#Geoffrey Langley

[ponderingrandomthings]

Wow.

Looks like a very hard working band... This is a 1974 footage.

And, of course, they have their own place in music.

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Is it just me or does the video at 1:50 remind me of the Alan Parsons Project song A Dream Within a Dream (at 2:25)?

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If I remember correctly, most of the band's lyrics were written by a lyricist Betty Thatcher.

And fascinating/funny trivia about her:

"she won a scholarship to a grammar school, where she refused to take part in any examinations. After two years excelling in English and art, she transferred to a school that accepted difficult students."

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From Wikipedia: "Thatcher wrote most of the band's lyrics for the studio albums:

Prologue (1972)

Ashes Are Burning (1973)

Turn of the Cards (1974)

Scheherazade and Other Stories (1975)

Novella (1977)

A Song for All Seasons (1978)

Azure d'Or (1979)

Camera Camera (1981)" - this was her last album for Renaissance.

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Current Members:

Annie Haslam – vocals, percussion (1971–1987, 1998–2002, 2009–present)

Rave Tesar – keyboards, piano (2001–2002, 2009–present)

Mark Lambert – guitar, backing vocals (2015–present); bass (1985–1987)

Frank Pagano – drums, percussion, backing vocals (2009–2017, 2018–present)

Leo Traversa – bass, backing vocals (2015–2018, 2022–present)

Geoffrey Langley – keyboards, backing vocals (2016–present)

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Read this link for an exhaustive list or Renaissance band members.

[une-sanz-pluis]

Do you know that Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York's wife Isabella is likely to have an affair with a man from the Howard family and gave birth to the Earl of Cambridge, Richard? Isabella's will was made with Edmund's consent, which may indicate that although Edmund did not want his property to go to Richard, he did not hate their mother and son. Perhaps they were just colleagues who had to have children together

I'm not quite sure I'm following your ask. I think you're asking about Isabel (or Isabella) of Castile, Duchess of York and the assertion that Richard, Earl of Cambridge was a son born from her adulterous liaison? However, the man she was accused of having an affair with was not a member of the Howard family but John Holland (or Holand), Earl of Huntington. Huntington was the son of Joan of Kent and Thomas Holland and thus half-brother to Richard II. Huntington was married to Elizabeth of Lancaster who was the sister of Henry IV, which would have been made things awkward (to say the least) when Richard II was deposed. Huntington was killed during the Epiphany Rising which aimed to restore Richard to the throne. .

Jenny Stratford recently published work arguing that the affair did not take place and that Cambridge was legitimate, as far as we can tell. I'll talk you through the evidence and her arguments against it below the cut.

Thomas Walsingham's commentary on Isabel

Thomas Walsingham wrote that Isabel was:

A lady of sensual and self-indulgent disposition, she had been worldly and lustful; yet in the end by the grace of Christ, she repented and was converted. By the command of the king she was buried at his manor of Langley with the friars, where, so it is said, the bodies of many traitors had been placed together.

Stratford points out that Walsingham got the date of her death wrong, placing it two years after her death occurred, which suggests he was probably not well-informed about his life. She suggests that the image of emerges from Isabel's will contrasts sharply against the image Walsingham provides:

The duchess herself emerges in a favourable light. In face of her husband’s debts, the arrangement to provide an income for the seven-year-old Richard by transferring to Richard II most of her jewels and plate, her personal chattels, was eminently practical. It limited the possibility of claims by the duke’s creditors, while grants previously made to Isabel were subsequently reassigned to fund the annuity. These provisions seem very unlikely to indicate that young Richard was illegitimate, any more than a gap of twelve years between the age of the oldest and youngest of the duchess’s three living children was necessarily significant. The duke’s will drawn up a decade after Isabel’s death speaks of his devotion to her.

It's also worth noting that Walsingham has something of a reputation for misogyny and for being unreliable - we now know that some of his assertions about Alice Perrers's background are groundless and serve to make her appear worse than she was, while Anna Duch argued that he effectively erased Anne of Bohemia from his account of Richard II's reign. He is also full of vitriol for Agnes Launcekrona and Katherine Swynford so it seems to me that we should treat his claims on women with great scepticism.

