#Haarlem (City/Town/Village)
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nitsaholiday ยท 3 months ago
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Explore the Wonders of the Netherlands: 8 Days, 7 Nights Tour Package
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The Netherlands is a country of timeless charm, where history, culture, and nature merge seamlessly to create an unforgettable travel experience. The "Explore the Wonders of the Netherlands: 8 Days, 7 Nights Tour Package" offers a perfect opportunity to immerse yourself in the Dutch way of life, from vibrant cities to serene countryside, showcasing the essence of this picturesque European gem. This comprehensive itinerary is designed to help you explore the countryโ€™s most famous attractions, hidden gems, and local traditions, ensuring a well-rounded and enriching vacation.
Day 1: Arrival in Amsterdam โ€“ Begin Your Journey
Your journey begins upon arrival in Amsterdam, the vibrant capital of the Netherlands. Known for its scenic canals, historic architecture, and lively cultural scene, Amsterdam offers the perfect blend of old-world charm and modern elegance. After being transferred to your hotel, take some time to relax and refresh.
In the evening, embark on a canal cruise that will allow you to see the city from a unique perspective. As you float along the iconic canals, youโ€™ll pass by beautiful bridges, picturesque houseboats, and the charming facades of Amsterdamโ€™s historic buildings. The shimmering lights reflecting on the water create a magical atmosphere, providing a perfect introduction to your Dutch adventure.
Day 2: Art and History in Amsterdam โ€“ Museums and More
Day two is dedicated to exploring the artistic and historical treasures of Amsterdam. Begin your day with a visit to the world-famous Rijksmuseum. Home to an impressive collection of Dutch art and history, this museum is a must-see for culture enthusiasts. Admire works by renowned artists like Rembrandt, Vermeer, and Frans Hals, including the iconic The Night Watch by Rembrandt. The museum also houses exhibits on Dutch history, including its golden age, colonial past, and innovative maritime achievements.
Next, visit the Van Gogh Museum, which showcases the works of Vincent van Gogh, one of the most influential artists of the post-impressionist era. Explore the vivid, expressive style that marked van Goghโ€™s evolution as an artist, and learn about the trials and triumphs that shaped his iconic art. Afterward, stroll through the charming neighborhoods surrounding the museum, such as the trendy De Pijp area, known for its eclectic cafรฉs, boutiques, and markets.
Day 3: A Day in the Countryside โ€“ Windmills and Traditional Villages
On day three, youโ€™ll venture beyond the city to discover the peaceful countryside of the Netherlands. First, visit Zaanse Schans, an open-air museum where you can experience traditional Dutch culture. The star attractions here are the windmills, which have long been essential to the countryโ€™s water management and land reclamation efforts. Learn about the importance of these windmills and watch as artisans demonstrate traditional crafts, such as clog-making and cheese production.
Continue your countryside journey to the picturesque village of Marken, a former island village famous for its wooden houses and charming streets. Explore the village at your leisure, visit local museums, and discover the unique character of this historic town. Afterward, head to Volendam, another quaint fishing village known for its beautiful harbor, colorful houses, and bustling streets. Sample fresh seafood and traditional Dutch snacks before returning to Amsterdam for the evening.
Day 4: Keukenhof Gardens and Haarlem โ€“ Blooms and Heritage
Day four takes you to two beautiful destinations outside of Amsterdam. In the morning, visit the Keukenhof Gardens, one of the largest flower gardens in the world, and a must-visit in the spring when tulips are in full bloom. Keukenhof is renowned for its dazzling array of flowers, with over seven million blooming tulips, daffodils, hyacinths, and more. Walk through the themed gardens, enjoy the vibrant colors, and take in the fresh, floral scents.
In the afternoon, head to Haarlem, a picturesque city filled with charming canals, historic architecture, and a lively cultural scene. Visit the Grote Kerk (Great Church), a Gothic masterpiece, and explore the medieval streets that are home to quaint boutiques, art galleries, and cozy cafรฉs. Haarlem is the perfect blend of rich history and modern flair, making it an ideal place to spend a relaxing afternoon before heading back to Amsterdam.
Day 5: Kinderdijk and Alkmaar โ€“ Windmills and Cheese
Day five is a true celebration of Dutch heritage, with visits to two iconic locations: Kinderdijk and Alkmaar. Begin your day at Kinderdijk, a UNESCO World Heritage site renowned for its collection of 19 windmills. These windmills were built in the 18th century to manage water levels and prevent flooding in the region. A visit to Kinderdijk offers an incredible opportunity to step back in time and understand the engineering feats that helped transform the landscape of the Netherlands.
In the afternoon, travel to Alkmaar, a charming town famous for its historic cheese market. On Fridays, the town comes alive with the traditional cheese auction, where cheese traders display their goods in colorful, lively fashion. Watch the auction process and learn about the different types of Dutch cheese. Afterward, take a stroll through Alkmaarโ€™s cobbled streets and enjoy a leisurely lunch at one of the local cafรฉs.
Day 6: The Hague and Delft โ€“ Art, Politics, and Craftsmanship
Day six takes you to The Hague, the political heart of the Netherlands. Start your day with a visit to the Binnenhof, the seat of the Dutch government, and marvel at the medieval architecture that houses the nationโ€™s political institutions. The Hague is also home to the Mauritshuis Museum, where youโ€™ll find an exceptional collection of art, including works by Vermeer, Rembrandt, and other Dutch masters. Donโ€™t miss Vermeerโ€™s Girl with a Pearl Earring, one of the worldโ€™s most iconic paintings.
In the afternoon, travel to Delft, a charming town known for its blue-and-white porcelain. Explore the narrow streets lined with canals, visit the Royal Delft factory to see the iconic pottery being made, and learn about the cityโ€™s historical connection to renowned painter Johannes Vermeer. Delftโ€™s peaceful atmosphere and rich artistic history make it a delightful destination to explore.
Day 7: Maastricht โ€“ A European Blend of History and Culture
On day seven, venture south to Maastricht, a city that offers a unique blend of Dutch, Belgian, and German influences. As one of the oldest cities in the Netherlands, Maastricht is steeped in history. Visit the Basilica of Saint Servatius, one of the oldest churches in the country, and learn about the cityโ€™s role in European history, especially its connection to the Maastricht Treaty, which founded the European Union.
Afterward, explore the charming town center, with its medieval buildings, cobblestone streets, and vibrant cafรฉ culture. Donโ€™t forget to try Limburgse vlaai, a traditional fruit pie from the region, before heading back to Amsterdam for the evening.
Day 8: Departure from Amsterdam
On your final day, enjoy some last-minute shopping or sightseeing in Amsterdam before your departure. You might want to visit the Anne Frank House, a moving museum that tells the story of Anne Frankโ€™s life during World War II. Alternatively, relax in one of Amsterdamโ€™s beautiful parks, such as Vondelpark, or simply enjoy a leisurely breakfast at a local cafรฉ before transferring to the airport.
Conclusion
The "Explore the Wonders of the Netherlands: 8 Days, 7 Nights Tour Package" offers an immersive experience that showcases the best of Dutch culture, history, and natural beauty. From the artistic masterpieces of Amsterdam to the historic windmills of Kinderdijk, this tour takes you through the highlights of the Netherlands while also offering a chance to explore its lesser-known treasures. Whether youโ€™re an art lover, a history buff, or simply someone looking to experience the tranquility of the Dutch countryside, this tour promises to leave you with lasting memories of one of Europeโ€™s most enchanting countries.
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ahmedz01 ยท 3 months ago
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Wonders of The Netherlands: Exploring the Most Amazing Places
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The Netherlands, often known for its picturesque landscapes and charming cities, offers a myriad of incredible places that captivate visitors from around the world. From bustling urban areas to serene villages, this country has it all. Hereโ€™s a glimpse into some of the most amazing places in the Netherlands.
Ahmad Numan
Amsterdam: The Vibrant Capital
Amsterdam, the capital city, is a vibrant hub of culture, history, and modernity. Known for its iconic canals, which are a UNESCO World Heritage site, the city offers beautiful canal cruises that give visitors a unique perspective of its architecture and daily life. The Anne Frank House, Van Gogh Museum, and Rijksmuseum are must-visit attractions, providing a deep dive into history and art.
Giethoorn: The Venice of the North
Giethoorn is a picturesque village often referred to as the โ€œVenice of the Northโ€ due to its intricate network of canals. Here, you wonโ€™t find cars, but rather boats gently gliding through the waterways, making for a tranquil and serene experience. Visitors can explore charming cottages, beautiful gardens, and quaint bridges, all contributing to the villageโ€™s fairy-tale-like ambiance.
Keukenhof: The Garden of Europe
Keukenhof is a stunning display of the Netherlandsโ€™ famous tulip fields, often called the โ€œGarden of Europe.โ€ Spanning over 79 acres, this park is home to millions of blooming tulips, daffodils, and hyacinths. The vibrant colors and meticulously designed flower beds create a visual feast that attracts photographers and nature lovers from across the globe. The best time to visit Keukenhof is during the spring months of April and May, when the flowers are in full bloom.
Delft: A Historic Gem
Delft, known for its historic charm and blue-and-white ceramics, offers a delightful journey back in time. The cityโ€™s old town is filled with well-preserved buildings, narrow streets, and charming canals. The New Church (Nieuwe Kerk) and Old Church (Oude Kerk) are significant landmarks, and a visit to the Royal Delft pottery factory allows visitors to witness the traditional craftsmanship of Delftware.
Haarlem: A Cultural Delight
Just a short trip from Amsterdam, Haarlem is a cultural treasure trove. The city is renowned for its medieval architecture, art museums, and vibrant market squares. The Frans Hals Museum, named after the famous Dutch Golden Age painter, showcases an impressive collection of Dutch art. Haarlemโ€™s Grote Markt is a lively place where locals and tourists gather to enjoy the cityโ€™s unique atmosphere.
Zaanse Schans: A Glimpse into the Past
Zaanse Schans is an open-air museum that offers a glimpse into the Netherlandsโ€™ rich cultural heritage. Located near Amsterdam, this village features well-preserved windmills, traditional wooden houses, and workshops where visitors can learn about Dutch crafts like cheese making, wooden shoe carving, and oil pressing. The scenic beauty and historical significance of Zaanse Schans make it a popular destination for those seeking an authentic Dutch experience.
Conclusion: The Best Time to Visit
The Netherlands is a year-round destination, but the best time to visit depends on what you wish to experience. Spring (April to May) is ideal for enjoying the tulip fields in full bloom, while summer (June to August) offers pleasant weather for outdoor activities and festivals. Autumn (September to November) brings beautiful fall foliage, and winter (December to February) transforms the cities into cozy, festive wonderlands.
Whether youโ€™re drawn to the bustling streets of Amsterdam, the serene canals of Giethoorn, or the vibrant colors of Keukenhof, the Netherlands promises an unforgettable journey filled with beauty, culture, and history.
Plan your trip and immerse yourself in the wonders of this enchanting country! ๐ŸŒท๐Ÿ›ถ๐Ÿ›๏ธ
Book now and enjoy a journey filled with excitement and wonder!
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princemick ยท 9 months ago
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hi kyle! im actually in the netherlands rn and i am enjoying all the museums and tours ive been on. i did faint in the rijk museum (i think thatโ€™s the name) in front of sole stained glass and straight onto a hard stone floor.
ur health care system is either rly good or the day i went was super empty bc i was checked out super quickly. (i am fine now just w a very big bump on the back of my head)
i hope ur having a nice monday!
wiggles please what, no what, I know what spot at the rijks ur talking abt that must have been a fucking hard hit oh my god I'm so glad ur okay????
I'm also glad ur enjoying the country! I highly recommend going to some towns and villages outside of Amsterdam, Amsterdam is a hub of tourism and a real bad representation of what the countrys actually like! haarlem, den bosch and utrecht are all amazing and fun cities !!
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gokitetour ยท 1 year ago
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Exploring the Netherlands on a Budget: Budget-Friendly Tour Tips and Netherlands Visa Essentials
The Netherlands, with its iconic windmills, charming canals, and vibrant cities, offers a wealth of attractions for travelers on a budget. From picturesque towns to cultural landmarks, there are plenty of affordable ways to experience the beauty and culture of this enchanting country. In this guide, we'll explore budget-friendly tour tips for exploring the Netherlands, along with essential information on obtaining a Netherlands visa.
Explore Amsterdam on Foot or by Bike: Start your budget-friendly tour in the capital city of Amsterdam, known for its picturesque canals, historic buildings, and vibrant atmosphere. Skip the expensive tours and explore the city's iconic landmarks on foot or by bike. Wander through the narrow streets of the Jordaan district, admire the colorful tulips at the Bloemenmarkt (flower market), and take a leisurely stroll along the scenic canals. Renting a bike is an affordable and eco-friendly way to explore Amsterdam like a local, with many rental shops offering daily or hourly rates. Also Read: Lithuania visa
Visit Free Museums and Attractions: The Netherlands is home to a wealth of museums and cultural attractions, many of which offer free admission or discounted entry on certain days. Take advantage of these opportunities to explore Dutch art, history, and culture without breaking the bank. Some must-visit free museums include the Van Gogh Museum's outdoor sculpture garden, the Rijksmuseum's courtyard, and the Anne Frank House's exterior. Additionally, don't miss the chance to explore Amsterdam's beautiful parks and gardens, such as Vondelpark and Hortus Botanicus, which offer free entry and are perfect for a relaxing afternoon. Also Read: Iceland visa
Discover Quaint Dutch Villages: Escape the hustle and bustle of the city and discover the charm of the Dutch countryside by visiting quaint villages and towns. Take a day trip to Zaanse Schans, where you can wander among traditional windmills, visit a cheese farm, and learn about Dutch craftsmanship at the wooden shoe workshop. Alternatively, explore the historic town of Haarlem, known for its stunning architecture, bustling market squares, and picturesque canals. Many villages are easily accessible by public transportation, making them ideal destinations for budget-conscious travelers. Also Read: Hungary visa
Sample Dutch Street Food: Indulge in delicious Dutch street food without breaking the bank by sampling local favorites from street vendors and markets. Try a freshly baked stroopwafel (caramel-filled waffle) from a market stall, savor a cone of hot, crispy fries with mayonnaise from a "frietkraam" (chip stand), or enjoy a herring sandwich with onions and pickles from a "haringhandel" (herring stand). Exploring the local food scene is not only affordable but also offers a unique opportunity to experience authentic Dutch flavors and culinary traditions. Also Read: Czech republic visa
Take Advantage of Discount Cards and Passes: Maximize your savings with discount cards and passes that offer reduced rates on transportation, attractions, and activities. The Amsterdam City Card, for example, provides free unlimited public transportation within the city, as well as free or discounted admission to museums and attractions. Additionally, consider purchasing a Dutch Rail Pass, which offers unlimited travel on trains throughout the Netherlands for a fixed period, allowing you to explore multiple cities and regions at a fraction of the cost. Also Read: Croatia visa
Navigating the Netherlands Visa Process:
Traveling to the Netherlands may require obtaining a visa, depending on your nationality and the purpose of your visit. Here are some essential tips for navigating the Netherlands visa process:
Check Visa Requirements: Determine whether you need a visa to enter the Netherlands based on your nationality and the duration of your stay. Citizens of many countries are exempt from visa requirements for short stays.
Apply for the Visa: If a visa is required, gather all necessary documents and submit your visa application to the nearest Dutch embassy or consulate. Required documents may include a valid passport, visa application form, passport-sized photos, proof of travel arrangements, and proof of sufficient funds for your stay in the Netherlands.
Provide Supporting Documents: Be prepared to provide additional documents as requested by the visa authorities, such as proof of accommodation, travel insurance, and a detailed itinerary of your trip. Also Read: Luxembourg visa
Pay Visa Fees: Pay any applicable visa fees as required by the Dutch embassy or consulate. Fees may vary depending on the type and duration of the visa.
Schedule Visa Appointment: Depending on the visa type and your country of residence, you may be required to schedule a visa appointment at the embassy or consulate. Be sure to book your appointment well in advance to secure your desired date and time.
Attend Visa Interview (if required): Prepare for a visa interview if required by the Dutch embassy or consulate. Be ready to answer questions about your travel plans, purpose of visit, and financial situation. Also Read: Schengen visa
Receive Visa Approval: Once your visa application is approved, you will receive your visa either by mail or by picking it up in person from the embassy or consulate.
By following these steps and planning ahead, you can obtain your Netherlands visa efficiently and embark on an unforgettable budget-friendly tour of this captivating country.
In conclusion, the Netherlands offers endless opportunities for budget-conscious travelers to explore its rich culture, history, and natural beauty. Whether exploring Amsterdam's canals, discovering quaint Dutch villages, or indulging in delicious street food, there's something for everyone to enjoy without breaking the bank. With proper planning and preparation, obtaining a Netherlands visa is a manageable process, allowing you to focus on creating lasting memories in this enchanting destination.
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travelistme ยท 4 years ago
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The Netherlands: Past Amsterdam
The Netherlands: Pastย Amsterdam
Rick Stevesโ€™ Europe Journey Information | By prepare, bike, and boat, we go to the highest Dutch sights outdoors of Amsterdam: from Haarlem to Rotterdam, and from Delft to the โ€ฆ
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orebic-travel ยท 4 years ago
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The Netherlands: Beyond Amsterdam
The Netherlands: Beyondย Amsterdam
Rick Stevesโ€™ Europe Travel Guide | By train, bike, and boat, we visit the top Dutch sights outside of Amsterdam: from Haarlem to Rotterdam, and from Delft to the โ€ฆ
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cincinnatusvirtue ยท 4 years ago
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Jan Janszoon also known as Murat Reis the Younger (c. 1570-c. 1641) Dutch Barbary Pirate and founder/leader of a pirate republic, Republic of Sale...
Mention pirates and you may well conjure a number of images in the mind.ย  It depends on the context youโ€™re discussing in terms of history and placement in the world.ย  The western world usually has an image of a swashbuckling and misunderstood rogue or misfit outcast who has been rejected from their society or canโ€™t tolerate authority so they take to a life on the high seas in search of freedom, adventure and plunder.ย  Edward Teach (1680-1718) better known as Blackbeard is sometimes cited as the archetypal pirate in many modern works of fiction.ย  Or one might picture the character of Jack Sparrow in the Pirates of the Caribbean film franchise.ย  Images that are based in elements of truth but probably watered down from the reality of the harsh existence pirates found themselves in and the harsh price they exacted from others.
Another type of pirate, widely talked about but not perhaps as well known in some parts of the world is that of the Barbary pirate or Barbary corsair.ย  The Barbary pirate were privateers or pirates from an Islamic background typically and sometimes used a nominally religiously infused perspective to ply their trade.ย  They usually hailed from or were based out of the so called Barbary Coast of North Africa, so named for the native Berber peoples who made up the majority of these lands, Berber being a corruption of the ancient Greek for Barbarian a term applied to all non Greco-Roman peoples in antiquity.ย  These lands were the modern nations of Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia & Libya in particular.ย  These pirates were largely in operation from the 16th-19th centuries with their zenith being in the early to mid 17th century.ย  The modern states of North Africa were not full fledged nation states as they are today, in fact they were instead made up of various city states that with the exception of Morocco were nominal parts of the Turkish Ottoman Empire.ย  These locations while part of the Ottoman sphere of influence had relative degrees of autonomy that fell to their local governors called dey or bey or pasha.ย  All honorific titles taken from Turkish to roughly mean leader or governor.ย  The pirates on behalf of their dey or pasha or sometimes on behalf of themselves had virtual control of over their city-states and the surrounding seas.
The most prominent grounds to find these pirates and their bases was the Western Mediterranean and Atlantic seaboard ofย  Western Europe.ย  Their primary focus was to engage in the plunder of merchant ships and occasionally raid coastal villages and towns.ย  The main target wasnโ€™t so much goods like money or inanimate objects but rather in the capture ofย  people, mostly Europeans and later Americans to become part of the greater Islamic slave trade within the preexisting Ottoman and Arab slave trades which spanned from Asia to Africa and Europe.ย  Now keep in mind slavery was not exclusive to any one society, culture or location, slavery and human trafficking was commonplace on virtually all continents among all peoples during the 16th-19th centuries.ย  However, the focus of this post will be on the Barbary slave trade and to provide a snapshot of the practices within that context.
Not all Barbary pirates were born within the Islamic world, in fact some of the best known were originally Christian or Jewish and later converted to Islam.ย  One of the best known was a Dutchman named Jan Janszoon (Jan Jansen) who took on the later moniker of Murat Reis the Younger...
Early Life...
-Not much of Janโ€™s early life is documented, other than he was born in the city of Haarlem in the Netherlands in roughly the year 1570.ย  Sources donโ€™t definitively state who his parents were other than we can determine his surname followed the Dutch patronymic naming system of Janszoon or Jansen meaningย โ€œson of Jan or son of Johnโ€ in English.ย ย 
-At the time of Janโ€™s birth, the Netherlands was technically part of the Catholic Spanish Empire.ย  However, the ethnic Dutch who were primarily Protestants of the Calvinist Dutch Reformed Church were increasingly at odds with Spanish rule, what resulted was the Eighty Years War or War of Dutch Independence (1568-1648).ย  Seven northern provinces of the Netherlands, one of the most powerful being Holland formed the united nucleus of new country determined to breakaway from Spanish rule.ย  This became the Dutch Republic.ย  What followed was a period of off and on warfare, colonial expansion and a flowering of cultural expression in art, commerce and the establishment of relatively tolerant values based in individualism.ย  This was reflected in the largely Protestant personalized philosophy of their religion.ย  The Dutch Republic became a place of comparative religious freedom within Europe and its government was run more by a legislative body than a monarch, though it had monarch like figures with varying degrees of power, more symbolic than absolute.ย  This contrasted with the absolute monarchy and centralizing of power in most of 17th-18th century Europe.
ย -Janโ€™s profession wasnโ€™t known either, other than at some point he took to a life at sea, it is speculated by some sources that he was apprenticed on merchant ships as a teenager which enabled him to learn the skills of sailing and nuances of trade and diplomacy in all dealings that would later serve him in life.
-In 1595, Jan is recorded as marrying a woman, presumably named Soutgen Cave with whom he had at least one daughter and possibly a son, Edwardย  The daughter, Lysbeth, was definitively confirmed by virtually all sources and would play a role in her fatherโ€™s later life.
-Jan would eventually abandon his family in the Netherlands and would never return to them in a long lasting fashion.ย  Jan appears to have been restless and turned to a life at sea, first as a Dutch privateer on behalf of the Dutch Republic, raiding Spanish merchant ships in an effort to hurt the economy of the nation that nominally ruled over the Dutch Republic.ย ย 
-However, in the early 17th century a nominal period of peace or truce was established between Spain and the Netherlands, though the war and issue of independence wasnโ€™t officially resolved.ย  Jan during these years appears to have left the official capacity of serving under the Dutch flag and instead made his way to Spain and North Africa and largely went into business for himself.
Algiers and Spain โ€œTurning Turkโ€...
-The timeline is somewhat confused based on the sources we have but Janโ€™s adventures appear to have taken him to the Canary Islands off Africaโ€™s coast where he was captured by Barbary pirates, possibly under the Ottoman privateer of Albanian extraction, Murat Reis (The Elder).ย  Jan was conveyed to Algiers (modern capital of Algeria) where he was most likely considered for a life of slavery.ย  However, it appear Jan either made the conversion to Islam outright to officially spare him the pain of slavery, since nominally Islam forbids the enslavement of other Muslims, though this was not always practiced since other Muslims were occasionally enslaved by the Barbary pirates.ย  The other possibility is that Jan convinced his captors of his suitability as a sailor and guide and offered his services if not his faith, though it most likely he converted to Islam at this time, probably as a practical matter.ย  The conversion in European circles was known asย โ€œturning Turkโ€ since Turk became a blanket misnomer to all Muslims regardless of ethnicity at this time.
-Jan also made his was to Spain, in particular the port city of Cartagena where in the first decade of the 17th century, some of the last sizable remnants of a Muslim community lived, descended from Muslims that once controlled most of the Iberian Peninsula in the semi-autonomous province of Al-Andalus (Andalusia) from the 8th century to the year 1492.ย ย 
-Since 1492, the Christian kingdoms of northern Spain and Portugal pushed backed the Muslims andย โ€œreconqueredโ€ Iberia from Muslim rule.ย  The Spanish monarchy overtime changed from relative tolerance of Muslims and Jews to threats of expulsion, forced conversion or death for non-Christians.ย  In the midst of all this Jan, either not yet a Muslim or a Muslim who as a European could pass for a Christian met a new woman, sources canโ€™t confirm her identity beyond the Spanish name Margarita.ย  Margarita was known to be a Spanish Moor or Muslim of mixed ethnic background, most likely Arab-Berber with roots in Morocco.ย  She was part of a community known as Mujedars or Moriscos, Moors who nominally were converted Christianity but in private secretly maintained their Islamic faith and customs.ย  Sources also vary on whether Margarita was a woman of high birth or nobility or a domestic servant to a Christian family.ย  There is even a source that speculates her genealogy can be traced in part to the then ruling dynasty of Morocco, the Arab Saadi dynasty which claim descent from the Islamic prophet Muhammad through the Prophetโ€™s daughter Fatima.ย 
-What is known is that Margarita would become Janโ€™s wife, the first of four permissible simultaneous wives under Islamic law.ย  It is not known if Jan ever took another wife.ย  His first Christian marriage in the Netherlands would be viewed as invalid under from the Islamic viewpoint.ย  Jan and Margarita also had four sons whose names are Abraham, Anthony, Philip & Cornelis.ย  All four would have been raised as Muslims by their parents, from this point on this became Janโ€™s family.ย  His Dutch family is variously reported to have been ignored or still the recipients of child/spousal support from Jan who would send portions of his earnings to them.ย  There is evidently truth to this given that his daughter Lysbeth later visited him late in life, suggesting a good enough relationship if distant.
Sale...
-In roughly the period 1609-1612 the family would have left Spain for Algiers and later Morocco and settled in the city of Sale, today a twin city of the capital of Rabat.ย  Sale had a long history but a number of thousands of expelled Muslims from Spain would come together to form the nucleus of a new period of history in Sale.ย  These Muslims would have differed from the Berbers of Morocco despite their overlapping ethnic similarities, in that they grew up speaking Spanish probably in addition to Arabic and would have had Spanish influenced customs, this put them at odds with their fellow Moroccans.ย ย 
-Jan in his travels would have been multilingual.ย  In addition to his native Dutch he would have known Spanish and likely Arabic, English and possibly French at the very least.
