#Glassy Carbon electrode

[dekresearch]

Simplified Electrochemical Measurements with Ag/AgCl Electrodes

Electrodes are integral components in electrochemical systems, playing a key role in measurements and reactions. Two widely used electrodes in research and industry are the Silver-Silver Chloride Electrode and the Glassy Carbon Electrode (GCE). Let’s dive into their characteristics, applications, and unique advantages.

[escritorasms]

Andréia Montani Basaglia

Andréia, é formada em Química pela Universidade Paranaense com pós graduação em Biotecnologia pela UEM e Mestrado em Química  Analítica pela UEL. Atualmente, atua como técnica em laboratório pelo Instituto Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul.

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[realdrake]

Norepinephrine

Norepinephrine, a crucial neurotransmitter, plays a vital role in the human nervous system. Its dysregulation is implicated in various neurological and psychiatric disorders. The development of sensitive and selective detection methods for norepinephrine is essential for understanding its physiological and pathological roles. Nanotechnology, with its unique properties and versatility, offers a promising platform for the detection and management of norepinephrine. This article reviews the recent advances in the application of nanotechnology for the electrochemical detection of norepinephrine, highlighting the use of carbon nanotubes, metal oxide nanoparticles, and other nanostructured materials. Additionally, we discuss the potential of nanotechnology in pain management, including the development of nanoparticulate drug delivery systems for targeted pain relief. The integration of nanotechnology with neuroscience holds great promise for the diagnosis and treatment of norepinephrine-related disorders.

Norepinephrine, a catecholamine neurotransmitter, is essential for various physiological processes, including the regulation of the sympathetic nervous system, attention, and memory. Its imbalance has been implicated in several neurological and psychiatric disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, depression, and anxiety. The development of sensitive and selective detection methods for norepinephrine is crucial for understanding its physiological and pathological roles.

**Electrochemical Detection of Norepinephrine using Nanotechnology:**

Recent studies have demonstrated the potential of nanotechnology for the electrochemical detection of norepinephrine. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), with their unique electronic and mechanical properties, have been used to modify glassy carbon electrodes, enhancing the sensitivity and selectivity of norepinephrine detection. The modification of CNTs with metal oxide nanoparticles, such as cobalt ferrite, has further improved the detection limits and stability of the electrodes. Additionally, the use of nitrogen-doped porous carbon anchored CoFe2O4@NiO nanocomposite has been shown to be a novel and reusable sensing platform for the electrochemical detection of norepinephrine.

**Nanotechnology for Pain Management:**

Nanotechnology has also been explored for its potential in pain management. Nanoparticulate drug delivery systems (NDDSs) have been designed to target specific tissues or subcellular organelles, prolonging drug circulation and reducing side effects. The use of nanoparticles to deliver analgesics across the blood-brain barrier and to the central nervous system has been shown to be effective in managing pain. Furthermore, theragnostic nanoparticles are being developed to detect the source of pain and deliver drugs on demand, providing a promising approach for precision pain management. The integration of nanotechnology with neuroscience holds great promise for the diagnosis and treatment of norepinephrine-related disorders. The development of sensitive and selective detection methods for norepinephrine using nanotechnology has the potential to revolutionize our understanding of its physiological and pathological roles. Additionally, the application of nanotechnology in pain management offers a novel approach for targeted pain relief, reducing the risk of addiction and side effects. Further research is needed to fully explore the potential of nanotechnology in this field, but the current advances are promising and hold great hope for the future.

[lu-s-energy]

Researchers reveal elusive bottleneck holding back global effort to convert carbon dioxide waste into usable products

https://phys.org/news/2024-02-reveal-elusive-bottleneck-global-effort.html Researchers reveal elusive bottleneck holding back global effort to convert carbon dioxide waste into usable products by McMaster University Schematics of the two CO2 electrolysis cells utilized in this work. a Protochips Poseidon in-situ LP-(S)TEM holder consisting of a Pd decorated glassy carbon working electrode…

[lupinepublishers]

lupine publishers|The Electrochemical Sensing of Nalbuphine Opioid Analgesic Drug by the Cyclic Voltammetric and Conductometric Titration Techniques

The Electrochemical Sensing of Nalbuphine Opioid Analgesic Drug by the Cyclic Voltammetric and Conductometric Titration Techniques

Abstract A novel reliable electrochemical sensing method was suggested for direct and sensitive determination of Nalbuphine (NB) analgesic drug. The effect of copper ions (Cu +2) as sensor towards NB determination was evaluated using cyclic voltammetry method and conductometry. They have been utilized to predict the possible electrochemical sensitivity and complexation reaction between Nalbuphine Hydrochloride (NB) and divalent copper (II) metal ions. Cyclic voltammetry study of CuSO 4.5H2O in absence and presence of (NB) was performed using different concentration from Cus and NP·HCl at different scan rates. Redox mechanism of the system was determined from the resulted data. Moreover, thermodynamic parameters show valuable information about chelate metal ions. The resulted data obtained from cyclic voltammetry measurements was supported by conductometric titration measurements, since complexation of Cu (II) with (NB) has been investigated conductometric ally. The formation constants of the prepared complexes were obtained from the relation between the molar conductance and the ratio of metal to ligand concentrations indicating the formation of 1:2 and 1:1 (M: L) stoichiometric complexes. As the temperature increases, the formation constants of the complexes increase indicating that the reaction is endothermic. The negative results of ∆G indicated that the reactions between NB·HCl and Cu (II) tend to proceed spontaneously. Keywords: Electrochemical Sensing; Nalbuphine Hydrochloride; Glassy Carbon Electrode; Cyclic Voltammetry; Stability Constant and Conductivity