John Shirley's comments on Chaucer's Complaint of Mars

Forty years after Isabel's death, a scribe named John Shirley wrote an afterword on Geoffrey Chaucer's Complaint of Mars that linked it to a scandal involving "the lady of York" and John Holland. Connected with Walsingham's commentary, it's generally been taken as evidence that they had an affair.

Stratford argues that the Shirley's commentary is likely a garbled reference to the affair between Constance of York (Isabel's daughter) and Edmund Holland, Earl of Kent (John Holland's nephew) which the resulted in the birth of an illegitimate daughter, Eleanor. Following Kent's death, Eleanor claimed claimed her parents had married clandestinely before Kent married Lucia Visconti and that she was his rightful heir but her claims were rejected. Historians have suggested that Kent might have considering marrying Constance before the revelation that she had been involved in a plot against Henry IV meant he distanced himself from her.

Additionally, J. D. North argued that the astronomical framework contained within Complaint of Mars could have only applied to the year 1385 and aligns it with the beginning of the affair between Elizabeth of Lancaster and Huntington. Elizabeth had been married to John Hastings, heir to the earldom of Pembroke, in 1380 when she was 16 and Hastings was 8. However, the marriage was annulled in 1386 and Elizabeth soon after married Huntington on 24 June 1386. It is frequently asserted that Huntington and Elizabeth had embarked on an affair that resulted in a pregnancy, leading to the hasty annulment of Elizabeth's first marriage and her second marriage to Huntington though it isn't clear when their first child was born, though it was in 1386 or 1387. It may be that John Shirley's reference to the affair between "the lady of York" and Huntington may actually be referring to Huntington's affair with Elizabeth of Lancaster.

It may even be that the reference represents a garbled combination of the two affairs - Constance of York and Edmund Holland, Elizabeth of Lancaster and John Holland - recorded decades later. It might be noteworthy in this regard that Elizabeth and Huntington's first child was also named Constance (both Constances were named after Isabel's sister, Constanza or Constance of Castile), which would add to the confusion).

The wills of Cambridge's father and older brother.

The argument that Richard, Earl of Cambridge was illegitimate is based around the lack of reference to Cambridge in the wills of his father and older brother, where it is assumed that this represents that Cambridge was effectively, though not legally, disowned.

His brother, Edward 2nd Duke of York's will was written after Cambridge had been executed as a traitor for his role in the Southampton Plot. His lack of reference to Cambridge may simply be because Cambridge was dead and could not be a beneficiary. There may have also been concern that any reference to Cambridge, such a request for prayers for his brother's soul, could result in suspicion of Edward's own loyalties. From the surviving evidence, Edward also seems to have had a close relationship with Henry V so Cambridge's treason may well have driven a wedge between the brothers. In short: there are a lot of reasons why Edward might have avoided referencing Cambridge explicitly that were far more relevant to the circumstances his will was written in.

Stratford notes that "a testator may not include all his bequests in his will", which would apply to both Dukes of York. Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York left "nothing in the will to any of his three children" (my emphasis). He did, however, ask to be buried "near his beloved Isabel, formerly his companion". In short, there is no reason to presume Cambridge's exclusion was due to his being informally disowned by his father due to the adultery of his mother. York's will provides no support to the idea that he had a fraught relationship with Isabel, either.

Isabel's will makes special provision for Richard, Earl of Cambridge.

Isabel's will asked Richard II for provide an annuity of 500 marks for Cambridge against the surrender of her jewels and plate until appropriate lands could be found to furnish him with an income. This has led to the belief that Cambridge would not be supported by his father and brother and, in combination with the above, that this was because he was illegitimate.

Most of this is based on the transcript of her will published in Testamenta vetusta, which is a shortened extract of the full document which didn't include Isabel's many bequests to her husband (if you read something that claims Isabel left York nothing, the author is working from the abridged will, not the full text). Stratford's study is on the original will in its full form. As noted in your ask, Isabel required and received the permission of her husband to make this will. Stratford also notes that some of those mentioned in the will are Edmund, Duke of York's officers who also appear in his will, "strongly suggesting that the duke and the leading members of his familia were in full agreement with its provisions". In short, the idea that York was refusing to acknowledge or provide for Cambridge seems somewhat illogical given his involvement and the involvement of his officers in Isabel's will which was primarily concerned with providing for Cambridge.

