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singhallnduspvtltd · 6 months ago

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Build Better, Build Stronger with Our Polypropylene Sheets!

Polypropylene (PP) sheets have emerged as a versatile and reliable material in the construction and manufacturing industries. Their unique properties make them an excellent choice for a wide range of applications, from packaging to construction. This article explores the benefits of PP sheets, their uses, and why sourcing them from PP sheets manufacturers in India is a smart choice. We will also address some frequently asked questions to provide a comprehensive understanding of polypropylene sheets.

The Advantages of Polypropylene Sheets

Durability and Strength One of the primary reasons why polypropylene sheets are preferred is their durability and strength. These sheets are resistant to impact, making them ideal for applications that require robust materials. Whether it's for construction purposes or packaging, polypropylene sheets can withstand significant stress without cracking or breaking.

Chemical Resistance Polypropylene is known for its excellent chemical resistance. This property makes polypropylene sheets suitable for use in environments where chemical exposure is common, such as laboratories, chemical processing plants, and industrial facilities.

Environmentally Friendly Polypropylene is a recyclable material, which makes it an environmentally friendly choice. Using polypropylene sheets helps reduce waste and supports sustainability efforts. Additionally, the production process of polypropylene sheets consumes less energy compared to other materials, further reducing their environmental impact.

Applications of Polypropylene Sheets

Construction Industry In the construction industry, polypropylene sheets are used for a variety of purposes. They are employed as protective barriers, insulation materials, and even as concrete molds. Their strength and moisture resistance make them suitable for use in both indoor and outdoor construction projects. Additionally, polypropylene sheets are used for roofing and cladding due to their durability and weather resistance.

Packaging Industry PP sheets are mainly used in the packaging industry. They are utilized to create packaging materials such as boxes, containers, and trays. Their chemical resistance ensures that the contents remain safe from contamination, making them an excellent choice for packaging food, pharmaceuticals, and chemicals. The flexibility of polypropylene sheets also allows for easy customization and branding of packaging materials.

Agriculture In agriculture, polypropylene sheets are used for various purposes such as creating greenhouse covers, protective barriers, and mulch films. Their moisture resistance and durability make them suitable for agricultural applications where exposure to water and harsh weather conditions is common. Additionally, polypropylene sheets help regulate temperature and humidity levels in greenhouses, promoting healthy plant growth.

Why Choose Manufacturers of PP Sheets in India?

Quality Standards Manufacturers in India adhere to stringent quality standards to ensure that their products meet international benchmarks. These manufacturers employ advanced production techniques and quality control measures to deliver high-quality polypropylene sheets. By choosing Polypropylene sheet manufacturer in India, you can be assured of receiving products that meet or exceed your expectations.

Competitive Pricing India offers a cost-effective manufacturing environment, allowing PP sheets manufacturers to offer competitive pricing without compromising on quality. The availability of raw materials, skilled labor, and advanced manufacturing facilities contributes to the cost-effectiveness of polypropylene sheets produced in India. This makes it an attractive option for businesses looking to source high-quality materials at reasonable prices.

Technological Advancements Indian manufacturers invest in technological advancements to stay at the forefront of the industry. They continuously upgrade their production processes and machinery to enhance efficiency and product quality. This commitment to innovation ensures that you receive polypropylene sheets that are manufactured using the latest technology and meet the highest standards.

Customization Options PP sheets manufacturers in India offer a wide range of customization options to meet specific requirements. Whether you need sheets of a particular size, thickness, color, or texture, Indian manufacturers can tailor their products to suit your needs. This flexibility allows you to get polypropylene sheets that perfectly align with your project specifications.

Sustainable Practices Many PP sheets manufacturers in India prioritize sustainability and environmental responsibility. They adopt eco-friendly practices in their production processes, such as using recycled materials and minimizing waste. By choosing Indian manufacturers, you contribute to the global efforts towards sustainability and reduce your carbon footprint.

Conclusion

Polypropylene sheets are a versatile and reliable material that offers numerous benefits across various industries. Their durability, chemical resistance, moisture resistance, lightweight, and flexibility make them an excellent choice for construction, packaging, automotive, signage, and agriculture applications. By choosing PP sheet manufacturer in India, you can access high-quality products at competitive prices while supporting sustainable practices. Whether you need standard sheets or customized solutions, polypropylene sheets are a smart investment for building better and stronger structures.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What are polypropylene sheets? Polypropylene sheets are flat sheets made from polypropylene, a thermoplastic polymer. They are known for their durability, chemical resistance, moisture resistance, and flexibility. These sheets find applications in various industries, including construction, packaging, automotive, signage, and agriculture.

What are the advantages of polypropylene sheets? Polypropylene sheets offer several advantages, including durability, chemical resistance, moisture resistance, lightweight, flexibility, and environmental friendliness. They are strong and can withstand impact, making them suitable for demanding applications. Additionally, they repel water and are resistant to chemicals, ensuring longevity and reliability.

Where are polypropylene sheets used? Polypropylene sheets are used in a wide range of industries. In construction, they are used for protective barriers, insulation, roofing, and cladding. In packaging, they are used for creating boxes, containers, and trays. In the automotive industry, they are used for interior and exterior components. They are also used in signage, display, and agriculture for greenhouse covers, barriers, and mulch films.

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krishilearning · 1 year ago

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GreenHouse Farming in India

Greenhouse farming, also known as horticulture or conservation farming, is the growing of crops in a controlled environment, usually in structures made of transparent materials such as glass or plastic. This controlled environment allows farmers to manipulate various environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, light, and ventilation to create optimal conditions for plant growth.

The main purpose of greenhouse cultivation is to extend the growing season and create a more favourable microclimate for crops, allowing for increased production and yields throughout the year. Greenhouses provide protection from inclement weather, pests, and disease, and allow farmers to grow a variety of crops that would not grow in outdoor conditions.

The main features of greenhouse farming include the use of artificial heating and cooling systems, modern irrigation systems, and sometimes supplemental lighting to ensure that the plants have ideal growing conditions. A controlled environment makes it easier to grow crops in extreme climates and areas with limited arable land.

Greenhouse farming is often used to grow fruits, vegetables, flowers, and herbs. This is an efficient and sustainable farming method that allows farmers to optimize resource use, save water, reduce the need for chemical inputs, and ultimately become more environmentally friendly and productive. Contribute to agricultural practices.

Classification of greenhouse based on suitability and cost

a) Inexpensive or low-tech greenhouse

Low-cost greenhouses are simple structures built using locally available materials such as bamboo and wood. Ultraviolet (UV) film is used for the cladding material. Unlike traditional or high-tech greenhouses, there are no special controls to adjust the environmental parameters inside the greenhouse. However, simple techniques are used to increase or decrease temperature and humidity. You can also reduce the amount of light by using light blocking materials such as netting. By opening the sides, you can lower the temperature in the summer. Such structures are used as rain shelters for growing crops. Otherwise, the internal temperature will increase if all the side walls are covered with plastic film. This type of greenhouse is especially suitable for cold regions.

b) Medium-tech greenhouse Greenhouse users prefer manual or semi-automatic controls with minimal investment. This is a greenhouse using galvanized iron pipes (G.I). The canopy is attached to the structure using screws. The entire structure is firmly fixed to the ground and resists wind effects. You can use an exhaust fan with a thermostat to regulate the temperature. Additionally, evaporative cooling pads and humidification systems ensure comfortable humidity within the greenhouse. Because these systems are semi-automatic, they require a great deal of care and consideration, and maintaining a consistent environment throughout the growing season is extremely difficult and tedious. These greenhouses are suitable for dry and mixed climates.

c) Hi-tech greenhouse In order to overcome some of the difficulties of medium-sized technical greenhouses, high-tech greenhouses are needed, where the entire equipment controlling environmental parameters is supported to operate automatically.

Kindly visit for more -https://krishilearning.com/advantages-of-greenhouse-farming/

What you"ll discover here -

Educational Resources - Our blog serves as a treasure trove of educational content, including articles and lesson plans, all designed to enhance your understanding of agricultural principles, practices and new technology in agriculture. We explore cutting-edge technologies, such as hydroponics, aquaponics, precision farming, and more, to help you stay ahead in the ever-evolving world of agriculture.

We have designed our website to be user-friendly, making it easy for you to navigate, access, and engage with our content. We value your user experience.

Join Us in Cultivating Knowledge

Whether you are a farmer, a student, a teacher, or simply someone interested in the world of agriculture, krishilearning is here to guide you on your educational journey. Together, we can foster a more sustainable, innovative, and prosperous agricultural sector. Join us in cultivating knowledge, growing communities, and embracing the future of agriculture.

#greenhouse #agriculture #agriculture technology #hydroponics #hydroponic farming #blogging #plants #gardens #horticulture #greenery #soil science #india

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leonameowzz · 4 years ago

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Happy Birthday OC!MC 🎉🎊🎂🎁

Since it’s my birthday, I had to do a HC of what the TW boys would give my OC as a birthday present & how they feel about them. FYI, some parts are more specific towards my OC as I wanted this to be more personalized to myself. This is gonna be a long one but please enjoy~

Crowley held a dorm leader meeting to discuss how to handle her birthday, even Malleus was present for once without having to be reminded.

The dorm leaders were surprisingly eager to participate: Riddle wanted a birthday party at Heartslabyul, Kalim wanted an entire parade at Scarabia and Azul was actually willing to close Mostro Lounge temporarily.

In the end, Crowley opted to have the celebration at Ramshackle Dorm so as not to pick favourites.

On the faithful day, the first-year squad was tasked with distracting her while their seniors would decorate the venue, even the Ramshackle ghosts chipped in to help.

Riddle gives her a bouquet of roses, freshly grown from the bushes in the dorm. He thanks them for always looking after his dorm members (aka the chaotic duo). He even allows them the first strike during the next croquet match.

