly/2MjlskW

[fadimahar-blog]

How Long Does Hydrocodone Stay in Your System, Urine, Blood, Hair, Saliva, Drug Test

 What is Hydrocodone? What is used for?

Hydrocodone is a generic name for an opioid analgesic drug. Chemically hydrocodone is also known as dihydrocodeinone . It is a semi-synthetic opioid medicine that is synthesized from codeine. Hysingla ER and Zohydro ER are long-acting forms of hydrocodone that are used for permanent treatment for the treatment of moderate to severe pain. The prolonged release form of hydrocodone is not to be used as needed for pain. Hydrocodone is also commonly used in liquid form as an antitussive / antitussive.

Click here for more detail How Long Does Hydrocodone Stay in Your System,

How does Hydrocodone work?

Hydrocodone works as an opioid agonist for opioid receptors in the brain. This medication blocks the perception of pain in the cerebral cortex of the brain. Hydrocodone reduces synaptic chemical transmission in the brain, which then inhibits the sensation of pain in the higher centers of the brain.

The agonist actions in the μ and k receptors cause analgesia, decrease in body temperature and miosis. The agonist activity in the μ receptor may also cause the suppression of opioid withdrawal, while the antagonist activity may result in the precipitation of abstinence. Hydrocodone acts in several areas within the brain by involving several neurotransmitter systems to relieve pain, but the precise mechanism has not yet been fully understood.

Side effects of Hydrocodone

Common side effects of hydrocodone that usually do not require medical attention include:

dizziness

drowsiness

Itch

nausea

vomiting

Side effects that patients should report to their doctor or health professional as soon as possible, since they can be very serious include:

shortness of breath, wheezing

allergic reactions such as rash, itching or hives, swelling of the face, lips or tongue

Confusion

light dizziness or fainting

How long does hydrocodone last in your system?

Studies have shown that the half-life of elimination of hydrocodone is an average of 3.8 hours. This means that your body will take less than 4 hours to excrete 50% of the dose of hydrocodone administered. This means that the body will excrete hydrocodone from its system for 20.9 hours.

However, other findings suggest that there could be a greater difference in the half-life of drugs, which ranges from 3.3 hours to 4.1 hours. This indicates that some patients can eliminate the drug much faster during 18.15 hours, while others may have a prolonged systemic time of elimination with 22.55 hours. In most patients, hydrocodone must be eliminated from the body in 1 day, however, it may not eliminate the active metabolite of hydrocodone, called norhydrocodone, for up to 2 days.

There are many factors that can influence the time that hydrocodone and its active metabolites will remain in your system. These factors can be internal or individual, such as: age, genetics, body mass, liver and kidney function, etc. External factors such as the frequency of hydrocodone use and other medications taken at the same time may also have an influence.

How long does hydrocodone last in your Urine

It depends on the test used. A urine test with 3 drugs usually just checks the presence of marijuana, cocaine and meth. If they check the hydrocodone, it usually leaves your system after 3 days, if you do not take them every day, then they stay for about 2 weeks. The best thing you can do if you are worried about failure is to go to the emergency room and tell them that you have hurt your back and they will either give you a hydrocodone or a slice with enough to last a couple of days, after which you it will be good. Because they are prescribed to you.

How long does hydrocodone last in your blood?

In normal situations, hydrocodone should be detectable in the blood for one day after the last dose is administered.

How long does hydrocodone last in your hair?

Hydrocodone can be detected in hair up to 90 days.

How long does hydrocodone last in your saliva?

In saliva, hydrocodone can be detected up to 1 day after administration, while norhydrocodone can remain detectable for up to 2 days.

How long will Hydrocodone last in your system if you inhale it?

If hydrocodone is inhaled, it will pass into your system more quickly than after ingestion. There is no time to waste in the absorption of the drug. The effects are almost immediate. Depending on the amount of hydrocodone taken, it will remain approximately in the body for 12-24 hours after administration.

How does age affect the elimination of hydrocodone?

The elderly (over 65) compared to younger individuals often metabolize and eliminate medications at much slower rates. Your organs such as the liver or kidneys may have a lower function and / or your internal blood flow is reduced to the liver. In addition, the elderly often take many other medications and some of them may delay the metabolism or excretion of hydrocodone.

How height / weight / body fat affects the elimination of hydrocodone?

The patient’s height, weight, and amount of fat can influence how quickly the body removes the medication from the system. In theory, the taller and heavier patients should eliminate 5 mg of hydrocodone faster compared to the shorter and lighter individuals. This is due to the fact that the lower the dose of the drug given to its height / weight, the faster the elimination, vice versa also applies.

How genetics affects the elimination of hydrocodone?

It is known that different genes influence the metabolism of drugs, including hydrocodone. Genes that regulate hepatic CYP450 enzymes such as CYP2D6 can be very influential if a patient metabolizes hydrocodone at a faster or slower rate than the average. Based on genetics, certain patients are classified as “fast metabolizers”, while others are “slow metabolizers”. This can result in different effects of medications, but also variability in elimination rates.

How does the elimination of hydrocodone affect food?

Foods such as carbohydrates can slow down the absorption of hydrocodone if taken together. However, taking hydrocodone on an empty stomach may increase the absorption of this medication. The differences in absorption time could influence the speed of elimination of the drug from the body. Those who ingest a high-carbohydrate meal along with hydrocodone, the elimination may be delayed.

How does liver or kidney function affect the elimination of hydrocodone?

Since hydrocodone is metabolized in the liver, liver problems and impaired hepatic function can prolong the half-life and prolong the elimination of hydrocodone. For example, someone with cirrhosis or hepatitis may take hours more to metabolize and eliminate hydrocodone from their system compared to healthy people. In addition, kidney failure can also delay the elimination of the medication.

How does urinary pH affect the elimination of hydrocodone?

Patients with more acid urine can eliminate hydrocodone and metabolize it more effectively than those with highly alkaline urine. It is known that the alkalinity of the urine promotes the re-absorption of the drug before its elimination and, therefore, slows down the clearance.

Is hydrocodone water soluble or fat soluble?

ater. Opiates are very soluble in water if they are not in their free form, but hydrocodone is not in its free form, so it is water-soluble. Acetaminophen (Tylenol), ibuprofen, aspirin are only very slightly soluble in water and are practically insoluble at low temperatures.

Which color of hydrocodone syrup is the strongest?

Yellow (tussionex 10 mg hydrocodone) * Strongest Red (Hydromet 5 mg hydrocodone)

-Here is the catch, yellow has 10 mg of hydrocodone, but for a long time, so it is released slowly, and it did not hit you quickly.

Red has only 5 mg of hydrocodone, but is instantaneously released, so it has a rapid onset. Although less powerful

Combination of these facts Yellow and red are approximately equal in their effects, and each of them is strong in its own way. So, you get one of these colors that you have, what you do. I tried both and I would go with the yellow one.

– knowing that the yellow color is weaker and the red color is higher due to the unperforated ingredients that the two syrups differ from each other

How does the frequency of Hydrocodone use affect its elimination?