Introduction Nalbuphine, is a semisynthetic narcotic selective receptor modulators or known as mixed agonist/antagonist analgesic of the phenanthrene series [1]. Nalbuphine, structurally belongs to the strong potent opiate agonists oxymorphone and to most used opioid antagonists, naloxone and naltrexone [2]. Analytical methods such as HPLC, spectroscopy, and electrochemical techniques are influential tools for determining drug concentrations of NB in biological and pharmaceutical samples [3-5]. Detection of the complex formation reaction by cyclic voltammetry and condctometry methods confirm the potential for electrochemical sensing of Nalbuphine hydrochloride by copper ions as an electrochemical sensor. Electrochemical sensing do not face the obstacle of high cost and complexity of setup. Cyclic voltammetry is one of the most powerful electrochemical techniques [6]. It can quickly give qualitative data about electrochemical reactions [7]. The data obtained from cyclic voltammetry investigate the behavior of electrochemical reaction. The potential and the current at which the analyte is reduced and oxidized can be obtained [8]. Stability constant and thermodynamic properties such as Gibbs free energy ΔG [9], enthalpy ΔH, and entropy ΔS [10] can be calculated where they indicate the nature of the complexation reaction [9,10]. Results and Discussion Cyclic Voltammetry Measurements Effect of different concentrations of Cu+2 and NB with different scan rates were studied as such as Effect of different scan rates. The Ip is directly proportional to ν1/2 which support a diffusion controlled reaction. The different solvation parameters ( Гc, Q c, Гa & Qa) decreased by the increase of the scan rate also supporting the diffusion process of solvation. The increase of scan rate was followed by the increase of the potential difference ( ΔE) but E ̊value is nearly constant. Also, the redox peaks currents decreased by decreasing the scan rates. The linear relation between -I pa and Ipc with the square root of scan rate demonstrated that the reaction was governed by the surface diffusion processes [11]. The addition of NB to the solution and step wisely increasing its concentration, the redox peaks current decreased than observed with Cu+2 alone indicating the complex reaction between metal and ligand, hence the method is sensitive to detect NB. Also, The heterogeneous rate constant (k s) and the kinetic parameters decreased due to the lowering of charge transfer velocity indicating more interaction between copper ions and Nalbuphine. Effect of different scan rates in presence of Nalbuphine HCl The influence of different scan rates for 1:1 ratio between copper and nalbuphine had been studied. The decrease of the scan rate was followed by the decrease of the redox peaks currents and the heterogeneous rate constant (ks), but the solvation parameters like ((Гc, Q c, Гa & (-) Qa) increased. The linear relation between the peak current and square root of scan rate confirmed that the reaction was governed by diffusion processes. The stability constant for (Cu-Nalbuphine) complex The values of stability constant (Log βj) and Gibbs free energy (∆G) increased by increasing the j (L/M) ratio, indicating the tendency towards the formation of the complex Conductometry measurements The specific conductance values (Ks) of the solutions of different concentrations of CuSO 4.5H2O were measured experimentally in absence and in presence of ligand at different temperatures. The molar conductance (Λm) values were calculated. The experimental data of ( Λm) were analyzed for the determination of formation constants for each type of the stoichiometric complexes. The formation constants (Kf) for CuSO 4.5H2O complex were calculated for each type of complexes (1:2) and (1:1) (M: L) [12]. The obtained values of log (Kf) for the metal-ligand stoichiometric complexes are presented in for CuSO 4.5H2O in (MeOH-H 2O) mixture. The relation between Ʌm and the [M]/[L] molar ratio for CuSO 4.5H2O in presence of Nalbuphine HCl showed the inflections which indicate the

formation of different complexes. Increasing temperature is followed by decrease in log Kf favouring less solvation for interaction of CuSO 4.5H2O with Nalbuphine HCl indicating migration of ions away from the collecting area. The Gibbs free energies of formation for 1:1 and 1:2 (M:L) stoichiometry complexes ( ΔGf°) were calculated [13]. The enthalpy (ΔHf) for the metal salt complexes were calculated for each type of complexes, (1:2) and (1:1) (M: L) by using van’t Hoff equation: On plotting of log Kf versus 1/T different lines are obtained for the formation of 1:2 and 1:1 (M: L) stoichiometric complexes for CuSO 4.5H2O with Nalbuphine HCl. Formation thermodynamic parameters ( ΔGf, ΔHf, T ΔSf, ΔSf) were calculated Decreasing in ΔGf ° by increasing in temperatures indicating more spontaneous process. Conclusion In the present work, an effective glassy carbon electrode has been designed to sensing electrochemical behavior of Nalbuphine opioid analgesic drug by the cyclic voltammetry technique as well conductometric titration technique. Under optimized conditions the cyclic voltammetry results such as the electro-active surface coverage (Г), the transfer coefficient (α), standard rate constant (Ks) and diffusion coefficient (D) were calculated. The obtained data give good analytical performance including suitable precision, excellent linear dynamic range and good detection and reproducibility. The results were obtained for different concentration of NB in mixed solvent (Methanol/ Water) with (30: 70 % V/V). We suggest that the cyclic voltammetry technique can be used as a beneficial method to be applicable in the pharmaceutical quality control laboratory and other medical applications

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[supercriticalfluidity]

Cleaning a glassy carbon electrode for cyclic voltammetry using silica on a Buehler cloth. 60 repetitions of a figure “8” is recommended for a thorough and even clean.

[dekresearch]

Understanding Silver/Silver Chloride and Glassy Carbon Electrodes

In the world of electrochemistry, electrodes play a critical role in a variety of scientific and industrial applications. Two commonly used types are the Silver/Silver Chloride (Ag/AgCl) electrode and the Glassy Carbon electrode, each offering unique properties suited to different needs.

The Silver-Silver Chloride Electrode is one of the most widely used reference electrodes. It is known for its stable electrochemical potential, reliability, and versatility. Ag/AgCl electrodes are often employed in pH measurements, potentiometry, and electrochemical analysis. Their ability to maintain a stable reference potential, even in complex solutions, makes them indispensable in electrochemical cells. Moreover, they are relatively easy to manufacture and are non-toxic, making them environmentally friendly compared to other reference electrodes.