Ace puts on a magic show during the party, he even learnt some new card tricks just for her! He even bought an extra card deck for them so they could practice together.

Deuce shyly hands her a plush chicken keychain since the whole chicken fiasco was a fond memory for him. He finds them to be a good influence on him if he is to be a future honor student.

Trey baked her favourite strawberry shortcake as well as the other desserts at their party. He also thanked them for taking care of his juniors but he’s grateful they were friends with Riddle too.

Cater takes lots and lots and lots of selfies with her, captioned #ramshackledormparty. He also slips her a rose gold liquid glitter smartphone cover as a gift. Don’t worry, it’s the latest, trendiest design to make up for that shopping date he promised.

Leona nonchalantly passes her a jewelry box which they open to reveal a fanged necklace similar to the one he wears. He pats their head, wishing them happy birthday before leaving to nap somewhere quiet.

Ruggie was not able to afford anything too fancy, but he did share some of his favourite donuts with her. He was glad that he could depend on them when handling Leona’s demands.

Jack gives her a mini cactus/succulent garden he grew and arranged himself since he knew they loved tending to the plants in the greenhouse. “It’s not like I made this specially for you! I just had some spare plants leftover and didn’t want them to go to waste!” He would quickly reason.

Azul offers her a deal a discount at Mostro Lounge. What, that’s it? Just kidding, he hands them several test notebooks to help with studies, though he instructs them not to share with anyone else. Only her gets them free-of-charge~

Floyd had planned to squeeze his Shrimpy as a birthday gift but was stopped by Azul & Jade. In the end, he managed to find an extremely rare rainbow seashell while exploring Coral Sea, so that’s what he’s giving her. Azul probably wanted to sell that for 💰💰 but too late now.

Jade presented her with some mushrooms & herbs he gathered during his daily mountain trek as well as some recipes to cook them. Floyd gives a disgusted look behind his back though his brother chooses to ignore it.

Kalim knows where to obtain all sorts of animals for his parades and actually procures a light brown eagle owl for her. He knew how much they adored said animal so here they go! Wait... Kalim, you can’t just give someone an actual pet so suddenly?!?!

Jamil got her a pair of sport shoes since they both love dancing. They’re the same brand he uses so they’re super comfortable. The two of them may have started off on the wrong foot, but turns out they share many interests. Plus, he’s glad she’s there to help him with Kalim’s antics.

Vil straight up hands her an entire box of cosmetics from his skincare line (it’s even in limited edition packaging), stating how important it is for his little potato to maintain healthy skin especially since they live in less-than-desirable conditions at Ramshackle.

Rook gifts her a bird whistle. Since her new pet owl is a bird of prey perhaps she could train it to hunt small critters? It would also be yet another thing of beauty for him to take pictures of.

Epel created an entire apple carving centerpiece for the dining table, even Vil was impressed. There were all sorts of shapes, ranging from swans to butterflies, it was definitely Magicam worthy.

Idia made a custom game controller with her initials engraved on them. She regularly joins them for gaming nights during the weekend after all. He had not intended to come to the birthday party but Ortho basically forced him to attend for his sake.

The young robot had also grown close to her and the other first years. He was very grateful to her for taking the initiative to befriend Idia despite his reclusive nature.

Malleus was glad to be included in something for once. He had a soft spot for this particular Child of Man who had approached him so bravely and eventually befriended him. His gift to her is a gargoyle paperweight, it’s functional and makes a great table decoration.

Lilia had planned to cook for the party but Silver immediately suggested giving MC a musical instrument instead since both of them were in the light music club. After rummaging around his room, Lilia settled on giving her an ocarina, which reminded him of a certain game protagonist clad in green clothes.

Silver enjoyed fencing and he had practiced with her several times to know she was capable of wielding a weapon, thus he presented her with a silver small sword. Besides, having the extra bit of protection in school wouldn’t hurt.

Sebek handed her a book shouting “NINGEN, YOU’RE OK I GUESS, SO TAKE THIS!” It was an extra copy of one of his favourite books about a powerful swordsman who bravely protected his master while travelling alongside him.

*Bonus*

Grim’s present is a striped hair bow that matches his collar. “The great Grim-sama is capable of showing gratitude even if I’m a monster”, he proudly declares.

Also Ace decided to throw a pie at her face which escalated into the other first years joining in, followed by Floyd, Lilia and Kalim.

Jade, Jamil and Silver attempted to stop them, Cater was filming the entire thing while Ruggie used the distraction to horde as much food as possible.

At the end of the day, the troublemakers were punished by having to clean up after the party.

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lockdownfest · 5 years ago

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LOCKDOWN FEST MASTERPOST WEEK #2 EXTENSION

BLOOD AND CHOCOLATE (2007)

Stuck in the Middle with You by InsanelyWriteful (M) 6k, WIP. With the zombie pandemic in full swing, Nigel flings himself into the fray on the hunt for groceries. Don't even get him started on trying to find that most-sought-after, priceless item of all items: toilet paper. As far as the world's concerned, that doesn't exist anymore. With the world going to hell, Nigel finds himself trapped with a strange man named Aiden Galvin. But, hey, there are worse fates than being stuck with a hot piece of tail, right?

BOKU NO HERO ACADEMIA

Two Weeks In Quarantine by JedIzuku (T) 48k WIP, Midoriya Izuku/Todoroki Shouto. A virus threatens all of Japan. Everyone needs to self-quarantine for two weeks to help prevent the spread. Izuku Midoriya learns that his friend, Shoto Todoroki, would be quarantined alone because of his father’s work. And Izuku won’t stand for that.A love story.

CHARLIE COUNTRYMAN

FALL OUT BOY

Gradually and Then Suddenly by earlgreytea68 (G) 3.3k, Patrick Stump/Pete Wentz. Life in quarantine: fourth-grade science, couch concerts, blanket forts.

HANNIBAL

Point of View by house_of_lantis (M) 3.8k, Will Graham/Hannibal Lecter. Summary: Franklyn Froideveaux gets an unexpected peek into Dr. Hannibal Lecter’s personal life during their self-isolation.

HARRY POTTER

Locked Inside Your Temper Trap by VeelaWings (E) 4.3k, Draco Malfoy/Neville Longbottom. This was a minor problem. Not the being trapped in a humid greenhouse with a sweaty, gorgeous Draco, mind you. No, it was being trapped with a sweaty, pissed off Draco who would inevitably blame Neville.Plus the obstacle of not having the privacy to enjoy a fast and dirty wank with all this evening’s material.

Top Priority by JayGwen23 (T). 8k, Draco Malfoy/Harry Potter. England is trying to stop the spread of an aggressive, new virus that is affecting both wizards and muggles. Everyone is being told to self isolate. House mates, Harry and Draco are stuck at home trying to brave it through the madness, while trying not no go mad themselves.Written for Lock Down Fest.

Bored Harry by foxymoley (G) FANART. Harry's been stuck in his room at Privet Drive and is bored out of his mind!He uses his wand in a mug as a lamp as Hedwig stretches as much as she can in her cage.

Harry Potter and the Secret in the Library by EvAEleanor, tasteofshapes (E) 11.6k, Draco Malfoy/Harry Potter. Draco stands outside the library for a moment, before he turns the handle and pushes the heavy double doors open. What he expects to find is a silent library cloaked in darkness. What he gets instead is a fire crackling merrily away in the grate, the library lit only by firelight, and Potter lounging on the fur rug in front of the fireplace, clad only in a terry-cloth bathrobe, a glass of wine in one hand.“What the… Potter—!” Draco yelps, and Potter looks up from the book open in front of him and raises an eyebrow at Draco.

The Magic of Muggle Films by sunshinedraco (E) 5.3k. Draco Malfoy/Harry Potter. Harry is happy to get home from an Auror mission in Northern Ireland, but may have been exposed to a contagious disease. Draco Malfoy, who comes with a team of Healers to inspect Harry and also happens to be the subject of Harry's long-term awkward crush, is also accidentally exposed. The two are quarantined together. You know what happens.

Sweetheart by WolfyWordWeaver (T) 3k, Sirius Black/Remus Lupin, James Potter/Lily Evans Potter. Remus Lupin comes home after a long day working at the hospital and quickly realizes that something is wrong with Sirius. Avoiding COVID-19 doesn't mean avoiding all hurts and Sirius has to deal with a major hurdle. While Remus doesn't have all the answers he does know how to do his best.

Stuck Senses by TheUltimateUndesirable (E) 12k, Neville Longbottom/Luna Lovegood. In the mist of the 2020 pandemic the wizarding world is left with a dire and unknown future as Covid-19 makes it's way into Europe. Hogwarts ends up on quarantined leaving students, professors and a Luna stuck at the school. How long will anything last and what will anything become? No one knows.

Augmented Agony by Drarrelie (T) 365, Draco Malfoy/Harry Potter. Of all days... Draco's luck was apparently just as abysmal as ever. This work is part of a series of connected weekly drabbles written during 2020. It takes place in 2001, before the rest of the currently published drabbles in this series, while the two of them are still in Auror training.

If It Takes All Night by tackytiger (M) 11k, Draco Malfoy/Harry Potter. It's not the first time Harry's been the victim of a botched curse (that's one of the reasons he doesn't like crowds), but he feels bad that Malfoy had to get caught up in it too. So they're bonded. That's ok, they just have to make sure to be touching at all time. No problem. Because Malfoy smells so nice, and has such lovely shiny hair, and his skin is so very warm.But this isn't going to be a problem for their friendship at all.Is it, Harry?

I'll Tell You Mine (If You Tell Me Yours) by MarchnoGirl (E) 4.2k, Draco Malfoy/Harry Potter. When a cauldron of Veritaserum explodes all over Harry and Malfoy, Harry has the chance to finally discover Malfoy’s secrets. And maybe something about himself too.