-1619 saw the city of Sale which had a small Barbary pirate operation already declare itself an independent republic, not subject to the authority of the Sultans of Morocco, then ruled by two brothers of the Saadi dynasty in a virtual state of civil warย  At the center of thisย โ€œrevoltโ€ was Jan himself, now known as Murat Reis (The Younger), taken after his former captor who had passed away a decade before.ย  Jan was already successful in conducting raids for Algiers on European shipping, mostly of Spanish shipping and other nations.ย  Though he was known to release or ransom his fellow Dutch from captivity in many instances.
-Sale in its newly declared independence was helmed by a ruling council of 14 leading pirates who elected Jan at its Grand Admiral (head of the fleet) and President.ย  The newly minted Republic of Sale, was a functioning de-facto city-state that was run by and for Barbary pirates who enriched themselves off of the slave trade and sale of plunder of other goods taken from European ships.
-Saleโ€™s fleet was small at first, numbering 18 ships, mainly of theย โ€œpolaccaโ€ design, the ships were small, sleek and fast.ย  The harbor at Sale was the mouth of the Bou Regreg river which divided Sale & Rabat on the north and south banks respectively.ย  The harbor was protected by a sandbar and due to the small design of the ships with they had the ability to slide over the sandbar and dock in the shallow harbor, where European ships typically required deep ports for docking due to their deep and large hulls.ย  Sale at the time also benefitted from relative isolation with next to no roads leading to the city from land and it was purely a port city.
-Jan is noted by all sources as an intelligent and brave fighter as well as able administrator, the docking fees, percentages of profits from slave sales and others good sold made Sale blossom financially under Janโ€™s administration.ย  Nominal fees to the Sultan also helped maintain their semi-autonomy, in recognition of this and due to other deeper difficulties Sultan Zidan Abu Maali of the Saadi dynasty made Jan the ceremonial Governor of Sale.
-Jan and the Sale Rovers as his fleet was called in English sources was known for their guile.ย  Carrying multiple flags on board Jan and fleet were known to approach ships and like a chameleon adapts to their surroundings by changing colors, the pirates would fly friendly flags as they approached their prey.ย  This meant they kept informed on the latest diplomatic changes of the day and using this ruse got close to their quarry and then suddenly would raise their own flag of the two conjoined sabers on a field of green or the crescent moon of Islam and frighten their victims.ย  Barbary pirates in general speaking foreign tongues with a fearsome appearance of swords and pistols in hand and dagger in mouth relied on intimidation and very often tried to capture their victims without an actual fight.ย  Since the goal was enslavement harm or death to their prisoners was not ideal and psychological terror was their foremost weapon hence why they chose merchant and passenger ships and usually fled at the sight of military ships.
-According to the known accounts Jan and his men treated their prisoners relatively humanely given the circumstances as Barbary piracy was well known by this time, most knew their fate would not be good, few slaves ever returned to their homeland or another destination.ย  Typically, women and children would be separated from the men, meaning families were often divided.ย  Once arrived at port, they would be separated according to age and gender since they served different purposes.ย  Men would typically be used for forced manual labor to their Muslim masters or serve as oarsmen or servants on ships, rarely setting foot on land for long periods of time.ย  Children would be taken to serve as domestic servants in Muslim homes and women would typically be sold to become domestic servants as well.ย  Occasionallyย  women were made into sex slaves to their masters, sometimes ending up in the harems of the Sultan or other Muslim rulers.ย  On the auction block as is true of slaves anywhere, one would be publicly displayed sometimes naked or asked to run and jump or to be prodded and inspected by prospective buyers.ย  Those in good health commanded the highest price.ย  Some slaves were also ransomed through funds raised by the family, government or Christian religious orders, though this fueled the Barbary pirates economy and perpetuated the cycle of enslavement.ย  Jan is known to have made large profits to fund his family, fleet and home and is known to have had many servants, most probably being men to perform manual labor in maintaining his fleet for future slave runs.
-Jan also occasionally ventured outside of the Western Mediterranean and Atlantic near the Canary Islands, sight of his own capture years before.ย  He was known to base himself on islands off the coast of England and even return to the Netherlands.ย  Using his Dutch citizenship and his new found role as an Admiral nominally in the Moroccan navy, he had diplomatic immunity and for his service in attacking the hated Spanish, he was viewed with mixed feeling in his homeland as his fame had spread by this time.ย  The authorities banned piracy officially and condemned it and thought him a bad example, even if he exacted a toll on the Spanish economy which rivalled the Dutch and was still at war with them.ย  During one visit back to Amsterdam in 1622, the authorities located his first wife and their children in the hopes the sight of them would spurn him to give up his piracy, it failed.ย  To make matters worse, he had somewhat a folk hero appeal that lead several Dutchmen to actually leave behind their lives in Amsterdam and leave to join his crew for a life of piracy, a testament to the charisma he probably possessed.ย  His crew would have been multiethnic containing other Europeans including Dutch, Spanish, French, English and German crewmen alongside Arabs, Berbers and Turks.ย  Spanish & Arabic would have probably served as lingua francas onboard.
Return to Algiers...
-By 1627, the political situation in Morocco had deteriorated and for safety reasons he took his family to Algiers.ย  His son Anthony had by this time now an adult left Morocco for a life in the Netherlands and would eventually marry a Dutch woman and immigrate under the auspices of the Dutch West India Company to North America, settling in the colony of New Amsterdam, modern day New York City.ย  Anthony was known as Anthony Janszoon Van Salee in Dutch.ย  He was the first Muslim recorded to have been a long term settler in North America and kept the first known copy of a the Quโ€™ran in America as well, reputed to be a copy of the Moroccan Sultanโ€™s personal Quโ€™ran which was a gift and a testament to the honorifics bestowed upon the Janszoon family.ย  Anthony became a successful farmer, landowner and merchant in New Amsterdam and helped found settlements that made up modern day Brooklyn, New York.ย  He was known to have an independent streak like his father and little regard for authority, making him a colorful character in colonial America.ย  Through Anthony, Jan has many living descendants in America (see my previous post on Anthony) including the Vanderbilt family which became wealthy in the 19th century.ย 
-Upon his return to Algiers, Jan resumed his piracy this time conducting two of his most famous raids in 1627 and 1631 respectively.ย  First, he had his crew leave from England northward to Iceland of all places, where they captured a couple hundred Icelanders and a few Danes from Denmark, all were sold into slavery in Algiers where Jan continued his large profits.ย  The second took place in Ireland at the village of Baltimore, once more he successfully made off with hundreds of prisoners, only two would ever return to Ireland.ย  This latter raid was lamented in the 19th century Thomas Davis poem The Sack of Baltimore.ย  In both instances, Janโ€™s crew went ashore and captured villagers from their homes, again using intimidation with probably only enough physical violence so as to intimidate and deter resistance.ย  In the case of the Baltimore raid, Janโ€™s crew attacked in the middle of the night abducting people from their sleep.
Capture...
-1635 saw Jan captured while at sea in the Eastern Mediterranean, captured by the Christian military order, the Knights of Rhodes or Knights Hospitaller.ย  He was kept on the island of Malta, the details of his confinement are murky, but he was known to have been beaten and subjected to torture though he never renounced Islam and was known to have become quite pious in his faith.ย  He encouraged many European captives to convert and spare themselves slavery as Islam forbids enslavement of other Muslims.ย  In fact, the Muslim view of Jan and his fellow Barbary pirates at the time was widely one of celebration and righteousness.ย  Not only did it provide economic benefit but the enslavement of non-Muslims was viewed as an act of almost holy war waged against infidel peoples and the pirates were warriors of Islam acting in a righteous manner.
-Janโ€™s imprisonment lasted five years until he was freed by Tunisian Barbary pirates in a raid on Malta.ย  He was heralded with great pomp in 1640 at his release having achieved fame in the Islamic world as well as have been a scourge to Christians in Europe.
Final return to Morocco...
-Jan was essentially in search of work despite his old age and feeble condition from his imprisonment.
-He returned to Morocco but not Sale where he made his name and fortune but instead, the new Sultan made him Governor of Oualidia further south on the Moroccan coast.ย  The modern day seaside resort had a unique lagoon and a new fortress orย โ€œKasbahโ€ was built specifically for Jan.ย  He also maintained a home in nearby Safi, no longer at sea, he retired and merely administered the area but appears to have been restored to his wealth, his wife Margarita is presumed to have predeceased him either in Algiers or Morocco before or during his imprisonment on Malta.
-In 1641 his daughter Lysbeth from his first marriage travelled with a Dutch embassy to Morocco to greet the new Sultan.ย  Lysbeth and her husband met with Jan, supposedly both on their docked ship and and his many homes, he was described as being enfeebled but surrounded by luxury and comfort attended to by servants.ย  Lysbeth stayed with her father for months, the only extended period of time since her childhood, presumably this meant despite his physical distance, their relationship was relatively good.
-No further sources of Janโ€™s life are known, its presumed he died shortly thereafter of natural causes and was buried in Safi, Morocco in an unmarked grave but no source has yet validated this.
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Amsterdam Holidays
ย Amsterdam Holidays
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ย  whilst taking a vacation in Amsterdam, there are numerous matters to take into account that can make your go to simpler, and extra amusing.
information the layout of Amsterdam:
information the layout of Amsterdam because Amsterdam runs alongside a canal, it's easiest to recognize the orientation that it runs along: east to west. most important streets, in comparison, run north to south. The canal circle "starts offevolved" at Centraal Station and follows the circle of water, so it is pretty tough to without a doubt wander away.
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pleasant Time to go to Amsterdam:
pleasant Time to go to Amsterdam Spring is arguably the most famous time to visit Amsterdam, especially due to the fact the metropolis becomes a veritable blanket of tulips. After spring though, Amsterdam isn't always quick of things to experience, along with Museum night that's held for the duration of the first week of November. lawn walks across the city are held at some stage in the 0.33 weekend of June and get admission to to historical residences and gardens is made available to the public in the course of the second one weekend of September.
What to Do in AmsterdamุŸ
What to Do in Amsterdam whilst you're on vacation in Amsterdam, one of the great methods to feed your urge for tradition and art is to get your self an I Amsterdam card, available through a journey agent or at most airports or significant Station. the card offers you heavily discounted or maybe unfastened get entry to to a lot of Amsterdam's well-known museums, loose use of public transportation, a unfastened cruise at the canal that surrounds the town and reductions at popular restaurants.
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hire a Bicycle for Sightseeing:
hire a Bicycle for Sightseeing Amsterdam is one of the most popular towns for biking enthusiasts as well as commuters. cycling is likewise a famous way to see Amsterdam and bicycle leases may be located just about anywhere. Cycle across the canal or to different local cities like Haarlem which features medieval architecture and the u . s . a .'s oldest museum. as an alternative of getting to rely on tight schedules for motorized public transportation, you could sightsee at your entertainment and prevent to dine or stroll round.
experience Dutch cuisine:
experience Dutch cuisine The Dutch are acknowledged for numerous famous dishes that should not be ignored whilst you're on excursion. a touch is going an extended way too, and you may be complete after simply one entree of traditional Dutch meals. Bread is a staple item that accompanies or is brought to many dishes. Potatoes also are determined in many Dutch dishes and may be very filling, however also scrumptious. traditional Dutch cuisine normally consists of ingredients that keep well like smoked fish and soups as well as wealthy, decadent desserts. whilst searching over a menu, pick lighter or smaller fare as an appetizer or actually experience a full size appetizer as a meal.
With glowing lanterns decking the streets, festive markets popping up all over the place and the fragrance of gingerbread within the air, Amsterdam is a remarkable area to visit inside the iciness time. now not best imparting a great alternative to Christmas buying on your nearby excessive road, you could also indulge your cultural side in the many yule activities on offer.
Europe's historic and cultural centres:
renowned for being one among Europe's historic and cultural centres, in addition to Holland's maximum famous city, Amsterdam is bursting with interesting activities at some point of its festive season. as an instance, among the museums and nearby points of interest play host to a chain of Christmassy activities.
As a result, traffic can count on to be entertained with a number unique performances, which includes holiday concert events and beautiful nativity scenes. it is also possible to visit the Theater Carrรฉ, that's domestic to the well-known Wereldkerstcircus, or international Christmas Circus. similarly exciting is taking a experience on the museum tram.
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Amsterdam also sees as much as one hundred,000 people coming to experience the largest global documentary movie competition. based in 1988, it has grown through the years right into a amazing occasion, imparting those interested the risk to observe greater than 250 international documentaries and films.
For some festive a laugh, you could also take yourself along to the sprawling Christmas marketplace, which is located behind the city's Rijksmuseum. similarly to the sort of crafts and presents provided, there's also a Ferris wheel and ice rink. To hold the cold at bay you may bask in some warm chocolate and traditional Dutch sugar-lined pancakes!
Holland's capital also gives up some excellent Christmas shopping and is a extremely good way to avoid the crowds of human beings elbowing their way down your local excessive street. De Negen Straatjes, or the nine little streets as it's miles known, is a adorable area to visit and gives up the risk to shop for a few precise Amsterdam goodies. alternatively, if you head to De Jordan, you could discover an array of hidden treasures.
as well as familiarising yourself with the town, Amsterdam is also a gateway into a plethora of smaller towns and villages. As a end result, it is possible to take a few day trips into the encompassing regions to experience their take at the festivities. as an instance, you can take a teach ride to Haarlem to look the Christmas marketplace or wander around the picturesque Het loo. Den Haag is every other superb vacation spot, as is Gouda, where the tree-lighting ceremony is a popular event.
So, in case you select to take one of the many flights to Amsterdam which can be to be had, no longer simplest can you take pleasure in a few conventional Dutch services, however it is also a excellent vicinity to get the Christmas purchasing executed!
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any movements. Any links are protected for facts
The information contained within this newsletter is the opinion of the writer and is meant basically for records and interest purposes most effective. It ought to now not be used to make any selections or take any movements. Any links are protected for facts purposes only.
Andrew Regan writes on behalf of a digital advertising and marketing enterprise. He hopes you loved his article, but urges you to are seeking further knowledge of its subjects before making any selections primarily based on its content material.
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35joni ยท 5 years ago
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1868 Map of the northern part of the island of Manhattan, New York city by W. C. Rogers. Map covers the upper part of Manhattan, above 86th street (including Morningside Heights, Manhattan Valley, Harlem, Inwood, the Upper West Side, the Upper East Side, etc...). Based upon the 1836 Topographical Map of the City and County of New York drawn by David H. Burr and published by J.H. Colton.
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79. Harlem Square and the village of Harlem
Detail of the Commissioners' Plan of 1811.
Under the direction of Peter Stuyvesant, Dutch settlers founded the town of Nieuw Haarlem in 1658. As seen on the Commissioners' Plan of 1811, the agricultural village was organized around the intersection of three roads, a spot known locally as Five Corners. Church Lane, later known as the Old Harlem Road, began at the Harlem River and ran southwest, connecting the town to the Kingsbridge Road, while the Boston Post Road ran northerly toward the Harlem Bridge.
The commissioners established two open spaces in the area: the Harlem Square, between 117th and 121st Streets and Sixth and Seventh Avenues, and the Harlem Marsh, an outlet for the Harlem Creek. In the late 1830s, as the city began opening streets and avenues in the district, these sites were altered. Fifth Avenue cut straight through Snake Hill, a seventy-foot rocky outcropping around 121st Street, noted on Randel's map. Instead of blasting through this area, the city decided to make it a park, interrupting Fifth Avenue's course as it runs northward. In 1836 the state legislature passed an act that eliminated Harlem Square and established Mount Morris Square (now Marcus Garvey or Mount Morris Park) between 120th and 124th Streets. One year later, Harlem Marsh was also abolished, and the grid was projected onto its swampy land.
-- Andrea Renner / The Greatest Grid
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exotericenvironmentalism ยท 8 years ago
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London to the Lowlands- a winter cycle touring trip: the art and culture
Following 2 initial posts, describing the planning/cycling and the places I visited, this third blog post on my series of my winter cycle in the Netherlands/Belgium takes a slightly different angle- and focuses on the art and culture I managed to experience on my travels. I think it is important to understand that cyclists often have interests out with cycling, and that there are often great opportunities for using a bike as a way of accessing and partaking in such wider interests. I have had an interest in art and culture for a long time, but it is in recent years as I have got more involved in cycling that I have actually been able to reach a wider range of exhibitions, galleries and locations- both in and around my home city of Glasgow, but furthermore more widely in Scotland and in other countries that I visit.ย 
During my January cycle trip I passed through the major European cities, and the home of major art collections, of London and Brussels- while furthermore manged to incorporate visits to other significant cultural heritage sites that I had been aware of, such as the cathedral in Aachen and the UNESCO heritage site of Leuvenโ€™s old town. (A previous cycle trip to the region allowed me to incorporate visits to the galleries and museums of Amsterdam and The Hague, the beautiful and historic old towns of Brugge and Haarlem, and furthermore initially unplanned visits to the memorable Krรถller-Mรผller Museum and the emotional Westerbrook World War 2 refugee transit camp.)
It is perhaps these unexpected cultural visits and experiences that you have when cycle touring that demonstrate the value and opportunity of combining cycle touring with accessing art and culture. Two examples are evident from my January cycle. The impromptu stop I made at Brusselsโ€™s Cinquantenaire Museum/ Royal Museums of Art and History to see its Ukiyo-e exhibition of Japanese art- including the famous โ€˜Great Waveโ€™ by Hokusai (an exhibition I only became aware of because the cycle path I was following took me through the Parc de Cinquantenaire). The overnight stay I had in the tiny village of Stevensweert in the middle of the Maas River- historically important due to the fact the Spanish had built a fortress there during the Dutch War of Independence in the 16/17thย century, and still retaining the hexagonal street layout from that period (again a place I would unlikely to have reached by other forms of transport).
The images here are of a few of the fantastic art, cultural and historic attractions I managed to see on my journey- while some of the specific art/cultural things I got up to included:
-ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย  London: Using my Art Fund pass, and travelling between numerous galleries by bike, allowed me to affordably access numerous exhibitions and locations across city during the few days I was there- from a Paul Nash exhibition at the Tate Britain, a number or shows at the Nordic Matters festival at the Southbank Centre, a Caravaggio exhibition at the National Gallery, the Wildlife Photographer of the Year at the Natural History Museum, and Maps of the 20thย century at the British Library. I also managed to visit the new Design Museum at Holland Park and climb the Switch House tower at the Tate Modern, affording some new spectacular views over the London skyline.
-ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย  Brussels: As well as the Ukiyo-e exhibition featuring work by Japanese artist Hokusai and a number of his contemporaries, I furthermore visited the Royal Museum of Fine arts to see a exhibition containing a number of Peter Bruegel โ€˜s most famous pieces (including โ€˜Fall of Icarusโ€™) as well as seeing several other significant European works (the likes of โ€˜The Death of Maratโ€™ by Jacques-Louis David and โ€˜The Temptation of St. Anthony by Salvador Dali). I also visited the Rene Magritte museum to see works by Belgiumโ€™s Surrealist master.
-ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย  Aachen: In a day trip from Maastricht, I cycled to the German city of Aachen to see its quite majestic cathedral- the oldest cathedral in Northern Europe, dating from the 8th century, and which has been developed over its 1000+ year lifetime into an architectural wonder of numerous artistic styles in addition to its religious and historic significance.
-ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย  Hull: Not normally referred to in the same breath as these other locations for its art and cultural heritage- but Hull, the port on the east coast of England where my ferry from Rotterdam docked, is the UKโ€™s City of Culture for 2017. Numerous events throughout the year make the city a place to really consider visiting for art lovers in 2017- and I saw the fantastic โ€˜Lines of Thoughtโ€™ exhibition on the last day of my trip, with sketches by many of the greatest European artists in history- Rembrandt to Durer to Cezanne.
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7 ย Day Netherlands Travel Itinerary and Guide
The Netherlands is a beautiful country filled with towns, cities, and villages that are all very unique and diverse, and also one of the best destinations to travel to for Solo Travellers. It is a small country and therefore, spending one week in the Netherlands is just enough time to get a taste of some of the top places within the country. Of course, more time is always better, but this 7 Day Netherlands Travel Itinerary will give you the best Holland experience in the limited time that you have.
ย  Whatโ€™s great about travelling around the Netherlands is that, as previously mentioned, it is a very small country and that means getting around and travelling around seeing a lot of cities is very easy. Journeys between destinations are scenic and quick and offer tons to see along the way. With only seven days in the Netherlands you have to be picky on the places you choose to go to. In an ideal world you would go everywhere but, in this case, you have to pick the best of the best.
ย  This Netherlands travel itinerary covers cities like Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Haarlem, Utrecht, Gouda, that will give you the best Holland experience. Feel free to moderate this one week Netherlands itinerary to fit your needs if you prefer to travel slowly and spend a little more time in cities you could cut one or two of the places out of this itinerary in order to make it fit your travel style.
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ย  Day 1 โ€“ 2 | Amsterdamย 
The first stop on your Trip to Netherlands is the very famous capital city of the Netherlands, Amsterdam. This is by far the most popular city in the Netherlands that attracts millions of tourists a year all eager to explore the stunning canals, quirky houses, and famous landmarks. But to do and see everything you should in Amsterdam, it is suggested you spend at least two days here. The best two days during the week to spend in Amsterdam are the weekend, as Amsterdam during the weekend is when you will find most events and special surprises.
ย  ย  During the two days in Amsterdam be sure to go to The Anne Frank House, visit the Jordaan, eat Dutch cheese, and admire the architecture. Thereโ€™s so much to see and do and you will surely be lost in the streets and wishing you had a few more days.ย 
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ย  Day 3 | Utrecht & Goudaย 
After visiting Amsterdam, take a short 20-minute train ride to Utrecht. Here you will find mediaeval buildings, old canals, lively streets and a ton to see. Spending the day here will show you another beautiful city in the Netherlands that is much less busy and touristy than Amsterdam. Utrecht is also very close to Gouda which is another city in the Netherlands famous for its Gouda cheese. Therefore, after spending one day in Utrecht it is suggested to leave early the next morning and make a quick top in Gouda before visiting the next city.
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ย  Day 4 | Rotterdam
A quick morning stop in Gouda is perfect before visiting Rotterdam. Gouda is an authentic Dutch town whereas Rotterdam could not be any more different. Rotterdam is a city that was completely destroyed during World War II and therefore it looks very different from the other cities in the Netherlands because it was rebuilt in a more modern style than the classic style. It is such an interesting place to explore and see a more modern futuristic side to the Netherlands.
ย  ย  Day 5 | Den Haagย ย 
The Hague | Flickr | R Boed
ย  The Hague is an interesting city that is known as the political capital of the Netherlands. Find various embassies, political buildings, and palaces in the Hague which are stunning and great to photograph. The most interesting and enticing aspect of the Hague is the beach called Scheveningen beach. This is a large sandy stretch of beach that becomes filled with people in the summer!
ย  ย  Day 6 โ€“ 7 | Haarlemย 
Spend the last two days of this One Week Netherlands Travel Itinerary, in Haarlem. Haarlem is also regarded as a mini Amsterdam because it looks quite similar but with much fewer tourists. This is a great place to explore by foot or by boat, plus it is close to the famous Zaanse Schans which is an area full of authentic Dutch windmills!
ย  ย  Spend two days in Harlem and you will be able to explore the city plus venture outside and go to Zaanse Schans. Whatโ€™s also great is that Harlem is very close to Amsterdam (only 20 minutes by train) so if you are flying out from Amsterdam you are close and donโ€™t need to travel far to get to the airport.
ย  Zaanse Schans, Netherlands | Unsplash | Tommy Ferraz
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The 7 Day Netherlands Itinerary โ€“ Summarised
Day 1 โ€“ 2 | Amsterdamย 
Day 3 | Utrecht & Gouda
Day 4 | Rotterdamย 
Day 5 | Den Haagย ย 
Day 6 โ€“ 7 | Haarlemย 
ย  Tips and Recommendations for your Trip to Netherlands
How to get around The Netherlands
The Netherlands is very easy to travel around. The easiest way is by train and luckily the train transportation system in the Netherlands is one of the best in Europe. The trains are running constantly throughout the day and are a very fast way to get from city to city all around the country. However, if you are taking the train very often you might see the price catch up with you. The trains in the Netherlands are on the more expensive side and if you find yourself on a train every day it can get quite pricey.
ย  If you are looking to save some money on transportation you can also rent a car. Driving in the Netherlands is quite easy as there are not many major highways. Plus if you have your own car you can stop along the way and check out any additional places that are along the route.
ย  Weather in The Netherlands
The one thing that is not so great about the Netherlands is the weather. The Netherlands is notorious for raining very often and seemingly out of nowhere. Youโ€™ll most likely get used to these types of weather conditions and you just have to make the best of exploring in a little bit of rain. However, whatโ€™s great about the weather is that the Netherlands is a pretty mild country meaning in the winter it is cold but not very often in the negatives and during the other seasons you can expect mild and not extreme temperatures.
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ย  I hope you found this 7 Day Netherlands Travel Itinerary, to be of help to you, as a reliable Travel Resource for planning your Trip to Netherlands. Donโ€™t forget to Pin these images, and save this Best of Netherlands in 7 Days โ€“ A Travel Itinerary and Guide, for future travel planning.
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ย  If you enjoyed reading this 7 Day Netherlands Itinerary and Travel Guide, you might want to check out some other 7 Day Travel Guides and Itineraries, as well.