Users of a single dose (patients who use hydrocodone only once) are more likely to eliminate the drug faster from the body than those who use it regularly for a prolonged period. This is likely to be caused by the fact that when hydrocodone is used frequently for several days, hydrocodone and its metabolites will accumulate in the body until the “peak” is reached. Once the “peak” is reached, the cleaning time will be extended.

Single and infrequent users will probably accumulate hydrocodone compared to frequent users. Such patients should be able to excrete the drug efficiently from the body in less than 2 days. However, long-term users who are being treated with chronic hydrocodone may take more than 2 days to completely eliminate hydrocodone.

How other medications affect the elimination of hydrocodone?

Because hydrocodone is metabolized by the cytochrome 450 CYP2D6 isoenzyme, all drugs that affect CYP2D6 can reduce or prolong the half-life of hydrocodone. It is known that drugs classified as CYP2D6 inhibitors affect the body’s ability to eliminate hydrocodone from the body.

The CYP2D6 inhibitors are: SSRI medications (such as paroxetine, citalopram, fluoxetine, etc.), codeine, methadone, amiodarone, serindole, yohimbine, and more. Certain inhibitors of CYP2D6 can slow down metabolism to a greater degree than others and dosing often plays a role. There are also drugs known as “inducers” of CYP2D6, such as dexamethasone and rifampin, which can improve the metabolism of hydrocodone. These medications improve the metabolism of hydrocodone,

[kristinsimmons]

How to Avoid the Opioid Epidemic (for Dentists, Patients, and Families)

Saturday, April 27, 2019 is National Prescription Drug Takeback Day. Between 10 AM—2 PM, you can turn in unused prescription drugs, including opioids, at locations throughout the United States. Check out Google’s Location Finder for a location near you.

You may have heard of the “opioid epidemic” rumbling through our nation, but what does that term mean?

If you’re unfamiliar with this crisis in the United States, it may shock you to learn that dental offices can be starting points for this epidemic.

Let’s look at how this works for everyone from the dentist to the patient (and those in between). There is hope for opioid addiction.

What are opioids?

Dentists often prescribe opioids for pain management after surgeries or major procedures. It’s a convenient choice, since opioids are a class of drugs that have pain-blocking qualities. Unfortunately, improperly using these pills can have lasting, devastating consequences.

It’s possible to become addicted to opioids in as little as five days. (1)

Despite this, many dental opioid prescriptions can last for up to 10 days. The severity of this prescription issue makes it important for dentists, dental patients, and their loved ones to learn more. Your knowledge could be the difference between a routine prescription and a painful battle with opioid addiction.

You can stay safe from the opioid epidemic by knowing the risks of using opioids, educating yourself on taking prescribed opioids correctly, and understanding what to do if addiction takes hold.

List of Opioids Prescribed in Dentistry

The following are opioid drugs often prescribed for pain management by dentists:

Hydrocodone (Vicodin)—The prescription rate for this drug doubled between 1999 and 2011.

Oxycodone (Percocet® or OxyContin®)—This prescription rate increased 500% in the same timeframe. (2)

Acetaminophen with codeine (Tylenol® No. 3 and Tylenol® No. 4).

Opioids also branch beyond prescribed medications. Other forms include heroin, morphine, tramadol, and synthetic opioids like Fentanyl (Duragesic). Though each of these opioids vary in strength, they all have addictive qualities and harmful effects if used long-term.

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the U.S. is in the midst of the “worst drug overdose epidemic in history.” (3)

Unfortunately, the data shows that prescription rates for opioids are still climbing. The government, researchers, and dental experts all warn against prescribing unnecessary opioids. Instead, they are urging patients to consider other viable options for pain relief.

What is the opioid epidemic?

The opioid epidemic is caused, in part, by nonmedical use of prescription drugs. This may include: (4)

Taking a larger prescription than needed

Using drugs prescribed to someone else

Taking your prescription with alcohol or other legal or illegal drugs

Abusing prescription drugs to feel a sense of euphoria—this behavior is much more likely to occur with opioid pain relievers than with other medicines

Due to their addictive nature, these pills are in high demand, and not always for medicinal use. What’s the delineation between necessary and nonmedicinal use? Well, for one, the effect on the user’s life.

The definition of opioid use disorder is a pattern of misuse that leads to emotional or functional distress.

A simple study of third molar extractions reveals how sinister this issue can be. A recent study found that young Americans prescribed opioids for their wisdom teeth were at greater risk for addiction.

Patients who filled their opioid prescription had a 13% chance of persistent opioid use. This puts them at high risk of addiction. On the other hand, only 5% of patients who didn’t fill their prescription struggled with long-term opioid issues. (5)

Statistics like these are why I urge dentists and their patients to consider choosing anti-inflammatory drugs or non-opioid pain relievers. One prescription, especially in younger people, can have long-term effects. Consider several options before jumping immediately to opioid prescribing with addictive potential.

If prescriptions for opioids slow down, this epidemic may as well.

Opioid Abuse Statistics

How many people abuse opioids?

In 2016, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) found that 11.8 million people over the age of 12 misused opioids. 2.3 million had begun the habit within the past year, highlighting the growing epidemic. (6)

Prescription Opioids vs. Heroin

In 2016, 11.5 million Americans misused prescription opioids, a number far greater than the 948,000 who had used heroin. That’s an astronomical difference in users.

Unfortunately, only 17.5% of those addicted to opioid painkillers sought professional help. This totals far less recovery treatment per capita than those fighting a heroin addiction. (7)

Both are issues of drug abuse, but for some reason, opioid drug users aren’t seeking help like they should. Perhaps this is due to the fact opioid addiction affects people who don’t seem like drug abusers, or because the addiction began with a legal prescription. Whatever the reason, the statistics are alarming.

Can prescribed opioids function as a gateway drug?

In a recent interview with heroin users entering treatment, 80% had abused prescription opioids before turning to heroin. (8) These numbers highlight that opioid use is a road that can lead to other harmful narcotics.

Substance abuse is always a real threat. Prescribed opioids present no less inherent danger and can lead to other addictions.

Can prescribed opioids hurt my job performance?

Research has linked an increase in opioid prescriptions to a decrease in the number of people participating in the labor force. Men with less than a bachelor’s degree are the most vulnerable.

Nationwide, the number of men participating in the workforce has significantly decreased, with 44% of the decline attributed to opioid misuse. (9) Simply put, opioid use causes overall employment numbers to drop.

What does prescription opioid misuse cost society?

Opioid addictions have a wider-reaching and more injurious impact than you may think. Opioid misuse cost a staggering $11.8 billion in the U.S in 2011. 53% of these costs came from losses in workplace productivity, and 30% was due to unnecessary cost in our health care systems. 17% of the money went to the criminal justice system to handle cases. (10)

This epidemic impacts taxpayers, patients, public health, members of the workforce, our courts, and more.

How do people get addicted to an opioid?

Most people swept up in the opioid crisis were originally prescribed the pills they now find addictive. That’s why it’s crucial to know the warning signs of nonmedical use and prescription drug addiction.