Correspondence in the Time of Quarantine by Lediona, Zigster (T) 1.5k, WIP, Draco Malfoy/Harry Potter. After informing Scorpius of my plan to bring him home, he wrote back immediately to ask if he might bring a friend with him to isolate at the Manor. When I inquired about the identity of this friend, imagine my surprise to discover that it was none other than your son, Albus Potter.

Garden War by Cibee (Cibeeeee) (T) 5k, Draco Malfoy/Harry Potter. Harry and Draco are quarantined in their houses, a lake across from one another. What better ways to spend this time than to annoy each other with letters and attempts to prove that their garden is better ?

LITTLE WOMEN (2019)

Chocolate Kisses by lady_needless_litany (T) 3k, WIP, Theodore Laurence/Josephine March. If Jo had to be shut in her house for the foreseeable future, at least she had Laurie to keep her company.

MARVEL CINEMATIC UNIVERSE

Strange Attractors by dance4thedead (T) 882. There's an asshole in Matt's apartment. An unworthy love letter to the fic "The Goldilocks Principle". Set in late March 2020, during the COVID-19 crisis.

I walk this lonely road by xxx_cat_xxx (T) 1.6k, Steve Rogers & Natasha Romanov. Part 3 of Red in my Ledger.

MERCY STREET

We run a very tight ship by middlemarch, sagiow (t) 3k, WIP. Jedediah "Jed" Foster/Mary Phinney. "There must have been a moment, at the beginning, where we could have said -- no. But somehow we missed it.” Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead.Every single passenger on the ship would have that thought. At least once. Sometimes, on an endless loop, like the announcement about pina coladas on Deck 4. It turned out, the only way out was through. With card tricks.

OCEAN’S 8

You Shall Go To The Ball by ShadowHaloedAngel (T) 1.4k, Daphne Kluger/Rose Weil. The lockdown means the parties are all cancelled, but Rose and Daphne decide to have a little ball at home instead. After all, when else can you have a costume party for the hell of it? And with your own fairy godmother on hand, your gown is always going to make you feel like a princess.

OVERWATCH (video game)

nobody nobody nobody nobody nobody (ooh) nobody nobody nobody nobody nobody nobody nobody nobody nobody nobody nobody nobody nobody nobody nobody nobody nobody nobody nobody nobody nobody no— by faorism (M) 9k, Jesse McCree/Hanzo Shimada and other ships. Like most things now, it's more a matter of not if, but when. (Or: five times Jesse kept himself together and one time he really, really didn't.)

PITCH PERFECT

Icy Hot by Notsoawesomenerd (E), 7k. Chloe Beale/Beca Mitchell. No, this is not a story about the topical pain reliever. This is a story about the interesting things Chloe can do to Beca with ice and ice-related items.

Desperate Measures by aliciameade (M), 6k, Chloe Beale/Beca Mitchell. Chloe and Beca have everything they need to weather the mandated period of social distancing and staying home: food, water, shelter, games, entertainment, and each other's company.The one thing they don't have?Much-needed privacy.

RWBY

The Man in Your Head by goreds (G) 431, Ozpin/Salem (RWBY), Ozma/Salem (RWBY). Salem has a friend in her head. Not that she considers him a friend...

STAR TREK: ALTERNATE ORIGINAL SERIES

fourteen by sciencebluefeelings (T) 2.6k, James T. Kirk/Spock Prime. Two years ago, Spock waited for Jim. Now it's Jim's turn to wait.

STAR TREK: ORIGINAL SERIES

Seventy Two Hours by LiraelClayr007 (G) 2.4k, James T. Kirk/Spock Prime. Kirk lowers his voice, makes it almost too low to hear, and this time he is pleading. “Bones. You know why I can’t stay here. You know what this’ll do to me.” He closes his eyes, then says one more time, “Please.” He can’t look when he says it. He already knows the answer.“Sorry, Jim. It’s only three days. If it’s any consolation I don’t think you were actually exposed, but we have to be sure.” He looks at Kirk, then at Spock, then shrugs. He knows what he’s putting Kirk through.Or: Kirk and Spock are accidentally exposed to something on an alien planet and have to spend seventy two hours together in an isolation chamber. Easy, right? Except Kirk is going to go mad, because he's head over heels for Spock.

STAR WARS

grey and sprawling by srawratskcuf (Doreen) (E) 7k WIP, Armitage Hux/Ben Solo | Kylo Ren. Ben and Hux have had a rocky long-distance semi-relationship ever since Hux went away to college. Basically, they call each other once a week and have phone sex, and absolutely do not talk about their feelings.When Ben finally saves up enough to fly across the country to visit Hux, his ten day trip gets extended indefinitely. Sheltering in place together will make or break them.

SUPERNATURAL

some kinda something by quillquiver (E) 2k, Castiel/Dean Winchester. There are only so many places to hide shit when you’re playing with 700 square feet of totally shared living space. This is something Dean has become very aware of in a very short amount of time.

Que Sera, Sera by wigglebox (G) 4.3k, Castiel/Dean Winchester. A few months into his new human life, Cas comes down with a fever and cough. Usually, that wouldn't be a concern, but now there's a contagious, new illness spreading across the country, and the anxiety that comes along with it.

I Don’t Understand These References by CeliPuff, Winchesterlovr0508 (M). 1.5k. Castiel/Dean Winchester, Gabriel/Sam Winchester. Dean says the president extended the quarantine so Sam suggested I make a journal. I suspect it’s a ploy to keep my hands off his brother but being extremely old, I’m entitled to do what I want. And I happen to have eons of experience in multitasking.I prayed to Gabriel to run some interference. I believe this is a foolproof plan.

Apocalypse by Maleyah (Katherine_Kat) (E) 36k WIP, Castiel/Dean Winchester, Gabriel/Sam, Michael/Adam Milligan. Dean moves through Cas’ kitchen with the ease of familiarity, as he sets about re-heating the leftovers. Ironically Cas’ kitchen is better equipped than the one in his apartment. It’s just that he’s been pouring all his money into The Roadhouse. The apartment is a rental anyway.“You have got to be shitting me!”His eyebrows shoot up at the language. Cas doesn’t curse often, but given the fact that the world is slowly descending into madness, he has a good guess what is provoking it. He glances behind him, across the counter that connects the open kitchen to the living room, where Cas is staring at the television.

THE MAGICIANS

hard rain, honey, and the sweet sun by Allegria23 (E), 7k, Quentin Coldwater/Eliot Waugh. Eliot and Quentin are staying in their apartment. They both have some ideas.

THE WITCHER

Love in the Time of Video Conferencing by Elizabeth (M), 15.6k, Geralt of Rivia/Jaskier. Pestilence is a bitch, and the entire university has had to shift to e-learning overnight. Jaskier is a systems admin being forced to pick up slack for the overwhelmed help desk. Work ended hours ago, so why is he on a support call with the most technologically-incapable history professor he's ever met? And really, what is the deal with this guy?Based on the "OMG they were Zoommates" prompt from the AO3 comment Tumblr.This is, five times Jaskier and Geralt used Zoom for tech support, and one time they used Zoom for... something else. I apologize if this upsets you; it helps me cope with the emotions, so I'm hoping to channel stress into fluff and put it out there so it can possibly help others.

YURI!!! ON ICE

Music from the Heart by Multiple_Universes (G) 6.5k, Katsuki Yuuri/Victor Nikiforov. A curse falls over the land. It keeps people stuck indoors and will not let them out. The most powerful magician in the land seems unable to break the hold of the curse. But, as they say, love will always find a way.Inspired by videos of people singing from their balconies during the coronavirus quarantine.

#lockdownfest #lockdown fest #masterpost #Week 2 #tw: covid 19 #tw: coronavirus

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agrojayyworld · 5 years ago

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POLYHOUSE CULTIVATION Agrojay Innovations Pvt. Ltd.

Polyhouse/Greenhouse development is the development of crops under completely controlled environmental conditions like temperature, humidity, fertilizers, and so on with the automated framework. It is evaluated that we can earn around 6–7 lakhs for every section of land net benefit in a year by following legitimate polyhouse development practices. For the most part Cucumber, Summer squash, Brinjal, Tomato, Bell pepper, and agriculture cut flowers like Rose, Gerbera, and so on are developed in polyhouse condition. As the harvests developed in the open field are presented to changed natural conditions like an attack of insect pests and infections, poly houses give increasingly steady and reasonable conditions for the crops.

Based on environmental control system, polyhouses can be divided in to two types

a) Naturally ventilated polyhouse

These polyhouses/greenhouses don’t have any environmental control framework with the exception of satisfactory ventilation and fogger framework office, for the most part, to keep the crops from adverse climate conditions and other normal pests and sicknesses.

b) Environmental controlled polyhouse

These polyhouses are developed primarily to broaden the developing time of crops or to expand the slow time of year creation of crops by controlling the light, temperature, humidity, carbon dioxide level, and the nature of rooting medium in the polyhouses.

Based on the suitability and cost of construction, polyhouses can be further divided into three types.

a) Low cost or low tech polyhouse

This is a straightforward minimal effort polyhouse structure which is built utilizing locally accessible materials, for example, bamboo, timber, and so on. A defensive covering of ultraviolet (UV) film is utilized as a cladding material. No particular control gadgets are accommodated directing natural parameters as if there should arise an occurrence of cutting edge polyhouses. Yet, straightforward procedures like expanding or diminishing the temperature and humidity are adopted. Likewise, light intensity can be diminished by putting conceal materials like nets. This sort of polyhouse is primarily appropriate for cold climatic zone where the temperature can be decreased in summer by opening the side walls. These kinds of polyhouses are utilized as rain shelter during crop production.

b) Medium-tech polyhouse

This sort of polyhouse is developed by utilizing galvanized iron (G.I) pipes. Screws are connected to the structures for the shelter cover. The whole structure is fixed to the ground so as to withstand the unsettling influences from the wind. Exhaust fans with the thermostat are given so as to control the temperature. Cooling cushions and mists are additionally organized to keep up the ideal humidity inside the polyhouses. These polyhouses are most appropriate for dry and composite climatic zones where part of care and consideration must be kept up with uniform condition all through the cropping period.

c) Hi-tech polyhouse

In this sort of polyhouses, an automatic control framework is given to control the whole scope of environmental parameters so as to beat a portion of the difficulties of medium-tech polyhouses.