On the other hand, the Glassy Carbon electrode is a type of working electrode used in electrochemical research. Glassy Carbon, also known as vitreous carbon, is highly durable and resistant to chemicals and extreme temperatures. Its excellent conductivity and low reactivity make it ideal for applications in cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical sensors, and biosensors. It is particularly valued in environments requiring a robust, inert material that does not interfere with the reaction taking place on its surface.

For industries and research facilities looking to advance their electrochemical experiments or industrial processes, choosing the right electrode is crucial. Both Ag/AgCl and Glassy Carbon electrodes have proven to be reliable tools in a wide range of applications.

For top-quality Silver/Silver Chloride and Glassy Carbon electrodes, Dek Research offers high-performance solutions tailored to meet the demands of your scientific or industrial needs. Visit Dek Research to explore our range of innovative electrochemical products.

[orientcarbon]

The benefit of a glassy carbon electrode is that it is very homogeneous surface, the same electrode can be used again and again with polishing, the material in a glassy carbon electrode is predominately  carbon. The downside with a glassy carbon electrode is that it is often not a practical electrode in products, particularly where the electrode is expected to be disposable/semi-disposable.  

[realdrake]

Norepinephrine, a crucial neurotransmitter,

Norepinephrine, a crucial neurotransmitter, plays a vital role in the human nervous system. Its dysregulation is implicated in various neurological and psychiatric disorders. The development of sensitive and selective detection methods for norepinephrine is essential for understanding its physiological and pathological roles. Nanotechnology, with its unique properties and versatility, offers a promising platform for the detection and management of norepinephrine. This article reviews the recent advances in the application of nanotechnology for the electrochemical detection of norepinephrine, highlighting the use of carbon nanotubes, metal oxide nanoparticles, and other nanostructured materials. Additionally, we discuss the potential of nanotechnology in pain management, including the development of nanoparticulate drug delivery systems for targeted pain relief. The integration of nanotechnology with neuroscience holds great promise for the diagnosis and treatment of norepinephrine-related disorders.

Norepinephrine, a catecholamine neurotransmitter, is essential for various physiological processes, including the regulation of the sympathetic nervous system, attention, and memory. Its imbalance has been implicated in several neurological and psychiatric disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, depression, and anxiety. The development of sensitive and selective detection methods for norepinephrine is crucial for understanding its physiological and pathological roles.

**Electrochemical Detection of Norepinephrine using Nanotechnology:**

Recent studies have demonstrated the potential of nanotechnology for the electrochemical detection of norepinephrine. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), with their unique electronic and mechanical properties, have been used to modify glassy carbon electrodes, enhancing the sensitivity and selectivity of norepinephrine detection. The modification of CNTs with metal oxide nanoparticles, such as cobalt ferrite, has further improved the detection limits and stability of the electrodes. Additionally, the use of nitrogen-doped porous carbon anchored CoFe2O4@NiO nanocomposite has been shown to be a novel and reusable sensing platform for the electrochemical detection of norepinephrine.

**Nanotechnology for Pain Management:**

Nanotechnology has also been explored for its potential in pain management. Nanoparticulate drug delivery systems (NDDSs) have been designed to target specific tissues or subcellular organelles, prolonging drug circulation and reducing side effects. The use of nanoparticles to deliver analgesics across the blood-brain barrier and to the central nervous system has been shown to be effective in managing pain. Furthermore, theragnostic nanoparticles are being developed to detect the source of pain and deliver drugs on demand, providing a promising approach for precision pain management. The integration of nanotechnology with neuroscience holds great promise for the diagnosis and treatment of norepinephrine-related disorders. The development of sensitive and selective detection methods for norepinephrine using nanotechnology has the potential to revolutionize our understanding of its physiological and pathological roles. Additionally, the application of nanotechnology in pain management offers a novel approach for targeted pain relief, reducing the risk of addiction and side effects. Further research is needed to fully explore the potential of nanotechnology in this field, but the current advances are promising and hold great hope for the future

[biomedres]

scientific research articles on biomedical- BJSTR Journal

Acetylcholinesterase from Curimatã Fish Brain (Prochilodus Brevis) as Potential Biocatalyst for Voltammetric Biosensor Construction by Fabiane Caxico de Abreu* in Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research https://biomedres.us/fulltexts/BJSTR.MS.ID.001655.php

Background: The AChE (acetylcholinesterase) is a serine hydrolase responsible for terminating neurotransmission by hydrolyzing the acetylcholine released on synaptic cleft. Studies of AChE as a target of pesticide toxicity have yielded several practical outcomes and are the basis for constructing biosensors. These devices are primarily designed to determine and quantify the inhibition of AChE by toxic chemicals. Objective: to construct a biosensor based on acetylcholinesterase from the brain of the Prochilodus brevis fish, and to use the same as biomarker of agrochemicals that inhibit the enzyme. Methods: Acetylcholinesterase was isolated from curimata fish brain (prochilodus brevis) and partially purified using amonium sulfate precipitation followed by size-exclusion chromatography (ChE1). AChE from curimata fish brain was directly immobilizes on the surface of glassy carbon electrode modified with multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Results: Acetylcholinesterase was characterized as having a specific activity of 0.194U/mg. The optimum activity was found at pH 8.5, phosphate buffer 0.7^M, 28°C and exhibited a thermostability at 37°C. The glassy carbon modified electrode exhibits excellent electrocatalytic activity to the increase of thiocholine, with a linear response in the 0.05 mM to 0.85 mM concentration range, with a 73^M limit of detection and with a 240^M limit of quantification.