The first symptom to note is a feeling of dependence. Dependance can manifest in several forms. These include missing the drug when you are no longer taking it or experiencing opioid withdrawal symptoms.

Withdrawal symptoms include restlessness, trouble sleeping, vomiting, and more. If you notice these sensations, contact your doctor immediately. Never continue use of opioids or a prescription when you notice signs of dependence or withdrawal.

Addiction is defined as continued use of a drug despite negative consequences, so avoid it at all costs. (11)

Prescription opioids, while occasionally helpful for severe pain, are also highly chemically addictive. Opioids access opioid receptors in the brain and body. This process leads to relaxation, euphoria, and blocked pain messages.

It also gives the brain a surge of dopamine, a neurotransmitter. This is where the real problem lies. Our brains can become addicted to this rush of dopamine, causing us to crave the opioids that provide it.

You can learn more about the brain’s response to drugs in this video from the National Institute on Drug Abuse.

Short-term and Long-term Effects of Opioids

So, other than addiction, what risks and effects are you facing if you use medical opioids?

Short term use can have fewer side effects, though still potentially unpleasant ones. A few of these pesky problems include constipation, nausea, drowsiness, and slowed breathing.

Furthermore, most states have strict laws against driving under the influence of opiates due to delayed response times in users. Be aware that you may need to make appropriate transportation arrangements to continue life as usual. That is, if your body will let you.

Long-term effects of opioid use are even more concerning. Research suggests harmful side effects increase with length of use. Your organs can suffer due to vomiting, abdominal bloating, and liver damage. Furthermore, your brain may sustain damage or develop chemical dependence.

As you continue, your tolerance will increase, which demands higher, more harmful doses to feel the opioids’ impact. These negative side effects will continue to compound with prolonged use. (12)

Improper use of these prescribed medications can pose some of the same terrors as more infamous substances like heroin! Here’s a visual depiction of what’s going on inside the body when opioid abuse occurs. It’s clear that the less opioids in your system, the less risk of ugly side effects.

Risk Factors for Opioid Addiction

Risk factors for opioid use disorder are complex, but there are a few considerations that could raise your chances of getting hooked.

Ignoring directions. Taking opioids instead of opting for other pain relievers will require precision on your part. The federal government has estimated that 21-29% of patients given opioids for chronic pain take them incorrectly. If you receive a prescription for opioids, follow your dentist’s exact directions. Misusing them or treating them casually could build dependence.

Chronic pain. It seems that chronic pain patients are more likely to develop an addiction than the general population. Up to 60% of major trauma patients are estimated to develop an addictive issue. (13) Due to their pain-blocking nature, opioids can be particularly attractive. If you have chronic pain and your dentist prescribes opioids, proceed with caution.

A history of addiction. If you’ve experienced past addiction, it can be a potential indicator for opioid use disorder. Talk with your dentist to ensure this addictive pattern won’t repeat with your dental pain medications. (14)

Mental health conditions. Any struggles with mental illness can make taking opioids more risky, according to the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA).

Personalized effect. Your own physiological reactions to opioids can heighten your risk of addiction. Biological makeup can determine individual experience. Certain people are more or less likely to experience an addictive, dopamine-driven “euphoria.” This feeling is subjective and ranges between patients. (15)

Education level. Congrats to all you grads out there! The more scholastic achievements you have under your belt, the less likely you are to succumb to an opioid addiction. That’s one more reason to be a lifelong learner! (16)

This list of symptoms can help you and your doctor assess if you are struggling with substance use disorder.

If you begin to experience thoughts of self-harm or are looking for opioid treatment options, do not hesitate to contact the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline. They are always available by call, text, or online chat. Reach out 24/7 at 1-800-273-TALK.

The good news is that you have more treatment options than you may realize. This problem is treatable with time, effort, and intentional steps toward change.

Can you overdose on prescription opioids?

Overdosing on prescription opioids is 100% possible. The problem in abusing these drugs is that you build up tolerance over time. Users seek “higher highs” and bigger doses to feel satiated.

Most opioid deaths are from taking prescriptions in doses much larger than prescribed or ingesting them in combination with other drugs. Both of these choices tend to become dangerous habits in long-term users seeking a fix. (17)

Taking a high dose of opioids can lead to death from cardiac or respiratory arrest.

The danger here? Tolerance. Building a tolerance to opioids from long-term use is treacherous. Tolerance to the drug’s euphoric effect will increase faster than your body’s tolerance to the dangerous side effects.

Users may be taking more to get high, but at some point, their body can’t keep up. In fact, this is the reason that many opioid overdoses are accidental. The need for more dopamine and higher doses can be fatal. Did you know that opioid overdoses actually kill more people than car accidents each year? These tragic accidents can be avoided with addiction treatment.

This is a crucial juncture in history for understanding and preventing overdoses. The opioid epidemic mortality rate is skyrocketing. Overdose deaths in this category have risen 200% since 2000.

In fact, the CDC found that 61% of all drug overdose deaths were linked to an opioid. (18) As it steals over 130 lives each day, this crisis has established itself as a real national threat.

Wondering if you’re in danger of abusing opioids? This quiz can help you and your doctor assess if you need treatment for substance abuse.

If you’re looking for a next step, there are resources available.

SAMHSA has a directory of opioid treatment programs.

You might join a meeting of Narcotics Anonymous for support.

Finally, consider this thorough list of National Institute of Health-approved options to treat opioid addiction.

Most importantly, if you feel you are in danger of an overdose, call 911 right away. Your treatment plan can be determined once you are safe and in stable condition.

How to Prevent Opioid Addiction

Now that we’ve covered the seriousness of this crisis, it’s time for one of my favorite subjects: prevention.

As a family member, dentist, or patient, you’re likely to come into contact with opioids at some juncture. Here are some of my tips to stay safe and use your educated judgment about prescription opioids:

1. For Dentists

As healthcare providers, we are the first line of defense against these chilling statistics. It’s more important each year to stay updated, conscious, and preventative in your care. Here are my top tips for protecting your patients and prescriptions:

Stay up to date. The NIH is clear that “partnerships between researchers and practitioners are increasingly important as we face crises of the scale of the current opioid overdose epidemic.” Staying current with ADA standards creates a safety net for your practice and provides clear guidelines in this ever-changing area.

Continue your education. One of my favorite things about medicine is the constant opportunity to access fresh ideas and information. Here’s a joint webinar presentation from the ADA and CDC presenting alternatives to opioid prescriptions. These steps can cut down on addiction rates after dental procedures.

Avoid generalized prescriptions. Talk to your patients about their individualized needs and the risks of opioids. Each prescription is personal, so ask thoughtful questions and suggest non-opioid pain relievers and anti-inflammatories first. You will communicate how much you care about your patients by your candor.

Limit the quantity of opioids that you prescribe. Data suggests that likelihood of opioid dependence starts climbing on the third day. (19) Offer as few doses as possible without leaving your patient uncomfortable. Many times, after a few days, a NSAID will handle the pain level.

Do your homework. Check in with your state prescription database to be sure your patient does not already have an opioid prescription.