ย  7 Day Road Trip to Scotland
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The 7 Day Myanmar Road Trip Itinerary
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One Week in Netherlands | Travel Itinerary andย Guide 7 ย Day Netherlands Travel Itinerary and Guide The Netherlands is a beautiful country filled with towns, cities, and villages that are all very unique and diverse, and alsoโ€ฆ
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Most Scenic Towns Worth Exploring At Least Once in The Netherlands
Finding natural beauty and adventure is never a struggle in the Netherlands, the Dutch city is world-famous from flat green tulip gardens in Keukenhof, the coastal provinces of Noord Holland, the exuberant windmill, the historic sites of Haarlem, the quaint little Dutch villages are worth exploring at least once. Unlike Amsterdam, Netherlands is a place where modernity mix with tradition. Whether you are religiously looking for artistic masterpieces, cutting else design, old age windmills or romantic cafes the city promises endless adventures and memorable experiences on all occasions.
https://www.sooperarticles.com/travel-articles/destination-tips-articles/most-scenic-towns-worth-exploring-least-once-netherlands-1767819.html
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hoshvilim ยท 6 years ago
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ื”ืคื•ืกื˜ ื”ื–ื” ืดื”ื•ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ืืด ืžืฆื™ื’ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื•ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืžื ืฆื™ื—ื™ื ืืช ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื”ื ืฉื ืจืฆื—ื• ื‘ื”ืฉื•ืื”. ื›ืืŸ ื ื—ืฉื•ืฃ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืื™ืฉื™ ื•ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™. ื”ืคื•ืกื˜ ื”ื–ื” ืžื™ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืื‘ื ื™ ื ื’ืฃย Stolpersteinย (ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช) โ€“ Struikelstene (ื‘ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™ืช) ืฉืœ ื”ืืžืŸ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ย ื’ื•ื ื˜ืจ ื“ืžื ื™ื’ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื•ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื‘ื”ื•ืœื ื“ ื“ืจืš ืžืกืข ื”ื”ื ืฆื—ื” ืฉืœ ืกื‘ื ื•ืกื‘ืชื ืฉืœ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™, ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ื™ืœืคืจืกื•ื-Hilversum ื‘ื”ื•ืœื ื“, ืฉื’ื•ืจืฉื• ืœืžื—ื ื” ื•ื•ืกื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจืง ื‘ืฉื ืช 1943 ื•ื ืจืฆื—ื• ื‘ืื›ื–ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ืชย 1943. ื ืกืงื•ืจ ื›ืืŸ ืืช ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ื™ืœืคืจืกื•ื ื•ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืจย Het Gooi, ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื, ื”ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ื ืืฆื™ ื‘ื”ื™ืœืคืจืกื•ื, ื•ื”ืฉื•ืื” ื‘ื”ื™ืœืคืจืกื•ื. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™ ืžืื•ื“ (ื‘ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™ืช) ืขืœ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ื ืืฆื™ ื•ื”ืฉื•ืื” ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื”ื™ืœืคืจืกื•ื. [ืœื ื•ื—ื™ื•ืชื›ื ืกื™ื›ืžืชื™ ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืืช ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.]
ื”ื–ืจื™ื–ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™ื ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ืดื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ืกื•ืคื™ืด
ื•ืขื™ื“ืช ื•ืื ื–ื”ย (Wannseekonferenz) ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื” ื‘-20 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจย 1942. ื‘ื•ืขื™ื“ื” ื”ื ืืฆื™ื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ืดื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ืกื•ืคื™ืด โ€“ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืœื”ืฉืžื“ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”. ืขื“ ืืžืข ื™ื•ื ื™ 1942 ื›ืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืœืคืจืกื•ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื’ื•ืจืฉื• ืœืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื.ย ื‘ื˜ืงืกย ย Struikelstene โ€“ ืื‘ืŸ ื ื’ืฃ ืฉืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœื ื•, ืฉื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘- 10.09.19, ืจืืฉ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื”ืงื˜ื ื˜ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœืคืจืกื•ื, ืžืจ ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ, ื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืฉื‘ืขื™ืจ ื–ืืช ืžื™ืœืื• ืืช ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื‘ื ืืฆื™ื ื‘ื–ืจื™ื–ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื“ื™ื™ืงื ื•ืช.
ืื‘ื ื™ ื ื’ืฃ โ€“ Struikelstene (ื‘ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™ืช) โ€“ Stumbling Block (ืื ื’ืœื™ืช)
ืื‘ื ื™ ื ื’ืฃ โ€“ย Stolperstein (ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช), ื”ื•ื ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื”ื ืฆื—ื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืขืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”. ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื”ื•ื ืคืจื™ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืืžืŸ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ ื’ื•ื ื˜ืจ ื“ืžื ื™ื’. ื“ืžื™ื ื’ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืŸ โ€œื”ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™โ€ โ€“ ืื‘ื™ื• ื”ื™ื” ื—ื™ื™ืœ ื ืืฆื™.ย ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช, ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ โ€œื”ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™โ€ ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื ื™ืฆื•ืœื™ ื”ืฉื•ืื”. ื•ืื™ืœื• ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”, ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ โ€œื”ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™โ€ ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื ื™ื”ื ื•ืœื‘ื ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื ืืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืขื‘ืจ ืงื•ื“ืจ ื•ืืคืœ.ย ื“ืžื™ื ื’ ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืื‘ื ื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืจื˜ ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ืขืฆืžื•. ื–ืืช, ื‘ืฉืœ ืจืฆื•ื ื• ืฉืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื”ื”ื ืฆื—ื” ื™ื™ืฉืืจ ืื™ืฉื™. ื”ืื‘ื ื™ืย ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื•ืช ืžืขื˜ ืžืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืžื“ืจื›ื”. ื’ื ื›ื™ื•ื, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื ื™ื— ืžืื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืื‘ื ื™ ื ื’ืฃ ืงื˜ื ื•ืช, ื“ืžื™ื ื’ ืžืงืคื™ื“ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ืคืจื˜ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืื™ืฉ, ืื™ืฉื”, ื™ืœื“ ืื• ื™ืœื“ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื ืฆื™ื—.
ืจืืฉื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื‘ืชืขืจื•ื›ื” ืฉืœ ื“ืžื ื™ื’ ื‘-1991. ืื– ื”ื ื™ื— ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืกืจื˜ ืฉืœ ื›-16 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ืœืื•ืจืš ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉ ืืช ื”ื ืืฆื™ื ื‘ืžืื™ 1940 ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืœืฃ ืฆื•ืขื ื™ื ืžื”ืขื™ืจ ืงืœืŸ ืฉื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืœืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ื ื•ืกืขืช ืžื–ืจื—ื” ืืœ ืžื—ื ื•ืช ื”ื”ืฉืžื“ื”.ย ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ื–ืจื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืœืงืจืืช ื”ืฉืžื“ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื.
ื™ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ืœื‘ ืฉืœ ืื‘ืŸ,ย  ื™ืฉ ืื‘ื ื™ื ืขื ืœื‘ ืื“ื. (ื”ื›ื•ืชืœ ืžื™ืœื™ื: ื™ื•ืกื™ ื’ืžื–ื•)
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/34/Verlegung_Stolperstein_Historisches_Rathaus_K%C3%B6ln.WebM/Verlegung_Stolperstein_Historisches_Rathaus_K%C3%B6ln.WebM.480p.vp9.webm
ืื‘ื ื™ ื”ื ื’ืฃ ืฉืœ ื“ืžื ื™ื’ ืฉืงื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ืจื›ื•ืชย ื‘ืขืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืืช ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ื ืืฆื™ื–ื. ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ืช 2018 ื”ื•ื ื—ื• ืžืขืœ ืœ-70,000 ืื‘ื ื™ ื ื’ืฃ ื‘ืขืจื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”:ื‘ื›-610 ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”, ื‘ืื•ืกื˜ืจื™ื”, ื‘ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”, ื‘ื”ื•ืœื ื“, ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ื”, ืื•ืงืจืื™ื ื”, ืžืงื“ื•ื ื™ื”, ืฆโ€™ื›ื™ื” ื•ื‘ืœื’ื™ื”. ื”ืื‘ื ื™ื ืžืฆื™ื™ื ื•ืช ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ื ืืฆื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื’ื ืžืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช: ืฆื•ืขื ื™ื, ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืžืชื• ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืชย ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืื•ืชื ืกื™ื” ื”ื ืืฆื™ืชย (ืฉืกื‘ืœื• ืžืคื’ืžื™ื ื’ื•ืคื ื™ื™ื, ื›ืžื•ืžื™ื ืžื•ืœื“ื™ื ืื• ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื›ืจื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืงืฉื™ื™ืย ื ืคืฉื™ื™ืย ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ), ืืกื™ืจื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื,ย ื”ื•ืžื•ืกืงืกื•ืืœื™ืย ื•ื—ืกืจื™ ื‘ื™ืช)
ื‘-1995ย ื”ื ื™ื— ื“ืžื ื™ื’ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ืกื™ื•ื ื™ (ื•ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืจืฉื•ืช) ืืช ื”ืื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืงืœืŸ
ื‘-1995ย ื”ื•ื ื”ื ื™ื— ืืช โ€œืื‘ื ื™ ื”ื ื’ืฃโ€ ื‘ืงืจื•ื™ืฆื‘ืจื’, ืฉื›ื•ื ื” ื‘ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ.
ื‘-1996ย ื”ื ื™ื— ื“ืžื ื™ื’ 55 ืื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ โ€œืืžื ื™ื ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืืชย ืื•ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฅโ€.
ื‘-1997ย ื”ื•ื ื—ื• ืฉืชื™ ื”ืื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœื–ื›ืจย ืขื“ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื”ย ื‘ืขื™ื™ืจื” ืกื˜. ื’ืื•ืจื’ืŸ, ืœื™ื“ย ื–ืœืฆื‘ื•ืจื’.
ื‘-2001 ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื•ืกืจื• ื”ืžื›ืฉื•ืœื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืจื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื™ื, ื”ื•ื ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืจืฉื•ืช ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืขื•ื“ 600 ืื‘ื ื™-ื ื’ืฃ ื‘ืงืœืŸ.
Laying of stumbling blocks โ€“ The photo shows the artist Gunter Demnig
ื“ืžื ื™ื’ย ืžื›ื™ืŸ ืงื•ื‘ื™ื™ืชย ื‘ื˜ื•ืŸย ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ 10X10 ืกืดืž, ื•ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืืœื™ื” ืœื•ื—ื™ืชย ืคืœื™ื–, ืขืœื™ื” ื ื—ืจื˜ื™ื ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื: ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช โ€œื›ืืŸ ื’ืจโ€ฆโ€ ืื• โ€œื›ืืŸ ื—ื™โ€ฆโ€, ืฉื ื”ื ืกืคื”, ืฉื ืช ื”ืœื™ื“ื” ื•ืžื” ืขืœื” ื‘ื’ื•ืจืœื• โ€“ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืจื•ื‘ ืชืืจื™ืš ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ืื• ื”ืžืฉืœื•ื— ืœืžื—ื ื”.
ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืœืื‘ื ื™ ื ื’ืฃ: ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื” ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืœืื‘ื ื™ ื ื’ืฃ ื‘ืขืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืžื›ืžื” ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช: ื”ืื‘ื ื™ื ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ื ืืฆื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื•ืช ืงื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืกืœื™ืœื”, ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ ืจื’ืœ ื™ื“ืจืกื• ืขืœ ื”ืื‘ื ื™ื, ืคื—ื“ ืžืื™ื ืคืœืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ืื ื“ืจื˜ื•ืช, ื•ืกืชื ืื ื˜ื™-ืฉืžื™ื•ืช.
ืื‘ื ื™ ื ื’ืฃ ื‘ื”ื•ืœื ื“
ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืื‘ื ื™ ื ื’ืฃ ืคืขื™ืœ ืžืื“ ื‘ื”ื•ืœื ื“.ย ืื‘ื ื™ ื”ื ื’ืฃ ื‘ื”ื•ืœื ื“ ื”ื•ื ื—ื• ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2007 ื‘-Borne. ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ืœืคืจืกื•ื ื”ื•ื ื—ื• ื‘2009. ื›ืœ ืื‘ื ื™ ื”ื ื’ืฃ ื‘ื”ื•ืœื ื“ ื•ื‘ืœื’ื™ื” ื”ื ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื.
ื‘-ืืคืจื™ืœ 2009 ื‘-Sneek ื•-Glanerbrug.
ื‘ืžืื™ 2009 ื‘:Bos en Lommer, Westerpark, Zuideramstel, Oud-Zuid Amsterdam,ย Weesp, Eindhoven,Almelo, Borne, Doesburg, Zaandam, Haarlem and Leiden
ื‘-ืืคืจื™ืœ 2010 ื‘-Holten, Haaksbergen, Tilburg, Roosendaal, Werkendam, Tiel, Rotterdam, Utrecht, Hilversum, Leeuwarden and Haren. ื”ื•ื ื—ื• ื’ื ๏ฟฝ๏ฟฝ-Amsterdam and Utrecht ืœื–ื›ืจ ื”ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉื–ื›ื• ื‘ืžื“ืœื™ื•ืช ื–ื”ื‘ ื‘ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื™ืื“ื” ืฉืœ 1928.
ืขื™ืจื™ืช ื”ื•ืœืคืจืกื•ื ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืžื‘ืฆืข ืดืื‘ื ื™ ื”ื ื’ืฃืด โ€“ Hilversum continues with stumbling stones
Tuesday 26 Feb 2019
HILVERSUM โ€“ The municipality will continue to place stumbling stones in Hilversum.ย The college decided that today.ย The municipality asks the Foundation for the Preservation of the Jewish Heritage Gooi and Vechtstreek to place 408 stumbling stones in the coming years.ย This brings the World War II memorials to the entire city.ย The stumbling stones are placed in memory of the Jews who lived in Hilversum during the Second World War, were taken away and put to death.ย The small, gold-shining stones on the sidewalk are therefore a tangible reminder of the horrors of our time.ย The stumbling stones are an initiative of German artist Gunter Demnig and together form the largest art project in public space in Europe
The city council of Hilversum already decided in 2015 that they wanted 750 stumbling stones to be placed throughout the city.ย The project has paused for a while, but is now being restarted.ย Responsible alderman Wimar Jaeger is happy with the decision.ย โ€œI am very happy that we can now complete the making of the memory permanent. It would be unthinkable that not all Jewish victims are commemorated in this way.โ€ย The Foundation for the Preservation of the Jewish Heritage Gooi and Vechtstreek has been placing stumbling stones since 2009.ย They placed the first 272 stumbling stones in front of the municipality and also erected the Rudelsheim monument, in memory of 70 deported and killed children and supervisors of the former Rudelsheim Foundation.ย The foundation will also place the remaining 408 stumbling stones.ย Because Hilversum is not the only place that waits for the ten by ten centimeters of small stones and Demnig, as Jaeger says, also has only two hands, it takes a few years before all the stones are placed.ย The alderman hopes for roughly thirty to forty stones per year.ย It will soon become clear when and where the next stones will be placed
ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ื™ืœืคืจืกื•ื ื‘ื”ื•ืœื ื“
ื”ื™ืœืคืจืกื•ื (Hilversum โ€“ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช: ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื‘ืจื˜) ืžืžื•ืงืžืช ื‘ืžืจื›ื–ย Het Gooi (ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื™ื). ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื”ย โ€˜garden cityโ€™ +โ€™villa villageโ€™ +โ€™garden of Amsterdamโ€™. ื”ื™ืœืคืจืกื•ื ื”ื™ื ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘-ย Het Gooi. ื”ื™ื ืขืœืชื” ืขืœ Naaden ื ืžืื” ื”-18 ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื”ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืฆืžืจ, ื˜ืงืกื˜ื™ืœ ื•ืฉื˜ื™ื—ื™ื. ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืขืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืžืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื ื‘ื ื• ื‘ืชื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ืœืคืจืกื•ื ื•ื™ืฆืจื• ืื•ื™ืจื” ืงืชื•ืœื™ืช ื‘ืขื™ืจ. ื”ื ื‘ื ื• ืืช ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืงืชื•ืœื™ืช โ€“ ื›ื ืกื™ื™ืช St . Vitus Church ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ Pierre Cuype.ย  ื”ื›ื•ืžืจ ืฉืœ ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื–ื•,ย Pastor J. Dresmรฉ, ืฉื”ื™ื›ืจ ืืช ืžืฉืคื—ืชื ื• ื‘ืœื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ To Van De Weijer, ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ื˜ืงืก ื”-Struikelstene ืฉืœื ื•.
St. Vitus Church (architect Pierre Cuypers, construction Karel de Bazel), in a watercolor by K.P.C. de Bazel Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoedย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืงืชื•ืœื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื™ืœืคืจืกื•ื. ื”ื›ื•ืžืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ื˜ืงืก ืดืื‘ืŸ ื ื’ืฃืด ืฉืœื ื•
ย  ื”ื™ืœืคืจืกื•ื ื”ื™ื ืžืจื›ื– ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจื™ ื”ืจื“ื™ื• ื•ื”ื˜ืœื•ื™ื–ื™ื”. ื‘ื™ืช ื—ืจื•ืฉืชNederlandse Seintoestellen Fabriek ืœืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ื•ืงืœื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ืจื“ื™ื• ื ื‘ื ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1918 ื•ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื•ืงืย Netherlands Public Broadcasting. ืชื—ื ืช ื”ืจื“ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœืคืจืกื•ื ืฉื™ื“ืจื” ื‘-1933 ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืดTalk on Palestineืด ื•ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืฉื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ ื•ืขื‘ืจื™ืช: Jewish Songs, sung by Leo Fuld : 1, Ghetto (Benatzky ; 2, Yismach Moshe (Roskin) ; 3, Gott in sein Mishpot is gerecht (Meierowitz-Berman) ; 4, Steh auf, mein Volk (Goldfaden.
ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื™ื”ย Raadhuis van Hilversum ื”ื•ืงื ื‘ืฉื ืช 1931 ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ย Willem Marinus Dudok. ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ื ืืฆื™ ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉืจื“ ื”-ย Wehrmacht. ื”ืžื’ื“ืœ ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ื”ื•ืกื•ื•ื” ืžืขื™ื ื™ ื”ื˜ื™ื™ืกื™ื ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ื ื•ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื. ืงืจื™ื•ืŸ โ€“ย carillon ื”ืคืขืžื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื’ื“ืœ ืฆื™ืœืฆืœื• ื—ื™ ื›ืœ ืฉืขื” ืขื’ื•ืœื” ืžืœืคื ื™ 1940 ืขื“ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-1960.
Roundtheworld โ€“ Own work Hilversum Town Hall: the finest example of the work of architect Willem Marinus Dudokย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ืขื™ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ื•ืœืคืจืกื•ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื”ืฉื’ ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ื ื™. ืžื™ื“ ืœืื—ืจ ื‘ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ ื”ืคืš ืœืžืฉืจื“ื™ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™.
ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ืžืชืžืขื˜ืช ื•ืžื–ื“ืงื ืช. ื‘-1965 ื”ื™ื• 103,000 ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ืฉื ืช 2016 ืจืงย 88,000. ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืžืกืคืจ ื‘ืชื™ ืื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื’ืจื ืœืขืœื™ืช ื”ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข. ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื™ืฉ ืชื—ื ืช ืฉืœ ืดGooilijnืดย ืจื›ื‘ืช (Amsterdamย /ย Schipholย โ€“ย Amersfoort).ย  ื‘ื”ื™ืœืคืจืกื•ื ื’ืฉืจ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขย (ecoduct)ย ื”ืืจื•ืš ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ื”ื™ืœืคืจืกื•ื ืื™ื—ืจื” ืืช ื”-ย 1958 Eurovision Song Contest.
Gooiland map drawn between 1725 and 1734 by Reinier and Joshua Ottens ื™ื•ืฆืจ Inter-Antiquariaat Mefferdt & De Jongeย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ืžืคืช ืื™ื–ื•ืจ Gooi ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื™ืœืคืจืกื•ื ืกื•ืจื˜ื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ 1725-1734
Het Gooi โ€“ ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ื—ื•ืื™
ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื”ื™ื ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืžื ื”ืœื™ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืžื•ื ื— โ€œืžื—ื•ื–โ€. Het Gooi ื”ื•ื ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื™ืœืคืจืกื•ื ื‘ืžื—ื•ื– ื”ื•ืœื ื“ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช. ื™ื—ื“ ืขืย ย Bussumย ,Naardenย ,Huizenย ,Larenย ,Blaricumย ื”ืŸ ื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช Randstad ืจื ื“ืกื˜ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืดmetropolitan areaืด.ย Het Gooi ื”ื™ื” ืื—ื“ ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื”ืชื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืงื‘ืข ื‘ื”ื•ืœื ื“. ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืจื•ืขื™ ืฆืืŸ ื•ื‘ืงืจ.
Historic map of the Gooiย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ืžืคื” ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ื—ื•ืื™ -Gooi
ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืœืคืจืกื•ื
ื‘ืขืชย ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉ ืกืคืจื“ย ื‘ืฉื ืชย 1492ย ื ืžืœื˜ื• ื—ืœืง ืžื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืกืคืจื“ ืœืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ืœ. ืื•ืœื ืืฃ ื‘ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœืกื‘ื•ืœ ืืช ืจื“ื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืื™ื ืงื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืฆื™ื” ื•ื—ืœืงื ื ืืœืฆื• ืœื”ืชื ืฆืจ. ืžืื” ืฉื ื” ืœืื—ืจ ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉ ืกืคืจื“, ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื ืฆืืฆืื™ ื”ืื ื•ืกื™ื ืžืกืคืจื“ ื•ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ืœ. ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ื ืœื—ืžื”ย ื”ื•ืœื ื“ย ื‘ืกืคืจื“, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืขื“ื™ืคื• ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉื‘ืื• ืžื—ืฆื™ ื”ืื™ ื”ืื™ื‘ืจื™, ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ืงื”ื™ืœืชื โ€œื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ื–ื™ืชโ€ ื•ืœื ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช.
ื‘ืžืื” ื”-17 ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื‘ืจื• ืžืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื”ื™ื•ื. ืžืœื—ืžืช 30 ื”ืฉื ื” (1618-1648) ื•ืคืจืขื•ืช ืชืดื—-ืชืดื˜ ื‘1648 ื’ืจืžื• ืœื‘ืจื™ื—ื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ื. ื’ื ืืคืœื™ื” ื“ืชื™ืช ื’ืจืžื” ืœืจื‘ื™ื ืœื—ืคืฉ ื‘ืชื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื. ื”ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื” ื”ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™ืช, ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืžืฉื’ืฉื’, ื•ืกื•ื‘ืœื ื™ืช, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื ื‘ืžื—ื•ื– ื”ืขืฉื™ืจ ื”ื•ืœื ื“ ื”ื™ื•ื• ืžื’ื ื˜ ืœืจื‘ื™ื. ืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื ื’ื“ืœื” ืคื™ ืฉืœืฉื” ื‘ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื”. ื”ืขื™ืจ ื ื–ืงืงื” ืœืคื•ืขืœื™ื, ืขื•ื–ืจื•ืช, ื‘ื ืื™ื, ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžืœืื›ื”, ืคื•ืขืœื™ ื“ืคื•ืก, ืžืœื•ืžื“ื™ื, ื•ื™ืžืื™ื ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฉืง ื”ืฆื•ืžื— ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืจื’ื ื™ืช. ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืื“ ืžื’ื•ื•ื ืช. ื”ืฆื™ื™ืจ ืจืžื‘ืจื ื“ื˜ ืฉื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื‘ืจื•ื‘ืข ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื’ื™ืœื” ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื™ื ืืงื–ื•ื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืœืฆื™ื•ืจื™ ื”ืชื ืดืš ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื.
ื”ืฆืขื“ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœืงืจืืช ื”ืงืžืชื• ืฉืœ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืจื›ื– ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื ืขืฉื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘-1808, ืชื—ืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื• ืฉืœย ื ืคื•ืœื™ืื•ืŸ.
ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ืœืคืจืกื•ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-18. ืื– ื”ืชืคืœืœื• ื‘-Kerkstraat ืœื™ื“Groeststraat.
ื‘ืฉื ืช 1751 ื ื—ื ืš ื‘ื™ืช ืขืœืžื™ืŸ ืขืœ Gooise Vaart. ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืขื“ 1863 ื›ืืฉืจ ื ืจื›ืฉ ืฉื˜ื— ื‘-Vreelandseweg ืœื”ืงืžืช ื‘ื™ืช ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉ. ื”ืงื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉืŸ ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื• ื‘ืฉื ืชย 1937.
Postcard of the Gooische Vaart in Hilversum with the jewish cemetery, ca. 1914ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ืขืชื™ืง ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ ืœืชืขืœืชย ย Gooische Vaart
ื‘ืฉื ืช 1781 ืจืืฉื™ ื”ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืื™ืฉืจื• ื”ืงืžืช ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช.
ื‘ืฉื ืช 1788 ื”ื’ื™ืฉื• ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืงืžืช ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื ืกืช.
ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ื•ืงื ื‘ืฉื ืช 1789.ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ื™ื” ื‘-Zeedijk. ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืฉื’ืฉื’ื”. ื”ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื›ืœืœื• ื•ืขื“ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช, ื—ื‘ืจื” ืงื“ื™ืฉื, ื’ืžืดื—, ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื ืฉื™ื, ื•ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘-Zeedijk. ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื›ืœืœื•:ย  Rudelsheimย Foundationย ,ย Beth Azarya,ย Beth Refuโ€™a sanitarium,ย Friedman Foundationย childrens health colonies, De Bergstichting orphanage, Zonnestraal sanitarium
Postcard of the Friedman Foundation in Hilversum, ca. 1930ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ืœืคืจืกื•ื
ื‘ืžืื” ื”-19 ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืงืฆื‘ื™ื ืื• ืกื•ื—ืจื™ื.
ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืขืœื” ื”ืžืกืคืจ ืœื›-1400, ื›ืืฉืจ ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืื•ืœืฆื• ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ ื‘ื” ื•ื‘ื›ืžื” ืขืจื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช.
ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ื™ืŸ 1900-1930. ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืžื ืชื” ื›ืืœืฃ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘-1930 (600 ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช) ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”.
ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ื”ื™ืœืคืจืกื•ื ื•ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”
1789 80 1809 184 1840 160 1869 246 1899 538 1930 1007 1951 200 1971 150 1998 40
Post-WWII Synagogue in Hilversum, The Netherlandsย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ื”ื™ืœืคืจืกื•ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื”
ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœืคืจืกื•ื ื•ื‘ื•ืกื•ื.
ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื’-Wijnberg (ืื“ื•ืืจื“ ืืคืจื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ื•ืจืขื™ืชื• ืจื™ื™ื ื” ืœื‘ื™ืช
ื™ืฉ ืขื“ื•ืช ืœืžื’ื•ืจื™ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืœื ื“ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจืฆื•ืฃ ืžืœืคื ื™ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื ืคื•ืœื™ืื•ืŸ. ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื ื”ื™ื’ืจื• ืžื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื‘ืžืื” ื”-17 ืื• ื”-18. ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื•ืืŸ ืžื ืง ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื ืžืขื™ืจ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื•ืœื ื“ ืœื ืจื—ื•ืง ืžื”ื™ืœืคืจืกื•ื.
ืžืฉื” ื™ืฆื—ืง ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื’ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ื ืคื˜ืจ 1790ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย ืขืžื ื•ืืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื” ื•ืืŸ ืžื ืง
ืคื™ืœื™ืคื•ืก ื™ืฆื—ืง ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื’ย  ย  ย  ื’ืจื•ื ื™ื ื’ืŸย  1785-1803ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ืฉืœืžื” ื•ืืŸ ืžื ืงย  ย  ย ื”ืจื“ืจื•ื™ืง 1781-1834
ื™ืฆื—ืง ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื’ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย ื’ืจื•ื ื™ื ื’ืŸย  1800-1872ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ืขืžื ื•ืืœ ื•ืืŸ ืžื ืงย  ย  ื”ืจื“ืจื•ื™ืง 1813-1894
ืคื™ืœื™ืคื•ืก ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื’ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย ื–ื•ื“ืœืจืŸย  ย  1824-1906ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย ื™ืขืงื‘ ื•ืืŸ ืžื ืงย  ย  ย  ื”ืจื“ืจื•ื™ืง ื ื•ืœื“ 1854
ื™ืฆื—ืง ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื’ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ื’ืจื•ื ื™ื ื’ืŸย  ย 1852-1934 (ืœืžื˜ื” ืจื™ืฉื•ื ืงื‘ื•ืจืชื• ื‘ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื”)
ืืคืจื™ื ืื“ื•ืืจื“ ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื’ย  ื–ื•ื“ืœืจืŸย  ย  ย  ย 14.7.1881 โ€“ย  ย  ืกื•ื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืจ 26.3.1943 ื™ืดื˜ ืื“ืจ ื‘ืณย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย 
ืจื™ื™ื ื” ื•ืืŸ ืžื ืงย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ื”ืจื“ืจื•ื™ืง 27.4.1888 โ€“ ืกื•ื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืจ 26.3.1943 ื™ืดื˜ ืื“ืจ ื‘ืณ
ืจื™ื™ื ื” ื•ืืŸ ืžื ืง-ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ืœืžื“ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืฆืจื ื™ืช (ืกื˜ื ื•ื’ืจืคื™ืช) โ€“ 90 ื”ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœื“ืงื” ืขื ืฉื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืžื”ื™ืจ. ื”ื“ื•ื“ ื”ื™ื” ืกื˜ื ื•ื’ืจืฃ ื‘ืคืจืœืžื ื˜ ื”ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™.
ืื™ื–ื™ื“ื•ืจ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื’ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ื’ืจื•ื ื™ื ื’ืŸย  ย  ย  22.8.1917 โ€“ย  ย ืื•ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฅ 31.1.1943 ื›ืดื” ืฉื‘ื˜
ื—ืชื•ื ื” ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ืฉืœ ืื™ื–ื™ื“ื•ืจ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื“ื•ืจื™ืก ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ื•ื’ืณื ื˜ ืืžื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืžื‘ืจื’. ื ื•ื›ื—ื• ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื•ืื—ื™ื
ย  ื•ืืฉืชื• ื’ืณื ื˜ ืืžื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืžื‘ืจื’ย  ืงืœืŸ, ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”ย  16.6.16ย  ย ืื•ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฅ 24.9.42ย  ื™ืดื’ ืชืฉืจื™ย 
Memorial Book of the Federal Archives for the Victims of the Nazi Persecution of the Jews in Germany (1933-1945)ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย ืชืืจื™ืš ืจืฆื™ื—ืช ื’ืณื ื˜ ืืžื” ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ื‘ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™
ื‘ื˜ืกื™ (ื‘ื™ื™ืœื” ืžื™ื ื“ืœื”) ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื’ โ€“ ืืจืœื™ืšย  ย Groningen-ื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื’ืŸย  ย 24.6.1919ย  โ€“ย  ย ืงืจื™ืช ืืชื 27.7.1988 ื™ืดื’ ืื‘
ืจื™ื™ื ื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ื•ืืŸ ืžื ืง ื ื•ืœื“ื” ื‘ื”ืจื“ืจื•ื™ืง. ืื“ื•ืืจื“ ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื” ื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจื• ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื’ืŸ ื‘ืžื—ื•ื– ื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื’ืŸ ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื ืื™ื–ื™ื“ื•ืจ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื•ื‘ื˜ืกื™ ื ื•ืœื“ื•ย ื‘ื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื’ืŸ. ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืขื‘ืจื” ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ืœื”ื™ืœืคืจืกื•ื ื‘ืžื—ื•ื– Noord-Holland.
ื‘ื˜ืกื™ ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ื•ืžืงื”ืœืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืจื“ื™ื• ื”ื•ืœืคืจืกื•ื
Hilversum is often called โ€œmedia cityโ€, since it is the principal centre for radio and television broadcasting in the Netherlands, and is home to an extensive complex of radio and televisionย studiosย and to the administrative headquarters of the multiple broadcasting organizations which make up theย Netherlands Public Broadcastingย system.ย Radio Netherlands, which has been broadcasting.
ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ื™ืœืคืจืกื•ื ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ ื”ืจื“ื™ื• ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” (ืฉืžืืœ ืœืžืขืœื”). ื›ืืŸ ืขืœ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื’ืจืžื ื™ ืžืฉื ืช 1939(ืฆื™ืœื•ื Ingeborg Wilke)
One result of the townโ€™s history as an important radio transmission centre is that many older radio sets throughout Europe featuredย Hilversumย as a pre-marked dial position on their tuning scales
ื”ื•ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืงืจ ืืฆืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื‘ืขืœื™ ืื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ ืจื“ื™ื• ืขืชื™ืงื™ื. ื‘ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ืœื˜ ืฉื ืขื™ืจ ื”ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™: ืดHilversumืด
AVRO Childrens Choir โ€“ prewar (ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืœื•ืื™ื– ืืœืคืจื“ื™ื ื’ Louise Elverding)ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ืžืงื”ืœืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืจื“ื™ื• AVRO ื‘ื”ื™ืœืคืจืกื•ื
ื‘ื˜ืกื™ ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื” ืฉืจื” ื›ืœ ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืžืงื”ืœืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ืฆื•ื— ืฉืœ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื”ืžืœ ื‘ืชื—ื ืช AVRO cืจื“ื™ื• .ย ื”ืžืงื”ืœื” ื ื•ืกื“ื” ื‘-1929 ื‘ื ื™ืฆื•ื— ืฉืœย Jacob Hamel โ€“ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื”ืžืœ (1883-1943). ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืฉืœhืฉื™ ื‘ืฉืขื” 17:00 ื”ื™ื” ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืžืงื”ืœืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ืย  ื‘ืจื“ื™ื•. ื”ื™ื• ื—ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื•ืชืงืœื™ื˜ื™ LP ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฉืฉืจื• ื‘ืžืงื”ืœื”. ื‘ืžืื™ 1940, ืžื™ื“ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื”ืžืœ ืคื•ื˜ืจ ืขืงื‘ ื™ื”ื“ื•ืชื•. ื”ืžืœ ื ืจืฆื— ื‘ืกื•ื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืจ.
youtube
youtube
ื”ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ื ืืฆื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืœื ื“
ืดื”ืงืจื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื•ืœื ื“ืด ื ืžืฉืš ืž-10 ื‘ืžืื™ย ืขื“ย 14 ื‘ืžืื™ย 1940. ื”ืงืจื‘ ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ื’ืจืžื ื™ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื›ื ื™ืขืชื” ืฉืœย ื”ื•ืœื ื“, ืœืื—ืจย ื”ืคืฆืฆืช ืจื•ื˜ืจื“ืย ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืœื•ืคื˜ื•ื•ืืคื”.ย ื”ื ืืฆื™ื ืฆื™ืคื• ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืงืœ ืœืกืคื— ืืช ื”ื•ืœื ื“ย ื›ืžื• ื”ืื ืฉืœื•ืก โ€“ย Anschluss ืฉืœ ืื•ืกื˜ืจื™ื”. ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื”ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™ื ืžื ืขื• ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื–ื•.ย 
โ€˜ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื”ืžืกืคื ื”โ€™, ื”ืื ื“ืจื˜ื” ืœื–ื›ืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืชืช ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1941 ืฉืคื™ืกืœ ืžืจื™ ืื ื“ืจื™ืกืŸ.ย  ื‘ืจืงืข ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ื–ื™. ืฆื™ืœื•ื:Gus Maussen
ืžืขืฆืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™ื ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1941 ื‘ืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื
ื”ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ื ืืฆื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœืคืจืกื•ื
ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ื‘ื™ืŸ 14-15 ืœืžืื™ 1940 ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™ ืคื•ืฆืฅ ืืช ืžื’ื“ืœ ื”ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœย Nederlandse Seintoestellen Fabriek ื‘ื”ื™ืœืคืจืกื•ื. ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ื‘-14 ืœืžืื™ 1940 ื”-Wehrmachtย ืœืงื— ืืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ืœืœื ื™ืจื™ื” ืื—ืช. ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ื ืืฆื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื”ื™ืœืคืจืกื•ื 1000 ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžื’ืจืžื ื™ื”.ย ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืขืœื” ื”ืžืกืคืจ ืœื›-1400 ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžื’ืจืžื ื™ื”.ย ืจืืฉ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœืคืจืกื•ื Karel de Wijkerslooth ื•ื”ื•ื—ืœืฃ ืขืœื™ื“ื™ย ย Ernst von Bรถnninghausenย ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ื ืืฆื™ืช.
ื‘ืคืจื•ืืจ 1940ย Karel deย Wijkersloothย ื”ืชืžื ื” ืจืืฉ ืขื™ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ื•ืœืคืจืกื•ื. ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื•ื ื ืฉื ื ืื•ืžื™ื ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“ื™ื ืœืžืขืžื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืœ ื ื•ืฉื ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื-ื™ื•ื. ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ืขืžื“ื•ืชย ื”ืชื•ืžื›ื•ืชย ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื. ื‘-1940 ื”ื•ื ื™ื™ืกื“ ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžืฉืœื• โ€“ย ย National Unity. ื‘2 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 1940 ื”ื•ื ื”ื›ืจื™ื– ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื™ื” ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ื›ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื”ืขื ื”ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™. ื”ื•ื ื”ืงืจื™ื ืงื˜ืข ืžืื™ืœืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื—ืกื™ืŸ ืฉืœื• ืœืคื™ื• ื ืจืื” ืฉืœืคื™ ื”ืงื• ื”ื ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ื”ื•ื ืฆืืฆื ืฉืœย Willem van Oranje ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืœืื•ื. ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ืชื™ื—ืกื• ื‘ืงืจื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื“ื—ื• ืืช ื˜ืขื ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืขื™ืจ. ื”ื•ื ืคื•ื˜ืจ ื‘11 ืœื™ื•ืœื™ 1940. ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื ื“ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ืœ ื‘-Waffen-SS ื•ืž-1942 ื”ื•ื ื ืœื—ื ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช.
Ernst von Bรถnninghausen ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืชื ื•ืขืชย National Socialist Movementย (NSB). ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1940-1943 ื”ื•ื ืžื™ืœื ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืจืืฉ ื”ืขื™ืจ (government commissioner) ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœืคืจืกื•ื. ืœืื—ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื™ื ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ื”ื•ื ื ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืœืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœื.
ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืืŸ, ื”ืžืคืงื“ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ ื‘ื”ื•ืœื ื“, ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื™ื” ื‘ื”ื™ืœื‘ืจืกื•ื. ื”ืžื’ื“ืœ ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื™ื” ื”ื•ืกื•ื•ื” ืžื™ื“. ืžื›ืืŸ ื•ืื™ืœืš ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื™ื” ื ืงืจื ื’ืย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  โ€œืžื‘ืฆืจ ื”ื™ืœื‘ืจืกื•ืโ€œ.ย Foto:http://www.nicospilt.com
ื”ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉ ื•ื”ืจืฆื— ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจ ืขื™ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ื™ืœืคืจืกื•ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื“ื•ื“ ืœื•ืคื– ื“ื™ืืก
ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ โ€“ ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื”ย David Lopes Diasย ื ืืœืฅ ืœื”ืกืชืชืจ ื•ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืžืช ื‘-ย Mauthausen. ืžืคืงื“ืช ื”-ย Wehrmachtย ื‘ื”ื•ืœื ื“ ื”ืชืžืงื ื‘ืขื™ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœืคืจืกื•ื. ืžื—ืกื•ืžื™ ื˜ื ืงื™ื ื”ื•ืงืžื• ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื™ืจ ื•ื‘ื•ื ืงืจื™ื (Wisseloord bunkers-Blaskowitzbunke ืขืœ ืฉื ื”ืžืคืงื“ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืจืžืื›ื˜) ื ื—ืคืจื•.
The Memorial to David Lopes Dias in Hilversum is a reminder of alderman and resistance fighter David Lopes Dias. David Lopes Dias was an ardent fighter against Nazism and wrote for the first underground papers. David Lopes Dias was deported to the Mauthausen concentration camp, where he was killed on juli 10, 1942. Anneke Moerenhout ื”ื ืฆื—ื” ืœื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื” ื“ื•ื“ ืœื•ืคื– ืฉื ืจืฆื— ื‘ืฉื•ืื”
ื”ืฉื•ืื” ื‘ื”ื™ืœืคืจืกื•ื
ื”ืฉื•ืื” ื”ื›ืชื” ื‘ื”ื™ืœืคืจืกื•ื ืžื›ื” ืงืฉื”. ืฉืœืฉื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžื™ื“ ื”ืชืื‘ื“ื•. ืขื“ ืืžืข ื™ื•ื ื™ 1942 ื›ืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืœืคืจืกื•ื ื’ื•ืจืฉื• ืœืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื. ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื‘-ย Zeedijk ื ื”ืจืก ื‘-1942.ย ื›ืœื™ ืงื•ื“ืฉย ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื ื’ื ื‘ื• ืืš ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื•ืกืชืจื• ืžืจืืฉ ื•ืฉืจื“ื• ืขื“ ื’ืžืจ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”. ืžื‘ื ื” ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืคื•ืจืง ื—ืœืง ื—ืœืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืงืฉื” ืฉืœ ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื‘ืขื™ืจื” ื•ืจืขื‘ ื‘ื—ื•ืจืฃ 1944-1945.
ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1943 ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื’ื•ืจืฉื• ืœืžื—ื ื•ืช ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื“ืจืš ื›ืคืจ Vught. ืจืง ื›ืขืฉืจื” ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื ืฉืืจื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื (ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืœืฉืžื—ืชื™ ืืžื” ืฉืœ ืืฉืชื™). ืฉืจื“ื• ื›-200 ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื. ื‘ื™ืช Rรผdelsheim ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืกื“ ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื ืคืฉ ื”ื•ื—ืจื. ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื• ืœื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื. ื—ืœืง ืžืžื ื”ืœื™ ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืœืžืกื•ืจ ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื. ืจืง ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ HBSย  ืกื™ืจื‘ื• ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ื•ืžื•ืจื” ืื—ื“ ืœืžืกื•ืจ ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ื ื ืขืฆืจื• ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื–ื”.
A Sign from the Period of Nazi Occupation of Hilversum, Holland: โ€œForbidden for Jewsโ€ฆ!โ€ Yad Vashem Artifacts Collection Gift of W. Niemoeller, Hobrede, Netherlandsย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ืฉืœื˜ ื ืืฆื™ ืฉื ืฉืืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื”ื™ืœืคืจืกื•ื ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืฉื•ืื”.
ื”ืฉื•ืื” ื”ื›ืชื” ื‘ื”ื™ืœืคืจืกื•ื ืžื›ื” ืงืฉื”: ืจืง ื›ืขืฉืจื” ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื ืฉืืจื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื.
ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื•ื•ื ื“ืœืคืื“, ืฉื›ื•ื ืช Sint Vitusbuurt, ื”ื™ืœืคืจืกื•ื
ืžืกืคืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจื• ื‘ืฉื›ื ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื•ื•ื ื“ืœืคืื“ Wandelpad ืœื™ื“ ืชื—ื ืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœืคืจืกื•ื. ื’ื ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช, ื”ืจื‘ ื“ืกื‘ืจื’, ื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื•ื‘ื˜ืกื™ ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ืœืžื“ื” ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื•. ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืขื ื”ืฉื›ื ื™ืย ื”ืœื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื.
ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื’: ืื“ื•ืืจื“ ืขื•ืžื“, ืจื™ื™ื ื”, ืื™ื–ื™ื“ื•ืจ, ื‘ื˜ืกื™, ื•ื“ื•ื“.
ย  ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ Wandelpad 90
ย  ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืื“ื•ื ื‘ื’ื™ื ื” ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ Wandelpad 90. ื›ืืŸ ื‘ื˜ืกื™ ื›ืชื‘ื” ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช.
ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื•ื•ื ื“ืœืคืื“ โ€“ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืขื ืฉื›ื ื™ื ืœื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื
ืœืžืฉืคื—ืชื ื• (ืžืฉืคื—ืช Wijnberg โ€“ ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื’) ืžื–ืœ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉื”ืฉื›ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ื”ื™ื• ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื•ืืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืื™ื™ืจ โ€“ย Laurens and Johanna Van de Weijer.
ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื•ืืŸ ื“ื” ื•ื™ื™ืจ
ย  ื‘ืฉื‘ืชื•ืช ื ืขื–ืจืช ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ื‘โ€ื’ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ืชโ€ ืœื”ื“ืœืงืช ื—ื™ืžื•ื ื•ืชืื•ืจื”. ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื•ืืŸ ื“ื” ื•ื™ื™ืจ ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช ื‘ืจืฆื•ืŸ.ย ืœืžืฉืคื—ื” ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื™ืœื“ื™ืย  ื˜ื•, ื ื™ื ื™, ืื˜ื™ื™, ื ืœ, ื•ื”ืืจื™.ย ื ื™ื ื™ ืกื™ืคืจื” ืœื ื•: โ€œื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉื™ื—ืงื ื• ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืื—ืช ืขื ื™ืœื“ื™ ื”ืฉื›ื•ื ื”. ื—ื–ืจื ื• ื”ื‘ื™ืชื” ื•ืฆื—ืงื ื• ืžื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืฉื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื—ื‘ืฉื•. ืืžื ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ืกืชื” ืื•ืชื ื•: ืดื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื“ืช ืขืชื™ืงื” ืžืื•ื“, ืืกื•ืจ ืœืœืขื•ื’ ืœืžื ื”ื’ื™ื ืฉืœื”'โ€.ย ื–ื• ื”ืกื‘ืชื ืฉืœ ืœื•ืื™ื– ื•ื’ื™ืœืŸ. ื”ืกื‘ืชื ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื”ื™ืชื” ืขื“ื•ืงื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืืคื™ืคื™ื•ืจ.
ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื•ืืŸ ื“ื” ื•ื™ื™ืจ ื”ื—ื‘ื™ืื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืขืจืš ื•ืืœื‘ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื ื• ื•ืฉืœ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช.
To ื•ืื—ื•ืชื” ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืฆืขื™ืจ
ื˜ื•, ื”ื‘ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื”, ืจื›ื‘ื” ืขืœ ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืขืจ ื›ืฉืขื” ื›ืœ ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืœื‘ืงืจ ืืช ื‘ื˜ืกื™ ื‘ืžืกืชื•ืจ ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืชืœื•ืฉื™ ืื•ื›ืœ, ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœืขืจื•ืš ื—ื‘ืจื”.ย ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ืชื” ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื’ ื•ื‘ืงื™ืฅ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฉืžืจื•ืช ื’ืจืžื ื™ื, ืืžื” ื”ื™ืชื”ย ืžื‘ืงืฉืชย  ืžื”ืืจื™ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉื™ื›ืจืข ื‘ืจืš ืื™ืชื” ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื”, ื•ื™ืชืคืœืœื• ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืฉื˜ื• ืชื—ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืฉืœื•ื.ย ืœื ืคืœื ืฉืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื˜ื• ืืžืจื” ืœื ื•: โ€œื›ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ืขื™ื” ืื• ืžื—ืœื” ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœ ืื—ืช ืžืื™ืชื ื•, ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืชืคืœืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื›ื ื‘ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื”, ื•ืืชื ืชืชืคืœืœื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืชโ€.ย ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื•ืืŸ ื“ื” ื•ื™ื™ืจ, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืชื™ืขื•ื“, ืืœื‘ื•ืžื™ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช, ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื ื•ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ืžื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืจื’ื•ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”.
ื‘ื˜ืกื™ ื•ื™ืœื“ื™ื” ืฉืžืจื• ืงืฉืจ ื”ื“ื•ืง ืขื To ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช. ื”ื ื”ย ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ To ืฉืจื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื™ืœืคืจืกื•ื.
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ื”ืžื—ื‘ื•ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื˜ืกื™
ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื”ื™ื” ื ืคื— ื•ืžืคืจื–ืœ ืกื•ืกื™ื ื•ืœื• ืงืฉืจื™ื ืขื ื—ืงืœืื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”. ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ื ืžืฆื ืžืงื•ื ืืฆืœ ืื™ื›ืจ ืจื•ื•ืง ื–ืงืŸ ื‘ืฉื Jaan ื™ืืŸย ื•ืกื˜ื‘ืจื•ืงย ย ืžื—ื‘ื•ืย ืœื‘ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื‘ื˜ืกื™ ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื’ โ€“ ื”ืืžื ืฉืœ ืืฉืชื™. ื”ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ืืŸ ื‘ื™ืขืจย ื‘-Hollandsche Rading ื”ื™ื” โ€œde Vilde Baanืด. ื™ืืŸ, ืคื•ืขืœ ื—ืงืœืื™, ืื™ืฉ ืฆื“ื™ืง ื•ืชืžื™ื ื ื”ื’ ืœื‘ื˜ืกื™ ื›ื‘ืชื•. ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื”ืกืชื™ืจ ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืขื•ื“ 2 ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื. ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ื›ืจื– ื›ื—ืกื™ื“ ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื. ื”ืืจื™ืš ื™ืžื™ื ืขื“ ื’ื™ืœ 91.
ืฉืชื™ ืฆื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืื—ื™ื•ืช Gretha Peick โ€“ Adri Pieck ืฆื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืืŸ ื•ืกื˜ื‘ืจื•ืง.
ืฆื™ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื—ื‘ื•ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืฆื™ื™ืจืช Gretha Pieck.ย  ื’ืจืชื” ื ืคื˜ืจื” ืžืฉืคืขืช ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช ื‘ืฉื ืช 1919.ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ืฆื™ื•ืจ ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื™ืช โ€“ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื—ื‘ื•ื ืฉืœ Jaan.ย  ืฆื™ื™ืจื” Adri Pieck, ืื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ Gretha, ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-30
ืขื“ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื–ื™ื“ื™ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืืŸ ื•ืกื˜ื‘ืจื•ืง
ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉื•ืืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืœื ื“ ืžืคื™ ื‘ื˜ืกื™ ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจืšโ€“ืืจืœื™ืš ื–โ€œืœย (ืกื•ืคืจ ืขืœ ืขืจืฉ ื“ื•ื•ื™ ืœื ื›ื“ืชื” ื”ื™ืœื”)
ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืœื ื‘ืกื•ื’ืจื™ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžื”ื”ืงืœื˜ื” ืฉืœ ืกื‘ืชื ื‘ื˜ืกื™.ย ื”ืขืจื•ืช ื‘ืกื•ื’ืจื™ื™ื ื›ืืœื” { } ืžื•ืกื™ืคื•ืช ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื ืืžืจื” ื›ืืŸ.
โ€œื‘โ€“ 10.5.1940 ืคืœืฉ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ ืœื”ื•ืœื ื“, ืืจืฅ ืฉืงื˜ื”, ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื”ื•ื ื›โ€“ 150,000 ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ื›-100,000 ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™ื ื•ื›-50,000- ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉื‘ืื• ืžื’ืจืžื ื™ื”, ืฉื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ืžืงืœื˜ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—, ืื‘ืœ ืจืง ืœื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ, ื›ื™ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ื’ื ืœื”ื•ืœื ื“. ืื—ืจื™ ื–ื” ืคืœืฉื• ืฆื‘ืื•ืช ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืœื‘ืœื’ื™ื”, ืžืฉื ืœืฆืจืคืช ื•ืื—ืจโ€“ื›ืš, ื‘ืขืฆื ืœื›ืœ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”.ย ื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ื’ื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืื ื’ืœื™ื” ืื‘ืœ ื–ืืช ืœื ืขืœื” ื‘ื™ื“ื.ย ืœืื˜โ€“ืœืื˜ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœืคืจืกื ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช.ย ืืกื•ืจ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœืงื ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื•ื™ื™ื, ืืกื•ืจ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœืœื›ืช ืœื’ื™ื ื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•ืช, ืืกื•ืจ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœื ืกื•ืข ื‘ืจื›ื‘ืช, ืืกื•ืจ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืย ืœื ืกื•ืข ื‘ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืก. ืืกื•ืจ ื•ืืกื•ืจ ื•ืืกื•ืจ, ื•ืœืื˜ ืœืื˜ ื”ืชื”ื“ืงื” ื”ื—ื’ื•ืจื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื’ื™ื”ื™ื ื•ื.