Stratford argues that what the will represents is an effort by Isabel and York to provide for Cambridge "while protecting as far as possible the incomes of her husband and his heir."

The principal purpose of Isabel’s will was to provide for their youngest child, Richard, then aged seven. Edmund gave his wife full powers to dispose of her horses, jewels, robes, the furnishings of her chamber, and her other chattels. She made a number of bequests, notably including books, but offered the majority of her valuables to Richard II if he would agree to provide her younger son, his godson (filiol), with an income of 500 marks per year for life. If the king did not so wish, Isabel’s oldest son, then earl of Rutland, was invited to do so on the same terms.

At the time Isabel was drawing up her will, York was heavily in debt following his Portuguese expedition, had difficulty obtaining money due to him from the Crown, and didn't have lands commensurate with his status. York's executors were still struggling to pay his debts eight years after his death and when his eldest son died in 1415, the duchy of York remained bankrupt for twenty years. Stratford notes that the money raised by Isabel's jewels and plate would "circumvent claims on the duke by his creditors".

John Holland gave Isabel a gift.

Isabel's will mentions a "sapphire and diamond brooch" given to her by John Holland, Earl of Huntington which has been taken as evidence of their affair. Sometimes she is also said to have been given a gold cup and a chaplet of white flowers by Huntington, though Stratford points out the brooch is the only item actually said to have been given to her by Huntington and is one of three gifts from named donors (the others was a "little" gold tablet given to her by John of Gaunt and a gaming board of jasper from Leo of Armenia).

Firstly, while gifts of jewels to us seem to be strictly or largely romantic gestures, this very much wasn't the case within the Middle Ages, where the exchange of jewels was a normal part of aristocratic life, albeit serving an important function. We know that medieval nobles frequently exchanged gifts, including items they had been given by others, and it is a pure speculation to assume that Isabel "treasured" the brooch or even that she kept it because it was Huntington who had given to her. Furthermore, it is entirely possible that it was identified through the designation as a gift given to her by Huntington.

Secondly, if this is evidence of their affair which produced Cambridge, it's very odd that she didn't leave Huntington's gift to Cambridge but to her eldest son, Edward, who was York's acknowledged son and heir whose legitimacy has never been doubted.

Isabel left bequests to Holland.

Isabel left her Bibles and "the best fillet I have" to John Holland. Some have argued that this is unusual enough because Holland was the only person she gave gifts to who wasn't a "close member" of her family.

Outside of her husband and three children, Isabel also left bequests to Richard II, Anne of Bohemia, John of Gaunt and Eleanor de Bohun, Duchess of Gloucester, and Stratford groups with Eleanor as a member of Isabel's "wider family" and says it is credible they were friends, not lovers. The extent that Holland isn't a "close" member of her family can be debated: he was married to her niece (Elizabeth of Lancaster) and the half-brother of her nephew (Richard II).

Stratford says that Isabel may have made the bequest to Huntington in hope that that he would influence Richard II and John of Gaunt (who was Huntington's father-in-law and and close ally in the 1380s and named as an executor in Isabel's will) to ensure that the annuity she sought for Cambridge would become a reality.

Furthermore, Stratford suggests that the "best fillet" (which was probably a collar) may have been intended for Elizabeth of Lancaster, Huntington's wife. If so, this would rather point away from it being a memento from their affair.

There were a ten-year gap between Cambridge and his siblings.

The other main piece of evidence put forward is the large gap between Constance of York (b. c. 1375) and Cambridge (b. c. 1385). The supposition usually goes that having had two children (Edward, 2nd Duke of York was born c. 1373), Isabel and York had grown tired of each other's company and didn't have sex again, Isabel then embarked on an affair with Huntington that, some ten years after Constance's birth, left her pregnant and York allowed the child to be brought up as his son but refused to provide for him.

The problem with this scenario is that it is effectively a complete invention. The idea that York and Isabel were at odds is based around the idea of the affair and the speculation Cambridge was illegitimate. York never repudiated Isabel nor officially disowned Cambridge as a bastard. There are many possible reasons why there was such a large gap - fertility issues, miscarriages, bad luck, personal decisions, religious reasons (i.e. choosing to adopt a chaste marriage). Constance's birth may have been particularly difficult and York and Isabel decided not to chance sexual intercourse or to use the contraceptive methods available to them only to slip up. It's also possible that they may had other children who died too young to leave evidence behind and that the large gap between children wasn't that large in reality. After all, it seems we know very little about the births of their children, even the years are uncertain.