Be observant. Remember, not all patients who are drug-seeking will present with obvious symptoms. (2) Before prescribing opioids, take a few moments to look for more subtle signs of drug-seeking behavior (DSB).

2. For Patients

Communicate and comply with instructions. Prevent potential pitfalls with prescription opioids by following your doctor’s orders as carefully as possible. Also, please don’t hesitate to let your dentist know if you develop any concerns. If you notice withdrawal symptoms, make your doctor or dentist aware right away. Your dentist is here to help your health, not hurt it. Good communication is key for safe and exceptional results.

Hands off! It’s common for opioid misuse to start with buying, “borrowing,” or being given someone else’s prescribed medications. Leftover medications around the house can also increase the risk of opioid abuse. Don’t give family, friends, children, or pets a chance to get to your opioids. Dispose of unused medicine quickly and properly, for everyone’s sake. (20)

Limit your use. Even if your dentist prescribed several days’ worth of opioids, see if you can go without after a day or two. Each day you remain on opioids increases your chance of addiction, so if you can limit your usage, go for it!

Don’t be afraid to advocate for yourself. Be sure your dentist is fully aware of you and your family’s medical history, especially if it involves addiction. Knowing the circumstances will help your dentist prescribe the best, most personalized option. You have many options for pain management. Don’t feel forced into taking opioid medication! Your health is uniquely yours—if opioids make you uncomfortable, your dentist can assist in finding a better treatment plan for you.

Ask away. Useful questions could include:

inquiring about less addictive medicine for pain management,

asking for an addiction risk assessment, and

investigating drug interactions between your prescriptions.

Believe it or not, good dentists aren’t bothered by questions. Taking your health seriously and learning your needs is a great step for any patient! The more you know, the more you can feel confident that your dental and overall health is thriving.

3. For Families

Wisdom tooth wellness plan. As mentioned, teens are likely to be given opioids for wisdom tooth removal. Unfortunately, this practice can intensify the likelihood of continued opioid use. Before your make any medication decisions for this procedure, try reviewing the facts together. You could start with this guide created specifically for teens. Discussing prescription options for oral surgery is a fantastic opportunity. Your conversation now could help your teenager navigate the opioid epidemic in the future.

Know what you’re dealing with. Do your best to stay informed on all possible drug threats your teen is facing, including opioids. This recent report on drug use among teens is a helpful resource. A bit of good news: there is no significant spike in opioid use disorder in teens until they reach 12th grade.

Protect the next generation. Pregnant women should know that abusing opioids while expecting is highly dangerous. The decision to misuse prescription opioids can result in your baby experiencing withdrawal symptoms or birth defects. In more severe cases, mothers with opioid use disorder can even lose their child. (21) This list outlines options for a healthier lifestyle and safer baby. Your child and your body are too important to put through opioid addiction!

Build a support network. IECMH consultants offer support and tools to families that have been affected by opioid misuse. If you or someone in your family is struggling, call 1-800-662-4357 for referrals to nearby programs. You can still receive the help and care you need for your child and family. It’s never too late, and you are not alone.

Sharing (information) is caring. If you suspect a teen in your family is misusing pain medicine, you can direct them to this guide. Ask their pediatrician for any recommended resources, and offer to talk if they’re ready.

Storing and Disposing of Opioid Medications

[Saturday, April 27, 2019 is National Prescription Drug Takeback Day. Between 10 AM—2 PM, you can turn in unused prescription drugs, including opioids, at locations throughout the United States. Check out Google’s Location Finder for a location near you.]

Imagine that you were prescribed a week of opioids for a dental surgery.

Being aware of the dangers they can pose, you stopped use by day three. You wanted to control your addiction risk, even if you had more pills. I’d say that’s a great job of prevention! However, even if you don’t finish your opioid prescription, it still poses a significant risk.

“Leftovers” are never safe to keep around your residence. In particular, unused opioids from dental procedures are common targets for drug abusers. (22)

To put an end to nonmedical drug use in your home, you cannot leave them lying around. Luckily, patients have many safe options for storing and disposing of opioid medications.

Until you can remove the opioid medication from your home, the best way to store your pills is in a safe place. Choose a space out of sight and beyond children’s reach, ideally in a locked cabinet. The only person who should be able to access those pills is the person responsible for them. Taking this measure prevents future addictions, accidental poisonings, and more.

To say goodbye to your medication, here are a few safe disposal options:

Medicine take-back sites and events,

Collection receptacles. (Your local law enforcement agency can direct you to any nearby community receptacles).

Flushing certain, potentially dangerous medicines in the toilet. For a guide on how to do this safely, click here.

What’s the best time to dispose of your opioids? As soon as possible. The more time that elapses before disposal, the higher the odds of abuse.

Key Takeaways: How to Avoid the Opioid Epidemic

Before you fill your prescription to treat your dental pain, think twice about the highly addictive nature of opioids. The opioid epidemic in the U.S. increases every year. Education, awareness, and prevention can reverse this terrible trend.

There are other choices for pain relief with notably safer side effects. These include options such as ibuprofen, acetaminophen, and aspirin.

So, whether you’re a dentist, patient, or family member, don’t be afraid to discuss options when it comes to pain management!

If you do decide on opioids for dental pain, be sure to limit your intake. Be sure to communicate with your dentist, follow instructions to the letter, and dispose of any unused pills quickly and appropriately. It’s possible to use opioids safely if you are communicative with your dentist and disciplined in your approach.

Lastly, if you or a loved one is struggling with opioid use disorder, know that there is a network of recovery, support and treatment that’s poised to help. You have more resources available than you may know. Informed and empowered, patients and dentists can stop dentistry prescribed opiate abuse and choose safe pain management.

read next: Know Before You Go: Root Canals

22 References

Phillips, J. K., Ford, M. A., Bonnie, R. J., & National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (2017). Trends in Opioid Use, Harms, and Treatment. In Pain Management and the Opioid Epidemic: Balancing Societal and Individual Benefits and Risks of Prescription Opioid Use. National Academies Press (US). Abstract: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK458661/

Kolodny, A., Courtwright, D. T., Hwang, C. S., Kreiner, P., Eadie, J. L., Clark, T. W., & Alexander, G. C. (2015). The prescription opioid and heroin crisis: a public health approach to an epidemic of addiction. Annual review of public health, 36, 559-574. Abstract: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25581144

Nadelmann, E., & LaSalle, L. (2017). Two steps forward, one step back: current harm reduction policy and politics in the United States. Harm reduction journal, 14(1), 37. Abstract: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5469032/

Novak, S. P., Håkansson, A., Martinez-Raga, J., Reimer, J., Krotki, K., & Varughese, S. (2016). Nonmedical use of prescription drugs in the European Union. BMC psychiatry, 16(1), 274. Abstract: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4972971/

Harbaugh, C. M., Nalliah, R. P., Hu, H. M., Englesbe, M. J., Waljee, J. F., & Brummett, C. M. (2018). Persistent opioid use after wisdom tooth extraction. Jama, 320(5), 504-506. Abstract: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30088000