ืื—ืจโ€“ื›ืš ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœืฉืœื•ื— ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืžืจื•ื—ืงื™ื ืžื”ืขืจื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืžื—ื ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ื‘ื“ืจืšโ€“ื›ืœืœ ื’ื ืžืฉื ืœื ื—ื–ืจื• ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืขื•ื“ ื—ื–ืจื• ืœืกื•ืฃ ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื•ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœื. ืžืฉื ื›ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื—ื• ืื•ืชื ื”ืœืื”. ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื•ืœื ื“ ื”ืชื ื”ืœ ืื—ืจืช.ืืฆืœื ื•, ืฉืœื—ื• ืื•ืชื ื• ืงื•ื“ื ืœืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื.ย ืขืœื™ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฆืื” ื”ื•ืจืื” ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืงื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื˜ืœืื™ ื”ืฆื”ื•ื‘ (ื’ื ื›ืŸ ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช, ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ื™ืœ ื’ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช)ย ื•ืœืชืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ื•ืื‘ื•ื™ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื™ืชืคืก ืœืœื ื”ื˜ืœืื™. ืงื“ืžื” ืœื–ื” ื”ื•ืจืื” ืื—ืจืช ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ืจืฉื. ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืกื‘ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ย ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืœื›ืช ืœืขื™ืจื™ื™ื” ื•ืœื”ืฆื”ื™ืจ: โ€œื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืฉืชื™ ืกื‘ืชื•ืช ื•ืฉื ื™ ืกื‘ื™ืโ€œ. ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื” ื˜ืขื™ื ื• ื•ื”ืฆื”ืจื ื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืฉื ื™ ืกื‘ื™ื ื•ืกื‘ืชื•ืชย ื•ืชื™ืงื ื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื•.ย ื”ื™ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ืฆื”ื™ืจื• ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื ืจืง ืฉืชื™ ืกื‘ืชื•ืช ืื• ืื—ื“, ื•ืืœื” ืื—โ€œื› ื”ื™ื• ื›ืื™ืœื• ื—ืฆื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื”ื™ื ืฆืœ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื›ื–ืืช, ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื.ย ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ืชืขื•ื“ืช ื–ื”ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื•ื˜ื‘ืขืช ื”ืื•ืช ื™โ€˜= J ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžืื•ื“, ื•ืชืขื•ื“ื•ืช ื–ื”ื•ืช ื›ืืœื• ื‘ื”ื•ืœื ื“ ื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื” ืœื–ื™ื™ืฃ.
ื—ื•ืชืžืช ื ืืฆื™ืช ื‘ืชืขื•ื“ืช ื–ื”ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื˜ืกื™
ืื ื‘ื™ืงืฉื• ืชืขื•ื“ืช ื–ื”ื•ืช ืžืื“ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ืžื™ื“ ื™ื“ืขื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™. ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื–ื” ื‘1942- ืœื ื–ื•ื›ืจืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžืชื™, ื’ื™ืจืฉื• ืืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื. ื”ืขื™ืงืจ, ืืฆืœื ื•, ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื โ€“ ืœืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื. {ืกื‘ืชื ื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจื” ืขื ืžืฉืคื—ืชื” ื‘ื”ื™ืœื•ื•ืจืกื, ืžื“ืจื•ื ืœืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื}ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื™ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื•ืชื—ืช ื™ื“ื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ื™ื™ื.
ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืชื ื”ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ?
ื‘-1942, ื’ื™ืจืฉื• ืืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื”ื ืœืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื. ืืฆืœื ื•, ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื โ€“ ืœืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื.
ื‘ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื‘ืื• ื•ืจืฉืžื• ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื“ื™ืจื” ื•ืื•ื™ ื•ืื‘ื•ื™ ืœืžื™ ืฉื™ื•ืฆื™ื ืžืฉื”ื•. ืื ื—ื ื• ืœืคื ื™โ€“ ื›ืŸ ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ืฆืื ื• ืœืฉื›ื ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื.ย ื”ื™ื• ื’ื ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืจื“ื ื• ืžื”ืงื™ืจื•ืช, ื•ืื– ื‘ืื• ื•ืฉืืœื• ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ืชืœื•ื™ ืฉื. ืืžืจื ื• ืฉืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื. ืฉืืœื• ื’ื ื›ืŸ ืื ื™ืฉ ืคื•ืœื™ืกื•ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—, ื›ื™ ื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืœื’ื ื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื’ื ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—โ€“ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื™ื›ื ื™ืกื• ืœื›ื™ืก.ย ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื‘ื”ื™ืจ, ืื• ืœื ื‘ื”ื™ืจ, ื ืืœืฆื ื• ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื•ืกื’ืจื• ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืื—ืจื™ื ื• ืขื ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื‘ืคื ื™ื. ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ืฆืœื ื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื›ืกืฃ ื•ืขืจืš ืืฆืœ ืฉื›ื ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื ืจืง ืžื” ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืกื—ื•ื‘. ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืขืฉืจื” ืงื™ืœื•ื’ืจื. ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ ืฉืœื—ื ื• ืงืฆืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื โ€“ ืœืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื.
Doris Wijnberg and Jeannette Emma Bamberg โ€“ ืฆื™ืœื•ื ื—ืชื•ื ืช ืื™ื–ื™ื“ื•ืจ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ื•ื’ืณื ื˜ ื‘ืžื‘ืจื’-ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื’
ื ืกืขื ื• ื‘ืจื›ื‘ืช ืื ื™ ื•ื”ื•ืจื™ื™ (ืื—ื™ ืื™ื–ื™ื“ื•ืจ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื ืฉื•ื™ ืขื ื’ืณื ื˜ ืืžื” ื‘ืžื‘ืจื’), ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื 300 ืฉื ื” ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ื”ื•ืœื ื“, ื™ืฉืจื™ื, ืื”ื•ื‘ื™ื. ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ื•ืช, ืžืขื˜ โ€“ ืœื ื”ืจื‘ื”, ื›ื™ ื”ื•ืœื ื“ ื”ื™ืชื” ืืจืฅ ืฉื‘ืขืฆืžื” ืกื‘ืœื” ืžื”ืงืชื•ืœื™ื ื ื’ื“ ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ืกื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ื•ื”ื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื™ืคื” ืžืื•ื“ ืืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ืœ (ื‘1650), ื•ื’ื ืืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืืฉื›ื ื–, ื•ืœืื˜ ืœืื˜ ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืœืื•ืช ื•ืžื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช ื”ื™ื• ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช.ย ืœืคืชืข ื”ืคื›ื ื• ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื—ืกืจื™ ื›ืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช, ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืœืจื“ื™ืคื•ืช. ื‘ื”ื•ืœื ื“ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื• ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ. ื”ื™ื• ืืจืฆื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืงืฆืช ืคื—ื•ืช. ื’ื ื”ืคืงื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™ืช ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื• ืฉื™ืชืคื” ืคืขื•ืœื”, ืœื ื›ื•ืœื, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื• ื’ื ืžื“ื™ ื“ื™ื™ืงื ื™ื. ื”ื™ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ืื—ืจืช. ืื—ืจโ€“ื›ืš ืงืžื” ื‘ื”ื•ืœื ื“ ืžื—ืชืจืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ื”ื™ื ืขื–ืจื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื’ื ืขืœ ื–ื” ื—ืฉื‘ื ื•, ืœื ื™ื›ืœื ื• ืœื”ืกืชืชืจ, ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืชื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื™ื“ืขื ื• ืื™ืคื”, ื”ื™ื• ื’ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืฉืชืคื™ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื ื”ื ืืฆื™ื. ื”ื™ื• ื“ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื ืืฆื™ื ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™ื™ื, ื•ื›ืš ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื“ืขืช ืžื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืžื™ ืจืข. ืื—ืจโ€“ื›ืš ื‘ืื• ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช. ืฉื‘ืชืฉืข ื‘ืขืจื‘ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืฆืจ, ื•ืื– ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื”ื‘ืชื™ื.
ื”ื“ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืื™ื–ื™ื“ื•ืจ ื•ื’ืณื ื˜ ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ Waalstraat 65/3 ื‘ืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื
ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ ืขืœื™ ืœืกืคืจ ืฉื›ืฉื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื (2,000 ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžื”ื™ืœื•ื•ืจืกื) ืจื™ืกืกื” ืื•ืชื ื• ืขื™ืจื™ื™ืช ืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื, ื›ืื™ืœื• ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื’ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืช. ื—ื™ืคืฉื• ืืฆืœื ื• ื›ื™ื ื™ื, ืจื™ืกืกื• ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘ื“ื™โ€“ื“ื™โ€“ื˜ื™, ืื•ื™ ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžืกื›ื ื™ื ๏ฟฝ๏ฟฝืœื™, ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื‘ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืจืื™.ย ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื–ื”, ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื ืฉืืจื• ื‘ืœื™ ืคืจื ืกื” ื›ื™ ืืกื•ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืคื” ื•ืืกื•ืจ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืฉื.ย ื•ืื™ืคื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืขืกืง, ื ื›ื ืก ื’ืจืžื ื™ ืฉื”ืฉืชืœื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืขืกืง. ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืžืกื•ืจ ืœื• ื”ื›ืœ. ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžืกืžื›ื™ื. ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื‘ืœ ืื™ื–ื” ืฉื›ืจ, ื‘ื“ืจืšโ€“ื›ืœืœ ื›ืœื•ื. ื›ืš ื’ื ืื‘ื™ ืฉืขื‘ื“ ืืฆืœ ืกื‘ื ืฉืœื™, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืขืกืง ืฉืœ ื—ืœื™ืคื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ืจื™ื, ื ืฉืืจ ื‘ืขืฆื ืœืœื ืคืจื ืกื”. ืื‘ืœ ื“ื•ื“ืชื™, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื” ืฉื›ืœ, ืืžืจื” ืœืžืžื•ื ื” ืฉื›ืš ื•ื›ืš ืื ืฉื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžืฉื›ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ื›ืš ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืงืฆืช ืžืžื” ืœื—ื™ื•ืช. ืื ื™ ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืžืฉืง ื‘ื™ืช, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœื”ื›ืฉืจื” ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ.ย ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ ืขื‘ื“ืชื™ ืืฆืœ ืจื•ืื” ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืžืื–ื ื™ื ืœืžืžื•ื ื™ื ื•ืœืžืฉืชืคื™ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื.ย ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช, ื•ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืื– ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืžืฉืง ื‘ื™ืช.{ืฉืžื• ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื•ืœื”}ย ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ื‘ื—โ€œื“โ€“ื‘ืจื™ืช ื—ืœื•ืฆื™ื ื“ืชื™ื™ื. ืืžื ื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื–ืจ, ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืœืœื›ืช ื›ืื™ืœื• ืœื”ื›ืฉืจื”.
ื”ื•ืจื™ ืืžืจื• โ€œืืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžืšโ€œ, ืื‘ืœ ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ืขืฉื™ืชื™.ย ื›ื™ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืืกื•ืจ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœื”ืขืกื™ืง ืขื•ื–ืจืช ื‘ื™ืช ื’ื•ื™ื” .ย ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœื™ ื™ืฆื ืฉืขื‘ื“ืชื™ ืงื•ื“ื ืืฆืœ ืจื•ืื” ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืจืืฉ ื”ืงืจืŸ ื”ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื•ืื—ืจโ€“ื›ืš ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืจืืฉ ื”ื™ื•ื“ื ืจืื˜ ืฉืœ ืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื. ื•ืื ื™ ื‘ืืชื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืืฆืœื•, ื–ืืช ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉืขื‘ื“ืชื™ ืืฆืœ ื”ื‘ื•ืก ื”ืงื•ื“ื ืฉืœื™.ย ื’ืจืชื™ ืขื ื”ื•ืจื™ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื—ื“ืจื™ื ืงื˜ื ื˜ื ื™ื ืžืจื•ื”ื˜ื™ื, ืฉืื—ื™ ื”ืฉื™ื’ ืœื ื•, ื‘ืงื•ืžื” ืื—ืจื•ื ื” (ื›ืื™ืœื• ื‘ืื ื˜ืจืกื•ืœ{=ื‘ื•ื™ื“ื}).ย ื”ื‘ื•ืก ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœืคืขืžื™ื โ€œืื™ื–ื” ื›ื•ื— ื™ืฉ ืœื™โ€œ, ื•ืื ื™ ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ื‘ืœื‘ื™, ื”ื›ื•ื— ืฉืœืš ื”ื•ื ืจืง ืžื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื. ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื›ืืœื•, ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืคื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื ืžืœื”ื™ืฉืœื— ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืžื–ืจื—. ื•ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืขืฆื ื—ืฉืฉ ืžืื•ื“, ืื‘ืœ ืจืฆื” ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืฉื•ืœื—ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืœืขืฆืžื• ืชื™ืง. ื”ืคื—ื“ ื”ื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืื•ื“.ย ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืœืงื—ื• ืงื•ื“ื ืืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ืื• ืœื ืžื›ื‘ืจ ื•ืฉืœื—ื• ืื•ืชื ืœืžื—ื ื” ื‘ืฉื ื•ื•ืกื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจืง ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืœื ื“. ืžื—ื ื” ื–ื” ื”ื•ืงื ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืขืœโ€“ื™ื“ื™ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื”ื•ืœื ื“, ื›ื™ ืœื ืจืฆื• ืฉื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื™ืชืคืกื• ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื”ื•ืœื ื“,ื•ื”ื—ื–ื™ืงื• ืฉื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ ืืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”.ย ื‘ืฉื˜ื—ย ื”ื•ืœื ื“ย ื”ื•ืงืžื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื ืืฆื™ื ื—ืžื™ืฉื”ย ืžื—ื ื•ืช ืจื™ื›ื•ื–:ย ื”ื•ืœื ื“ืกื” ืกื›ืื•ื‘ื•ืจืš,ย ื•ืกื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจืง,ย ืžื—ื ื” ื”ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ืืžืจืกืคื•ืจื˜,ย ืžื—ื ื” ืืจื™ืงื”,ย ื•ืžื—ื ื” ืฉื•ืจืœ.
ื‘ืžืจื•ืฆืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืืœื• ืฉื ืฉืœื—ื• ืœืฉื ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ื ื”. ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืขื ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ื—ืœืงื ื ืฉืืจื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืฉื ืขื“ ืชื•ื ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ืœื ื ืฉืœื— ื”ืœืื”.ย ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘. ืœืชืคื•ืก ืื ืฉื™ื, ืกืชื. ืžื™ ืฉื ืชืคืก ื ืชืคืก. ืœืคืขืžื™ื, ื”ื™ื” ืœืื“ื ืขืกืง ืขื ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื, ืืคืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœืฉื—ืจืจ, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืจ ื‘ื•ืœื”, ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื“ื ืจืื˜. ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื• ื—ื•ืชืžืช ื‘ื•ืœื”, ืฉืžื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ื›ื–ื•, ืคื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื ืžืœื”ื™ืฉืœื—, ืžื” ืฉืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ืขื‘ื“.ย ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ ื™ื•ื ื›ื™ืคื•ืจ, ืฉื ืช 1942, ื ืชืคืก ืื—ื™ ืขื ืืฉืชื•{ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ}. ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื’ืจ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืจื—ื•ื‘ ื‘ื• ื’ืจืชื™ ืืฆืœ ืื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ืœื”. ื”ื•ื ืฉืœื— ืฉื›ื ื™ื ืœื”ื•ื“ื™ืข, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืขืจื‘ ืชืคืกื• ื’ื ืืช ื”ื•ืจื™ ืžืจ ื‘ื•ืœื”, ื›ืš ืฉืžืจ ื‘ื•ืœื” ื”ื™ื” ืขืกื•ืง ืขื ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื•ืจื™ื•. ื›ืš ืฉืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืื—ื™, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืงื•ื“ื ื“ืื’ืชื™ ืœื• ืœื—ื•ืชืžืช ืฉื›ืื™ืœื• ืขื‘ื“ ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช ืชืคืกื• ืื•ืชื• ื•ืืช ืืฉืชื• ื•ื”ื ืœื ื—ื–ืจื•, ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืชื—ืœืช ื”ืืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื.ย ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™, ืื‘ื ืžืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœ 5 ืื—ื™ื ื•ืื—ื™ื•ืช, ืžื”ื 2 ื ืคื˜ืจื• ืžืžื—ืœื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ, ืืžื™ ื”ื™ืชื” ืื—ืช ืž7- ืื—ื™ื ืขื ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืชื™ื”ื.ย ืืกืคืจ ืžื” ืงืจื” ืœืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืืœื• .
ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืื‘ื™
ืžืงืก, ื“ื•ื“ื™ ืžืจื•ื˜ืจื“ื, ื ืฉืœื— ืœืžื—ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื•ืœื ื—ื–ืจ. ื”ื™ื• ืœื• 2 ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื ืฉื•ืื™ื ื•ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืชื™ื”ื โ€“ ื ืชืคืกื• ื‘ืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื ื•ืœื ื—ื–ืจื•.ย ืื—ื•ืช ืื‘ื™ ืžื›ืจื•ื ื™ื ื’ืŸ ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ, ืฉื ื ื•ืœื“ื ื•, ื ืชืคืกื•โ€“ ืœื ื—ื–ืจื•. ื‘ืœื”, ื‘ืชื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœื”ืกืชืชืจ, ื—ื™ื” ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื.{ื”ืŸ ื—ื™ื“ืฉื• ืืช ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ, ื•ื‘ืœื” ืฉืœื—ื” ืœืกื‘ืชื ืžื”ื•ืœื ื“ ืฆืœื—ืช ื›ืกืฃ ืขืœื™ื” ื—ืจื•ื˜ โ€œื•ืฉืชื” ื‘ืœื‘ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื™ื ืšโ€ ื›ืžืชื ื” ืœื—ืชื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื” ื•ืจืคื™}ย ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืช ื“ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”.ย ื”ื•ืจื™ ื ืชืคืกื• ื•ืœื ื—ื–ืจื•.
ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืืžื™
ื“ื•ื“ ืื—ื“ ื•ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื”ื™ืžืœื˜ ืœืื ื’ืœื™ื”. ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ืกืฃ ื•ื’ื ื”ื™ื” ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื–ืœ. ื”ื ืขื‘ืจื• ืฉื ืืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื—ื–ืจื• ืœื”ื•ืœื ื“.ย ื“ื•ื“ ืื—ืจโ€“ ื”ืชื—ื‘ืื• ื‘ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ื”ื•ืœื ื“. ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื ืฉื ื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื. ื‘ืช ืื—ืช ื ืชืคืกื” ื•ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœื˜ืจื–ื™ื ืฉื˜ื˜ ื›ื™ืœื“ื” ื‘ืช 12, ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื” ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืื‘ืœ ืกื‘ืœื” ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื ืคืฉื™ืช ื•ื’ื ืื—ื™ื”.ย ื“ื•ื“ื” ืืœื” โ€“ ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืกืคืจื“. ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืืžืจ ืœื”ื ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืชืช ื›ืกืฃ. ื”ื ื ืชื ื• ื›ืกืฃ, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืžื—ื ื•ืช ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื•ืœื ื—ื–ืจื•.ย ืขื•ื“ ื“ื•ื“ื” ื•ื“ื•ื“ ื ื™ืกื• ืœื”ืชืื‘ื“ ื‘ื’ื– ื•ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• โ€“ื’ื ื”ื ืœื ื—ื–ืจื•.ย ืขื•ื“ ื“ื•ื“ื” ืฉื”ืกืชืชืจื” ืขื ื‘ืขืœื”, ื ืชืคืกื•โ€“ ืœื ื—ื–ืจื•.ย ืขื•ื“ ื“ื•ื“ื” ื•ื“ื•ื“ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ โ€“ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืคื™ืงื—, ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ื ื—ืžื“, ื”ื™ื” ืงืฆืจืŸ ื‘ื›ื ืกืช ื”ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™ืช, ื—ื–ืจ ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”, ืขื ืื™ืฉื” ื•ืฉื ื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื, ื”ืกืชืชืจื•, ื•ืื—ืจโ€“ื›ืš ืชืคืกื• ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื–ืืช, ื’ื ืืช ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื, ืœื ื—ื–ืจื•.ย ืžื›ืœ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™, ื ืฉืืจ ืื—ื™ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื ืชืคืก, ื”ื•ืจื™ ืฉื ืชืคืกื•. ืื ื™ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืžืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื” ื’ื ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื™ืฉ ืœื™ 2 ื‘ื ื™ ื“ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื”ื•ืœื ื“ ืžืฆื“ ืืžื™ ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ื•-2 ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื•ื“ ืฉื”ืกืชืชืจ ื‘ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื”. ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืžืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœ 7 ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช.
ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™, ื›ื™ ืžื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื”ื•ืœื ื“ ื ืฉืืจื• ื› โ€“15,000 ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื. 10%, 15% ืื•ืœื™ 20% , ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืืžืฆื™ื ืžืฆื“ ื’ื•ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืžื—ืชืจืช. ืžื™ ืฉื”ืกืชืชืจ ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืžืงื•ื ื›ืœ ืคืขื ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื• ืฉื›ื ื™ื ืฉื”ืœืฉื™ื ื•, ื›ื™ ื’ื ืœื’ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ื–ื• ืกื›ื ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืื ื™ื™ืชืคืกื•. ื”ื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืกื™ื›ื ื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ืกืกื•.ย ื”ื™ื• ื’ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื•ืฆืœื• ืขืœโ€“ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื’ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื ืชื ื• ืกื›ื•ืžื™ ืขืชืง. ื—ื™ื• ื‘ืคื—ื“ ืžืชืžื™ื“ ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”.ย ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื‘ื”ื™ืจโ€“ ืื ื™ ื ืชืคืกืชื™ ืขื ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื‘ื•ืœื”. ืฉื›ื‘ืชื™ ื—ื•ืœื” ืืฆืœ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื‘ื•ืœื”.ย ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ ืื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ืœื” ืฉืœื— ืžื‘ืจืง ืœืงื”ื™ืœืช ืืจื ื”ื™ื™ื ืฉื™ื‘ืจื—ื•. ืขืœ ืกืžืš ื–ื” ื‘ืื• ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”, ืจืืฉื™ ื”ื’ืกื˜ืคื• ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืœื ื“.ย ืื ื™ ืฉื›ื‘ืชื™ ื—ื•ืœื” ื•ืืžืจืชื™: โ€œืื™ืš ืื•ื›ืœ ืœืกื—ื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืชื™ืง ื”ื–ื”โ€œ, ืืžืจื• ืœื™: โ€œื™ืขื–ืจื• ืœืšโ€œ.
ื”ื”ื•ึนืœึทื ึฐื“ึฐืกึถื” ืกึฐื›ึทืื•ึผื‘ึผื•ึผืจึฐืš Hollandsche Schouwburg โ€œื”ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™โ€ ื”ื•ื ืืชืจ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™ ืœืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ื ืืฆื™ื. ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืž-1892 ื•ืขื“ 1942. ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื• ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ืœืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื ื‘ื˜ืจื ืฉืœื™ื—ืชื ืœืžื—ื ื” ื•ืกื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจืง ื•ืœืžื—ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื.
ืืกืคื• ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘ืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื ื‘ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืคืขื ื ืงืจื:โ€ื”ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™โ€œ,{ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ื ืžื›ื•ื ื” โ€œื”ื”ื•ืœื ื“ืกื” ืกื›ืื•ื‘ื•ืจืš, ื•ื‘ื• ื”ืงื™ืžื• ืืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ืœืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ืฉื•ืืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืœื ื“}ย ืื—ืจโ€“ื›ืš ื”ืคืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืคืจื™ื“ ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ. ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื ื’ื ื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื”ื•ืœื ื“. ื›ืš ื ื•ืฆืจื” ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืœื‘ื“, ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื›ืœ ืœื‘ื“. ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœื”ื™ืจืฉื ื‘ื™ื•ื“ื ืจืื˜ ื•ืœืฉืœื ื›ืกืฃ ืขืœ ื–ื”. ืื ื™ ืฉืขื‘ื“ืชื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“, ื”ืฆื˜ืจื›ืชื™ ื’ื ืœื”ื™ืจืฉื, ื•ื“ื—ื™ืชื™ ืืช ื–ื”. ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื ืจืฉืžืชื™, ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœื”ื™ืจืฉื ื•ื”ื›ืจื˜ื™ืก ื”ื–ื”, ืžืฉื•ื ืžื”, ื”ืฆื™ืœ ืื•ืชื™, ื›ื™ ื›ืฉื”ื•ืฆืืชื™ ืื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื” ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื• ืฉื’ืจืชื™ ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื•ื›ืฉื ืชืคืกืชื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืฉืื™ื ื ื™ ื—ืœืง ืžืžืฉืคื—ืช ื‘ื•ืœื” ืฉื’ืจื” ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืจื—ื•ื‘, ืืš ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื•ื ื”.