I know this is all speculative but so is the argument that they fell out. The point is that we don't have evidence to explain why beyond speculation.

Conclusion

A lot of the arguments for the affair based on tenuous links and are often based on the assumption that the affair was a historical fact and that Walsingham's comments on Isabel are an objective and reasonable account of her character. So the evidence that shows us a connection between Isabel and Huntington is often assumed to be evidence of a sexual relationship.

Take the brooch. It seems to be read as the equivalent of a man buying his lover an emerald necklace or diamond earrings. Except we know that the exchange of valuable jewels as gifts was a common aspect of medieval noble life that performed a vital function that very frequently had nothing to do with romantic or sexual feelings. We know, for example, that Henry VI gave Eleanor Cobham a brooch - it does not follow that they were therefore having an affair or that Henry harboured romantic feelings for his aunt.

That the brooch was mentioned in Isabel's will also tells us nothing. We don't know how she felt about it, only that she singled it out to be passed onto her eldest son (not Cambridge). It may be that she wanted him to have it because of he had admired it and, if it was a feminine piece, may have intended to give it onto his wife when he married. It's quite unremarkable that a medieval individual would identify a piece through noting who had given it to them and is not proof of romantic attachment. Isabel also mentioned gifts given to her by John of Gaunt and Leo of Armenia - should we assume she had affairs with them too?

On a similar note: that Isabel left items to Huntington is taken as proof of their romantic liaison. The bequest? Her best fillet (probably a collar, according to Stratford), which may well have been intended for Elizabeth of Lancaster, and her Bibles. They were likely valuable items but hardly proof of romantic involvement - such bequests were very common and would be utterly remarkable without the context of Shirley's commentary on their relationship.

It seems to me that there is good good reason to believe that John Shirley's commentary on Complaint of Mars, written decades after Isabel's death, may not have been about Isabel at all. She isn't named in the commentary and we have no clear, explicit evidence of this affair outside of the commentary itself. I think it was a garbled recollection of either Isabel's daughter, Constance of York's affair with Edmund Holland, Earl of Kent or of John Holland's affair with Elizabeth of Lancaster. We have clear, contemporary evidence of both these affairs - the existence of Constance's and Kent's daughter and this daughter's attempt to inherit Kent's estates, the annulment of Elizabeth's marriage to Hastings and her marriage to Huntington.

The evidence cited as "proof" of their affair is really nothing of the sort. Isabel's will attempted to provide for Cambridge in the face of York's (comparatively) small income and large debts. Huntington was a beneficiary but hardly the only one and not a particularly unusual choice. He gave Isabel a gift that was in keeping with the social custom of their class and time. York's will mentioned none of his children and he did not officially disown Cambridge. The lack of reference to Cambridge in his brother's will is easy to understand given it was written after Cambridge had been executed for treason. We have no real evidence of discontent between Isabel and York - he was obviously involved in the writing of her will and he requested burial with her in his own. Nor is there any account that records discord between them or separation, like we do for John of Gaunt and Constanza of Castile. York was buried with Isabel, as he had requested, and on their joint tomb-monument are Huntington's coat of arms (amongst many others). It seems very strange to me that York was so utterly furious about Isabel's adultery that he refused to provide for Cambridge, forcing Isabel to beg the king to provide for him, yet he chose to be buried with her, he chose as his second bride Huntington's niece, Joan Holland, and he chose to add the coat-of-arms with the man she had betrayed him with on their tomb monument (which was probably constructed sometime between 1393 and 1399). I don't think this picture holds up.

Walsingham did criticise Isabel for being "worldly and lustful" but Walsingham calling a woman a slut is pretty par for the course for him and he got facts of her life wrong. Nor does he report anything she actually did to deserve such a reputation. In others: scepticism is clearly needed. None of this adds up to very much. It isn't until Shirley wrote his commentary, decades later, that we find any reference to their affair. The rest are things that would be entirely unremarkable without Shirley's commentary directing us to see it as a romantic gesture.