Varma, A., Sapra, M., & Iranmanesh, A. (2018). Impact of opioid therapy on gonadal hormones: focus on buprenorphine. Hormone molecular biology and clinical investigation, 36(2). Abstract: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29453925

Myers, L., & Wodarski, J. S. (2015). Using the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) evidence-based practice kits in social work education. In E-Therapy for Substance Abuse and Co-Morbidity (pp. 53-73). Springer, Cham. Abstract: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-12376-9_5

Cicero, T. J., Ellis, M. S., Surratt, H. L., & Kurtz, S. P. (2014). The changing face of heroin use in the United States: a retrospective analysis of the past 50 years. JAMA psychiatry, 71(7), 821-826. Abstract: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24871348

Aliprantis, D., & Schweitzer, M. E. (2018). Opioids and the Labor Market. Abstract: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3179068

Birnbaum, H. G., White, A. G., Schiller, M., Waldman, T., Cleveland, J. M., & Roland, C. L. (2011). Societal costs of prescription opioid abuse, dependence, and misuse in the United States. Pain medicine, 12(4), 657-667. Abstract: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21392250

Angres, D. H., & Bettinardi-Angres, K. (2008). The disease of addiction: origins, treatment, and recovery. Disease-a-month: DM, 54(10), 696. Abstract: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18790142

Clarke, H., Soneji, N., Ko, D. T., Yun, L., & Wijeysundera, D. N. (2014). Rates and risk factors for prolonged opioid use after major surgery: population based cohort study. Bmj, 348, g1251. Abstract: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3921439/

Savage, S. R. (2002). Assessment for addiction in pain-treatment settings. The Clinical journal of pain, 18(4), S28-S38. Abstract: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12479252

Webster, L. R. (2017). Risk factors for opioid-use disorder and overdose. Anesthesia & Analgesia, 125(5), 1741-1748. Abstract: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29049118

Bieber, C. M., Fernandez, K., Borsook, D., Brennan, M. J., Butler, S. F., Jamison, R. N., … & Katz, N. P. (2008). Retrospective accounts of initial subjective effects of opioids in patients treated for pain who do or do not develop opioid addiction: a pilot case-control study. Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology, 16(5), 429. Abstract: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3153468/

Arkes, J., Iguchi, M. How Predictors of Prescription Drug Abuse Vary by Age. Journal of Drug Issues (2008) Abstract: https://www.ncjrs.gov/App/AbstractDB/AbstractDBDetails.aspx?id=248641

Rudd, R. A., Aleshire, N., Zibbell, J. E., & Matthew Gladden, R. (2016). Increases in drug and opioid overdose deaths—United States, 2000–2014. American Journal of Transplantation, 16(4), 1323-1327. Abstract: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26720857

Rudd, R. A., Aleshire, N., Zibbell, J. E., & Matthew Gladden, R. (2016). Increases in drug and opioid overdose deaths—United States, 2000–2014. American Journal of Transplantation, 16(4), 1323-1327. Abstract: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6450a3.htm?s_cid=mm6450a3_w

Shah A, Hayes CJ, Martin BC. Characteristics of Initial Prescription Episodes and Likelihood of Long-Term Opioid Use — United States, 2006–2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2017;66:265–269. Abstract: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6610a1

Denisco, R. C., Kenna, G. A., O’Neil, M. G., Kulich, R. J., Moore, P. A., Kane, W. T., … & Katz, N. P. (2011). Prevention of prescription opioid abuse: The role of the dentist. The Journal of the American Dental Association, 142(7), 800-810. Abstract: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21719802

Finnegan, L. P., Connaughton, J. J., Kron, R. E., & Emich, J. P. (1975). Neonatal abstinence syndrome: assessment and management. Addictive diseases, 2(1-2), 141-158. Abstract: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30819342

Maughan, B. C., Hersh, E. V., Shofer, F. S., Wanner, K. J., Archer, E., Carrasco, L. R., & Rhodes, K. V. (2016). Unused opioid analgesics and drug disposal following outpatient dental surgery: a randomized controlled trial. Drug and alcohol dependence, 168, 328-334. Abstract: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27663358

The post How to Avoid the Opioid Epidemic (for Dentists, Patients, and Families) appeared first on Ask the Dentist.

How to Avoid the Opioid Epidemic (for Dentists, Patients, and Families) published first on https://wittooth.tumblr.com/

[dentalinfotoday]

Saturday, April 27, 2019 is National Prescription Drug Takeback Day. Between 10 AM—2 PM, you can turn in unused prescription drugs, including opioids, at locations throughout the United States. Check out Google’s Location Finder for a location near you.

You may have heard of the “opioid epidemic” rumbling through our nation, but what does that term mean?

If you’re unfamiliar with this crisis in the United States, it may shock you to learn that dental offices can be starting points for this epidemic.

Let’s look at how this works for everyone from the dentist to the patient (and those in between). There is hope for opioid addiction.

What are opioids?

Dentists often prescribe opioids for pain management after surgeries or major procedures. It’s a convenient choice, since opioids are a class of drugs that have pain-blocking qualities. Unfortunately, improperly using these pills can have lasting, devastating consequences.

It’s possible to become addicted to opioids in as little as five days. (1)

Despite this, many dental opioid prescriptions can last for up to 10 days. The severity of this prescription issue makes it important for dentists, dental patients, and their loved ones to learn more. Your knowledge could be the difference between a routine prescription and a painful battle with opioid addiction.

You can stay safe from the opioid epidemic by knowing the risks of using opioids, educating yourself on taking prescribed opioids correctly, and understanding what to do if addiction takes hold.

List of Opioids Prescribed in Dentistry

The following are opioid drugs often prescribed for pain management by dentists:

Hydrocodone (Vicodin)—The prescription rate for this drug doubled between 1999 and 2011.

Oxycodone (Percocet® or OxyContin®)—This prescription rate increased 500% in the same timeframe. (2)

Acetaminophen with codeine (Tylenol® No. 3 and Tylenol® No. 4).

Opioids also branch beyond prescribed medications. Other forms include heroin, morphine, tramadol, and synthetic opioids like Fentanyl (Duragesic). Though each of these opioids vary in strength, they all have addictive qualities and harmful effects if used long-term.

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the U.S. is in the midst of the “worst drug overdose epidemic in history.” (3)

Unfortunately, the data shows that prescription rates for opioids are still climbing. The government, researchers, and dental experts all warn against prescribing unnecessary opioids. Instead, they are urging patients to consider other viable options for pain relief.

What is the opioid epidemic?

The opioid epidemic is caused, in part, by nonmedical use of prescription drugs. This may include: (4)

Taking a larger prescription than needed

Using drugs prescribed to someone else

Taking your prescription with alcohol or other legal or illegal drugs

Abusing prescription drugs to feel a sense of euphoria—this behavior is much more likely to occur with opioid pain relievers than with other medicines

Due to their addictive nature, these pills are in high demand, and not always for medicinal use. What’s the delineation between necessary and nonmedicinal use? Well, for one, the effect on the user’s life.

The definition of opioid use disorder is a pattern of misuse that leads to emotional or functional distress.