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[lupinepublishers]

Lepine publishers|The Electrochemical Sensing of Nalbuphine Opioid Analgesic Drug by the Cyclic Voltammetric and Condutometric Titration Techniques

The Electrochemical Sensing of Nalbuphine Opioid Analgesic Drug by the Cyclic Voltammetric and Condutometric Titration Techniques

Abstract A novel reliable electrochemical sensing method was suggested for direct and sensitive determination of Nalbuphine (NB) analgesic drug. The effect of copper ions (Cu+2) as sensor towards NB determination was evaluated using cyclic voltammetry method and conductometry. They have been utilized to predict the possible electrochemical sensitivity and complexation reaction between Nalbuphine Hydrochloride (NB) and divalent copper (II) metal ions. Cyclic voltammetry study of CuSO4.5H2O in absence and presence of (NB) was performed using different concentration from Cus and NP·HCl at different scan rates. Redox mechanism of the system was determined from the resulted data. Moreover, thermodynamic parameters show valuable information about chelate metal ions. The resulted data obtained from cyclic voltammetry measurements was supported by conductometric titration measurements, since complexation of Cu (II) with (NB) has been investigated conductometric ally. The formation constants of the prepared complexes were obtained from the relation between the molar conductance and the ratio of metal to ligand concentrations indicating the formation of 1:2 and 1:1 (M: L) stoichiometric complexes. As the temperature increases, the formation constants of the complexes increase indicating that the reaction is endothermic. The negative results of ∆G indicated that the reactions between NB·HCl and Cu (II) tend to proceed spontaneously. Keywords: Electrochemical Sensing; Nalbuphine Hydrochloride; Glassy Carbon Electrode; Cyclic Voltammetry; Stability Constant and Conductivity

Introduction Nalbuphine, is a semisynthetic narcotic selective receptor modulators or known as mixed agonist/antagonist analgesic of the phenanthrene series [1]. Nalbuphine, structurally belongs to the strong potent opiate agonists oxymorphone and to most used opioid antagonists, naloxone and naltrexone [2]. Analytical methods such as HPLC, spectroscopy, and electrochemical techniques are influential tools for determining drug concentrations of NB in biological and pharmaceutical samples [3-5]. Detection of the complex formation reaction by cyclic voltammetry and condctometry methods confirm the potential for electrochemical sensing of Nalbuphine hydrochloride by copper ions as an electrochemical sensor.Electrochemical sensing do not face the obstacle of high cost and complexity of setup. Cyclic voltammetry is one of the most powerful electrochemical techniques [6]. It can quickly give qualitative data about electrochemical reactions [7]. The data obtained from cyclic voltammetry investigate the behavior of electrochemical reaction. The potential and the current at which the analyte is reduced and oxidized can be obtained [8]. Stability constant and thermodynamic properties such as Gibbs free energy ΔG [9], enthalpy ΔH, and entropy ΔS [10] can be calculated where they indicate the nature of the complexation reaction [9,10]. Results and Discussion Cyclic Voltammetry Measurements Effect of different concentrations of Cu+2 and NB with different scan rates were studied as such as Effect of different scan rates. The Ip is directly proportional to ν1/2 which support a diffusion controlled reaction. The different solvation parameters (Гc, Q c, Гa & Qa) decreased by the increase of the scan rate also supporting the diffusion process of solvation. The increase of scan rate was followed by the increase of the potential difference (ΔE) but Evalue is nearly constant. Also, the redox peaks currents decreased by decreasing the scan rates. The linear relation between -Ipa and Ipc with the square root of scan rate demonstrated that the reaction was governed by the surface diffusion processes [11].The addition of NB to the solution and step wisely increasing its concentration, the redox peaks current decreased than observed with Cu+2 alone indicating the complex reaction between metal and ligand, hence the method is sensitive to detect NB. Also, The heterogeneous rate constant (ks) and the kinetic parameters decreased due to the lowering of charge transfer velocity indicating more interaction between copper ions and Nalbuphine. Effect of different scan rates in presence of Nalbuphine HCl The influence of different scan rates for 1:1 ratio between copper and nalbuphine had been studied. The decrease of the scan rate was followed by the decrease of the redox peaks currents and the heterogeneous rate constant (ks), but the solvation parameters like ((Гc, Qc, Гa & (-) Qa) increased. The linear relation between the peak current and square root of scan rate confirmed that the reaction was governed by diffusion processes. The stability constant for (Cu-Nalbuphine) complex The values of stability constant (Log βj) and Gibbs free energy (∆G) increased by increasing the j (L/M) ratio, indicating the tendency towards the formation of the complex Conductometry measurements The specific conductance values (Ks) of the solutions of different concentrations of CuSO4.5H2O were measured experimentally in absence and in presence of ligand at different temperatures. The molar conductance (Λm) values were calculated. The experimental data of (Λm) were analyzed for the determination of formation constants for each type of the stoichiometric complexes. The formation constants (Kf) for CuSO4.5H2O complex were calculated for each type of complexes (1:2) and (1:1) (M: L) [12]. The obtained values of log (Kf) for the metal-ligand stoichiometric

complexes are presented in for CuSO4.5H2O in (MeOH-H2O) mixture. The relation between Ʌm and the [M]/[L] molar ratio for CuSO4.5H2O in presence of Nalbuphine HCl showed the inflections which indicate the formation of different complexes. Increasing temperature is followed by decrease in log Kf favouring less solvation for interaction of CuSO4.5H2O with Nalbuphine HCl indicating migration of ions away from the collecting area. The Gibbs free energies of formation for 1:1 and 1:2 (M:L) stoichiometry complexes (ΔGf°) were calculated [13]. The enthalpy (ΔHf ) for the metal salt complexes were calculated for each type of complexes, (1:2) and (1:1) (M: L) by using van’t Hoff equation: On plotting of log Kf versus 1/T different lines are obtained for the formation of 1:2 and 1:1 (M: L) stoichiometric complexes for CuSO4.5H2O with Nalbuphine HCl. Formation thermodynamic parameters (ΔGf, ΔHf, TΔSf, ΔSf) were calculated Decreasing in ΔGf° by increasing in temperatures indicating more spontaneous process. Conclusion In the present work, an effective glassy carbon electrode has been designed to sensing electrochemical behavior of Nalbuphine opioid analgesic drug by the cyclic voltammetry technique as well conductometric titration technique. Under optimized conditions the cyclic voltammetry results such as the electro-active surface coverage (Г), the transfer coefficient (α), standard rate constant (Ks) and diffusion coefficient (D) were calculated. The obtained data give good analytical performance including suitable precision, excellent linear dynamic range and good detection and reproducibility. The results were obtained for different concentration of NB in mixed solvent (Methanol/ Water) with (30: 70 % V/V). We suggest that the cyclic voltammetry technique can be used as a beneficial method to be applicable in the pharmaceutical quality control laboratory and other medical applications