Of course, the fact is that we can't prove she didn't have an affair and that Shirley was really referring to a more evidenced scandal. Proving a negative is hard. Even if we located, exhumed and DNA-tested the bodies of Cambridge, York and Huntington, we might confirm that Cambridge was really York's son (or Huntington's or the son of an unknown man) but we wouldn't be able to prove that Isabel didn't have sex with Huntington at some point in her life. We don't have evidence for every single time a medieval individual had sex and so we can't definitively rule out the possibility that an affair did occur. All we can say is the actual surviving evidence doesn't support the narrative that Isabel had an affair.

It's probably worth noting that Kathryn Warner also read Isabel's full will and still accepts the narrative of Isabel's infidelity, though she argues Cambridge should be given the benefit of the doubt where his illegitimacy is concerned. Personally, I find Stratford's reading of the will more credible than Warner's. I don't think the evidence cited as proof of Shirley's claim is actually evidence of an affair but the existence of a typical relationship between medieval nobles working as normal. Warner seems to contradict herself at times* and she doesn't seem to have been interested in questioning whether Isabel did or did not have an affair. I also think Stratford's extensive work on medieval manuscripts and the inventories of John, Duke of Bedford and Richard II lends credence to her claims.

Works Referenced

Jenny Stratford, "The Bequests of Isabel of Castile, 1st Duchess of York, and Chaucer’s ‘Complaint of Mars’", Creativity, Contradictions and Commemoration in the Reign of Richard II: Essays in Honour of Nigel Saul, eds. Jessica A. Lutkin and J. S. Hamilton (The Boydell Press 2022)

Jenny Stratford, "Isabel [Isabella] of Castile, duchess of Yorkunlocked (1355–1392)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (published 2022, updated 2023)

J. D. North, Chaucer's Universe (Oxford University Press 1988)

James P. Toomey (ed.), "A Household Account of Edward, Duke of York at Hanley Castle, 1409-10", Noble Household Management and Spiritual Discipline in Fifteenth-Century Worcestershire (Worcestershire Historical Society 2013).

John Evans, "XIV. Edmund of Langley and his Tomb", Archaeologia, vol. 46, no. 2, 1881

Kathryn Warner, John of Gaunt: Son of One King, Father of Another (Amberley 2022)

(also looked at the ODNB entries for York, Cambridge, Huntington and Elizabeth of Lancaster).

* After mentioning the brooch given to Isabel by Huntington, Warner states: "Isabel did not not mention other gifts she had received from anyone else". In an earlier chapter, Warner says "The 1392 will of Isabel of Castile, duchess of York and countess of Cambridge, reveals that Levon [Leo of Armenia] gave her a ‘tablet of jasper’ during this visit, which she bequeathed to John of Gaunt". Warner also repeats this within the chapter dealing with Isabel's will: "and ‘a tablet of jasper which the king of Armonie [King Levon of Armenia] gave me’ to John of Gaunt". How can Huntington's brooch be the only gift from anyone mentioned in her will when we've been told (twice) that Isabel's will includes a reference to a tablet of jasper gifted to her by Leo of Armenia? Additionally, Warner's arguments seems to be drawn from the preconceived notion that Isabel did have an affair so any evidence connecting her to Huntington must be evidence of the affair, regardless of how limited the evidence is - this is quite surprising, since it goes against one of her arguments against reading Isabella of France and Roger Mortimer's relationship as a love affair.

[littleperilstories]

Robin Hood References & Easter Eggs in The Prince of Thieves

Character Parallels (very loose/approximate)

Jamie Wardrew - Robin Hood/Robin of Loxley

Will Wardrew - Robin Hood, Will Scarlett

Bree Cooper - Marian

Const. Baden Hatchett - Sheriff of Nottingham

Jr. Const. Michaelson - Sir Guy of Gisborne

Colette Haris/Meunier (a miller's daughter) - Much the Miller's Son

Geoffrey Marks - Little John

Allan Armstrong Dale - Alan-a-Dale

Other References & Easter Eggs

literally just them wearing hooded cloaks sometimes *cracks up*

stealing from the rich and giving to the poor is IA's whole modus operandi

"I gave her Robin this time around" (Chapter 4) - I mean...