A simple study of third molar extractions reveals how sinister this issue can be. A recent study found that young Americans prescribed opioids for their wisdom teeth were at greater risk for addiction.

Patients who filled their opioid prescription had a 13% chance of persistent opioid use. This puts them at high risk of addiction. On the other hand, only 5% of patients who didn’t fill their prescription struggled with long-term opioid issues. (5)

Statistics like these are why I urge dentists and their patients to consider choosing anti-inflammatory drugs or non-opioid pain relievers. One prescription, especially in younger people, can have long-term effects. Consider several options before jumping immediately to opioid prescribing with addictive potential.

If prescriptions for opioids slow down, this epidemic may as well.

Opioid Abuse Statistics

How many people abuse opioids?

In 2016, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) found that 11.8 million people over the age of 12 misused opioids. 2.3 million had begun the habit within the past year, highlighting the growing epidemic. (6)

Prescription Opioids vs. Heroin

In 2016, 11.5 million Americans misused prescription opioids, a number far greater than the 948,000 who had used heroin. That’s an astronomical difference in users.

Unfortunately, only 17.5% of those addicted to opioid painkillers sought professional help. This totals far less recovery treatment per capita than those fighting a heroin addiction. (7)

Both are issues of drug abuse, but for some reason, opioid drug users aren’t seeking help like they should. Perhaps this is due to the fact opioid addiction affects people who don’t seem like drug abusers, or because the addiction began with a legal prescription. Whatever the reason, the statistics are alarming.

Can prescribed opioids function as a gateway drug?

In a recent interview with heroin users entering treatment, 80% had abused prescription opioids before turning to heroin. (8) These numbers highlight that opioid use is a road that can lead to other harmful narcotics.

Substance abuse is always a real threat. Prescribed opioids present no less inherent danger and can lead to other addictions.

Can prescribed opioids hurt my job performance?

Research has linked an increase in opioid prescriptions to a decrease in the number of people participating in the labor force. Men with less than a bachelor’s degree are the most vulnerable.

Nationwide, the number of men participating in the workforce has significantly decreased, with 44% of the decline attributed to opioid misuse. (9) Simply put, opioid use causes overall employment numbers to drop.

What does prescription opioid misuse cost society?

Opioid addictions have a wider-reaching and more injurious impact than you may think. Opioid misuse cost a staggering $11.8 billion in the U.S in 2011. 53% of these costs came from losses in workplace productivity, and 30% was due to unnecessary cost in our health care systems. 17% of the money went to the criminal justice system to handle cases. (10)

This epidemic impacts taxpayers, patients, public health, members of the workforce, our courts, and more.

How do people get addicted to an opioid?

Most people swept up in the opioid crisis were originally prescribed the pills they now find addictive. That’s why it’s crucial to know the warning signs of nonmedical use and prescription drug addiction.

The first symptom to note is a feeling of dependence. Dependance can manifest in several forms. These include missing the drug when you are no longer taking it or experiencing opioid withdrawal symptoms.

Withdrawal symptoms include restlessness, trouble sleeping, vomiting, and more. If you notice these sensations, contact your doctor immediately. Never continue use of opioids or a prescription when you notice signs of dependence or withdrawal.

Addiction is defined as continued use of a drug despite negative consequences, so avoid it at all costs. (11)

Prescription opioids, while occasionally helpful for severe pain, are also highly chemically addictive. Opioids access opioid receptors in the brain and body. This process leads to relaxation, euphoria, and blocked pain messages.

It also gives the brain a surge of dopamine, a neurotransmitter. This is where the real problem lies. Our brains can become addicted to this rush of dopamine, causing us to crave the opioids that provide it.

You can learn more about the brain’s response to drugs in this video from the National Institute on Drug Abuse.

Short-term and Long-term Effects of Opioids

So, other than addiction, what risks and effects are you facing if you use medical opioids?

Short term use can have fewer side effects, though still potentially unpleasant ones. A few of these pesky problems include constipation, nausea, drowsiness, and slowed breathing.

Furthermore, most states have strict laws against driving under the influence of opiates due to delayed response times in users. Be aware that you may need to make appropriate transportation arrangements to continue life as usual. That is, if your body will let you.

Long-term effects of opioid use are even more concerning. Research suggests harmful side effects increase with length of use. Your organs can suffer due to vomiting, abdominal bloating, and liver damage. Furthermore, your brain may sustain damage or develop chemical dependence.

As you continue, your tolerance will increase, which demands higher, more harmful doses to feel the opioids’ impact. These negative side effects will continue to compound with prolonged use. (12)

Improper use of these prescribed medications can pose some of the same terrors as more infamous substances like heroin! Here’s a visual depiction of what’s going on inside the body when opioid abuse occurs. It’s clear that the less opioids in your system, the less risk of ugly side effects.

Risk Factors for Opioid Addiction

Risk factors for opioid use disorder are complex, but there are a few considerations that could raise your chances of getting hooked.

Ignoring directions. Taking opioids instead of opting for other pain relievers will require precision on your part. The federal government has estimated that 21-29% of patients given opioids for chronic pain take them incorrectly. If you receive a prescription for opioids, follow your dentist’s exact directions. Misusing them or treating them casually could build dependence.

Chronic pain. It seems that chronic pain patients are more likely to develop an addiction than the general population. Up to 60% of major trauma patients are estimated to develop an addictive issue. (13) Due to their pain-blocking nature, opioids can be particularly attractive. If you have chronic pain and your dentist prescribes opioids, proceed with caution.

A history of addiction. If you’ve experienced past addiction, it can be a potential indicator for opioid use disorder. Talk with your dentist to ensure this addictive pattern won’t repeat with your dental pain medications. (14)

Mental health conditions. Any struggles with mental illness can make taking opioids more risky, according to the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA).

Personalized effect. Your own physiological reactions to opioids can heighten your risk of addiction. Biological makeup can determine individual experience. Certain people are more or less likely to experience an addictive, dopamine-driven “euphoria.” This feeling is subjective and ranges between patients. (15)

Education level. Congrats to all you grads out there! The more scholastic achievements you have under your belt, the less likely you are to succumb to an opioid addiction. That’s one more reason to be a lifelong learner! (16)

This list of symptoms can help you and your doctor assess if you are struggling with substance use disorder.

If you begin to experience thoughts of self-harm or are looking for opioid treatment options, do not hesitate to contact the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline. They are always available by call, text, or online chat. Reach out 24/7 at 1-800-273-TALK.

The good news is that you have more treatment options than you may realize. This problem is treatable with time, effort, and intentional steps toward change.

Can you overdose on prescription opioids?

Overdosing on prescription opioids is 100% possible. The problem in abusing these drugs is that you build up tolerance over time. Users seek “higher highs” and bigger doses to feel satiated.

Most opioid deaths are from taking prescriptions in doses much larger than prescribed or ingesting them in combination with other drugs. Both of these choices tend to become dangerous habits in long-term users seeking a fix. (17)

Taking a high dose of opioids can lead to death from cardiac or respiratory arrest.