Agrojay Innovations Pvt. Ltd.

Download app https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.wowinfotech.agrojay

#digitalagriculture #digitalfarmer #digitaldesign #digital farming market #polyhouse #agrojay #agribusiness #agriculture

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alfatherminsulation · 2 years ago

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Best Air Bubble Insulation Material In Delhi - Alfatherm Insulation

Bubble wrap insulation is recently one of the most popular options for insulating home and other premises. It is also a cheaper alternative that other traditional thermal insulation. Bubble wrap is often used to insulate greenhouses, attics, and windows as well. Bubble film is made of polyethylene and is widely available in several options of single bubble insulation and double bubble insulation. For better results such film is coated with pure aluminum sheet which imparts reflective behavior to normal insulation material. Common insulation materials make excellent products for preventing temperature traps as the bubble confines good insulators. The air bubble insulation material in Delhi helps to resist against temperature changes.

One of the main advantages of using bubble wrap insulation is that it is often easily implemented without any technical requirements. This controls the radiant heat to move inside and saves many of the energy that is needed to maintain cooler temperatures in the near environment. In this way, it prevents the temperature inside the house from rising for a long time.

To install bubble wrap roof insulation on any roof top or window top, you'll only need a few common household items. This bubble wrap material can also be used for packing. It is often easily cut with scissors to make it available for any shape and size and is extremely lightweight that will be transferred from place to place without much hassle. Single bubble insulation is often applied to windows by spraying water onto the glass and then pressing the glazing to a damp surface. It does not require any glue to adhere to the glass.

Bubble wrap insulating material is often reused, and it usually has a long shelf life. It is often used for several seasons and easily breaks down unwanted rise or loss in temperature.

We have at our disposal high quality Bubble Wrap Insulation Material from Delhi, India. Our bubble wrap insulation materials can be widely used in various organizations, including Heat Insulation, Steel Buildings, Metal Roofs, Concrete Roofs, Asbestos Roof Sheets, Under Deck, Cold Storage, Refrigerator and Mobile Containers, Porta Cabins, False Ceiling, Cold Storage, Poultry Farm, Heat Insulation, PEB Insulation, Thermal Insulation, Live Stock Insulation All Coffee Ceilings, Cladding (Walls), Roofing, HVAC, Building Insulation, Industrial, Commercial and Institutional and Multi-Purpose Buildings. This bubble wrap insulating material can be used in a wide variety of applications and is beneficial to the environment.

We are serving bubble wrap insulation material in various metro cities like Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Ahmedabad, Surat, Pune, Kanpur, Indore, Jaipur, Vadodara, Nagpur, Lucknow, Patna, Jabalpur, Madurai . Kochi, Nashik, Rajkot, Gorakhpur, Amravati, Sangli, Jamnagar, Chandigarh, Aurangabad, Nellore, Faridabad, Gurugram, Noida, Varanasi, Salem, Warangal, Ludhiana, Vellore, Guntur, Vijayawada, Bhavnagar, Roorkee, Haridwar, Jammu, Jodhpur, All India base in Udaipur, Kota, Patiala, Bhilai, Ranchi, Bhubaneshwar, Raipur, Dhanbad, Akola, Amritsar, Allahabad, Jamshedpur, Agra, Coimbatore, Bhopal and more cities. These bubble wrap insulation materials are comprised of quality staples and have an honest lifespan.

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theparkholidaysinternational · 3 years ago

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The Park Holidays International - Best Places To Visit In Kashmir

Prevalently known as the "Heaven on Earth", Jammu and Kashmir are incredibly popular for their picturesque wonder, snow-covered mountains, ample untamed life, dazzling landmarks, friendly individuals, and nearby handiworks. Jammu and Kashmir is an area controlled by India as an association region and comprising the southern part of the bigger Kashmir locale, which has been the subject of a question among India and Pakistan starting around 1947, and among India and China starting around 1962.

Srinagar

The capital city of Srinagar is found 1585 meters above ocean level. The city is popular for its nurseries, lakes, and houseboats. It is likewise known for customary Kashmiri handiworks and dried natural products. The city is situated on both sides of the Jhelum River, which is called Vyath in Kashmir. Srinagar is the biggest city and the late spring capital of Jammu and Kashmir, India. It lies in the Kashmir Valley on the banks of the Jhelum River, a feeder of the Indus, and Dal and Anchar lakes. The city is known for its common habitat, nurseries, waterfronts, and houseboats. For more check out The Park Holidays International Reviews.

Sonmarg

Situated at a height of 2,740 m, Sonmarg is an ideal visit for nature sweethearts who need to appreciate setting up camp in a slope station. Known as the Meadow of Gold, Sonmarg is the doorway to Ladakh and is known for its verdant and pleasant valleys and snow-clad pinnacles. Sonamarg or Sonmarg, known as Sonamarag in Kashmiri, is a slope station situated in the Ganderbal district of Jammu and Kashmir, India. It is situated around 62 Kilometers from Ganderbal Town and 80 kilometers upper east of the capital city, Srinagar

Pahalgam

Pahalgam is popular for its grand excellence and is the gem of the beautiful Liddar valley situated in the high Himalayas. It gives an ideal setting for exercises like climbing, journeying, and fishing. It is additionally the beginning stage of the yearly journey to the blessed cavern of Amarnath. Pahalgam is a grade station in the north Indian area of Jammu and Kashmir. Mountain trails run upper east to Amarnath Cave Temple, a Hindu place of worship and site of the yearly Amarnath Yatra journey. Overa Aru Wildlife Sanctuary is home to animals including gritty shaded bears and musk deer.

Aru Valley

The Aru valley is noted for its grand knolls. It is famous among travelers for its serene climate and grand excellence. The town is a headquarters for adventurers to the Kolahoi Glacier, the Tarsar-Marsar lakes, and the Katrinag valley. Aru is a position of interest in the Anantnag District of Jammu and Kashmir, India. It is arranged around 12 km from Pahalgam, 11 km upstream from the Lidder River. Noted for its beautiful knolls, lakes, and mountains, it is a headquarters for traveling to the Kolhoi Glacier and Tarsar Lake.

Yusmarg Valley

Kokernag is a sub-region town and a told region panel in Breng Valley (The Golden Crown of Kashmir), Anantnag locale in the Indian association region of Jammu and Kashmir. The spot is known for the greenhouse, immaculate freshwater springs, and rainbow trout ranch. Yusmarg or Yousmarg is a slope station in the western piece of Kashmir Valley in the Indian association region of Jammu and Kashmir. It is organized 47 km south of Srinagar the capital of the state.

Betaab Valley

The valley has been a famous spot for Bollywood motion pictures to shoot numerous heartfelt numbers. Betaab Valley has turned into a well-known vacation spot in the Anantnag region of Jammu and Kashmir. The valley frames a pathway for the journey going for Amarnath Temple Yatra. Betaab Valley initially called Hajan Valley or Hagan Valley is arranged a ways off of 15 km from Pahalgam in the Anantnag region in India's association domain of Jammu and Kashmir. The valley got its name from the Sunny Deol-Amrita Singh hit debut film Betaab.

About The Park Holidays International

The Park Holidays International is a 2018 holidays membership company that offers tour and travel membership in the best hotels and resorts in various places around the world. The Park Holidays International comprehensively make, market, and sell Vacation Ownership interests and give exceptional experiences to families. We are the speediest creating Vacations Ownership association with a differentiation. The Park Holidays International membership is at a truly sensible and reasonable cost. Also, The Park Holidays International gives you the best extravagances of the spots. You can go and read The Park Holidays International reviews of their happy customers.

#TheParkHolidaysInternational #Theparkholidaysinternationalreviews

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jayu123-me · 3 years ago

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Decorative Glass Market Projected to Gain Significant Value through 2020-2030

Decorative Glass Market: Introduction

In terms of value, the global decorative glass market is anticipated to expand at a CAGR of ~5% from 2020 to 2030. Decorative glass is often used in interiors of hotels, restaurants, and homes. Decorative glass is also employed in decorative floors, fountains & waterfalls, walls, glass skylights, suspended glass ceilings, decorative windows, and glass dividers. The application of decorative glass in the residential sector helps create a comfortable and safe living space. Thus, decorative glass is often used to cut down on heat and glare, filter out external noise, increase natural lighting, provide security, or improve décor. It is employed in various residential applications, including doors, windows, partitions, shelves, cabinets, staircases, and balconies.

Environmental Impact of Glass Production to Hamper Decorative Glass Market

Glass manufacturing is a high-temperature and energy-intensive activity, leading to the emission of combustion by-products (sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen oxides) and high-temperature oxidation of atmospheric nitrogen. Glass manufacturing is, thus a significant emitter of greenhouse gases (GHG), particularly carbon dioxide (CO2). The production of 1 kg of glass in a gas-fired furnace generates approximately 0.6 kg CO2; of this, 0.45 kg arises from fossil fuel combustion and 0.15 kg from dissociation of carbonate raw material (CaCO3 and dolomite) used in the batch.

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The GHG production is directly linked with the type of glass, the type of fossil fuel used, process energy efficiency, and the use of recycled glass or cullet. Furnace emissions also contain particulate matter (PM) and may contain low levels of metals, such as lead and cadmium. Other metals, including arsenic, are found in some special glass. Melting furnaces contribute between 80% and 90% of total pollutant emissions to air from a glass production facility. Therefore, environmental effects caused by glass production are estimated to hamper the global decorative glass market.