"Bree Langley. Bree Sherwood. Overton. Walsh. Carlson" (Chapter 13) - Sherwood Forest is the setting of many Robin Hood stories

the medic, Mr. Gysborne, obviously named after Guy of Gisborne

Geoff being a big guy but then having a cute little animal like a Hare as his code name. Right? Like Little John? Right? Right??

Will's code name being Fox (Robin Hood is an anthropomorphic fox in the Disney Robin Hood from 1973)

Allan Armstrong Dale abbreviates to Allan A. Dale (reference to the character Alan-a-Dale, but also: Joe Armstrong played Alan-a-Dale [and Jonas Armstrong played Robin Hood] in the 2008 BBC series Robin Hood)

"Verie" (very) ... "Much" ... ok it's a stretch but still kinda counts? I think I’m hilarious.

“Some well-known petty thief. Always gave a different name. Reynolds. Brooks. Marks" (Chapter 32). Kevin Reynolds directed 1991's Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves and Mel Brooks directed 1993's Robin Hood: Men in Tights.

Bulwell and Lenton are neighbourhoods/areas of Nottingham, UK (...as far as I could tell from Google Maps & Wikipedia, anyway).

Colette's real last name, Meunier, is a French surname meaning "miller"

[realstate-23]

A Guide to Finding Your Dream Home in Harlow (on Wattpad) https://www.wattpad.com/1403533950-a-guide-to-finding-your-dream-home-in-harlow?utm_source=web&utm_medium=tumblr&utm_content=share_reading&wp_uname=Estate_agents&wp_originator=9Ps6FixwbEPvcor8pRm9mJKPTlqPqwodoUL2OFFKoqNwLQabPneoZxJDawyKxKgS9b%2F4EHrtuExtXVGLUNb3qMs%2FEAWKXHiGk6Mw96Wo%2BeBcL7paylOnG8DmRA06J0kD Are you on the hunt for your dream home in the picturesque town of Harlow? The real estate market offers a myriad of possibilities, from charming family homes to modern apartments, catering to diverse tastes and preferences. In this guest post, we'll guide you through the process of finding the perfect property in Harlow, ensuring your journey to homeownership is both exciting and rewarding. 1. Understanding Your Needs: Before diving into the property market, take a moment to outline your requirements. Consider factors such as the number of bedrooms, preferred location, budget constraints, and any specific features that are non-negotiable for your dream home. 2. Exploring Harlow's Diverse Neighborhoods: Harlow boasts a range of neighborhoods, each with its own unique charm. Whether you're drawn to the tranquility of Broxbourne, the historic streets of Old Harlow, or the vibrant community in Church Langley, understanding the atmosphere of each area will help narrow down your search. 3. Utilizing Online Listings: The internet has revolutionized the way we search for homes. Explore online listings provided by reputable estate agents like Geoffrey Matthew to get a feel for the current market. These platforms offer a comprehensive view of available properties, complete with detailed descriptions and high-quality images. 4. Open House Events: Attending open house events is a fantastic way to experience potential homes firsthand. Take advantage of the opportunity to explore the layout, assess the condition of the property, and envision yourself living in the space. It's also an excellent chance to interact with real estate professionals and gather additional information about the properties. Geoffrey Matthew, where your journey to finding the perfect property in Harlow begins. With a diverse range of options to suit every taste and budget, we take pride in presenting some of the finest homes for sale in the area.

[mangora]

I like seeing people’s headcanons for the characters’ full names so here’s my post (+ my hc ethnicities bc why not.)

Note: I’m mostly basing last names on like online research and not all last names correlate with ethnicity for a variety of reasons, so sorry if they’re not like accurate. And I didn’t have super strong opinions on some characters. Also nonwhite people can live in and originate from predominantly white countries for reasons like immigration or carriers of recessive traits for skin color, so when I say things like Alejandro and Mike are from Europe I’m not saying they’re white swearsies)

Gen 1:

Gwen: Gwendolyn Addams (German/British)

Duncan: Duncan O’Doherty (Scottish)

Courtney: Courtney Barbosa-Gonzales (Filipino/Puerto Rican)

Lindsay: Lindsay Beaudrie (French)

Heather: Heather Himura (Japanese)