The danger here? Tolerance. Building a tolerance to opioids from long-term use is treacherous. Tolerance to the drug’s euphoric effect will increase faster than your body’s tolerance to the dangerous side effects.

Users may be taking more to get high, but at some point, their body can’t keep up. In fact, this is the reason that many opioid overdoses are accidental. The need for more dopamine and higher doses can be fatal. Did you know that opioid overdoses actually kill more people than car accidents each year? These tragic accidents can be avoided with addiction treatment.

This is a crucial juncture in history for understanding and preventing overdoses. The opioid epidemic mortality rate is skyrocketing. Overdose deaths in this category have risen 200% since 2000.

In fact, the CDC found that 61% of all drug overdose deaths were linked to an opioid. (18) As it steals over 130 lives each day, this crisis has established itself as a real national threat.

Wondering if you’re in danger of abusing opioids? This quiz can help you and your doctor assess if you need treatment for substance abuse.

If you’re looking for a next step, there are resources available.

SAMHSA has a directory of opioid treatment programs.

You might join a meeting of Narcotics Anonymous for support.

Finally, consider this thorough list of National Institute of Health-approved options to treat opioid addiction.

Most importantly, if you feel you are in danger of an overdose, call 911 right away. Your treatment plan can be determined once you are safe and in stable condition.

How to Prevent Opioid Addiction

Now that we’ve covered the seriousness of this crisis, it’s time for one of my favorite subjects: prevention.

As a family member, dentist, or patient, you’re likely to come into contact with opioids at some juncture. Here are some of my tips to stay safe and use your educated judgment about prescription opioids:

1. For Dentists

As healthcare providers, we are the first line of defense against these chilling statistics. It’s more important each year to stay updated, conscious, and preventative in your care. Here are my top tips for protecting your patients and prescriptions:

Stay up to date. The NIH is clear that “partnerships between researchers and practitioners are increasingly important as we face crises of the scale of the current opioid overdose epidemic.” Staying current with ADA standards creates a safety net for your practice and provides clear guidelines in this ever-changing area.

Continue your education. One of my favorite things about medicine is the constant opportunity to access fresh ideas and information. Here’s a joint webinar presentation from the ADA and CDC presenting alternatives to opioid prescriptions. These steps can cut down on addiction rates after dental procedures.

Avoid generalized prescriptions. Talk to your patients about their individualized needs and the risks of opioids. Each prescription is personal, so ask thoughtful questions and suggest non-opioid pain relievers and anti-inflammatories first. You will communicate how much you care about your patients by your candor.

Limit the quantity of opioids that you prescribe. Data suggests that likelihood of opioid dependence starts climbing on the third day. (19) Offer as few doses as possible without leaving your patient uncomfortable. Many times, after a few days, a NSAID will handle the pain level.

Do your homework. Check in with your state prescription database to be sure your patient does not already have an opioid prescription.

Be observant. Remember, not all patients who are drug-seeking will present with obvious symptoms. (2) Before prescribing opioids, take a few moments to look for more subtle signs of drug-seeking behavior (DSB).

2. For Patients

Communicate and comply with instructions. Prevent potential pitfalls with prescription opioids by following your doctor’s orders as carefully as possible. Also, please don’t hesitate to let your dentist know if you develop any concerns. If you notice withdrawal symptoms, make your doctor or dentist aware right away. Your dentist is here to help your health, not hurt it. Good communication is key for safe and exceptional results.

Hands off! It’s common for opioid misuse to start with buying, “borrowing,” or being given someone else’s prescribed medications. Leftover medications around the house can also increase the risk of opioid abuse. Don’t give family, friends, children, or pets a chance to get to your opioids. Dispose of unused medicine quickly and properly, for everyone’s sake. (20)

Limit your use. Even if your dentist prescribed several days’ worth of opioids, see if you can go without after a day or two. Each day you remain on opioids increases your chance of addiction, so if you can limit your usage, go for it!

Don’t be afraid to advocate for yourself. Be sure your dentist is fully aware of you and your family’s medical history, especially if it involves addiction. Knowing the circumstances will help your dentist prescribe the best, most personalized option. You have many options for pain management. Don’t feel forced into taking opioid medication! Your health is uniquely yours—if opioids make you uncomfortable, your dentist can assist in finding a better treatment plan for you.

Ask away. Useful questions could include:

inquiring about less addictive medicine for pain management,

asking for an addiction risk assessment, and

investigating drug interactions between your prescriptions.

Believe it or not, good dentists aren’t bothered by questions. Taking your health seriously and learning your needs is a great step for any patient! The more you know, the more you can feel confident that your dental and overall health is thriving.

3. For Families

Wisdom tooth wellness plan. As mentioned, teens are likely to be given opioids for wisdom tooth removal. Unfortunately, this practice can intensify the likelihood of continued opioid use. Before your make any medication decisions for this procedure, try reviewing the facts together. You could start with this guide created specifically for teens. Discussing prescription options for oral surgery is a fantastic opportunity. Your conversation now could help your teenager navigate the opioid epidemic in the future.

Know what you’re dealing with. Do your best to stay informed on all possible drug threats your teen is facing, including opioids. This recent report on drug use among teens is a helpful resource. A bit of good news: there is no significant spike in opioid use disorder in teens until they reach 12th grade.

Protect the next generation. Pregnant women should know that abusing opioids while expecting is highly dangerous. The decision to misuse prescription opioids can result in your baby experiencing withdrawal symptoms or birth defects. In more severe cases, mothers with opioid use disorder can even lose their child. (21) This list outlines options for a healthier lifestyle and safer baby. Your child and your body are too important to put through opioid addiction!

Build a support network. IECMH consultants offer support and tools to families that have been affected by opioid misuse. If you or someone in your family is struggling, call 1-800-662-4357 for referrals to nearby programs. You can still receive the help and care you need for your child and family. It’s never too late, and you are not alone.

Sharing (information) is caring. If you suspect a teen in your family is misusing pain medicine, you can direct them to this guide. Ask their pediatrician for any recommended resources, and offer to talk if they’re ready.

Storing and Disposing of Opioid Medications

[Saturday, April 27, 2019 is National Prescription Drug Takeback Day. Between 10 AM—2 PM, you can turn in unused prescription drugs, including opioids, at locations throughout the United States. Check out Google’s Location Finder for a location near you.]

Imagine that you were prescribed a week of opioids for a dental surgery.

Being aware of the dangers they can pose, you stopped use by day three. You wanted to control your addiction risk, even if you had more pills. I’d say that’s a great job of prevention! However, even if you don’t finish your opioid prescription, it still poses a significant risk.

“Leftovers” are never safe to keep around your residence. In particular, unused opioids from dental procedures are common targets for drug abusers. (22)

To put an end to nonmedical drug use in your home, you cannot leave them lying around. Luckily, patients have many safe options for storing and disposing of opioid medications.

Until you can remove the opioid medication from your home, the best way to store your pills is in a safe place. Choose a space out of sight and beyond children’s reach, ideally in a locked cabinet. The only person who should be able to access those pills is the person responsible for them. Taking this measure prevents future addictions, accidental poisonings, and more.