ื”ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™
ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืคืŸ, ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื›ืฉื ืชืคืกื ื• ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืฉื ื”ืคืš ืœืžื—ื ื” ืžืขืฆืจ.ย ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžื“ืจื›ื” ืžืžื•ืœ ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื• ืžื›ื ื™ืกื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื”ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืคื ื™ืžื”. ืขืฆื ื”ืžื—ื ื” ื”ืชื ื”ืœ ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืฉื˜ื ื™ืช, ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื“ื™ืคืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื: ื”ื™ื• ืžืขื˜ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื. ื”ื ื ืชื ื• ืœืžืœืื›ื” ืฉืชื™ืขืฉื” ืขโ€œื™ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื.ย ื ืชื ื• ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื. ืœื—ืœืง ืื•ื›ืœ, ื ื™ื™ืจืช, ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื• ืฉืžื™ ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื ื”ื•ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืคื˜ื•ืจ ืžืœื”ื™ืฉืœื—, ื’ื ื”ื•ื ื•ื’ื ื”ื•ืจื™ื•, (ืžืงื‘ืœ ื›ื–ืืช ื—ื•ืชืžืช โ€œื‘ื•ืœื”โ€œ), ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื ื”ื ืžืฉืชืคื™ ืคืขื•ืœื”, ืฉื•ืœื—ื™ื ืืช ืื—ื™ื”ื ืœืžื•ืช. ื’ื ืœื™ ื”ื•ืฆืข ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ื–ื” ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ืฉืชื—ืจืจืชื™, ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืฉื ื‘ื”ื“ืคืกื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืกื™ืจื‘ืชื™.ย ื‘ืื ื• ืœืฉื , ื”ืฉื›ื™ื‘ื• ืื•ืชื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืจืฆืคื”. ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ื•ืฉืชื™ื™ื, ื–ืžืŸ ืœื ืจื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ืชืคืก ืื—ื™. ืžืจ ื‘ื•ืœื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช. ื”ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืœืขืฆืžื• ืžืงื•ื ืžืกืชื•ืจ ืขื ืื•ื›ืœ, ืื•ืœื™ ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉื™ืงืจื” ืœื• ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื–ื”, ื•ื›ืฉืชืคืกื• ืืช ืžืฉืคื—ืชื•, ื”ื•ื ื‘ื ืœื‘ื“. ื”ื•ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืขืฆืžื•:ื”ื•ื ืžืจ ื‘ื•ืœื”, ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื“ื ืจืื˜, ืœื ื™ืฉื•ื—ืจืจ?ย ืฉื›ื—ืชื™ ืœื•ืžืจ, ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื•ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื. ืจืง ืœืžืขื˜ ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืชืจ. ื”ื ื ืงืจืื•:โ€ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ืโ€œ. ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื. ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”. ื’ื ืœืžืจ ื™ืขืงื•ื‘ืกื•ืŸ, ื”ืฉื•ืชืฃ ืฉืœื• ื‘ื”ื ื”ืœืชโ€“ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ืคืจื ืก ืฉืœ ืงื”ื™ืœืช ืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื ืœื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ื•ืขื•ื“ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืืœื• ื›ืžื• ืœืจื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื™.ย ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ ื›ืฉืื ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฉื ืชืคืกื• ื’ื ืืช ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื™ ืฉืœ ืงื”ื™ืœืช ืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื. ืฉื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืจืฆืคื” ื›ื•ืœื. ืื ืฉื™ื, ื’ื‘ืจื™ื, ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ืชื—ื‘ืื• ื”ื™ื• ืฉื. ื•ืขื•ื“ ื›ืืœื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“ื™ื. ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื ื›ืžื” ื™ืžื™ื.ย ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื—ื•ืœื”, ื•ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืš ื”ื•ื‘ืืชื™ ืœืžืขืœื”, ืœืžื—ืœืงืช ื—ื•ืœื™ื. ื•ื’ื ืื ืฉื™ื ื–ืงื ื™ื.ย ืœื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืชื” ืื™ืฉื” ืขื ื“ื™ืžื•ื ื‘ื›ื™ื‘ ืงื™ื‘ื”. ืขื•ื“ ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช. ื”ื™ื• ืืœื” ืจืง ืžืงืจื™ ืขื•ื ืฉ ื›ืžื• ืขื ื‘ื•ืœื”.ย ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื ืฉืœื—ื• ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืœืžื—ื ื” ื•ื•ืกื˜ื‘ื•ืจืง. ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื—ื•ืœื” ืขื ื“ืœืงืช ื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื•ืื ืฉื™ ื”ื™ื•ื“ื ืจืื˜ ืขืฉื• ืžืืžืฆื™ื ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ื‘ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ื•ื”ื•ื›ื™ื—ื• ืฉืื ื™ ืžืื•ื“ ื—ื•ืœื”, ื ืฉืืจืชื™ ืฉื ืขื•ื“. ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืฉืœื—ื• ืืช ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื‘ื•ืœื” . (ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ื” ื”ื’ื™ืข ืžื›ืชื‘ ืžืžื ื• ื‘ื• ื›ืชื‘ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืžืขืžื“ ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ ื•ืฉืืœ ืื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื™ืคื” ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœื•. ืืช ื–ื” ืฉืžืขืชื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื•ื—ืจ). ืื ื™ ืฉืžืขืชื™ ืฉื”ืคืš ืœโ€œืงืืคื•โ€ ื•ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืจื’ื• ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืฉืžืขืชื™ ืžื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืœื ื“, ืื ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืื• ืœื, ืื™ื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขืช. ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื 2 ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื—ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื™ืœื“ ื‘ืฉื ื–ื™ื’ื™ ืฉื”ื•ืจื™ื• ืฉืœื—ื• ืžื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื—ื™ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ื•ืœื ื“. ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื”ื–ื• ืœื ื—ื–ืจื”.ย ื”ื™ื” ืื“ื ื‘ื™ื•ื“ื ืจืื˜ ื‘ืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื ืฉืขืฉื” ืžืืžืฆื™ื ื›ื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจื™ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืื•ืชื™. ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื›ืฉื”ื•ืฆื™ืื• ืื•ืชื ื‘ืœื™ืœื”
ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืื ืฉื™ ืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื ืœื ื™ืจืื•, ืืžืจื• ืœื ื• ืœื”ืชืจื—ืง ืžื”ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช. ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื–ื” ื”ื™ื• ืฉื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉืขืจ, ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ืขื ื ืฉืง. ื ืชื ื• ืœื’ืจืžื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœืฉืชื•ืช ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ื•ื”ืฆื™ืœื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ืืœ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืจื—ื•ื‘ ืœืžืขื•ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื•ืžืฉื ื”ืœืื”. ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืœื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ืจื•ื— ืื‘ืœ ืื– ื”ื ื™ืื™ื™ืžื•, ืžื™ ืฉื‘ื•ืจื— ืชื•ืคืกื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœื• (ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœื”ื). ื›ืš ื ืฉืืจืชื™ ืคืขื ืื—ืช ืจืง ืขื ืขื•ื“ ๏ฟฝ๏ฟฝื ื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ื ืฉืืจ ืขื•ื“ ื’ืจืžื ื™ ืื—ื“. ื”ื•ื ื˜ืœืคืŸ ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืื•ืชื ื• , ื‘ืื• ืฉื•ื‘ ืื ืฉื™ื, ื™ืฆื ืขื•ื“ ื˜ืจื ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ื•ืื ื™ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืฉืืจืชื™. ืื•ืชื• ืื“ื ืฉื”ืฉืชื“ืœ ืœืžืขื ื™ ื ืงืจื ื•ืœื˜ืจ ื–ื™ืกืงื™ื ื“. ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืžื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื˜ื•ื‘.ย ื”ื•ืจื™ ื”ืœื›ื• ืืœื™ื• ื•ื ืชื‘ืฉืจื• ืฉื ื—ื•ืฅ ืœื”ื ื›ืกืฃ. ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืงื ื•ืช ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ืœืฉื•ื—ื“ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื”ืžื—ื ื”. ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืื•ืชื™.ย ื‘ืืชื™ ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ื•ืจื™, ื›ื™ ืขื‘ืจื• ืžืงื•ื ืœืžืงื•ื ืฉืืคืฉืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื‘ืจื•ื— ืžืžื ื•. (ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ืงื•ื“ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืงื•ืžื” ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช). ื‘ื‘ื™ืชโ€“ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืื‘ื ื”ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขืœ ืฉืœ ื‘ืช ื“ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื•, ืœื”ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ื. ื’ืจื• ืœืžื˜ื”, ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื 2 ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉื‘ืจื—ื• ืœืกืคืจื“. ืฉื ื”ื™ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ืจื•ื— ืœื’ื™ื ืช ื”ืฉื›ื ื™ื (ืฉื’ื ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื). ืขืจื‘ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืฉืขื” 8.00 ืื ื™ ืฉื•ื›ื‘ืช ื‘ืžื™ื˜ื” , ื—ื•ืœื”, ืžืฆืœืฆืœื™ื ื‘ื“ืœืช. ื”ื‘ืช ื“ื•ื“ื” ื”ืคื™ืงื—ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ ืืžืจื” :โ€ืจื’ืข,ืจื’ืขโ€ฆ.ืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื” ืž ืค ืช ื— ื• ืช โ€ ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืจื—ื ื• ื“ืจืš ื“ืœืช ื”ืžื˜ื‘ื— ืœื’ื™ื ื” ื•ืžืฉื ืœืžื—ืกืŸ ื‘ื• ื”ืชื—ื‘ืื ื•. ื”ื™ื ืคืชื—ื” ืืช ื”ื“ืœืช, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื’ืจืžื ื™ ื‘ื•ื“ื“. ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื ื”ื ืื” ืกื“ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืœืชืคื•ืก ืœื‘ื“ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืœื™ ืคืงื•ื“ื”. ื™ืฆื ืœื’ื™ื ื” ืขื ืื•ืจ ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืจืื” ืื•ืชื ื•. ื ื™ืฆืœื ื•.ย ืื—ืจื™ ื–ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ืขื–ื‘ื ื• ืฉื . ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžืฆืจื›ื™ ืžื–ื•ืŸ. ืœื” ื”ื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื•ืœืืžื ืœื ื”ื™ื•. ื•ื–ื” ืœื ื”ืœืš ื‘ื™ื—ื“.ย ืขื‘ืจื ื• ืœืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ. ืœืืžื ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื›ืจื” ืจื•ื•ืงื” ืฉืฉืชื™ ืื—ื™ื•ืชื™ื” ื ืชืคืกื• ื•ื”ื™ื ืœื ืจืฆืชื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื‘ื“. ืืœื• ื”ื™ื• ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื” โ€“ืคื—ื“ ืžืชืžื™ื“.ย ืขื•ื“ ืื—ืจื™ ื–ื”, ื”ืจื™ ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื™ ื—ื•ืชืžืช โ€œื‘ื•ืœื”โ€ ืฉื ืžื—ืงื” ื›ืฉื ืชืคืกืชื™, ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ืชื•ืงื ื” ื›ืฉืฉื•ื—ืจืจืชื™, ืืœื ืฉืื“ื ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืฉืžื’ื™ืข ืœื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ื—ืจืจ ืžื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืืฆืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื–ืงื ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืขื–ืจื” ืžื˜ืขื ื”ื™ื•ื“ื ืจืื˜. ื–ืงื ื™ื ืœืœื ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ืžืฉื•ืชืงื™ื, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืขืฆืžื™ ื—ื•ืœื”.
ืืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืคืจืง ืื—ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ืชืจืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ื”ื•ืœื ื“ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืื”.
ืœื™ื“ ื”ื™ืœื•ื•ืจืกื ื™ืฉ ื›ืคืจ ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืฉืžื• ืœื•ืื•ื“ืกื˜ืจื›ื˜. ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื ืฉื ื‘ืื ื™ื•ืช ืœืœื ืงื™ื˜ื•ืจ. ืžืงื•ื ื ื—ืžื“ ืžืื•ื“.ย ืฉื ื”ื™ืชื” ื’ืจื” ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœื™ ืžืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ื ื•ืขืจ ืขื ืžืฉืคื—ืชื”. ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื ื—ื•ื•ื”. ืื‘ื™ื” ื”ื™ื” ืกื•ื—ืจ ื™ื”ืœื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸโ€“ืœืื•ืžื™. ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื•ื˜ืจืžืŸ ืฉืžื, ื”ื‘ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœื™, ืžืจื™ื ืคื™ื ืงื”ื•ืฃ (ื’ืจื” ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ื—ื™ืคื”), ืœื™ื“ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ืขื•ื“ ื•ื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ื” ืฉื”ืคืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ืœ60 ื‘ื ื™ ื ื•ืขืจ, ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืฉื ืชืงืขื• ื‘ื”ื•ืœื ื“. ืฉื ื ืชื ื• ืœื”ื ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื’ื ื”, ื”ื›ืฉืจื” ืœืืจืฅโ€“ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืžืžืฉ ื‘ื™ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืœื ื•ืขืจ.ย ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื”ื•ืจืื” ืฉืžื”ื™ื•ื ืœืžื—ืจ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืฉืœื— ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืคื•ืœื ื™ื”. ื”ืžื“ืจื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื›ื•ืœืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœื™, ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ืœื”ืกืชื™ืจ ื‘ืŸโ€“ืœื™ืœื” ืืช ื›ื•ืœื .ย ืขื ื™ืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื•ืงืฉื”. ืžืจื™ื ื•ื˜ืจืžืŸ (ืคื™ื ืงื”ื•ืฃ) ื”ื™ืชื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ ืžื•ืจื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืžืื•ื“ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“.ย ืฉื ืœืžื“ื• ื™ืœื“ื™ ื”ืžืœื›ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืœื ื“ ื‘ืฉื โ€œื—ื•ื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ืโ€œ, ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืฉื ื”ื™ื” ืœืขื–ืจื” ืœื›ืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื, ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืœืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ. ืœืื™ ื’ื–ืขื ื•ืช, ืœืกื•ื‘ืœื ื•ืช, ืœืžื•ืจื™ื ืงืจืื• ื‘ืฉืžืโ€ฆ ืœืื—ื“ ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื ืฉื, ืื—ื“ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืงืจืื• ื™ื•ืค ื•ืกื˜ืจื•ื™ืœ. ื•ืื—ืจโ€“ื›ืš ืœืžื—ืชืจืช ืงืจืื• ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื•ืกื˜ืจื•ื™ืœ.ย ื›ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืžืฆื•ืงื” ื”ื ื•ืจืื™ืช ืื™ืš ืœื”ืกืชื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ืคื ืชื” ืžืจื™ื ืœื™ื•ืค ื•ืกื˜ืจื•ื™ืœ ื•ืœื—ื‘ืจื™ื” ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื. ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœโ€“ื›ืš ืจื—ื•ืง ืžื”ื™ืœื•ื•ืจืกื ื•ืงืจื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“ ืœืืจืžื•ืŸ ื”ืžืœื›ื”. (ืืจื‘ืข ื”ื‘ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื›ื”, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ื™ืื˜ืจื™ืก, ื”ืžืœื›ื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืœื ื“, ืœืžื“ื• ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ื–ื”.)
ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžืฉื›ื™ืœื™ื ื•ืžืื•ื“ ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื ื•ื ื’ืข ืœื”ื ืœืœื‘ ืฉ 60 ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืžืงืœื˜. ื•ื›ื•ืœื ื›ืื—ื“ ื”ืกืชื™ืจื• ืืช ื›ืœ 60 ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื ื•ืขืจ ืœืขืช ืขืชื”. ืื—ืจโ€“ื›ืš ืงืจื• ืœื”ื ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืชืœืื•ืช, ืžื”ื ื™ื ืกืคื• ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ 20, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืขืฉื• ื˜ืขื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืฉื•ื•ื™ืฅ, ืืฉืจ ื”ืกื’ื™ืจื” ืื•ืชื ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื™ื“ื™ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื. {ื”ืขืจืช ืžืจื™ื ืคื™ื ืงื”ื•ืฃ: ืจืง ื—ืœืง ืงื˜ืŸ ืžื”ืžื•ืจื™ื ื”ืกื›ื™ื ืœื”ืกืชื™ืจ ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ืœื™ื•ืค ื”ื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ื•ืžืจื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืค ืขื‘ืจื• ืืฆืœ ื›ืœ ืžื›ืจื™ื”ื ื”ืœื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืกืชื™ืจ ื•ืจืง ื‘ืžืืžืฆื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืขืœื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื”ื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ}.ย ื›ืš ืงืžื” ื”ืžื—ืชืจืช ื”ื–ื• ืฉืฉืžื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื•ืกื˜ืจื•ื™ืœ ืฉื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืขื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ื–ืืช, ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืœืžื–ื•ืŸ (ื›ืจื˜ื™ืกื™ ืžื–ื•ืŸ), ืœื›ืœ ืžื—ืกื•ืจื. ื•ืžื™ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ื›ืจื˜ื™ืก ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื. ืื™ืš ื”ืฉื™ื’ื•? ื”ื™ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื’ื•ื ื‘ื™ื ืชืœื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจื™ื•ืช, ื›ื™ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื›ืจื˜ื™ืกื™ื ื›ืืœื•. ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื”ืกืชืชืจ ืžื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ืจืฆื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืจืช ืืช ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ื•ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืกื›ื ืช ื”ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”, ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื›ืจื˜ื™ืกื™ื ืืœื•.ย ื”ื™ืชื” ื’ื ืกื›ื ื” ืœื”ืคื™ืฅ ืืช ื”ื›ืจื˜ื™ืกื™ื. ื›ืš ื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ื”ืžื—ืชืจืช ื•ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืฉืœื—ื” ืžืจื™ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืื ืื™ื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืกืชืชืจ. ืื ื™ ื’ื ื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ืœื” ืžื›ืชื‘ ืฉื‘ื™ืงืฉืชื™ ื–ืืช, ืœืฆืืช ืงืฆืช ืžืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื, ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื‘ืื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื”. ื‘ืงืฉืชื™ ืฉืชื™ืงื— ื’ื ืืช ื”ื•ืจื™. ื”ื™ื ืืžืจื” :โ€ืื—ืจ โ€“ื›ืšโ€œ. ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืืœื ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ื ื•ืขืจ ืื• ื—ืœื•ืฆื™ื. ื›ื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืกื•ื›ื ื™ื. ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื–ื” ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืœื ื™ืขืžื“ื• ื‘ืชืœืื•ืช. ืžื” ื’ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื, ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืื›ื–ืจื™, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืฆื‘.ย ื›ืš ื ืคืจื“ืชื™ ืžื”ื•ืจื™. ืขืจื‘ ืื—ื“ ื ืกืขื ื• ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื”ื™ืœื•ื•ืจืกื ืœืฉื›ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•. ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืคืŸ ื“ื” ื•ื•ื™ืจ, ืฉื›ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืžืื•ืชื• ืจื—ื•ื‘. ืื ืฉื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื. ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืงืชื•ืœื™ืช ืขื ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื™ืœื“ื™ื. ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื™ืฉื ื• ื•ืืกื•ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ืœื“ืขืช ืฉืื ื™ ืืฆืœื. ื›ื™ ืคื—ื“ื• ืฉื™ืคื˜ืคื˜ื•. ืื ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืœื™ืœื” ื“ื‘ืจืชื™ ืื™ืชื ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื™ ื•ื”ื ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื• ืฉื™ืขืฉื• ืžื” ืฉื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื.
ืœืžื—ืจืช, ืื‘ื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื”ืœืš ืืชื™ ืžื•ืงื“ื ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ ืœืžื›ืจ ืฉืœื• ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ื›ืคืจ ืงื˜ืŸ. ืื™ื›ืจ ืจื•ื•ืง ื‘ืŸ 65 ื‘ืฉื ื™ืืŸ ื•ืกื˜ื‘ืจื•ืง ืฉื’ืจ ืœื‘ื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืงื˜ืŸ ืžื•ืงืฃ ืฉื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื™ืคื” ื‘ืฉื ื”ื•ืœื ื“ืกื›ื” ืจืื“ื™ื ื’ , ืžืจื—ืง ื ืกื™ืขื” ืžื”ื™ืœื•ื•ืจืกื ื‘ืจื›ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืœื™ 20 ื“ืงื•ืช. ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ืœื›ื ื• ื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืจื’ืœ ื•ื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœืฉื.ย ื”ืื™ืฉ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช, ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ื”ื•ื ืขื‘ื“ ืืฆืœ ืฉื›ืŸ ื‘ื’ื™ื ื” ื•ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ื ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชื—ืจื˜.โ€ืžืฆื˜ืขืจ, ื”ื•ื ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืื•ืชื™โ€œ.ย ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืœื™ ื›ืœ ื ื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืขืœื™ ื•ืืžืจืชื™ ืฉืœื ืื–ื•ื– ืžืฉื ืขื“ ืฉืœื ืชื‘ื•ื ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœื™ ื•ืชื“ืื’ ืœื™ ืœืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ. ืื˜โ€“ ืื˜ ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชืจื’ืœ ืืœื™ ื•ืืžืจ : โ€œื ื•, ื˜ื•ื‘ ืื ื™ ืื›ื™ืŸ ืœืš ืฉืง ืงืฉ ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื™ ืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ.โ€ โ€“ื”ื™ื• ืœื• ืจื—ืžื™ื ืขืœื™.ย ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ื‘ื™ืช ืงื˜ืŸ ืขื ืžื˜ื‘ื— ืคืจื™ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™. ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื ื—ืฉืžืœ ืืœื ื ืคื˜ ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจื– ืžื™ื, ืืš ืœื ื‘ื™ื•ื‘. ืื‘ื™ื• ื‘ื ื” ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื–ื”. ื‘ื™ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืงื˜ืŸ, ื—ืžื•ื“ ื•ื™ืคื”. ื”ื™ื” ืฉื ืกืœื•ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื•. ื•ื‘ืกืœื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืฉืชื™ ืžื™ื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืงื™ืจ. ื‘ื”ื•ืœื ื“ ื‘ื‘ืชื™ื ื”ื™ืฉื ื™ื, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืงื™ื™ื. ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื•ื™ืœื•ื ื•ืช, ื›ืš ืฉืžื™ ืฉื ื›ื ืก ืœื—ื“ืจ ืœื ืจื•ืื” ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ.ย ื”ืคืจื“ื•ืงืก ื”ื™ื” ืฉืขืœ ื“ืœืช ื”ืกืœื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืชื” ืชืœื•ื™ื” ืจืคืจื•ื“ื•ืงืฆื™ื” ืžื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื™ืคื” ืฉืœ ืจืžื‘ืจื ื˜ โ€œื”ื›ืœื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื”โ€ ื•ื”ื™ื• ืœื• ืขื•ื“ ืจืคืจื•ื“ื•ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื™ืคื•ืช ื›ืืœื• ืฉืœ ืฆื™ื™ืจื™ื ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™ื, ืื•ืชืŸ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืžื”ืขืฉื™ืจ ืฉืขื‘ื“ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื•.
ื›ืš ื—ื™ื™ืชื™ ืืฆืœื• 13 ื—ื•ื“ืฉ, ืื™ืฉ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืชืžื™ื.
ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžื‘ืฉืœืช ืœื•, ืคืขื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืื” ืื—ื•ืชื• ืœื ืงื•ืช ืœื• ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช. ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืขื•ืœื” ืœืื ื˜ืจืกื•ืœ ื•ืžืฉืื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืžืœื•ื›ืœืš ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื”, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ืจืื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉื ืžื™ืฉื”ื•. ื•ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื :โ€ืคืขื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื™ื“ ืื™ืฉื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื’ืขืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื–ื”โ€œ. ืื—ืจโ€“ื›ืš ื”ื’ื™ืข ื–ืžืŸ ื ื™ืงื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืคืกื— ืฉื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืžื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื. ืœื ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ื—ืžืฅ, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื›ืš ืฉื’ื ื‘ืื ื˜ืจืกื•ืœ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ื. ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืงืฉื” ืฉื ืœืฉื›ื‘ ื‘ืฉืงื˜, ื›ืฉืœืžื˜ื” ืžื ืงื™ื ื•ืืกื•ืจ ืœื–ื•ื– ื›ื™ ืคืชืื•ื ื”ื ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืžื™ืฉื”ื•.ย ื›ื™ ื›ืš ื”ื™ื”. ืžืื•ื“ ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ ืœื”ืกืชื™ืจ ืื ืฉื™ื, ื•ืื•ื™ ื•ืื‘ื•ื™ โ€“ืžื™ ืฉื“ื™ื‘ืจ. ื•ืื ื™ ื”ื›ื ืกืชื™ ืœื• ืœืจืืฉ ืฉืœื ื™ืกืคืจ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืื—ื•ืชื•,ย ื›ื™ ื›ืš ื”ื™ื”, ืคื˜ืคื•ื˜ ืžื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื” ืžื’ืœื” ืืช ื”ืกื•ื“, ื•ื›ื›ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื ืชืคืกื•.ย ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื ื™ืงื™ื•ืŸ ืœืคืกื— ื”ืกืชื™ืจ ืื•ืชื™ ื‘ืžื—ืกืŸ ืขื ืขื™ื–ื™ื. ื›ืฉื”ื ื”ืœื›ื• ื”ื‘ื™ืชื” ื‘ืฆื”ืจื™ื™ื, ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื™ ืื•ื›ืœ. ืขื‘ืจื• ื›ืžื” ื™ืžื™ื ื•ื”ื ื’ืžืจื•. ื•ืื ื™ ืฉื•ืžืขืช ืื™ืš ื”ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ืžื” ื”ื ื™ืขืฉื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืื—ืจื™ ืžื•ืชื•. ืืš ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ ืื—ืจื™ื”ื, ื–ื›ื” ื•ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื’ื™ืœ 90 , ืื™ืฉ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืชืžื™ื.
ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืืœื™ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื™ืคื”, ืœืงื— ืžืขื˜ ืžืื•ื“ ื›ืกืฃ. ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ืงืฆืช ื›ืกืฃ ืžื”ื‘ื™ืช, 5 ื’ื•ืœื“ืŸ ืœืฉื‘ื•ืข ื ืชืชื™ ืœื•. ื”ื™ื• ืœื• ืฉื“ื•ืช โ€“ ืžื–ื” ื”ื™ื• ืœื• ื™ืจืงื•ืช, ื—ืœื‘โ€“ ืžื”ืขื™ื–ื™ื. ื›ืš ืœื ืกื‘ืœื ื• ื—ืจืคืช ืจืขื‘. ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื, ืืœื ืฉื“ืื’ืชื™ ืœื”ื•ืจื™ ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื. ื•ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืฉืžื•ืขื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ืืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื•ืชื•ืคืกื™ื ืขื•ื“ ื•ืขื•ื“ ืื ืฉื™ื. ืื—ืจโ€“ื›ืš ื‘ืื• ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืจื™ื ืคื™ื ืงื”ื•ืฃ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื ืชืคืกื• ื•ื”ืฉืชื—ืจืจื• ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืžื”ื™ื”ืœื•ืžื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื. ืฉื—ืจืจื• ืื•ืชื ื•ื›ืš ื›ืฉื”ืฉืชื—ืจืจื•, ื•ื”ื™ื ืจืฆืชื” ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืื•ืชื ืžืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื. ื•ื–ืžืŸ ืžื” ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืืฆืœื™ ื™ื—ื“ ืืชื™ ืืฆืœ ื™ืืŸ. ืื—ืจโ€“ื›ืš ื’ืจื• ื‘ื›ืคืจ, ื”ืื™ืฉ ืขืฉื” ืœืขืฆืžื• ื–ืงืŸ ื•ืžืฉืงืคื™ื™ื, ื”ื ืกื™ื“ืจื• ื ื™ื™ืจื•ืช, ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ืกืฃ ื•ื™ื›ืœื• ืœืงื ื•ืช โ€œื ื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืžื–ื•ื™ืคื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ืโ€ ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืคืขื™ืœื” ื’ื ื‘ืžื—ืชืจืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ื›ืจื˜ื™ืกื™ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืœื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืช ืฉืœื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืคืขื™ืœื” ื‘ืžื—ืชืจืช, ืฉืžื” ื”ื™ื” ืืœื™ ื•ื˜ืจืžืŸ.ย ื›ืฉื”ื ื‘ืื• ืœื’ื•ืจ, ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘. ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ืกืคืจื™ื, ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืœื‘ืงืจ ืืฆืœื โ€“ืขื ื™ืืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืœื”. (ืชื™ื›ืฃ ื”ืชืงืจืจืชื™,ื›ื™ ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ื™ืฆืืชื™ ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”), ืื—ืจื™ ื–ืžืŸ, ื‘ืื” ืžืจื™ื ื•ื”ืฆื™ืขื” ืœื™ ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื“ืจืš ืกืคืจื“. โ€œืžื” ื“ืขืชืš, ืืช ืžืกื›ื™ืžื”?โ€ย ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ืจื™ ื ืชืคืกื•, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืขืฆื ืœื‘ื“, ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœืชืช ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืœืืฃ ืื—ื“. ื”ื™ื• ืขื•ื“ ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืžืืžืฆื™ื ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืื•ืชื, ืืš ื”ื ื ื›ืฉืœื•.ย ื”ื ืขื‘ืจื• ืžืงื•ื ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ื•ืœื ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื•, ืฉืœื—ืชื™ ืœื”ื ืฉืœื™ื—, ืฉืœื—ืชื™ ืœื“ื•ื“ื” ื•ื”ื™ื ืคื—ื“ื”, ืื•ืœื™ ื–ื” ืžืจื’ืœ ื•ืœื ืืžืจื” ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ืช. ื•ืขื“ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื’ื™ืข ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืืœื™ื”ื, ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ, ืชืคืกื• ืื•ืชื. ืขื“ ืฉื”ื ื’ื ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืœื”ืกืชืชืจ. ื•ืœื ืขื–ืจ ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ. ืฉืœื—ื• ืœืžืจื™ื ืคื™ื ืงื”ื•ืฃ ื’ืœื•ื™ื”, ื›ืชื‘ื• ืฉื”ื ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ื•ืžืื—ืœื™ื ืœื ื•, ื–ืืช ืื•ืžืจืช ืœื™, ืืช ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘.ย ื”ื ื ื™ืกืคื• ื‘ืกื•ื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ 26.03.1943.
ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืขื“ื•ืช:ย ืžืขื‘ืจ ื”ืคื™ืจื ืื™ื โ€“ ื‘ืจื™ื—ื” ืžื”ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ื ืืฆื™ย 
ื”ื”ืฆืœื” ื”ื ื™ืกื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื˜ืกื™ ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ืžืžืขืฆืจ ื‘ืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื
ย Betsy Wijnberg-Ehrlich of Hilversum b. 1919 worked before WWII as a bookkeeper in the Portugueseย Synagogueย of Amsterdam โ€“ then the largest synagogue in Europe
Portuguese Synagogue of Amsterdam
ย  After her family was deported to Amsterdam in 1942 she began to work for a Jewish accountant,ย Meijer Henri Max Bolle, who was previously the head of the JNF of Holland an now the secretary of the Judenrad of Amsterdam. However she refused to make lists of Jewish goods and cooperate with theย Naziย authorities and began to do housework for her employer.ย In October 1942 Betsy was arrested together with the Bolle family. She was sick and bedridden with a kidney infection. Betsy told the Germans that she cannot lift her bag, and they said that someone would help her. Bolle was not at home and he turned himself in thinking that his position would save him. In this action the Jews of Amsterdam were all brought to the Jewish Theater, previously called the Hollands Theater.ย People were dragged in to the theater from the sidewalk. Men, women and children lay on the floor. The Chiefย Rabbiย of Amsterdam was also arrested and brought to the theater while Betsy was there. Betsy was sent to the balcony together with the other ill Jews and the elderly. Within a week transports began toย Westerbork.ย The deportations took place at night so the neighbors could not see. Jews were told to keep away from the windows. Members of the Judenrad convinced the Germans that Betsy was too sick to travel. Walter Ziskind did everything he could to save Betsy. The Bolle family was sent to Westerbork.ย There were two German guards at the theater. It was not difficult to bribe them with alcohol and many Jewish children were saved by taking them across the street to a Dutch kindergarten.ย ย At one point Betsy was left with only two Jewish children and one guard. The guard called his officers to ask if he can free them. Instead even more Jews were brought to the theater. Word was sent to Betsyโ€™s parents by Ziskind that money was need for alcohol to bribe the guards. Within three weeks Betsy was freed.ย ย At this point Betsyโ€™s neighbors in Hilversum the Van der Weijer family found a place for her to hide in Hollandsche Rading by Jan Westerbroek. She hid there for 13 months in the small farm house.ย The Jewish Underground and especially Joop Westerweel and Betsyโ€™s friend Miriam Waterman of Loosdrecht arranged to help Betsy cross the Belgian and French borders
ื”ืงืœื˜ื” ืฉืœ ืกื‘ืชื ื‘ื˜ืกื™ โ€“ ื”ืฉื•ืื” ื‘ื”ื•ืœื ื“:
https://drive.google.com/file/d/138BhbawkEcYCaEth4IFl4BS9e5UC24dP/view?usp=drivesdk
ื‘ื˜ืกื™ ื‘ื•ืจื—ืช ืžื”ื•ืœื ื“
ืœืื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ื˜ืกื™ ื‘ื—ืจื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืกืคืจื“ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื” ืžืจื™ื ืคื™ื ืงื”ื•ืฃ ืžื”ืžื—ืชืจืช ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืค ื•ืกื˜ืจื•ื™ืœ โ€“ย Johan (Joop)ย Westerweel.ย ืคืจื˜ื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื—ื”ย ื“ืจืš ื‘ืœื’ื™ื” ืฆืจืคืช, ื•ื”ืคื™ืจื ืื™ื ื‘ืขื“ื•ืชื” ื”ืžืฆื•ืจืคืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื˜ืกื™. ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืœื™ืœื” Joop ื”ื™ื” ืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื‘ื˜ืกื™ ื•ื—ื‘ืจื” ื ื•ืกืคืช, ืืš ื”ื•ื ื ืขืฆืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื ืืฆื™ื. ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ื“ืจืš ื”ืคื™ืจื ืื™ื ื–ื” ืกืคื•ืจ ืื—ืจ.
youtube
ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ื–ื” ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื’ื™ื” ื•ื”ื•ืœื ื“. ื›ืžื” ืกืžืœื™ ื”ืคืกื•ืง ื”ืžืขื•ื“ื“ ื‘ืžืขื‘ืจ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื‘ื˜ืกื™.
ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื•ืœื ื“-ื‘ืœื’ื™ื”. ื›ึดึผื™ ืžึทืœึฐืึธื›ึธื™ื• ื™ึฐืฆึทื•ึถึผื” ืœึธึผืšึฐ ืœึดืฉึฐืืžึธืจึฐืšึธ ื‘ึฐึผื›ึธืœ ื“ึฐึผืจึธื›ึถื™ืšึธ.
Sole survivor of Eduard Wijnberg Family โ€“ Betsy Wijnberg-Ehrlich
ย Listed in the Hollandsche Schouwburg (Dutchย Theatre) which became aa Jewish theatre in 1941 by Nazi occupier and is now theย Jewish Historical Museum โ€“ By:ย ZPC
ืฉืžื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืœื ื“ ืฉื ื”ืจื’ื• ื‘ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™
ย  ย ืฉืœ ื‘ื˜ืกื™ ื•ื™ื ื‘ืจื’-ืืจืœื™ืš ื•ื‘ืขืœื” ื“ืŸ ืืจืœื™ืš ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”.
ืžื—ื ื” ื•ืกื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจืง
ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ืžื—ื ื” ื•ื•ืกื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจืง ืฉื™ืžืฉื” ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื˜ืจื ื–ื™ื˜ ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ-ืžื–ืจื— ื”ื•ืœื ื“ ืœื’ื™ืจื•ืฉ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™ื™ื ื•-Roma (ืฆื•ืขื ื™ื) ืœืžื—ื ื•ืช ื”ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื•ืžื—ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”, ืคื•ืœื ื“, ื•ืฆื›ื™ื”. ืžื•ืกื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจืง ื’ื•ืจืฉื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-100 ืืœืฃ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื‘ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ืœืžื•ืชื. ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ื•ื•ืกื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจืง ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ื›ืœ ื™ื•ืย ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืขืจื‘. ื”ื•ืงืจืื• ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ืืกื•ืจื™ื ืฉืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืœืžื—ืจืช ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ. ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืื ื” ืคืจื ืง ื•ืฉื‘ืขืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืย ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ืชื ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืžืกืชื•ืจ ื‘ืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื ืขื“ ืฉื”ื“ืกื˜ืคื• ื’ื™ืœืชื” ืื•ืชื ื•ื’ื™ืจืฉื” ืื•ืชื. ื”ื™ื•ื ืžื—ื ื” ื•ืกื˜ืจื‘ืจื•ืง ื”ื™ื ืืชืจ ื”ื ืฆื—ื”.
ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉ ืœื•ืกื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจืง โ€“ Westerbork_deportation
โ€œThe 102,000 stones [nl]โ€ monument at Westerbork. Each individual stone represents a single person that stayed at Westerbork and died in a Nazi concentration camp.ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย ย ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย ื”ื ืฆื—ื” ื‘ืžื—ื ื” ื•ืกื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจืง
ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืื” โ€“ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื“ื™ื™ืจื™ ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื•ื•ื ื“ืœืคืื“, ื”ื™ืœืคืจืกื•ื
Wandelpad 60 1211GP Jonas Salomon Sanders Amsterdam 2 februari 1882 Sobibor 14 mei 1943 Wandelpad 60 1211GP Anna Sanders-Joachimsthal Amsterdam 15 juni 1885 Sobibor 14 mei 1943 Wandelpad 60 1211GP Johan Louis Sanders Hilversum 5 maart 1918 Sobibor 9 juli 1943 Wandelpad 80 1211GR Jakob Heinz Wahl Bochum 26 januari 1912 Auschwitz 30 april 1943 Wandelpad 86 1211GR Meijer Mesritz Amsterdam 8 december 1896 Sobibor 4 juni 1943 Wandelpad 88 1211GR Simon Dwinger Leeuwarden 26 april 1904 Auschwitz 31 januari 1943 Wandelpad 88 1211GR Esther Dwinger-van Rhijn Tilburg 21 februari 1904 Auschwitz 24 september 1942 Wandelpad 88 1211GR Joseph Dwinger Leeuwarden 20 februari 1932 Auschwitz 24 september 1942
ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื’: ืื“ื•ืืจื“ ืขื•ืžื“, ืจื™ื™ื ื” ื™ื•ืฉื‘ืช, ื‘ื˜ืกื™ ื•ืื™ื–ื™ื“ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืœ
Wandelpad 90: Efraim Eduard Wijnberg: Born 1881 Deported to Westerbork 1943 Murdered 26.03.1943
Wandelpad 90:ย Reina Wijnberg-van Menk: Born 1888 Deported 1943 to Westerbork Murdered 26.03.1943
ื”ื ื—ืช ืื‘ื ื™ ื ื’ืฃ ื‘ื”ื™ืœืคืจืกื•ืย โ€“ 10ืž ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2019
ื›ืืŸ ืชืžืฆืื• ืืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืฉืื ื• ื”ื›ื ื ื• ืœื˜ืงืก ืื‘ื ื™ ื”ื ื’ืฃ ื‘ื”ื™ืœืคืจืกื•ื
ืžืจ ื”ื ืก ืจื•ืก-ย Hans Roos ืžืืจื’ื•ืŸย Jewish Heritage Gooi- & Vechtstreek Foundationย ื“ื•ืื’ ืœืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ื”ื ื—ืช ืื‘ื ื™ ื ื’ืฃ ื‘ื”ื™ืœืคืจืกื•ื. ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืดื”ื•ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ืืด ื ืกืขื” ืœื˜ืงืก ืขืย ืฉืœืฉ ื ื›ื“ื•ืช (ื•ื—ืชืŸ ืื—ื“) ื•ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืืคืจื™ื ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื” ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื’ ื–ืดืœ.
Programma plaatsing Struikelstenen Hilversum
ืื‘ื ื™ ื”ื ื’ืฃ ืฉืœื ื•
Wandelpad 90 Hilversum
Wandelpad 90: Efraim Eduard Wijnberg, Reina Wijnberg-van Menk
ื˜ืงืก ืื‘ื ื™ ื”ื ื’ืฃ ืฉืœ ืื“ื•ืืจื“ ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื” ืฉื•ื“ืจ ื‘ื˜ืœื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ืžืงื•ืžื™ืชย ื•ื ืกืงืจ ื‘ื›ืžื” ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื (ืœืžื˜ื”):-
Een mooie dag in Hilversum. 21 Struikelstenen geplaatst. Ter nagedachtenis aan de slachtoffers van de nazi terreur in deze gemeente in de 2e WO. Stenen ter herinnering aan de familie Wijnberg, waarvoor familieleden speciaal uit Israel waren overgekomen. Een steen voor Petrus van der Wilt, die het leven liet als dwangarbeider in Bramsche. En voor Caroline Wertheim onder het toeziend oog van Prof. Wertheim en zijn zoon Micha Wertheim (cabaretier) Of in de Siriusstraat, waar we op 4 adressen 7 stenen hebben geplaats met een toelichting door Kees Bestebreurtje die onderzoek heeft gedaan naar de achtergronden van de personen waar we de stenen voor hebben geplaatst. Maar ook en speciaal in de Taludweg voor Joseph Duka, waar geen familieleden meer voor waren. Wij hebben vandaag hun namen teruggebracht naar Hilversum, want een mens is pas vergeten als zijn naam vergeten is. A beautiful day in hilversum. 21 struikelstenen placed. In Memory of the victims of nazi terror in this municipality in the 2TH WO. Stones in memory of the family wijnberg, for which family members had come over specially from Israel. A stone for Peter van der want, who left life as a convict in bramsche. And for Caroline Wertheim under the watchful eye of Prof. Wertheim and his son Micha Wertheim (Comedian) Or in the siriusstraat, where we placed 7 STONES ON 4 addresses with an explanation by kees bestebreurtje who has done research on the backgrounds of the people we have placed the stones for. But also and especially in the taludweg for Joseph Duka, which no relatives were left for. We have brought their names back to hilversum today, because a human is only forgotten if his name is forgotten. /www.facebook.com/struikelstenen.nl/
ย  Jewish names will be glittering in the sunโ€™
Stolpersteine 14-Juliโ€“19
ื™ื–ื›ื•ืจ ื•ืืœ ืžืœื ืจื—ืžื™ื
ื™ื–ื›ื•ืจ ื•ืืœ ืžืœื ืจื—ืžื™ื
ืฉื™ืจ ืžืืช ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ื ื•ย  โ€“ย Riny En Gerry Kluvers
ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ ื˜ื‘ืข ื‘ื”ื•ืœื ื“: ืฉืœ ืจื™ื ื™ ื•ื—ืจื™
ืฉื™ืจ ืžืืช ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื• Riny En Gerry Kluvers
ืื ื“ืจื˜ื•ืช ืฉื•ืื” ื‘ื”ื™ืœืคืจืกื•ื
Monument to David Lopes Diasย  ย Lopes Diaslaan, 1222 BV โ€“ ืื™ื–ื›ื•ืจ ื—ื‘ืจ ืขื™ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ื™ืคืจืกื•ื ๏ฟฝ๏ฟฝื”ื•ื“ื™ ืฉื ืจืฆื— ื‘ืฉื•ืื”
Monument to David Lopes Dias Lopes Diaslaan Fotoโ€™s: Anneke Moerenhoutย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ย  ื”ื ืฆื—ื” ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืขื™ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ื™ืœืคืจืกื•ื, ื“ื•ื“ ืœื•ืคื– ื“ื™ืืก, ืฉื ืจืฆื— ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื ืืฆื™ื
Jewish Monument in Jewish Cemetery at Gijsbrecht van Amstelstraat and Vreelandsseweg โ€“ ืื ื“ืจื˜ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœืคืจืกื•ื ืœื–ื›ืจ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉื ืจืฆื—ื• ื‘ืฉื•ืื” ื•ืžืงื•ื ืงื‘ื•ืจืชื ืื™ื ื• ื™ื“ื•ืข
Photo Jan de
ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ืฉื ื” ื™ืฉ ืื ื“ืจื˜ื” ืœื”ืจื•ื’ื™ ื”ื™ืœืคืจืกื•ื ื‘ืžื—ื ื” ืžืื•ื˜ื”ืื•ืกืŸ.ย ย Oude Torenstraatย โ€“ Oude Begraafplaats โ€œGedenk te Stervenโ€ย Kerkbrink 4,
DEZE STEEN UIT HET VERNIETIGINGSKAMP MAUTHAUSEN ZIJ ZE KOMENDE GENERATIES EEN TEKEN5 MEI 1970
โ€œTHIS STONE FROM THE DESTRUCTION CAMP MAUTHAUSEN THEY ARE THE COMING GENERATIONS A SIGN 5 MAY 1970.โ€ The monument is placed on the former Old Cemetery โ€˜Gedenk te Stervenโ€™, located on the Oude Torenstraat (behind the Grote Kerk) in Hilversum. Source http://www.tgooi.info
Memorial Bavinckschool Hilversum โ€“ ืื ื“ืจื˜ื” ืœืžื•ืจื” ืœืžื‘ืจื˜ื•ืก ืงืจืžืจ ืฉื ืจืฆื— ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื ืืฆื™ืย ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื”
ย The War Memorial, a Plaque in the Bavinckschool in Hilversum, is in memory to the teacher Lambertus Kremer killed during the Second World War.ย Bosdrift 21, Hilversum
ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ: ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœืคืจืกื•ื โ€“
Hilversum oorlog en bevrijding โ€“ย Hilversum war and liberation
ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ื ื—ืงืจ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืฉื•ืื” ื‘ื”ื™ืœืคืจืกื•ื ืžืฆืืชื™ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”, ืืžื ื ื‘ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™ืช, ืื‘ืœ ืื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ื ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœืคืจืกื•ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ื ืืฆื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืœื ื“, ื•ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ืฉื—ืจื•ืจย ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฆืžื™ื“ ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ื ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ืœื™ื“ ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ืืชืจ. ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฆื™ื’ ืฉื™ืœื•ื˜ ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื–ื•ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื ืืฆื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ืœืคืจืกื•ื,ย ืื‘ื ื™ ื ื’ืฃ (Struikelstenen), ืื ื“ืจื˜ื” ืœื ืคื’ืขื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื™ืคื ื™ืช ื‘ืื™ื ื“ื•ื ื–ื™ื”, ืฉื ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื ืช ื”ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ืžืŸ ื”ื ืืฆื™ื, ืฉื ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืœื”ื ืฆื—ืชย ืœื•ื—ืžื™ Resistance ื”ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™, ืžื—ืกื•ืžื™ื ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ, ืฉืœื˜ ื”ื ืฆื—ื” ืœืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืฉื ื”ืจื’ื• ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื ื–ืงื™ ื”ืคื’ื–ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื”ื™ืœืคืจืกื•ื ื•ื‘ืจื•ื˜ืจื“ื, ืคืกืœ ื”ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ืฉืœย Piet Esser, ืฉื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ืชื•ืฉื‘ ื”ื™ืœืคืจืกื•ืย Piet Esser, ื•ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ืžื—ื ื” Mouthausen ื‘ืฉื•ืื”.
ืžืฉืชืคื™ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื”ื™ืœืคืจืกื•ื ื”ืžื•ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ
Willem Vogt: ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืžืื™ 1940 ื›ืžื ื›ืดืœ ื”ืจื“ื™ื• ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ย AVRO (ืžืžื•ืงื ื‘ื”ื™ืœืคืจืกื•ื) ืžื™ื“ ื ื›ื ืข ืœื›ืœ ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ืืฆื™ื, ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ ืœืคื˜ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ืจื“ื™ื•.
Willem Arie Herweijer: ื‘ืžืื™ 1934 ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ื ืืฆื™ืช. ื”ื™ื” ืžื™ื™ืกื“ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืดืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืด ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ื ืืฆื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืœื ื“ ื•ื’ื ืžื ื›ืดืœ ืื™ืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื”ื ืืฆื™ืช ืฉื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืืชย AVROย ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืขืจื•ืฆื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื.
Societet de unie:ย ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ื™ืœืคืจืกื•ื ื ืžืกืจ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ โ€“ย Wehrmacht
Ernst von Bรถnninghausen: ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1940-1943 ื”ื™ื” ืจืืฉ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœืคืจืกื•ื ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ืจื’ืŸ-Tubbergen. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืœืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืกื•ื”ืจ ืขืงื‘ ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœื• ืขื ื”ื ืืฆื™ื.
Meinoud Rost van Tonningen: ืจืืฉ ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ื ืืฆื™ื ื‘ื”ื•ืœื ื“, ื•ื ืฉื™ื ื”- National Bank. ืืฉืชื•ย Florrie Huebek ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืช ื”ื™ืœืคืจืกื•ื. ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื” ื‘ื™ืงืจื” ื‘ื”ื™ืœืคืจืกื•ื ื”ื ืกื™ื›ื”ย  Princess Julianaย ื•ื”ืŸ ืฉื™ื—ืงื• ื˜ื ื™ืก ื‘ื™ื—ื“.ย Heinrich Himmlerย ืจืืฉ ื”-SS ืื™ืฉืจ ืืช ื–ื™ื•ื•ื’ื ื•ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืดื”ื—ืชื•ื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”-SSโ€.
ื ืืฆื™ื ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™ืย ื”ืžื•ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ
Arthur Seyss-Inquart:ย ื”ืžืคืงื“ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ ืขืœ ื”ื•ืœื ื“, ืื ื˜ื™ืฉืžื™ ืžื•ื‘ื”ืง. ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคื’ื ื•ืช ื ื’ื“ื• ื‘-ย Amsterdam,ย Arnhemย andย Hilversum ื‘ืžืื™ 1943 ื”ื•ื ื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืงื ืก ืขืฆื•ื (18 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸย ย guilders) ืขืœ ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื•ืช. ืื ืงื•ื•ืืจื˜ ื’ื ื ืคื’ืฉ ืขื ื”ืžื•ืคืชื™,ย Haj Amin al-Husseini. ื ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืœืชืœื™ื” ื•ื”ื•ืฆื ืœื”ื•ืจื’ ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ื ื™ืจื ื‘ืจื’.
Friedrich Christiansen:ย ืžืคืงื“ ื”-Wehrmacht ื‘ื”ื•ืœื ื“ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื”.
Johannes Albrecht Blaskowitz: ืœืื—ืจ ื ื•ืจืžื ื“ื™ย ื‘ืœืกืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจ ืœื”ื•ืœื ื“ ื›ืžืคืงื“ย ย Army Group H. ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉืœืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืขืจืš ื ืกื™ื’ื” ืœื•ื—ืžืช ื ื’ื“ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™. ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1945 ืžื•ื ื” ืžืคืงื“ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืœื ื“. ื‘ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืจืขื‘ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1944-45, ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื” ื”ืกื›ื ืขื ื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืฉืื ื”ื ืœื ื™ืคื’ื™ื–ื• ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื™ืจืฉื” ืœืฉืœื•ื—ื™ื ืžืฆื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืœืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช.
Resistance ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™ืช ื‘ื”ื™ืœืคืจืกื•ื ื‘ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ
Nederlandsche Seintoestellen Fabriek: ื‘ื™ืช ื—ืจื•ืฉืช ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ ืจื“ื™ื• ืžืฉื“ืจื™ื ื•ืžืงืœื˜ื™ื.ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™ ืคื•ืฆืฅ ืืช ืžื’ื“ืœ ื”ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ืขืจื‘ ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ. ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ื”ืžืคืขืœ ื‘ื”ื™ืœืคืจืกื•ื ื”ืฉืชืชืคื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืชืช ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1941. ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื ืขืœืฆื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืžืคืขืœ ืืš ื”ื ื‘ื™ืฆืขื•ย  ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช sabotage ืจื‘ื•ืช ืืฉืจ ื–ื›ื• ืœืคื™ืจืกื•ื ื‘ืกืจื˜ ื”ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™ย Soldaat van Oranje ื‘-1977.
Bill Minco: ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœื•ื—ื ืžื—ืชืจืช ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™. ื ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืœืžื•ื•ืช ืขื ืขื•ื“ 16 ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื. ืจืื”ย The Eighteen Deadย poem byย Jan Campert. ื’ื–ืจ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ืงื• ื”ื•ืžืจ ื‘ืžืืกืจ ืขื•ืœื ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืงื˜ื™ืŸ. ื ืฉืœื— ืœืžืื•ื˜ื”ืื•ื–ืŸ ื•ื“ื›ืื• ื•ืฉื•ื—ืจืจ ื‘ืชื•ื ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”. ื”ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจ ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœืคืจืกื•ื.
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ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ: ืฉื™ื—ืจื•ืจ ื”ื™ืœืคืจืกื•ื ื•ื”ื›ื ื™ืขื” ื”ื ืืฆื™ืช
ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ืœืคืจืกื•ื ื ื›ื ืขื• ื•ื”ื•ื—ืœืคื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืจื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœืคืจืกื•ื ืฉื•ื—ืจืจื•. ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืžืชืงื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ืชืฉื•ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื‘ื”ื™ืœืคืจืกื•ื.
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ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื”
ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืœื ื“ ื‘ืฉื•ืื” โ€“ ื‘ื™ืช ืœื•ื—ืžื™ ื”ื’ื˜ืื•ืช
Ghetto Fightersโ€™ House โ€“ My Personal Museum
ืื‘ื ื™ ื ื’ืฃ โ€“ย ื”ื™ืœืคืจืกื•ื ื”ืคื•ืกื˜ ื”ื–ื” ืดื”ื•ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ืืด ืžืฆื™ื’ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื•ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืžื ืฆื™ื—ื™ื ืืช ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื”ื ืฉื ืจืฆื—ื• ื‘ื”ืฉื•ืื”. ื›ืืŸ ื ื—ืฉื•ืฃ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืื™ืฉื™ ื•ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™.