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[journalmaterialscience-blog]

Novel RGO/ ZnWO4/Fe3O4 Nanocomposite as High Performance Electrocatalyst for Oxygen Evolution Reaction in Basic Medium Abstract Novel RGO/ZnWO4/Fe3O4 nanocomposites have been synthesized through a facile microwave irradiation method. The prepared nanocomposites were characterized by XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy), XRD (X-ray diffraction), Raman spectroscopy, FESEM (field emission scanning electron microscopy), TEM (transmission electron microscopy) and HRTEM (high resolution transmission electron microscopy). The electrochemical properties of the fabricated electrodes for the OER (oxygen evolution reaction) in alkaline solution were evaluated by LSV (linear sweep voltammetry) and chrono potentiometry techniques. The results indicate that the ternary nanocomposites have better catalytic activity in the OER process than component materials. Interestingly, the ternary nanocomposite shows small onset potential 0.619V, small Tafel slope 90mV/dec, high current density 6.65mA/cm2 and highly stable even after 1000 OER cycles. Hence, the as prepared nanocomposites are cost effective and can function as highly efficient noble metal free electrocatalysts for OER applications. Keywords: Oxygen evolution reaction; Linear sweep voltammetry; Electrocatalyst; RGO/ZnWO4/Fe3O4 nanocomposites; Microwave irradiation method Go to Introduction Normally, growing energy demands provide opportunities for the development of new technologies and efficient materials for electrochemical energy conversion and storage devices [1]. With increasing energy consumption and the associated environmental problems, finding a sustainable and clean energy source has become the need of the day in the present world [2]. Water splitting technology to produce pure hydrogen has been investigated for many years as an avenue for clean energy [3]. A promising way to produce hydrogen is through electrolysis of water, which is composed of two half-cell reactions - HER (hydrogen evolution reaction) at the cathode and OER (oxygen evolution reaction) at the anode [4]. In the water splitting reaction, there is a high over potential at the anode, due to the sluggish four electron transfer oxygen evolution kinetics. This has to be addressed to produce pure hydrogen in a facile way [5]. Thus, in order to accelerate the reaction rate and lower the anode over potential, it is essential to put in great efforts to find efficient electrocatalysts for OER [6]. The most extensively investigated metal catalysts such as RuO2, IrO2, and Pt/C were proved to be the promising candidates as catalysts for OER [7], Despite their good catalytic activity, they are expensive and have scarce availability which has severely restricted the large scale commercial applications of these materials [8]. Therefore, it is necessary to develop high-performance, cost effective, ecofriendly and noble metal free OER catalysts which are more-efficient, stable and earth-abundant. Various materials based on first row transition metals have proved to be efficient OER catalysts [9,10]. Graphene exhibits fascinating physical and chemical properties, such as excellent conductivity, high surface area and extraordinary electrocatalytic activities [11]. Therefore, it has been used as a suitable supporting material for OER catalysis [12]. Recently we published the synthesis of novel graphene - zinc tungstate - magnatite nanocomposite as high performance catalyst for photodegradation and reduction of 4-nitrophenol [13,14]. Inspired by the encouraging results obtained in those studies, we report herein, investigation on the catalytic activity of the novel RGO/ZnWO4/Fe3O4 nanocomposites for OER. The experimental results indicate that these novel ternary nanocomposites show a great promise as future noble metal free catalysts for OER in basic medium. Go to Experimental Material synthesis All the chemicals were of analytical grade and were purchased from Sigma Aldrich. All the solutions used in the study were prepared from Millipore water. GO (Graphene oxide) was synthesized from graphite flakes via modified Hummers method [15]. RGO/ZnWO4/Fe3O4nanocomposite was synthesized by one- step microwave irradiation method. Required amount of GO was dispersed into 50mL ethylene glycol using ultrasonic treatment. To this 50mL each of 0.05 M of zinc acetate and sodium tung state solution was added slowly under stirring at the pH of 9 (maintained using ammonia) for about 2 hours. Later, the above mixture was irradiated with microwave radiation at 350W for 10 minutes and obtained RGO/ZnWO4 nanocomposite. To the cooled solution, 50mL of iron acetate (0.01M) and 10mL of ammonia solution was added under stirring for about 30 minutes after which it was irradiated with microwave radiation (350W) for 10 minutes. The obtained RGO/ZnWO4/Fe3O4 precipitate was washed with (90:10) water and ethanol several times. Finally, the sample was dried in a vacuum chamber at 80 °C for 12 hours. The procedure was repeated without the use of one of the component for the sake of comparison. Characterization To determine the elemental composition of the sample, XPS was performed (Multilab 2000, Thermo scientific, UK) using Mg- Ka X-ray (1253.6eV) with 200W power as exciting source and 10eV energy pass for data collection. The crystal structure was determined by XRD (Rigaku Corporation, Japan) analysis using nickel-filtered Cu-Ka radiation (=1.5406 A). Raman spectra were recorded by laser Raman microscope (Renishaw) with 532nm He-Ne excitation source. The morphology of the samples was investigated by FESEM (Zeiss Ultra 55), TEM and HRTEM (Tecnai). Electrochemical measurements In a typical experiment, 1.0mg of the catalyst was well dispersed in 495μL of water and 5μL of 5wt. % Nafion by using ultrasonic treatment for 20 minutes to form homogeneous paste. Then, 3.0μL of the paste was drop cast on GC (glassy carbon) electrode (diameter of 3mm) surface and dried at room temperature. Electrochemical experiments for OER were performed using an IVIUM instrument in a standard three- electrode system. A GC, saturated calomel electrode (SCE) and platinum wire served as working, reference and counter electrode respectively Go to Results And Discussion XPS analysis The XPS spectrum of the as-prepared RGO/ZnWO4/Fe3O4 nanocomposite is shown in Figure 1 & 1a illustrates the C 1s spectral region, which could be de convoluted into four peaks with binding energies of 285eV, 287.1eV, 288.5eV and 290.3eV. These peaks are assigned to sp2 C-C/C=C bonds in the aromatic ring, C-O, C=O and O-C=O bonds in the oxygenated functional groups respectively which indicates that GO has been reduced to graphene sheets [16-21].Figure 1b displays the Zn 2p region, composed of two peaks at 1021.5eV and 1044eV which corresponds to the Zn 2p3/2 and Zn 2p1/2 state, respectively. Figure 1c depicts the W 4f region, consisting of two peaks at 35.7 and 38eV are assigned to W 4f7/2 and W 4f5/2. These results are consistent with the previously reported values for ZnWO4[22]. Figure 1d portrays