The glass manufacturing industry has higher average incidence of injury or illness than any other manufacturing sector. For instance, in the U.K., the rate of injuries in each of the glass industries is higher than the overall rate for “manufacturing” and higher than the combined rate for all industries.

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Single Glass to Offer Lucrative Opportunities for Decorative Glass Market

In terms of product, the global decorative glass market has been divided into single glass (colored, scattered, printed, and coated) and laminated glass (interlayer film [polyvinyl butyral], ethylene-vinyl acetate, thermoplastic polyurethane, polyester, and others). Single glass is projected to be a highly lucrative segment of the global decorative glass market during the forecast period. It is likely to expand at a CAGR of 5% from 2020 to 2030. Single glass has a smooth and durable surface that provides supreme surface finish. It is suitable for usage in a wide range of domestic and commercial applications, including kitchen & bathroom splashbacks, furniture, kitchen cupboards, doors, displays & balustrades, and windows.

Windows to be Key Application of Decorative Glass

In terms of application, the global decorative glass market has been segregated into partitions, stairs, wall cladding, windows, and others. The windows segment is anticipated to dominate the global decorative glass market during the forecast period. The windows segment accounted for a major share of the global decorative glass market in 2019. In terms of volume, the segment is anticipated to expand significantly during the forecast period. The segment is projected to account for more than 25% share of the global decorative glass market by 2030. This is estimated to boost the global decorative glass market in the near future.

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High Demand for Decorative Glass from Residential Sector

In terms of end use, the global decorative glass market has been divided into residential and commercial (offices, malls, hotels & restaurants, casinos, and others). The residential segment is anticipated to dominate the global decorative glass market during the forecast period. The segment is projected to account for more than 60% share of the global decorative glass market by 2030. The high share of the segment can be ascribed to rise in demand for better esthetics in the residential sector and high spending power of consumers in developing and developed countries.

Asia Pacific to be Lucrative Region of Decorative Glass Market

Based on region, the global decorative glass market has been split into North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, and Middle East & Africa. Asia Pacific dominated the global decorative glass market in 2019. The trend is projected to continue during the forecast period. The demand for decorative glass is high in Asia Pacific, particularly in China, owing to increase in use of decorative glass in building & construction industry in the region. China is a prominent consumer of decorative glass in Asia Pacific. The expansion of the building & construction industry is a major factor propelling the decorative glass market in the country.

Competition Landscape of Decorative Glass Market

The global decorative glass market is highly fragmented. Compagnie de Saint-Gobain SA, AGC Inc., Nippon Sheet Glass Co., Ltd., SCHOTT AG, and Taiwan Glass Industry Corp. cumulatively held more than 40% share of the global decorative glass market in 2019. Leading players have taken initiatives to expand their presence in the global decorative glass market through acquisitions, increase in production capacities, and strategic partnerships.

Other key manufacturers operating in the global decorative glass market are RSL Inc., Bendheim, Guardian Glass LLC, ALUMCO LLC, Qingdao REXI Industries Co., Ltd, Glass Unlimited, NAM HENG GLASS GROUP, AVIC Sanxin Co., Ltd., Ginde Glass Co., LTD, and Noval Glass.

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kavyaorganicfarm · 3 years ago

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Polyhouse Farming and Polyhouse subsidy

Polyhouse Farming

These days, Polyhouse farming has gained sudden popularity in India. Farmers realized that they can make a huge profit by doing Polyhouse farming. But still, this is a new concept in our country. So many people are not fully aware of what this is, how it works and what are its advantages and disadvantages.

Polyhouse Cultivation

Polyhouse is a type of greenhouse in which a special polyethylene film is used as a covering material under which plants can be grown under partially or fully controlled climatic conditions.

Traditionally, greenhouses were built on wooden frames, and glass was used as a cladding material. With the advancement of plastic technology, it became possible to replace glass with plastic. Polyhouse houses are best suited for tropical and subtropical regions like India.

Polyhouse subsidy

A subsidy is a form of financial support or support to an economic sector, which is generally used to promote economic and social policy. There are 2 types of Subsidies for Polyhouses, Fan & Pad Polyhouses and Net Houses as indicated below.

Subsidy Agency: National Horticulture Board (NHB)

The client can receive a grant of 50% of the total cost of the project, including multi-purpose housing construction, drip and mist system, bed preparation material and costs labour, planting material costs, basic infrastructure like packing room, sprinkler room, workrooms, etc.

Subsidy Agency: National Horticulture Mission (NHM)

The client can only receive a 50% subsidy for the construction of multi-family homes and drip and mist systems in accordance with the rates established by the respective state horticulture department. If the state government has more funds, it can release funds for the systems, but this is not absolutely necessary.

Difference between greenhouse and Polyhouse

Polyhouse is a kind of greenhouse or we can say that it is a smaller version of the greenhouse that uses polyethylene as a cover. In developing countries like India, polyethylene agriculture is a popular greenhouse technology due to its low construction costs and ease of maintenance. The slat house is another greenhouse technology that uses wood as a covering.

Polyhouse is cheaper compared to the greenhouse, but the latter is more durable than Polyhouse.

Advantages of Polyhouse farming

This method is proven to be very beneficial for farmers in many ways and that is how Polyhouse farming is gaining its popularity. Especially the farmers doing organic farming prefer Polyhouse farming.

Your crops are grown at a controlled temperature, so there is less chance of crops being lost or damaged.

You can grow crops all year long instead of waiting for a specific time of year.

There are fewer pests and insects in a polyethylene house.

The external climate does not influence plant growth.

The quality of the products is obviously higher in polyhouse.

Good drainage and ventilation

Ornamental plants can also be propagated effortlessly in a polyethylene house.

Poly House provides its plants with the right environmental facilities at any time of the year.

Also increases performance by 5 to 10 times.

Shorter growing time

The application of fertilizer is easier and is controlled automatically with the help of drip irrigation.

Disadvantages of Polyhouse farming

The cost of production is very high and requires a significant initial capital investment.

Polyhouse cultivation is intensive maintenance agriculture and requires constant vigilance.

Technical knowledge is essential to the operation of a polygon house, and a qualified manager and a trained worker are required for day-to-day operations.

Polyhouse farming is overly reliant on chemical fertilizers and pesticides, yet there is less scope for organic farming.

Types of PolyhouseOn the basis of environmental control system

Naturally ventilated polyhouse: This type of polyhouse or greenhouse does not have an environmental control system other than adequate ventilation and a fog system to protect plants from adverse weather conditions and natural pests and diseases.

Environmentally Controlled Polyhouse: They are primarily designed to extend plant growth time or off-season performance by controlling light, temperature, humidity, etc.

On the basis of shape

Lean-to

Even span

Uneven span

Ridge and furrow

Sawtooth

Quonset

On the basis of suitability and cost

Low cost

Medium cost

High cost

Crops that are grown in Polyhouse

Vegetable crops: Cabbage, bitter gourd, paprika, radish, cauliflower, chili, coriander, onion, spinach, tomato, lettuce, etc.

Fruit crops: Watermelons, Peaches, Raspberries, Strawberries, Papaya, and all citrus fruits.

Herbs: Turmeric and Ginger

Components and characteristics of a Polyhouse

Polyethylene: Polyhouses are made of transparent, dense, inexpensive, and flexible polyethylene. Temperature and humidity are easy to regulate in polyethylene houses as they prevent the escape of thermal radiation, which increases temperature and energy and therefore supports the photosynthesis process. It is well known that for the production of energy vegetables, polyethylene houses are built using a UV plastic film so that they can last more than 5 years.

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greenproventures · 3 years ago

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Customized Greenhouse Cladding Films

The greenhouse films are used as cladding materials for greenhouses and tunnels. These greenhouse films play a vital role in helping the farmers to go for protected cultivation. Thus, the cultivation can take place under controlled climate. These greenhouse films are available in various types so as to suit different types of climatic conditions to help farmers cultivate across all seasons. However, where the market fails to assists farmers are with the size of the Greenhouse cladding films, it is because of this reason at GreenPro ventures, we bring you customized greenhouse cladding films as per your requirements.

Let’s walk you through what are Greenhouse cladding films, the different variety of films available in the market and type of cladding film we offer and the customizable options we provide! Visit: https://greenproventures.com/customized-greenhouse-cladding-films/

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architectnews · 3 years ago

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The Dezeen guide to plastic in architecture, design and interiors

Thinking of using plastic in your project? Our latest Dezeen guide includes more than 11 types of plastic commonly used in architecture, design and interiors, with links to hundreds of projects for inspiration.

Plastics are among the most versatile materials in existence. Defined by their plasticity, they have long carbon chains called polymers at their backbone and can be moulded, extruded or cast into any desired shape from films to textile fibres.

They can be divided into thermosetting plastics, which never soften once moulded, and thermoplastics, which can be melted and reshaped, making them more suited to recycling.

Plastics "are a co-product of fossil fuels"

Although certain plastics – such as rubber, which is derived from the rubber plant – occur naturally, most modern plastics are synthetic and more than 99 per cent are derived from fossil fuels.

This helps to make plastics more affordable than most other materials and sees them used to create millions of tonnes of single-use items every year.

"Part of why plastics are so cheap is that they are a co-product of fossil fuels," explained designer Charlotte McCurdy, who has created a bioplastic made from algae.

"Petroleum or natural gas is pumped out of the ground and at the refinery, it is broken up into different lengths of molecule and catalytically cracked into useful monomers."

79 per cent of all plastic is dumped in landfills

This refining process yields not just fuels such as gasoline and kerosene but also chemical byproducts such as ethylene and propylene, which are the most important feedstocks used to create plastics.

Once discarded, 79 per cent of all plastic is dumped in landfills or in the environment, where it will remain for thousands of years. Although this contributes to pollution, it also helps to sequester the carbon contained in the materials and prevents it from entering the atmosphere.