Beth: Elizabeth Blaine (German/Polish)

Leshawna: Leshawna Ndiaye (African Canadian, family mostly has roots from Senegal)

DJ: Devon Joseph* Wright (Jamaican)

Cody: Cody Emmett Jameson Anderson (...duh)* (Idk British or something)

Noah: Noah Mudaliar (Tamil)

Harold: Harold Norbert Cheever Doris McGrady V* (Irish/Japanese)

Eva: Eva Bortsov (Siberian)

Izzy: Isabella Kennedy (Greek/Irish)

Owen: Owen Ellis (Mixed Western European)

Tyler: Tyler Cain (German [Hebrew])

Justin: Justin Alika (Hawaiian)

Ezekiel: Ezekiel Rudd (Norse/Dutch)

Sadie: Sadie Byun (Korean)

Katie: Katelynn Pakhrin (Nepali)

Geoff: Geoffrey Sawyer (Mixed Americanized Western European, mostly British)

Bridgette: Bridgette Langley (Same as Geoff)

Trent: Trenton Loveridge (Greek/Romani & Israeli)

Sierra: Sierra Wilde (Métis/Angolan)

Alejandro: Alejandro Burromuerto* (Spanish, ancestors are from various parts of Latin America)

Gen 2:

Mike: Michael Chiarelli (Italian [Sicilian with Western Asian ancestors]/Peruvian)

Mal: Mal Grimoire (Mixed indigenous Mexican, chose his own last name)

Svetlana: Svetlana Berezovsky (Russian)

Vito: Vito Valentino (Italian)

Manitoba: Manitoba Smith* (Murri/Koori)

Chester: Chester Young (Lithuanian/Mexican)

Zoey: Zoey Ahn (Korean)

Cameron: Cameron Corduroy Wilkins* (Mixed African Canadian, no clear roots)

Lightning: Rudolph “Lightning” Jackson* (Same case as Cameron)

Brick: Brick McArthur* (Scottish/Mexican)

Jo: Joanna Gryffon (Welsh)

Sam: Samuel Croft (Mixed Western European)

Dakota: Dakota Milton* (Venezuelan/British/French)

Staci: Staci Sweet (British & Swedish/German)

Scott: Scott Baur (Austrian/Scottish)

Dawn: Dawn Orion (Norse/Greek)

B: B. Keen (Egyptian/Ethiopian & Sudanese)(Adopted, canon dead name omitted)

Anne Maria: Anne Maria Ortega (Argentinian)

Gen 3:

Sky: Sky Oxendine (Cree)

Shawn: Shawn Torres-Vidal (Mexican)

Jasmine: Jasmine Maguire (Wangkatha)

Sammy: Samantha Lafitte (French)

Amy: Amy Lafitte (French)

Dave: Dave Shukla (Indian)

Max: Maxwell Delaney (Chinese/Welsh)(Adopted)

Sugar: Reese “Sugar” Houston (Mixed Western European)

Topher: Christopher Fitzroy (Mostly French and British)

Scarlett: Scarlett Fernsby (British)

Beardo: Badru “Beardo” Mohamed (Kenyan)

Leonard: Leonard Hart (Mixed African Canadian)

Ella: Eleanor Darling (British/Scottish)

Rodney: Rodney Feldman (German/Irish)

Gen 4:

Sanders: Jasper Elizabeth Sanders (Mixed African Canadian/Angolan)

MacArthur: Marsha MacArthur (I think the Valentina Escobar thing was total BS that’s just her mom’s name)(Scottish & Irish/Colombian & Mexican)

Dwayne: Dwayne Turner (Mixed Western European)

Junior: Dwayne “Junior” Turner Jr. (Same as Dwayne)

Brody: Brody García-Santos (Mixed Latino)

Mary: Maryam Yitzhaki (Israeli/Afghan)

Ellody: Ellody Mahir (Maldivian)

Emma: Emma Ozaki (Japanese)

Kitty: Kit Ozaki (Japanese)

Josee: Josee Lachance (French Canadian)

Jacques: Jacques Laurent (French Canadian)

Carrie: Caroline Lubomir (Bulgarian/Swedish)

Devin: Devin Linyang (Taiwanese)

Tammy: Tamara Burnside (Scottish)