binding energies of Fe 2p region, two peaks are found at 710.8eV and 724.5eV corresponding to Fe 2p3/2 and Fe 2p1/2, indicating that Fe3O4 particles [23]. The above results show that ZnWO4 and Fe3O4 particles are well decorated on RGO sheets successfully. Click here to view Large Figure 1 XRD analysis Click here to view Large Figure 2 The crystal structure of the materials was evaluated via X-ray diffraction techniques. Figure 2 shows the XRD patterns of RGO, ZnWO4, Fe3O4and RGO/ZnWO4/Fe3O4 nanocomposite. The observed broad peaks around at 22.6° and 42.6° in Figure 2a can be well indexed to the (002) and (100) planes of RGO nanosheets, respectively. Figure 2b shows the XRD traces of ZnWO4. The diffraction peaks at 15.3°, 18.7°, 23.6°, 24.3°, 30.4°, 36.3°, 38.2°, 41.0°, 44.4°, 45.5°, 48.6°, 50.1°, 51.5°, 53.9°, 61.7°, 64.9° and 68.1° can be well indexed to the (010), (100), (011), (110), (111), (021), (200), (121), (112), (211), (022), (220), (130), (122), (113), (311) and (041) crystalline planes of ZnWO4 (JCPDS 15-0774), respectively. The diffraction peaks at 30.3°, 35.6°, 43.4°, 53.7°, 57.3° and 62.9° as observed in Figure 2c can be well indexed to (220), (311), (400), (422), (511) and (440) crystalline planes of Fe3O4 (JCPDS 19-0629), respectively. Figure 2d shows the XRD pattern for the nanocomposite, RGO/ZnWO4/ Fe3O4. As can be seen from the figure, all the crystalline planes corresponding to ZnWO4 and Fe3O4 can be identified. The RGO peaks are not visible clearly because of the very small amount of the material present in the composite. The results confirm the presence of crystalline ZnWO4 and Fe3O4 being incorporated on the RGO nanosheets in the RGO/ZnWO4/Fe3O4 nanocomposite. Raman analysis Click here to view Large Figure 3 Figure 3 shows the further structural information on the as-synthesized RGO/ZnWO4/Fe3O4 nanocomposites as found from Raman spectroscopy. It is observed that, the D and G band peaks of GO appear at 1349cm-1 and 1604cm-1, respectively with the measured (ID/IG) Intensity ratio being equal to 0.98 (Figure 3a). As shown in Figure 3b, the same for RGO are found at 1347cm-1 and 1600cm-1 and measured (ID/IG) Intensity ratio is 1.10. The variation of (ID/IG) Intensity ratio from GO to RGO is related to the elimination of functional groups and formation of defects along with the recovery of sp2 conjugated carbon structure during the reduction of GO into RGO nanosheets [16,21]. The Raman spectra of RGO/ZnWO4/Fe3O4 nanocomposite (Figure 3c) exhibits the D and G bands at 1348cm"1 and 1601cm"1 respectively. The measured (ID/IG) Intensity ratio is 1.03, which is slightly lower than the RGO nanosheets. This decrease in ratio is attributed to the non-covalent interactions of nanoparticles on the RGO nanosheets [23]. Morphology analysis The structural morphology of the materials was estimated via electron microscopy techniques. Figure 4a clearly shows the transparent RGO nanosheets with thin, crumpled and folded structures. Figure 4b shows the FESEM image of the RGO/ ZnWO4/Fe3O4 nanocomposite and Figure 4c is TEM image of the same wherein the rod shaped ZnWO4 and spherical like Fe3O4 nanomaterial being anchored on the surface of the RGO nano sheets can be observed. The presence of ZnWO4 and Fe3O4 nanomaterials in the nanocomposite is further confirmed by HRTEM analysis shown in Figure 4d. The observed lattice fringes of 0.469nm and 0.3nm correspond to the (100) and (220) planes of the ZnWO4 and Fe3O4 respectively [24]. Click here to view Large Figure 4 Electrochemical analysis To evaluate the electrocatalytic behavior of RGO/ ZnWO4/ Fe3O4 towards OER, LSVs were carried out at 0.1M KOH with scan rate of 5mV/s in a three-electrode system. Figure 5a shows that the onset potential of OER detected for the RGO/ZnWO4/ Fe3O4 nanocomposite (0.619V) is least compared to that for RGO/ Fe3O4 (0.669V), RGO/ZnWO4 (0.701V), ZnWO4 (0.726V) and RGO (0.752V). The corresponding voltammetric current density values for these materials are 6.65mA/cm2, 3.65mA/cm2, 1.79mA/cm2, 0.98mA/cm2 and 0.59mA/cm2 respectively. Figure 5bshows the kinetics behavior for the ZnWO4, RGO/ZnWO4, RGO/Fe3O4 and ZnWO4-RGO-Fe3O4 nanocomposites as estimated by using Tafel slopes. The linear region of the Tafel plots were fitted with the Tafel equation [17] (n = b log j + a, where b is the Tafel slope, j is the current density, n is the overpotential and a is the constant). The calculated Tafel slopes are 138mV/dec, 120mV/dec, 102mV/dec and 90mV/dec for ZnWO4, RGO/ZnWO4, RGO/Fe3O4 and RGO/ZnWO4/Fe3O4 composite, respectively The small onset potential, small Tafel slope and higher current density observed for the ternary composite indicate its higher efficiency towards OER. The observed results suggest that the RGO/ZnWO4/Fe3O4 nanocomposite possesses good catalytic activity towards OER with small over potential, small Tafel slope and high current response. Also, it may also be noted that although the activity this material is slightly lower compared to that of the benchmark Ru/C & Ir/C based materials, the present nanocomposite has the advantage of easy availability, facile synthesis and low cost. Further, the stability and reusability of the synthesized material has also been tested. Figure 5c shows the stability test for RGO/ZnWO4/Fe3O4 nanocomposites. The small negative shift in current density even after 1000 cycles indicates the high stability and reusability of RGO/ZnWO4/Fe3O4 nanocomposite and indicates that it can function as an efficient OER catalyst for commercial applications [25,26]. Click here to view Large Figure 5 Further, the commercial application of the electrocatalyst has been studied by chrono potentiometry technique at constant current density applied over sufficient period oftime (t). Figure 5d shows that the chrono potentiometry study of the RGO/ZnWO4/ Fe3O4 nanocomposite at a constant current density of 10mA/cm2 for duration of 2000 seconds. As can be observed from the figure, initially with time the potential (E) increased rapidly up to 400 seconds and afterwards the value slowly reached saturation suggesting the establishment of the stabilized state of OER. This phenomenon is attributed to the development of O2 bubbles on the electrode surfaces. Overall, the results demonstrate that the RGO/ZnWO4/Fe3O4 nanocomposites are indeed highly efficient electrocatalysts for OER in basic medium [27]. Go to Conclusion In summary, a facile microwave irradiation method has been used to synthesize novel RGO/ZnWO4/Fe3O4 naocomposite. The RGO/ZnWO4/Fe3O4 nanocomposite exhibits high electrocatalytic activity for OER in 0.1M KOH solution with small onset potential of 0.619 V, small Tafel slope of 90mV/dec and high current density of 6.65mA/cm2. Further, the catalyst also shows high stability and efficiency even after 1000 cycles. The method developed by this study could be used for large scale synthesis of noble metal free high performance electrocatalyst for OER applications. For more Open Access Journals in Juniper Publishers please click on: https://juniperpublishers.com/ for more details click on the juniper publishers material science