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tirsaroundtheworld ยท 7 years ago
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The Nomad MBA Part I - Chile!
Hello everyone, I am back! Not even a month after our return back in Haarlem, looking for jobs and trying to settle in, when instagramming to kill those extremely long last pair of minutes of the washing machineโ€™s cycle, I stumbled upon an add that caught my eye. Never before had I paid attention to Instagram adds, but this one was different. Relevant as if someone had been monitoring me, it said: โ€˜build a career you love, while traveling the worldโ€™. Barely two weeks after I first clicked on that add, I was selected (from over 6000 applications!! ๐Ÿ˜ฑ) as one of the lucky 25 people to join the Nomad MBA on a 3 months adventure to Latin America!
In short, during those 3 months our tribe will live in 3 different countries/cities, while working on an online course - Programming in my case - and accelerating personal growth. The adventure started on the 4th of April, when I took off for the longest flight I have ever been on (14,5 hours in one go!!!) to the first location: Valparaiso, Chile!
Upon arrival, it quickly became clear that this was going to be a really special time. The tribe is filled with the most amazing people from all over the world and each of them with an interesting story and an impressive set of skills and knowledge, Chile is amazing and this is just the beginning! It wasnโ€™t a real surprise that the first month passed before I could catch my breath. So many highlights!!:
# Valparaiso is a very colorful, bohemian and artsy city, characterized by its many โ€˜cerrosโ€™ (hills). Everywhere you look you see seemingly never-ending layers of brightly colored houses, the most amazing pieces of street art, stray dogs, stairs, stairs and more stairs; it is legday every day in Valpo #fitgirls! Some stairs can be dodged by taking cute little cablecars, called funiculars. Just walking around this interesting town and exploring its complex network of walkways is a highlight on its own!
# Even though Valparaiso is located right at the coastline of Chile, there are no accessible beaches. Therefore we took a local bus to the nearby Viรฑa del Mar, a beautiful and completely different little town where the buildings are majestic, the streets are clean and there is an endless boulevard along the beautiful beach. We spent the day surfing and tanning at La Boca beach, strolling along the boulevard, trying all the empanadas and drinking Chilean wines in a local cafe. Lifeโ€™s good!
# The good thing of being part of a tribe of people is that there is always someone with a good plan. One day we joined a local yoga class (in Spanish, si) in a beautiful, dreamy loft of the local cultural center. Another day we parkoured our way around town in search for the best nightclub. We went to cookingclasses and vineyard tours, played padel, hosted group dinners and so much more. Probably my favorite good plan was a calligraphy workshop in one of our favorite local cafes. On a fine Sunday morning, we learnt all about cool lettering while drinking tea, eating vegan brownies and enjoying great conversation. We even got to keep the equipment. ๐Ÿ™Œ๐Ÿป
# During the third week, we got time off of our study routine; Tribe Travel Week! We packed our daypacks and took off. First stop; Santaigo! We explored the cityโ€™s highlights, got up Cerro San Cristobal, hunted for souvenirs in Patio Bellavista and the Central Market, crossed the majestic Plaza de Armas, paid a quick visit to the palace La Moneda, had an overpriced but lovely Italian dinner and got op crazy early, 2:30 am kinda early, to catch our flight to the next stop: the amazing Atacama Desert! ๐Ÿค™๐Ÿป
# The perks of arriving before the sun properly rose definitely includes having a full day ahead of you to start exploring. And as we only had 3,5 days to explore this amazing place we got right into it. We checked into our hippy hostel dorm room, that we filled with all 8 of us, in San Pedro de Atacama and took an afternoon tour around the beautiful salt flats. Unfortunately the herd of flamingoes (yes, really!) that usually resides here wasnโ€™t home, but we got to enjoy a very floaty swim in the freezing salt lakes, made cool group pictures playing with the insane reflection of the Ojos del Sal, watched the change of light over the salt flats when the sun started setting and danced around the van while the daylight faded away and we got tipsy on pisco sours. Day 2 in the desert we spent biking through the incredible Valle de la Luna, Moon valley. True to its name, the scenery of this beautiful valley does remind one of the moon with its crazy crater-like landscape, sandy vasts, salty mountain ranges and never-ending views. Our self guided bike tour took us past the valleyโ€™s main attractions; we climbed through a narrow cave to admire the magical effects of the daylight through the cliffs, we climbed up various hills to be surprised by the one breathtaking view after the other and ate picnic lunch in the middle of nowhere - all the while accompanied by our very tough four legged furry friend Mufasa, who followed us all the way from the village. To end the day in style, we decided to follow up on this exciting rumour that we heard. The story is; to prevent San Pedro of becoming a drugs filled hippy hotspot, everything downtown shuts at midnight. But the party doesnโ€™t stop there though! The people then meet in the street and collectively make their way into the desert, on to rave around a bonfire under the starts. Obviously not something to disrecard, so after a nice pizza-and-pisco-in-the-hostel-and-recover-from-the-intense-day kinda evening, we joined the last round in a local bar and then followed the crowd into the desert. And it was magical! Guided by the magical sound of a sole saxophonist, we found our way to the campfire and danced the night away under the moonlight. ๐ŸŒ
# Just when we thought Atacama couldnโ€™t get better, we got ourselves a rental car and drove off to explore the further distance of this natural phenomenon. Our roadtrip took us through many different landscapes and on our way we spotted the local species of lama, did a proper fotoshoot with the absolutely breathtaking mountain ranges behind us, ate a set lunch in a tiny local eatery and kept the leftovers for a second picnic lunch at the beautiful, bright blue Miscanti lakes (where we also finally spotted a flamingo, YEES!), got horribly stuck in the middle of nowhere, magically met another strandee and teamworked our way out, enjoyed the most beautiful sunset over the changing colours of the desert on the way back and felt very very alive. Back in San Pedro after this day of rollercoaster emotions and breathtaking experiences, we went for a celebratory dinner with our roadtrip crew. Afterwards we made our way into the desert for some stargazing and meditated under the stars while the moonlight set the mood just right for the perfect ending of this absolutely fantastic day. Lucky, lucky fucks. ๐Ÿ™Œ๐Ÿป
After our travel week to the amazing Atacama desert, there was just under one week left to close off the last things in Valparaiso, pack up our stuff and say goodbye to our beloved home for the past month before we would move to the next adventure. Even though I had expected to experience Chile in a rather deep manner during this slow travel rythm, one month turned out to be not nearly enough. It had literally flown over, the flight to get to Valpo had felt longer and there were so many things that I yet hadnโ€™t done. That month was enough though to start forming strong tribe dynamics, beginning lifelong friendships and encouraging serious comfort-zone stretches - exactly what the Nomad MBA is about. It for sure got us oh so eager for the next stop: Cusco! ๐Ÿ‡ต๐Ÿ‡ชโ›ฐ
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tauers-go-dutch ยท 7 years ago
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Mamma Mia! We finally made it to Greece
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With my favorite ladies!
Alternative name: Ryan takes selfies with food
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As our time in Amsterdam is winding down, my lovely mother finally got her bum in gear and booked her trip to come visit. I put a lot of time and care into planning this trip, because we havenโ€™t been looking forward to it for the past two years-- weโ€™ve been looking forward to it for closer to 20! My mom and I have had Greece on our bucket list for as long as I can remember, and my living in Europe made for the perfect opportunity.
My last day at work was the Monday following our anniversary trip to Edinburgh, so I didnโ€™t have a whole lot of time to prepare before picking her up from the airport Tuesday morning. For some damn reason, she decided to arrive on literally the hottest day Iโ€™ve experienced since moving here myself. Seriously, heat records were broken for the last week of May. So - we grabbed some iced tea from Starbucks (the only place in Europe you can GET iced tea the way we like it) and hopped on the train.
Ryan worked from home that day, so once we dropped her luggage off, the three of us ventured up to the Foodhallen, which is, you guessed it, a food hall with stalls serving up different types of street food. While we generally donโ€™t advocate eating traditional Dutch food, we do always try to make sure everyone gets at least a taste. The easiest way to do this is to order bitterballen, which I lovingly like to describe as โ€˜fried balls of gravyโ€™. I think theyโ€™re disgusting, but Iโ€™ve received mixed opinions from my guests. Ryan enjoys them, but never seems to order them for himself. I donโ€™t think mom was terribly impressed-- Iโ€™d show you the photo of her digging in, but then Iโ€™d have to give up my American citizenship and never return home, for fear she might murder me.
Ryan returned to work while mom and I wandered up through a neighborhood called the โ€˜Jordaanโ€™ which is full of cute shops and great for people watching. After showing her the Anne Frank house (from the outside- the line was way too long to go inside) and buying a few charms for our charm bracelets, we hopped on the tram home to relax for a bit. I took her to dinner at my favorite neighborhood pizza place before calling it a night.
The next morning we took the train to Haarlem, one of my favorite little towns just outside of Amsterdam. We grabbed brunch at one of my favorite spots, then took a stroll to see one of the last remaining windmills in the area. We had some lemonade and shared a piece of carrot cake at my favorite tea shop (too hot for tea, and they donโ€™t do iced!). I bought the biggest bag of loose leaf of my favorite blend they had, and we hopped back on the train to Amsterdam. Ryan met us for dinner at a delicious Kansas City BBQ joint weโ€™ve come to love before heading in.ย 
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Thursday we went to the Van Gogh museum, where there was a special exhibit displaying his Japanese-inspired paintings. Of course we had to make the other typical Dutch food stops, where we hit up Ryanโ€™s favorite fry place, a deliciously Instagram and Pinterest-famous chocolate cookie shop, and finally, a bakery specializing in everyoneโ€™s favorite Dutch treat, the Stroopwafel!
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Here is momโ€™s impression of Amsterdam, in her own words:ย 
Finally! I made it to Amsterdam! First impression - itโ€™s very hot and humid! That impression didnโ€™t change except when it was raining. I loved the rain! Being as I was only there a very short time, we ran around from place to place to see as much as I could without spending too much time in any one place. The first night we ate at a marketplace where you could get about any food type you desired. I had my first taste of bitterballen. Was very good but basically deep fried gravy and one was enough for me. Mariah and I took most of the next day and traveled to Haarlem. Adorable little town, sort of a miniature Amsterdam. Many cute stores and a great little tea shop. That evening we had authentic Kansas City BBQ. Delicious!
We went to the museum plaza where there was an exhibition of miniature canal houses done in Delft. They were wonderful! We visited the Van Gogh museum. Was a great museum but honestly think I was suffering from heat exhaustion and didnโ€™t enjoy it as much as I wanted to. There are many museums on the plaza and I would love to explore more of them someday. Things of note in Amsterdam are the beautiful parks, the superb public transportation and of course the architecture. It is a very old city and the buildings are amazing. The architecture was probably my favorite thing about the city. Also noteworthy are the millions of bicycles ridden by all ages, shapes and sizes, all day long as well as the very small garden plots in front of nearly every home and window boxes adorning most windows on all floors.ย 
On my last night in Amsterdam (a trip to Greece in-between) Mariah and I stayed in a very nice boutique hotel named The Muse. Was a great last night and I left the next morning after a great breakfast prepared by friends Scott and Ashley. They are very special people and it is easy to understand why Mariah and Ryan have become such great friends with them. Knowing I would see Mariah and Ryan in six weeks made it easier to go...
Finally time to head to Greece, we made a final round through our apartment, as we had actually ended our lease and were due to move out that day! As much as Amsterdam will be missed, that place absolutely will not, so we bid it good riddance and made for the airport!
We landed in Santorini at about 9 in the evening, and were lucky that my Aunt Karen had arrived a few hours earlier and was able to check into our rental, which was in the village of Perissa. We dropped our stuff off and immediately made our way to the dive across the street for some late-night dinner. We had gyro, dolmas (my favorite!) pita and tzatziki and we were in heaven!
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Made it!
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Oh Greek food, how I love you!
Friday morning we had some Greek pastries for breakfast and headed to the Excavations of Akrotiri, which were supposed to be some great ancient ruins but turned out to be the biggest waste of money on the trip. The site was unfortunately very disappointing. No matter, the site was right on the beach, so we walked down to the coast and hiked up and over to the Red Beach, aptly named for the color of its sand/rocks. We werenโ€™t prepared for a true beach day, so we just admired for a bit, took a few photos and headed over to Fira for some lunch.
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Some rather disappointing ruins. Good thing weโ€™re cute!ย 
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The beautiful red sand beach
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Mom and Karen hung out while Ryan and I took on the popular hike from Fira to Oia. It was absolutely stunning - the perfect mix of hills and ridges along the coast where we passed every #dreamgoals resort you can possibly dream up. We arrived in Oia just before sunset, where we sat and watched it go down on a rooftop sangria bar. We grabbed dinner then met up with Mom and Karen, who had spent our hiking time exploring Oia. We took advantage of our apartmentโ€™s private jacuzzi then hit the hay.
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Hiking through paradise! (Prepping my new hiking boots for the imminent Trolltunga)
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We slept in a bit on Saturday before walking down to the black sand beach. I had booked our specific apartment in Perissa because of its proximity to the best beach on Santorini. It was still about a 15 minute trek down, but it was 100% worth it. We grabbed brunch at a beachside cafe before walking about 100 feet through the sand and plopping down on some shaded beach lounges and ordering fresh fruit smoothies. We enjoyed our drinks by the sea then mom and I decided it was time to take a dip. What is nice about this beach is that the black sand is actually small pebble, which makes it much easier to stand on and brush off (though we did manage to trek plenty back to our apartment) and makes for very clear water, because it doesnโ€™t get picked up in the current like typical beach sand does. While mom tried very hard to get me to let her stay there forever, we eventually decided weโ€™d had enough sun and headed in. Ryan was nice enough to walk back and grab the rental car for us, so we were chauffeured back to our apartment for showers and a nap.
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Mom and Karen stayed in the rest of the evening while Ryan and I went to a tasting at a local winery. The winery sat at the top of a hill overlooking the sea, but after a full day of sun, we decided we had better sit inside in the shade. The wine was great, some better than others. The entertainment, however, was provided by a crabby old man at the bar directly behind our table. Fortunately Ryan was able to sneak a photo of him in action.
Old man: โ€˜Can I have a mimosa?โ€™
Bartender: *blank stare*
Old man: โ€˜Do you know what a mimosa is? In America we have mimosas!โ€™
Bartender: โ€˜Like the flower?โ€™
Old man: โ€˜Like the drinkโ€™
Bartender: โ€˜Ok, sir, where are you sitting? I will send the waiter over for your order.โ€™
Old man: โ€˜I donโ€™t have a table. Iโ€™ve already eaten and paid. I just want to wash everything down with a mimosa.โ€™
Bartender: โ€˜Ok sir. What do you want?โ€™
Old man: โ€˜Orange juice and champagne. Do you have orange juice and champagne? Just give me a glass of orange juice and a glass of champagne. I will make it myself!โ€™
Bartender: *pours a flute of champagne and asks him hesitantly if he also wants a glass of orange juice before pouring a second flute and charging him for each separate drink. The old man pays and the bartender peaces out before she has to endure any more attacks.*
Old man: *proceeds to chug half of each flute before pouring the OJ into the champagne*
While the conversation took a solid five minutes, it took less than 20 seconds for the guy to down his drink and walk out of the winery once the bartender poured his two glasses. Was it really worth the trouble, man?
Anyways, we enjoyed our wine, headed to dinner and called it a night.
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DIY mimosa guy
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Eww, octopus
Sunday morning it was time to leave Santorini already. We booked a ferry to Mykonos, the second island of our trip. If Santorini is heaven, I donโ€™t know what Mykonos is, but I could stay there forever. The views from our apartment were unbeatable, and we had an infinity pool and bar just outside our door. We decided to stay close to home that evening, but walked over to a nearby Indian spot for dinner. Ryan only recently got me to start enjoying Indian food, and I think it was momโ€™s first time ever. Regardless, it was delicious-- so delicious we went back the next night to grab takeout!
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Leaving Santorini
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The new view isnโ€™t so bad
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Back at the apartment mom and Karen took a quick dip in the pool, but I was a weenie and just dipped my toes in (Ryan grabbed a G&T and went up to sit on the rooftop patio).
We slept in again then sought out brunch. I had a life-changing acai bowl that I canโ€™t stop thinking about nearly a month later, then we headed down into the main old town. The day was spent exploring the winding pathways of the city, taking way too many photos of the beautiful buildings, and stopping in all the local shops. Mykonos is known for its windmills, which are much different from those Iโ€™ve become accustomed to here in the Netherlands. Ryan and I spent a few hours lounging around back at the pool before grabbing that second helping of Indian for the whole crew.
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Apparently too excited to bother rubbing in all of my sunscreen...
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A quick tea and smoothie stop
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Not a bad way to end the day
The island of Delos was our main activity for the following day. We hopped on a ferry to check out the supposed birthplace of Artemis and Apollo. While it was ridiculously hot, these ancient ruins were far more interesting and well-preserved than the ones in Santorini. Back on the main (is)land, we grabbed lunch at a small Italian spot before an afternoon nap. Ryan and I journeyed out for another date night, this time walking (hiking) along the coast to a small family-owned restaurant on the other side of the island. We managed to arrive in one piece, where I had delicious salmon (chicken for Ryan) on the beach.
Our hike back was slightly less treacherous, as at least we knew the way, but we did receive a small surprise in the form of a wild hedgehog in our path! I canโ€™t believe I didnโ€™t take a photo now that I think about it. He was quite calm and friendly, we just had to step around him in his little ball and keep going. We grabbed some gyro from the snack bar on the beach for mom and Karen and headed in for the night.
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The next day it was time to hit the beach one last time. Our apartment was right next to one of the main beaches on the island but it was a serious hike to get down there. Mykonos is known as the party island of Greece, so the earlier in the morning you go, the less likely you are to have your ears assaulted with EDM and/or 90s rap. On the flipside, This is when all the 50+ folk decide itโ€™s time to get their tan on, in the nude. Sweet baby Jesus. Actually it really wasnโ€™t an issue, after the initial shock of old bronze fat man bits.
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It was even harder to pull mom out of the water this time around, but after some solid fun in the sun we had to head back in order to take Karen to the airport. Unfortunately she had to head home a day earlier than the rest of us. We grabbed lunch at the โ€˜El Burroโ€™ cafe and said goodbye. The three of us then went back into the old town to do some final shopping - mom wanted some souvenirs to bring home and I had some jewelry I wanted a second look at. The next morning it was our turn to head out, but not before one more go at that life-changing acai bowl.
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Clearly I have nothing but praise for Greece, and I think perhaps mom feels the same:
On to Greece! Top of my bucket list knocked off. Greece was everything I have ever imagined it would be. We spent several days on the island of Santorini. My sister Karen met up with us for this leg of my trip. The black beach will always be my favorite memory. Karenโ€™s as well for a much different reason. The sand was a beautiful black. We had a lovely room with our own hot tub and private patio. Across the street was a dive restaurant that had the best Greek food. We ate there several times. The old town of Santorini was great for shopping and the bougainvillea was everywhere and absolutely gorgeous. We visited some ruins which I would not recommend to anyone but still somewhat interesting. We visited the towns of Fira and Oia. Wonderful shopping and great restaurants. Oia has one of the most beautiful sunsets in the world.
We then took a ferry to Mykonos and had another great room with a fabulous view of the sea. Little did I know but Mykonos is known as the party island and they partied at the islandโ€™s biggest Disco right down the hill from us all night long. Very loud and you could feel the energy. Once in our room you couldnโ€™t hear the music so all was well. There was a great Indian restaurant near our place, so good we ate there twice. Paradise Beach is amazing. The water so clear, you can see little fishies swimming all around you. Apparently all the beaches in Greece are clothing optional but as long as they didnโ€™t expect to see me without clothing it was no big deal. The roads are narrow and people drive crazy like I have never seen before. Lucky for us, Ryan did all the driving and I just didnโ€™t look! We took a ferry, a very fast ferry, out to Delos to see the ruins of the Godsโ€™ homes. I would recommend seeing the ruins there as well as the museum. As there was no shade and really hot, Karen and I spent most of our time in the museum while Mariah and Ryan trucked around the whole island. Iโ€™m sure I missed a lot - but the heat! I could go on and on but I could never explain how beautiful it was and just how much it meant to me to be able to go, and with such great company!
Once we arrived back in Amsterdam, I had about 24 hours to show mom anything else I deemed worthy before sending her back home. Having moved out of our apartment the week prior, mom and I got a hotel for the night while Ryan stayed with our friends Scott and Ashley. We went to the Albert Cuypmarket, which is a popular street market in the De Pijp neighborhood Not having enough time to make it over to Vondelpark, we settled for a stroll through the much smaller but also lovely Sarphatipark. We had a reservation for dinner at one of our favorite burger places, Cannibal Royale, so we took our time in meeting Ryan, Scott and Ashley there by walking by one of the red light streets--I couldnโ€™t let mom leave Amsterdam without that experience!
Ashley was kind enough to have breakfast ready for us the next morning, so we all enjoyed a bit of time on their patio before sending mom off. Ryan and Scott were also heading to the airport, as they had a guysโ€™ trip to Copenhagen planned for the weekend. They took good care of her, getting her to the airport and all checked in.
This trip was absolutely one for the books for a number of reasons. First of all, it was quite the task convincing mom to finally get her passport. Traveling can be scary, so Iโ€™m proud of her for finally taking the plunge! Greece has been at the top of my bucket list for as long as I can remember, and it truly did not disappoint. There are a lot of placed Iโ€™d love to visit and even revisit, but Greece was indisputably the most beautiful, wonderful, fun place Iโ€™ve ever been. Good thing there are about 100 (or so) more Greek Islands I can check out!
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Leaving you with a few final photos of Santorini and Mykonos
Opa and tot ziens!
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bike42 ยท 7 years ago
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April 12, 2018. Haarlem-Keukenhof-Noordwijk-Oude Wetering
Combination of fresh air and exercise and adjustment to time change made for a better nights sleep and less of a groggy feeling in the morning. Up early for breakfast and ready to ride before 9am as instructed. We still ended up standing around waiting for the group - just part of the deal I guess. San & Matt, and Jeff and I went out with Sandra's smaller group - those that opted for the longer loop (53 km), and except for an older French couple, we were probably a faster group too. Another overcast morning, and again a moist feeling that made it feel colder. We started out riding bundled up again. Geo opted for staying on the boat today, along with a few others. We rode back through Haarlem, and the city square was different with full cafes and people milling about. Just garbage trucks and delivery vans, and people cycling to school and work. We even saw a women with a baby in a sling, feeding it a bottle while she blindly sped her bike through a red light! I'm always taken aback in awe when I'm in a European city center like this. I try to imagine the history that went on there before North American was even "discovered." From there, we rode a circuitous route through an amazing wooded park and neighborhoods with beautiful manor-like homes. It added some distance, but got us off the path that paralleled the busy highway and was much more enjoyable. We rode on paths dedicated to bikes and scooters over these past two days, hardly on the road at all. We had some experience with scooters on the paths last summer biking in Slovenia and Croatia - I don't like it, but you generally hear them coming so you're not surprised. After about an hour of riding, we had our first glimpse of a field of flowers. I was so excited, I was giddy! Sandra gave us a break and we ran up a little hill to get a glimpse through the trees. We traveled a little further and stopped at a cute little place for a coffee / pie break. As we set off in the direction of Keukenhof (an amazing spring flower display venue) we started seeing more and more fields with yellow daffodils and hyacinths in all shades from white to pink to purple (who knew there were so many variations of pink and purple). Not only would the site make me gasp in delight, the smell of a field of hyacinth is indescribable! There were also huge fields of tulips, some that were just beginning to bloom - next week they'll be spectacular too. We arrived at Keukenhof, and our group had 90 minutes there to enjoy the flower displays - which were amazing. The crowds though were harder to deal with after enjoying the flowers all to ourselves this morning. It's only open for 8 weeks, and they'll have two million visitors during that time! We covered about half of the displays, then ate our lunches and headed back to the bikes to meet Sandra. Jim had riden with mom and Cris in the morning, but at this point he jumped to the longer ride and joined us. It had gotten colder and windier, so we bundled up again as we headed out. We traveled west and south towards the North Sea resort town of Noordwijk. Along the way, many more flower fields and several cute villages. Soon we started seeing campgrounds, with what looked like seasonal campers already in place. Then dunes. We rode for several miles through the dunes, parallel to the sea, but never able to see the sea. It was a beautiful natural area with many trails designated for walking and off-road cycling, and a nice wide paved trail that we travelled on. We had approached a developed resort area with hotels and restaurants before we could see the sea. We took a 45 minute break there to check out the area and grab a snack. I took my shoes off and stepped into the sea, which was quite cold of course (it probably always is). As we left the beach area, it began to rain. We stopped to add more layers. The ride from Noordwijk to Sassenheim started out delightful. School had just gotten out, and it was fun to see the teenagers riding towards us, chatting animatedly as they rode. Some hanging onto each other too! Clearly these were kids that cycling was part of their DNA. The rain got heavier. We were on a nice path that paralleled a busy road. The traffic there felt frantic, more scooters joined our path, and we had to negotiate about 10 roundabouts. On top of that, Sandra seemed confused about our route. By now, I'd figured out the map and I'm pretty sure she missed our turn, which ended up being a short cut, but we had some not so savvy riders in a long chain negotiating those roundabout crossings - not so good. Finally we crossed under an autobahn kind of road and she got her bearings. We had to do a cloverleaf kind of path to cross over a barge lock / canal, and then we were back to peaceful riding looking at boats parked along the canal and cute little houses and the occasional restaurant. The rain let up, but our French couple was falling further behind, which slowed Sandra down too. We'd just get warmed then we'd stop. I asked permission to bust out ahead. She was worried about us getting lost, but I knew I had it figured out. The 5 of us plus a couple from Colorado sprinted off. Felt good to push it and move. We stopped for a photo of nesting swans, other than that raced all the way back to the boat. Gotta admit I breathed a sign of relief when we turned the corner and saw it just where I though it would be! Fun day. We expected rain on this trip, so what we had today was nothing to stop our mojo! Hot shower felt great and I'm ready for dinner!
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