But when incinerated, as 12 per cent of all plastic waste is, this carbon is emitted as carbon dioxide.

Taken together, plastic production and incineration were responsible for more than 850 million metric tons of greenhouse-gas emissions in 2019.

However, with growing efforts to decarbonise the economy, non-fossil alternatives are being developed in a bid to meet the ever-increasing demand for plastics in a more sustainable way.

Read on to find out more about the most popular types of plastic and their possible substitutes.

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET)

PET is a strong yet lightweight thermoplastic, originally developed in the 1940s by combining fossil fuel-derived ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid.

The resulting polymer can be blow-moulded to form single-use bottles, stretched into a film for food packaging or spun into fibres to create polyester fabric, which accounts for more than half the world's synthetic fibres.

Designers often make use of PET for its translucent finish, with Marjan van Aubel turning it into solar panels that resemble stained glass windows while Beyond Space created a cavernous interior in an Amsterdam office using a kilometre's worth of semi-sheer polyester.

PET is also the most widely recycled plastic, at which point it is called rPET and can be used to create everything from backpacks (above) to Emeco's Navy chair.

See projects featuring PET ›

High-density polyethylene (HDPE)

HDPE is a variation of polyethylene, the most common type of plastic in use today. While its low-density equivalent LDPE is used to make plastic bags, HDPE is sturdier and more rigid, lending itself to everything from milk jugs to packaging for cleaning products and toiletries.

The material is also used to create plastic bottle caps and even when brands such as Evian claim they've created bottles from "100 per cent recycled plastic", their lid is generally made from virgin HDPE to guarantee durability.

However, the material can ultimately be recycled after use, with architecture firm Bulot+Collins using the waste plastic to form 1,400 thermochromic tiles for a floating diving platform while Space Available and techno DJ Peggy Gou turned 20 kilograms of HDPE collected from Bali's beaches into a chair.

See projects featuring HDPE ›

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)

Derived from chlorine and ethylene, PVC makes up about 20 per cent of all plastic produced. Due to its strength and durability, the material is commonly used to create pipes, gutters and window frames, which designers have variously recycled into flower vases and cladding (above).

With the addition of a phthalate plasticiser, PVC can be turned into flexible vinyl and used to form flooring, shower curtains and imitation leather. Swiss studio Bureau A made use of the material's pliability to create an inflatable nightclub while Formafantasma played with its translucency in a "deconstructed" stage design for fashion label Sportmax.

Due to additives like phthalate, vinyl is among the least recyclable plastics and has been linked to a number of health concerns. But latex made from the sap of the rubber tree can offer a renewable, plant-based alternative.

See projects featuring PVC ›

Polypropylene (PP)

Polypropylene is derived from propylene gas, a byproduct of the gasoline refining process, and is commonly used to form more rigid, hardwearing items such as Tupperware, kid's toys and outdoor furniture.

Designers began experimenting with the material in the 1950s to create monobloc chairs, injection moulded and formed from a single piece of material. Among the most notable designs are Verner Panton's Panton chair, the Air-Chair by Jasper Morrison and more recently the recycled polypropylene Bell Chair by Konstantin Grcic for Magis, which is manufactured in less than a minute.

The thermoplastic can also be spun into fibres to create surgical masks, which South Korean designer Haneul Kim has recycled to create a series of stackable stools, or used as a 3D-printing filament as in the performance sports tiles on Yinka Ilori's Bank Street Park basketball court.

See projects featuring PP ›

Polycarbonate

Polycarbonate is a thermoplastic with carbonate groups in its chemical structure, making the material exceptionally resistant to impacts and temperature changes.

Often used to create bulletproof windows, it can be engineered to be almost as clear as glass while being lighter and up to 250 times stronger.

Polycarbonate sheets are popular among architects and interiors designers for their ability to maximise natural light while maintaining privacy, as well as improving a building's thermal insulation.

Francesc Rifé Studio used the sheeting to divide an old textile factory into offices for the team behind Michelin-starred restaurant El Bulli while La Shed Architecture clad an entire barn (above) in the translucent material to give cows "a better quality of life".

See projects featuring polycarbonate ›

Polyurethane (PU)

Polyurethanes are a diverse class of plastic polymers derived from isocyanic acid. Most commonly, PU takes the form of a flexible foam used for mattresses and upholstery while a more rigid variety is turned into trainer soles for brands from Adidas to Allbirds.

As a coating, lacquer or varnish, it can waterproof fabrics and protect wooden furniture as well as helping leather alternatives such as Piñatex withstand wear and tear.

Design studio Layer made use of PU's adhesive qualities to create a heat-sealing tape that bonds textiles without the need for stitches. And spun into fibres, it forms the main ingredient in spandex, which is used to make sportswear as well as more boundary-pushing items such as fabric-cast concrete moulds and wearables that can be stuck to the body like plasters (above).

Polyurethanes are not easily recycled and can contain potentially carcinogenic compounds that irritate the skin and respiratory system.

See projects featuring PU ›

Fibreglass

Also known as glass-reinforced plastic or GRP, fibreglass is made by taking thin glass filaments, either loose or woven into cloth, and encasing them within a petrochemical resin.

The composite material is lighter and stronger than steel while being cheaper and more flexible than carbon fibre. As a result, fibreglass is used to create products where performance is key, including skis as well as the rotor blades of helicopters and wind turbines.

Architects have made use of the material to create tall, lightweight structures such as BIG's 2016 Serpentine Pavilion (above), which was formed from 1,900 translucent blocks, and a tubular installation designed by Neri Oxman and erected by a swarm of autonomous robots.

See projects featuring fibreglass ›

Polystyrene

In its original form, polystyrene is a hard, solid resin used to make disposable cutlery. But when solid beads of the plastic are exposed to hot steam, they puff up like popcorn to create expanded polystyrene (EPS) foam, mostly known by its brand name Styrofoam.

The rigid, closed-cell foam is 98 per cent air and has a low thermal conductivity, making EPS a widely used packaging for fragile items as well as for hot foods and drinks.

Once discarded, designers have been able to repurpose this packaging into sculptural chairs and beckoning cats, as well as melting it to create moulds. In architecture, it can be used for insulation or more experimental applications as in ADX's Soil House (above), which features walls of loose soil fixed in place with a foam spray.

See projects featuring polystyrene ›

Acrylic

Acrylic is a catchall term used to describe a range of different resins derived from acrylic acid. These can be suspended in water to create paint or spun into fibres that can be used to make clothing or as precursors for carbon fibre.

When cast into sheets, the thermoplastic is known as plexiglass and used as a low-cost, shatter-resistant alternative for glass due to its exceptional optical clarity. This application was pioneered during the second world war when it was used to form fighter jet windows and submarine periscopes.

More recently, English architecture firm HAL used giant plexiglass panels to form a 35-metre-high swimming pool bridge connecting two buildings in London (above) while designer Christophe Gernigon turned the material into suspended hoods for socially distanced dining.

Furniture made from acrylic can reflect light or disappear into its surroundings, as demonstrated by the see-through counter that Yota Kakuda created for Bake Kitasenju brasserie and Say Architects' ghostly interior for the Lika Lab boutique in Hangzhou.

See projects featuring acrylic ›

Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS)

Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, much like polystyrene, is a hard thermoplastic derived from a clear, liquid petrochemical called styrene. In ABS, this is combined with butadiene rubber to create a stronger, more durable material that can withstand compression better than concrete and has been injection moulded to form billions of hardwearing Lego bricks since 1963.

Due to its low melting point and the fact that it can be easily painted and glued, the plastic is also one of the most common additive manufacturing filaments and was used to form the world's first 3D-printed gun.

Extruded ABS pipes are more resilient than their PVC counterparts, making them suitable for constructing sewer systems and being repurposed into a corrugated seating collection by designer Phan Thao Dang (above).

See projects featuring ABS ›

Nylon

As the first fully man-made fibre, created in a US lab in the 1930s, nylon spawned an era of innovation in synthetic fabrics.

Although initially synonymous with stockings, the term nylon has since expanded to include a whole family of plastics composed of polyamides. These can be found in toothbrush bristles, films for food packaging and moulded components in cars and electronics.

However, the material's primary application remains in fibres, with SO-IL using nylon webbing to form a colourful hammock around 130 trees and Studio Drift crafting it into a kinetic sculpture for the Dutch National Touring Opera (above).

In recent years, a number of fashion brands including Prada have moved from virgin to regenerated nylon, also known under the brand name Econyl, in a bid to mitigate the material's environmental impact. Rayon can offer an alternative that is based on plant-based cellulose fibres rather than fossil fuels.

See projects featuring nylon ›

Plastic alternatives

With growing concerns around pollution and efforts to create a circular economy not reliant on fossil fuels, architects and designers are increasingly looking to substitute virgin and petroleum-based plastics for more sustainable alternatives.

This includes recycled plastic, which presents a huge source of untapped potential as only nine per cent of the 8.3 billion tonnes of plastic waste produced across the world have so far been turned into new products.

The material can be sourced from recycling plants or companies such as The Ocean Cleanup and Parley for the Oceans, which are fishing marine plastic from our oceans and waterways before teaming up with brands to turn it into sunglasses, trainers and more.

Bioplastics that use natural materials rather than crude oil as feedstocks present another possible alternative. Polylactic acid (PLA), the most common type of bioplastic, is generally made from corn starch or sugar cane while others are derived from algae or chitin.

Many are designed to be compostable or biodegradable under specific conditions to reduce the amount of plastic waste in the environment, although some experts have raised concerns that this could ultimately lead to soil and water acidification.

The post The Dezeen guide to plastic in architecture, design and interiors appeared first on Dezeen.

#Architecture – Dezeen

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australianservices1 · 4 years ago

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The Toughest Plastics in Construction!

Did you know that the construction sector is the second highest user of plastic after packaging? You don’t really to expect to find plastic in your home or in the building where you work. Yet various types of plastics are being used in the construction industry, from PVC for pipes and conduit, to flute board for waterproofing barriers.