[biotechtimes]

Extremely tiny gold nanorattle may help detect serotonin levels instantly

New Post has been published on https://biotechtimes.org/2019/07/25/extremely-tiny-gold-nanorattle-may-help-detect-serotonin-levels-instantly/

Extremely tiny gold nanorattle may help detect serotonin levels instantly

By Dinesh C Sharma

New Delhi, July 25: Serotonin is a brain chemical that plays an important role in controlling a number of behavioural and cognitive functions. Any fluctuation in its level could result in psychotic and neurodegenerative conditions. Serotonin is also secreted in the digestive system and its abnormal levels may be indicative of tumors in the gastro-intestinal tract.

Now a group of Indian researchers has developed a nanotechnology-based biosensor for detection of serotonin in blood and urine. They have developed a new nanocomposite material made of gold nanorattles-reduced graphene oxide coated onto glassy carbon electrodes with gold nanoparticles.

Nanorattles are extremely tiny rattle like structures consisting of a core and a shell. They are so small that several thousands of them can be accumulated on a pinhead. The unique structure of nanorattles provides for larger surface area for electrolysis and selective transfer of electrons from smaller molecules while blocking larger ones like proteins and lipids present in biological samples.

In the new biosensor, serotonin detection depends on direct electron transfer process which is also a self-reporting strategy, where no redox or any other labels are required to get quantifiable signals. The signals are further amplified by the application of nanocomposite on to the electrode surface for low detection limits.

Existing methods for determining serotonin levels involve the use of costly equipment and procedures like high-performance liquid chromatography, enzyme-based immunoassays and mass spectroscopy. Samples also need to be pretreated before testing and it takes a long time for results to come.

“Our target was to build a biosensor that could support integration in a handheld or wearable device, that’s why we have chosen direct electrochemical-based approach, which would facilitate sensitive determination and miniaturization,” explained Dr. Pranjal Chandra, Assistant Professor and Ramanujan Fellow at Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, who led the research effort.

The biosensor is capable of detecting serotonin in healthy persons as well as those with elevated levels. It can detect serotonin in a range between 0.3 and 1 micromole in different biological samples like blood and urine within a few minutes. Due to its wide detection, range researchers anticipate it to detect clinically relevant concentrations of serotonin levels. Additionally, researchers said, this method would be cheaper compared to existing biochemical assays.

“Our future work will be directed towards miniaturization of the sensor system, where our aim is to incorporate the system in microelectrode based wearable or handheld portable modules for monitoring the serotonin levels. This would eventually allow tracking serotonin concentrations in people recovering after medication,” added Dr. Chandra.

Commenting on the work, Dr. Pravat Mandal, senior professor and Tata Innovation Fellow at Manesar-based National Brain Research Centre, said “more detailed studies will have to be done, including in clinical settings, for this technology to become useful for patients.”

The research team included Kuldeep Mahato, Buddhadev Purohit, Pranjal Chandra (Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati); Keshav Bhardwaj and Amit Jaiswal (Indian Institute of Technology Mandi). The findings have been published in the journal Biosensors and Bioelectronics. (India Science Wire)

[supershiba123-blog]

Phenolic Resins Market Analysis, Trends, Growth, Size, Share, Forecast 2020 to 2026

The global phenolic resins market is estimated to grow at a CAGR of nearly 5.6% during the forecast period. Emerging applications across major industries, including electrical and electronics, consumer goods, automotive, and others are primarily driving the market growth. Phenolic resins can be applied for the development of several kinds of substrates that are used in the production of electrical laminates. Electrical laminates have several applications ranging from electronic components that are used in printed circuit boards to electrical isolation materials utilized in electrical machinery, generators, and transformers. In the textile industry, laminates that possess electrical isolation properties are used primarily in tubes owing to their extreme dielectric strength.