To say goodbye to your medication, here are a few safe disposal options:

Medicine take-back sites and events,

Collection receptacles. (Your local law enforcement agency can direct you to any nearby community receptacles).

Flushing certain, potentially dangerous medicines in the toilet. For a guide on how to do this safely, click here.

What’s the best time to dispose of your opioids? As soon as possible. The more time that elapses before disposal, the higher the odds of abuse.

Key Takeaways: How to Avoid the Opioid Epidemic

Before you fill your prescription to treat your dental pain, think twice about the highly addictive nature of opioids. The opioid epidemic in the U.S. increases every year. Education, awareness, and prevention can reverse this terrible trend.

There are other choices for pain relief with notably safer side effects. These include options such as ibuprofen, acetaminophen, and aspirin.

So, whether you’re a dentist, patient, or family member, don’t be afraid to discuss options when it comes to pain management!

If you do decide on opioids for dental pain, be sure to limit your intake. Be sure to communicate with your dentist, follow instructions to the letter, and dispose of any unused pills quickly and appropriately. It’s possible to use opioids safely if you are communicative with your dentist and disciplined in your approach.

Lastly, if you or a loved one is struggling with opioid use disorder, know that there is a network of recovery, support and treatment that’s poised to help. You have more resources available than you may know. Informed and empowered, patients and dentists can stop dentistry prescribed opiate abuse and choose safe pain management.

read next: Know Before You Go: Root Canals

22 References

Phillips, J. K., Ford, M. A., Bonnie, R. J., & National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (2017). Trends in Opioid Use, Harms, and Treatment. In Pain Management and the Opioid Epidemic: Balancing Societal and Individual Benefits and Risks of Prescription Opioid Use. National Academies Press (US). Abstract: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK458661/

Kolodny, A., Courtwright, D. T., Hwang, C. S., Kreiner, P., Eadie, J. L., Clark, T. W., & Alexander, G. C. (2015). The prescription opioid and heroin crisis: a public health approach to an epidemic of addiction. Annual review of public health, 36, 559-574. Abstract: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25581144

Nadelmann, E., & LaSalle, L. (2017). Two steps forward, one step back: current harm reduction policy and politics in the United States. Harm reduction journal, 14(1), 37. Abstract: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5469032/

Novak, S. P., Håkansson, A., Martinez-Raga, J., Reimer, J., Krotki, K., & Varughese, S. (2016). Nonmedical use of prescription drugs in the European Union. BMC psychiatry, 16(1), 274. Abstract: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4972971/

Harbaugh, C. M., Nalliah, R. P., Hu, H. M., Englesbe, M. J., Waljee, J. F., & Brummett, C. M. (2018). Persistent opioid use after wisdom tooth extraction. Jama, 320(5), 504-506. Abstract: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30088000

Varma, A., Sapra, M., & Iranmanesh, A. (2018). Impact of opioid therapy on gonadal hormones: focus on buprenorphine. Hormone molecular biology and clinical investigation, 36(2). Abstract: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29453925

Myers, L., & Wodarski, J. S. (2015). Using the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) evidence-based practice kits in social work education. In E-Therapy for Substance Abuse and Co-Morbidity (pp. 53-73). Springer, Cham. Abstract: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-12376-9_5

Cicero, T. J., Ellis, M. S., Surratt, H. L., & Kurtz, S. P. (2014). The changing face of heroin use in the United States: a retrospective analysis of the past 50 years. JAMA psychiatry, 71(7), 821-826. Abstract: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24871348

Aliprantis, D., & Schweitzer, M. E. (2018). Opioids and the Labor Market. Abstract: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3179068

Birnbaum, H. G., White, A. G., Schiller, M., Waldman, T., Cleveland, J. M., & Roland, C. L. (2011). Societal costs of prescription opioid abuse, dependence, and misuse in the United States. Pain medicine, 12(4), 657-667. Abstract: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21392250

Angres, D. H., & Bettinardi-Angres, K. (2008). The disease of addiction: origins, treatment, and recovery. Disease-a-month: DM, 54(10), 696. Abstract: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18790142

Clarke, H., Soneji, N., Ko, D. T., Yun, L., & Wijeysundera, D. N. (2014). Rates and risk factors for prolonged opioid use after major surgery: population based cohort study. Bmj, 348, g1251. Abstract: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3921439/

Savage, S. R. (2002). Assessment for addiction in pain-treatment settings. The Clinical journal of pain, 18(4), S28-S38. Abstract: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12479252

Webster, L. R. (2017). Risk factors for opioid-use disorder and overdose. Anesthesia & Analgesia, 125(5), 1741-1748. Abstract: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29049118

Bieber, C. M., Fernandez, K., Borsook, D., Brennan, M. J., Butler, S. F., Jamison, R. N., … & Katz, N. P. (2008). Retrospective accounts of initial subjective effects of opioids in patients treated for pain who do or do not develop opioid addiction: a pilot case-control study. Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology, 16(5), 429. Abstract: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3153468/

Arkes, J., Iguchi, M. How Predictors of Prescription Drug Abuse Vary by Age. Journal of Drug Issues (2008) Abstract: https://www.ncjrs.gov/App/AbstractDB/AbstractDBDetails.aspx?id=248641

Rudd, R. A., Aleshire, N., Zibbell, J. E., & Matthew Gladden, R. (2016). Increases in drug and opioid overdose deaths—United States, 2000–2014. American Journal of Transplantation, 16(4), 1323-1327. Abstract: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26720857

Rudd, R. A., Aleshire, N., Zibbell, J. E., & Matthew Gladden, R. (2016). Increases in drug and opioid overdose deaths—United States, 2000–2014. American Journal of Transplantation, 16(4), 1323-1327. Abstract: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6450a3.htm?s_cid=mm6450a3_w

Shah A, Hayes CJ, Martin BC. Characteristics of Initial Prescription Episodes and Likelihood of Long-Term Opioid Use — United States, 2006–2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2017;66:265–269. Abstract: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6610a1

Denisco, R. C., Kenna, G. A., O’Neil, M. G., Kulich, R. J., Moore, P. A., Kane, W. T., … & Katz, N. P. (2011). Prevention of prescription opioid abuse: The role of the dentist. The Journal of the American Dental Association, 142(7), 800-810. Abstract: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21719802

Finnegan, L. P., Connaughton, J. J., Kron, R. E., & Emich, J. P. (1975). Neonatal abstinence syndrome: assessment and management. Addictive diseases, 2(1-2), 141-158. Abstract: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30819342

Maughan, B. C., Hersh, E. V., Shofer, F. S., Wanner, K. J., Archer, E., Carrasco, L. R., & Rhodes, K. V. (2016). Unused opioid analgesics and drug disposal following outpatient dental surgery: a randomized controlled trial. Drug and alcohol dependence, 168, 328-334. Abstract: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27663358

The post How to Avoid the Opioid Epidemic (for Dentists, Patients, and Families) appeared first on Ask the Dentist.

from Ask the Dentist https://askthedentist.com/opioid-epidemic/