Plastics are used widely in the construction industry due to a range of benefits they provide, such as excellent strength to weight ratio, reduced costs, low maintenance, and corrosion resistance among others. The main areas of application for plastics are piping, cladding and profiles, insulation, seals and gaskets, and base for adhesives and sealants.

In the last years, recycled plastic materials have started to represent an increasing percentage of overall production of plastic for construction, helping to solve the global problem of the disposal of plastics.

Plastic Materials Used in Construction

A large variety of plastics are used in construction, with the most popular being the following:

Flute Board

Flute board, also known as fluted polypropylene. This product is a hollowed fluted plastic board made from polypropylene. One of its versions is print grade flute board, which is specifically developed to meet the needs of print and signage companies for various digital printing and laminating processes. Packing grade flute board, on the other hand, is used for surface protection, packaging, and concrete forming.

Advantages of flute board include:

- Fully recyclable;

- Lightweight material;

- Resistant to water, chemicals, and impact;

- Low price and durability;

- Easy to print on;

- Having improved UV resistance which makes it suitable for outdoor applications.

Flute board is used as floor protection on building sites, for reinforcing and insulating layers, for knockdown boxes, and for point-of-sale displays.

Corrugated Flute Board

Corrugated flute board is actually called twin wall polypropylene sheeting. This type of material can be cut to size to obtain products that are both strong and durable.

Main benefits of corrugated flute board are:

- Non-toxic;

- High impact resistant;

- Hygienic;

- Water resistant;

- Chemical resistant;

- Weatherproof;

- 100% recyclable.

Typical applications for corrugated flute board include: signage, display stands, packaging, surfaces, and protection.

Acrylic Cut-to-Size

Acrylic sheet cut-to-size represents a large part of the market share in the construction industry. Acrylic is known under various different brand names and is found in multiple forms, such as clear Perspex sheet cut to size. It is a versatile, transparent thermoplastic, with excellent optical properties and resilience to impact and scratch. Unlike glass, it conducts light better and shatters into large, dull parts in case of large impact.

Properties that make acrylic sheet cut to size the perfect option for applications such as roofing and greenhouse construction are:

- Flexibility and elongation;

- Carbonation resistance;

- Environmental friendliness;

- Stability to ultraviolet radiation;

- Excellent adhesion.

Composites

A composite material is a one which is composed of two or more different materials. Joining these materials together produces a unique finished product that boasts different material properties to those that each material began with.

Advantages of plastic composite materials such as Kevlar, PVC polyester, FRP (fibre-reinforced polymer) and other such materials are:

- Improved resistance and durability;

- Can be made fire resistant;

- Low maintenance;

- Lightweight composition;

- Availability in different colours, textures, and shapes.

One of the latest trends in the construction sector is represented by biocomposites, an important part of the green building movement. They enable the construction of green buildings, which are environmentally friendly, healthy to live and work in, and economically viable.

Polycarbonate

Polycarbonate or PC is an amorphous thermoplastic which is naturally transparent. Main reasons why polycarbonate is being used in construction include:

- Flexibility

PC can be formed into multiple shapes and structures.

- Withstanding shock and fracture

Polycarbonate sheets have a higher impact resistance compared to glass. This makes PC easier to transport and install. It does not become brittle with age, enabling constructors to avoid high maintenance and repair costs.

- Two times lighter than glass

Polycarbonate lowers construction costs as it weighs less than glass, reducing the size of foundations and structural members.

- Excellent insulating properties

Polycarbonate is a popular choice for cladding and roofing, with multiwall PC sheets doing even a better job at improving thermal performance as it creates additional air pockets around buildings.

- Light transmittance

Forget about yellowing and hazed plastic, which happens with GRP. PC sheeting is treated with UV protection to extend its life and reduce glare.

PVC

PVC (abbreviation for polyvinyl chloride) accounts for approximately 20% of all plastic manufactured around the world.

There are two main types of PVC: rigid and flexible. Rigid PVC is intrinsic flame retardant offers good electrical insulation and vapor barrier properties, but becomes brittle at 5°C (when not modified with impact modifiers and/or processing aids). Flexible PVC is easier to process than rigid PVC and has good resistance to corrosive inorganic chemicals. Disadvantages include that it tends to degrade at high temperatures and its properties can change in time because of plasticiser migration.

PVC applications include: window and door profiles, pipes, fittings, wiring and cables, internal and external cladding, ducting, flooring, roofing membranes, and wall coverings.

Polypropylene

Polypropylene is a synthetic textile material originally developed by the American corporation Phillips Petroleum in 1951.

Its properties include:

- Chemically inert;

- Mould resistant;

- Heat resistant;

- Accepting colour and dye without degrading;

- Inexpensive;

- Does not contain bisphenol A.

This material is used in a variety of plastic building materials products that need to withstand heat, fatigue, and shatter, such as carpeting, piping systems, electrical cable insulation, and plastic machine parts.

Polyethylene

Polyethylene is most commonly used in packaging due to properties such as:

- High ductility;

- Low friction;

- Good electrical insulator.

Its two main disadvantages, however, are being no-biodegradable and having a low melting point (around 80 °C).

Common applications of polyethylene in construction include:

- Protection for materials and sealants;

- Damp-proof membranes;

- Lining material for foundations;

- Concrete protection during the curing process;

- Temporary flashing material for door and windows.

Expanded Polystyrene

Expanded polystyrene or ESP foam is a lightweight, closed cell insulation providing the following benefits:

- Resistance to heat flow;

- Energy efficiency;

- Strength;

- Sustainability;

- Hygienic as it does not encourage the growth of bacteria;

- Low cost;

- Being environmentally friendly as it has always been CFC- and HCFC-free.

In the construction industry, expanded polystyrene is mainly used for exterior insulation and finish due to its high energy efficiency. It is also a part of structural insulated panels that can be used to build exterior walls, roofs, ceilings, and floors.

ETFE

ETFE stands for ethylenetetrafluoroethylene and consists of the modified copolymers of ethylene and tetrafluroethylene. It has the appearance of a flexible film, which makes it suitable for curved transparent facades.

Properties of ETFE include:

- Nor degrading under UV light;

- Resistant to weather and pollution;

- Being self-cleaning;

- East to repair by fixing tears with welding replacement patches;

- 100% recyclable;

- Its manufacturing process does not require the use of solvents.

Typical uses of ETFE include: covering electrical wiring in conditions of high stress, for wall coverings, being installed as a thermoplastic liner in pipes for corrosion and heat protection, and solar panel applications.

How the Construction Industry Benefits from the Use of Plastics

Plastics have gained a prominent role in constructions near to metal, glass, masonry, and wood due to their immense benefits:

- Durability

Some plastics can be stronger than certain materials, including metals.

- Low Cost

Many plastic materials are economical, lowering the costs of construction projects;

- Recyclable

Some plastics can be recycled completely without losing their properties.

- Saving Energy

Because plastic consumes less heat than metal, they help with improving the energy efficiency of buildings.

- Easy to Transport and Install

Plastics are lightweight so they allow quick and easy installation. Transportation is easier and also cheaper as the weight of plastic materials is lower.

Do you require construction materials made from plastic, such as acrylic cut to size? Plastic Online is a plastic fabrication company providing a full turn-key service from design to manufacture. Contact us for the highest quality flute board and a variety of other plastic materials!

#fluteboard #acrylicsheetscuttosize

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digitalconvo · 4 years ago

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Aluminum Composite Panels Market Evaluation Of Industry Trends, Growth Drivers And Forecast To 2025

Global Aluminum Composite Panels Market: Snapshot

The global aluminum composite panels market is anticipated to grow riding on the back of rapid infrastructure development in the years to come. Rise in growth of infrastructure and construction industries are likely to become major factors driving the global aluminum composite panels market in years to come. Incessant rise in population and rapid urbanization have favored the growth of both infrastructure development and residential construction. This has pressurized the construction sector across the world. Another factor that is helping the market to grow is the characteristics of aluminum composite panels. Resilient towards wear and tear, fire protection and corrosion resistance are the reason that has made aluminum composite panels to be used extensively for flooring, ceiling, internal cladding, and external cladding in the construction industry.

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The growing number of applications is paving the way for aluminum composite panels market in the automotive industry. Rise in automotive industry across the world is likely to have a significant impact on the growth of the market during the assessed period. Automotive industry which is growing by leap and bound in emerging countries such as Taiwan, China, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Japan is anticipated to bolster the growth of aluminum composite panels market. However, it has been noticed that chances of aluminum composite panels are susceptible to dents or bents under harsh weather conditions. This is expected to deter the growth of the market. In one hand the flexibility of aluminum composite panels permits them to be given various shapes and size whereas this characteristic can pull the market down when challenged by hurricanes or storms. Rickety prices of aluminum accompanied with presence of substitute products is prognosticated to act as major restraint.

Global Aluminum Composite Panels Market: Overview

The global aluminum composite panels market is foretold to achieve the spotlight due to increasing demand for the fire-resistant variety. As consumers become conscious about their personal and property’s safety, fire-resistant aluminum composite panels could gain more demand, especially because of the need for protection against fire in enclosed spaces such as buildings. Moreover, other attributes of regular aluminum composite panels are not said to be compromised by the fire-resistant type, which include protection, high strength, easy processing, and moisture resistance. This could be one of the primary contributing factors for the market’s growth.

In the near future, there could be certain trends gaining traction in the global aluminum composite panels market. For instance, nano self-cleaning aluminum composite panels are expected to obtain rising demand in the market. These panels prevent airborne pollutants and also resist harmful weather conditions as they are coated with nanomaterial films.