Request a Free Sample of our Report on Phenolic Resins Market: https://www.omrglobal.com/request-sample/phenolic-resins-market

Electrical laminates are produced as per the global and national standards. Apart from EN 60893, German DIN 7735 and the USA NEMA LI-1 standards are of specific importance. A considerable amount of resin is used to produce substrates which makes the laminates hydrophobic. Phenolic resin possesses better chemical and corrosive resistance and maintains its strength at high temperatures, and resists creep under load. These resins are extensively used in household appliances owing to their excellent thermal and dimensional stability, and electrical resistance, as well as resistance to solvents and water. The structural composite gratings and pipes manufacturers for applications in offshore oilrigs use phenolic resins, as there is a constant threat of fire in offshore oil rigs.

Phenolic resins are also useful to design glassy carbon articles including rocket nozzles, heat shields for missiles, crucibles for melting rare earth metals, special analytical electrodes, and very high-temperature bearings and seals. Automotive applications of phenolic resins include brake linings, clutch facings, and brake blocks and pads. Further, the rising demand for lightweight materials in vehicles is supporting the adoption of phenolic resins. Phenolic resins are lightweight, provides superior corrosion and temperature resistance up to 300 - 350°C, and fine machinable. This, in turn, is contributing to the adoption of phenolic resins in the automotive industry.

In aerospace and defense, the adoption of phenolic resin-based composites has increased over the years. Armor and panels for ships and boats, military vehicles, and personal protective equipment including bulletproof jackets and helmets require extreme strength with properties including excellent flame, smoke and toxicity (FST) performance and fire resistance. Composites produced from phenolic resins incorporate such characteristics and meet a range of military standards. Composites based on phenolic resin-based are ideal for both exterior and interior applications and can be processed through compression molding or pre-preg. Excellent properties of phenolic resins have emerged its applications in several industries, which, in turn, is contributing to the growth of the global phenolic resins market.

A Full Report of Phenolic Resins Market is Available at https://www.omrglobal.com/industry-reports/phenolic-resins-market

Global Phenolic Resins Market- Segmentation

By Product Type

Novolac

Resol

Others

By Application

Adhesive

Molding

Insulation

Coatings

Laminates

Others

By End-Use Industry

Automotive     and Transportation

Aerospace     and Defense

Building     and Construction

Electrical     and Electronics

Consumer     Goods

Others

Global Phenolic Resins Market– Segment by Region 

North America           

US

Canada

Europe

Germany

UK

France

Spain

Italy

Rest of     Europe

Asia-Pacific    

China

Japan

India

Rest of     Asia-Pacific

Rest of the World

Latin     America

Middle     East and Africa

Company Profiles

·        Arclin, Inc.

·        Ashland Global Holdings Inc.

·        ASK Chemicals GmbH

·        BASF SE

·        Changshu South-East Plastic Co., Ltd.

·        DIC Corp.

·        Dujodwala Paper Chemicals Ltd.

·        Fenolit d.d.

·        Hexcel Corp.

·        Hexion Inc.

·        Kangnam Chemical Co.‚ Ltd.

·        Koch Industries, Inc.

·        KOLON Industries, Inc.

·        Kraton Corp.

·        Lerg S.A.

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About us:

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Media Contact:

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Contact Person: Mr. Anurag Tiwari

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Contact no: +91 780-304-0404

[dekresearch]

Understanding Silver/Silver Chloride and Glassy Carbon Electrodes: Key Players in Electrochemistry

Electrochemical sensors and devices rely heavily on the choice of electrode materials, as they directly impact the performance and accuracy of measurements. Among the most widely utilized electrodes in electrochemical applications are the Silver-Silver Chloride Electrode and the glassy carbon electrode. Each type has unique properties, advantages, and specific use cases that make them indispensable in various scientific and industrial fields.

[graphitepowera-blog]

The preparation process is summarized as follows

However, during the development process, it was found that the following three main problems exist in the process of thermal structuring using different polymers as precursors: (1) how to reach the maximum value of residual carbon content and carbon yield; (2) how Evaporate volatile materials from the residue without destroying its graphite electrode for Electric arc furnace shape and structure; (3) How to avoid uncontrollable heating and temperature rise caused by exothermic chemical reactions related to pyrolysis. Because the outstanding performance of glass charcoal is represented by resistance to oxidation and chemical corrosion, air permeability, high electrical conductivity and high thermal conductivity,

abrasion resistance, ablation resistance, high purity, non-staining and good biocompatibility, so it It is widely used in various fields such as electronics industry, semiconductor industry, metallurgy industry, chemical industry, nuclear industry, aerospace and medical research. However, the basic process is to produce a green body by low-temperature curing and molding of the polymer prepolymer after special treatment, and then continue the carbonization treatment in an oxygen-free medium at about 1000 ℃ to obtain a primary glassy carbon product, and then go through 2000 ℃ ～ 3000 ℃ high temperature treatment can produce glass charcoal products with higher purity.

The preparation process is summarized as follows: resin preparation → curing molding → demoulding → post-curing → carbonization (treatment under 1000 ℃ ～ 1200 ℃ under special conditions) → semi-graphitization (treatment under 2000 ℃ under special conditions) → graphitization (2800 ℃ ～ 3000 ℃). It has good corrosion resistance to hot H3PO4, and it has attracted more attention as a material for rocket nozzles, with a promising future.

It has the characteristics of both carbon materials and glass. A certain degree of possibility. The filling material is made into a protective tube for a thermometer for high temperature corrosive atmosphere and a gas blowing tube, a stirring rod (etching solution for the electronics industry) and a low temperature thermistor thermometer. Glass charcoal will still be the object of rapid research in the future