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Global Aluminum Composite Panels Market: Trends and Opportunities

Companies dealing with the business of aluminum composite panels may want to focus on the rising trend that involves the nano self-cleaning variety. Since nano self-cleaning aluminum composite panels are resilient to damaging UV radiation effects, they are capable of retaining their color and gloss for quite a long period of time. Moreover, they are studied to have an extended lifespan and prove crucial in the reduction of maintenance expenses. Polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) could be one of the leading products available in the market. It is said to have led the market in 2016.

PVDF aluminum composite panels offer a range of advantages that have won them a strong application in exterior curtain walls and other building and construction activities. Fire resistance, waterproofing, sound and heat insulation, high strength, and corrosion resistance are some of the key advantages offered by PVDF panels.

Global Aluminum Composite Panels Market: Market Potential

In May 2018, Alcoa and Rio Tinto made an announcement regarding a revolutionary process that helps prepare aluminum while killing all direct greenhouse gas emissions from the conventional smelting process, and producing oxygen. Elysis is the new joint venture launched by the two companies for large-scale commercialization and development of the process. An aggregate investment of C$188 million is agreed upon by the duo, Apple, and the governments of Quebec and Canada.

Global Aluminum Composite Panels Market: Regional Outlook

By the end of the forecast period 2017-2025, Asia Pacific is prognosticated to collect a larger share of the international aluminum composite panels market. Rise of the market in large emerging economies of the region could help Asia Pacific to continue with its dominance in terms of share. Furthermore, China is said to be a massive aluminum composite panels market in the region. It is also considered to be a grander destination for construction-related investments and a vast market for aluminum.

The report also sheds light on other important regions of the international aluminum composite panels market such as North America and Europe. Each region is discussed using latest statistics and market figures. Factors augmenting demand for aluminum composite panels in different regions of the market are also taken into account by the authors of the report.

Global Aluminum Composite Panels Market: Competitive Landscape

The international aluminum composite panels market could be led by prominent companies such as Alubond USA, Alcoa, and 3A Composites. Nature of the competitive landscape could be fragmented due to the presence of a number of companies operating in the market. Development of novel products could help render those of competitors nonviable even prior to their launch and recovery of commercialization and research and development costs. However, this could mainly be a situation for vendors with better financial and technical resources.

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TMR Research is a premier provider of customized market research and consulting services to business entities keen on succeeding in today’s supercharged economic climate. Armed with an experienced, dedicated, and dynamic team of analysts, we are redefining the way our clients’ conduct business by providing them with authoritative and trusted research studies in tune with the latest methodologies and market trends.

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themodernvedic · 7 years ago

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Poly Farming , a Modern Technique to Revolutionize the Traditional Farming Techniques

In the recent years poly-farming has become a trend in traditional farming. Poly-farming have many advantages over traditional farming.It enables a farmers to grow vegetables and fruits throughout the year of different varieties irrespective of the soil or weather conditions. But what exactly is poly farming is and how often is it related to open field farming?

A Poly House is a Structure made of polyethylene, usually in 3 shapes Barrel Shaped,Ridges and Furrow and Saw Tooth Shaped.The interior heats up because incoming solar radiation from the sun warms plants, soil, and other things inside building faster than heat can escape the structure. Air warmed by the heat from hot interior surfaces is

retained in the building by the roof and wall.Temperature, humidity and ventilation can be controlled by equipment fixed in the Poly House. Poly house farming.Poly Houses can be used to provide a higher temperature and/or humidity than that which is available in the environment but can also protect crops from intense heat, bright sunlight, strong winds, hailstones and cold waves. This allows Flowers and vegetables to be grown at times usually considered off season. Every factor influencing a crop can be controlled in a Poly House.Poly Houses are mainly used in temperate regions in similar ways to greenhouses and cloches (row covers). Modern designs allow sowing and harvesting machines to move inside the structures so as to automate production.Poly Houses can be used by farmers to promote the cultivation of vegetables both on-season and off-season, and would actually help to moderate the market rate for vegetables and

flowers in long run, on a year-round basis, and would help to satisfy local market needs. Poly-farming is a technique of growing vegetables and fruits in a controlled environment,which is scientifically designed just like a plant needs to grow.In a poly house similar conditions are made to make a crop grow in a large structure.Greenhouses are constructed to provide the necessary light and darkness . In poly-farming many varieties of vegetables can be grown like the colored capsicum and colored tomatoes along with various varieties of berries and Pepper.Efforts are made by Indian government to provide upto 40 percent of subsidy on poly-farming equipment(s) , which mainly include sheets and pipes to straighten the green house .

Aspects of Greenhouse Cultivation The design and specification of a poly house is based on the following aspects: I. Classification of Greenhouse II. Design and Orientation of Greenhouse / Poly-house III. Components of Green House

Classification of Greenhouse based on Suitability a .Low Cost or Low Tech Greenhouse

A Low cost greenhouse is a simple structure constructed with locally available materials such as bamboo, timber etc.An ultra violet (UV) film is used for cladding materials. Unlike

conventional or hi- tech greenhouses, no specific control devices for regulating environmental parameters inside the greenhouse are provided.Simple techniques are, however, adopted for increasing or decreasing the temperature and humidity. Even light intensity can be reduced by incorporating shady materials like nets.Temperature can be maintained in summers by opening the side walls. Such a structure is used as rain shelter for crop cultivation.This type of greenhouse is mainly suitable for a cold climatic zone. b. Medium-Tech Greenhouse

Greenhouse users prefer to have a manual or semiautomatic control arrangement in order to save money.This type of greenhouse is constructed using galvanized iron (G.I) pipes. The canopy cover of such a greenhouse is attached to a structure with the help of screws. The whole structure is firmly fixed to the ground to withstand all disturbances against wind. Exhaust fans with thermostat are provided to control temperatures. Cooling pads for evaporation and misting arrangements are also made to maintain a favorable humidity inside the greenhouse.As these systems are semi- automatic, they, require lot of attention and care.It is very difficult and cumbersome to maintain a uniform environment throughout the cropping period. These greenhouses are suitable for dry and composite climatic zones.

c. Hi-Tech Greenhouse To overcome some of the difficulties in medium-tech greenhouse, a hi-tech greenhouse where the entire device controlling environment parameters are fully automatic in nature

Classification of Greenhouse based on Cost of Poly-houses a. Less expensive greenhouse without fan and pad b. Medium cost greenhouse with natural ventilation without fan and pad system c. Expensive greenhouses with fully automatic control system The design of a greenhouse should be based upon sound scientific principles which facilitates controlled environment for the plant growth. Controlled environment plant production systems are used widely throughout the world to produce plant materials and products at a particular time or place, or of a quality that cannot be obtained outdoors.Controlled environment agriculture requires far more capital investment per unit area than field agriculture and thus must essentially be correspondingly more intensive to justify its investment costs. A greenhouse is a structure covered with transparent material in order to allow natural light for plant growth. The main components of greenhouse like structure, covering/glazing and temperature control systems need proper design for healthy growth of plants.

Under Indian conditions, Quonset type , Multispan greenhouse is most suitable, because of its low cost and eases of fabrication.An Ultra violet resistant low density polyethylene (UVLDPE) single film cladding of 200 micron thickness is sufficient for Naturally Ventilated (NV) greenhouse along with fan and pad (FP) greenhouses. This should be fully tightened by stretching on the structure to avoid flute rand tearing. It should not be nailed or screwed to the enclosed structure as has a chance of tearing.

Design of a Greenhouse for Poly-Farming The structure has to carry the following loads and is to be designed accordingly:

a)Dead Load: Weight of all permanent construction, cladding, heating and cooling equipment,water pipes and all fixed service equipments to the frame. b)Live load: Weights superimposed by use (includes hanging baskets, shelves and persons working on roof). A greenhouse has to be designed for a maximum of 15 kg per square meter live load. Each member of roof should be capable of supporting 45 kg of concentrated load when applied at its centre. c)Wind Load: The structure should be able to withstand winds of 110 Km/hr and wind pressure. d)Snow load: These are to be taken as per the average snowfall of the location.The greenhouse should be able to take dead load plus live load or dead load plus wind load plus half the live load. The greenhouses are to be fabricated out of Galvanized Iron Pipes. Its foundation can be 60cmx60cmx60cm or 30 cm diameter and one meter depth in PCC of 1:4:8 ratio. The vertical poles should also be covered up to a height of 60 cm by PCC with a thickness of 5cm. This avoids the rusting of the pole.

Components of a Greenhouse 1. Roof : Transparent Cover of a Green House. 2. Gable: Transparent Wall of a Green House 3. Cladding Material: Transparent Material mounted on the walls and roof of a Green House. 4. Rigid Cladding Material: Cladding material with high degree of rigidity because any deformation of the structure may result in damage to it. Ex. Glass

5. Flexible Cladding Material: Cladding material with low a degree of flexibility because deformation of the structure will not result in any damage to it. Ex. Plastic film 6. Gutter: Collects and Drains Rain Water and Snow which is place at an elevated level between two spans. 7. Column: Vertical Structure carrying the green house structure 8. Purlin: a member who connects cladding supporting bars to the columns 9. Ridge: highest horizontal section in top of the roof 10. Girder: horizontal structure member, connecting columns on gutter height 11. Bracings: To support the structure against wind 12. Arches: Member supporting covering materials 13. Foundation pipe: Connection between the structure and ground 14. Span width: Center to center distance of the gutters in multispan houses 15. Green house length: dimension of the green house in the direction of gable 16. Green house width: dimension of the green house in the direction of the gutter .

Comparison of Different Kinds of Covering Materials used in Poly-farming

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#farming #gardening #polyfarming #science #Scientific #scientific_farming

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jayu123-me · 3 years ago

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Decorative Glass Market to See Incredible Growth by 2030, Notes TMR

Decorative Glass Market: Introduction

Environmental Impact of Glass Production to Hamper Decorative Glass Market

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Single Glass to Offer Lucrative Opportunities for Decorative Glass Market

Windows to be Key Application of Decorative Glass

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