Jay: Jason Durand (French Canadian)

Mickey: Michael Durand (French Canadian)

Crimson: Sarah “Crimson” Murphy (Mixed Eastern European)

Ennui: Simon “Ennui” Mayer (Romanian)

Miles: Miles Deniz (Turkish)

Laurie: Lauren “Laurie” Soleil (Turkish & French/Dominican)

Stephanie: Stephanie Armstrong (Mixed African Canadian)

Ryan: Ryan Mathura (Trinidadian)

Gerry: Gerald LaPointe (French Canadian)

Pete: Peter Manh (Vietnamese)

Lorenzo: Lorenzo Bandara-Whitaker (Sri Lankan/British)

Chet: Chet Frances (French/British)

Rock: Evan “Rock” Manson (Mixed Western European)

Spud: Andrew “Spud” Cooper (Mixed Western European)

Kelly: Kelly Fournier (French Canadian)

Taylor: Taylor Fournier (French Canadian)

Tom: Thomas Hemingway (British/French)

Jen: Jennifer Carrillo (Chilean/Laotian)

Notes: Chet and Lorenzo keep their last names the same, B and Max's last names are based on that of their adopted parents. Also, my headcanons change a lot. Also also, I'm really interested in world cultures but mostly self-taught on them so if you disagree for some reason or see something inaccurate/stereotypical lmk. Also depending on the character, they either use a nickname or chose their name themselves, in which case I don't want to give out their dead name/s. Also before someone corrects me on Bridgette and Geoff the creators have said they are both from California and came to Canada.

Edit 2: Edited recently because I realized I got some of the canon ethnicities wrong, also I’ve just changed some opinions or learned more about the etymology of names.

[the-romantic-lady]

Hi, I'm the anon about The Sunne in Splendor 😊

It would be really perfect if someone decided to make a film based on The Sunne in Splendor, especially with Aneurin ❤❤❤

Unfortunately I think people think the "evil Richard" version sells more because everyone likes the Tudors 🙄

Thanks for the tip, I'll watch Black Arrow 😉

I'm reading Philippa Langley's book, The King's Grave: The Search for Richard III. She is really great, maybe you have read it, but the book gives much more details about all her work, she deserves all the recognition she could get.

I really hope to read your novel about Richard, Duke of York someday 💜💜

Many people tend to forget about him and it's really nice that you want to write about him.

Do you intend to write about Richard III as well?

I love that book! One of the first books I read on Richard. A poignant and fascinating read. You are right about the evil Richard. Although I think people won't stop making shows/movies about the Tudors. The Plantagenets hardly have a chance to have their stories told. But considering that shows normally don't do a good job, I guess it's a blessing?

And yes! I started writing a novel on Richard III but as I read about his father, I felt like I wanted to tell his story. Richard has more than his share of novels lol. (Although I am going to write a series on the Plantagenets starting from Geoffrey to Richard) funny actually. A novel about Richard iii's mother is coming out in summer. Its called CECILY by Annie Garthwaite. I am excited to read it and hopefully there is not too much girl boss stuff going on. But the marketing team keeps saying that Cecily's story has never been told (because she is a woman?) and its like... but it has. I can think of three novels and three biographies with a comprehensive academic one. Richard duke of York on the other hand has one biography of him from the 60s and one recent one that hardly covers much. No novels or academic biographies. I mean...The man literally started a war, was a son of a traitor, faithful and respectful husband, good father, etc. An orphan who grew up alone without any family at all (until he married his wife 😭) in a world where he was viewed badly because of his father. But you have to dig deep go find anything about him. So I decided to write a novel about him and am also working on a biography which hopefully I can develop into an academic piece.

Why did I just go off? 😂 sorry for the long read. I am actually almost done the first draft of the novel and hopefully will finish it and share it with you guys.

[nsula]

President’s List Fall 2018

NATCHITOCHES – Six hundred and fifty-four students were named to the Fall 2018 President’s List at Northwestern State University. Students on the list earned a grade point average of 4.0. Those named to the President’s List listed by hometown are as follows.

 Abbeville – Annemarie Broussard, Heather Mayard;

 Alexandria – Eric Weinzettle, Brandi Beaudoin, Leslie Bordelon, Claudia Gauthier, Ian Grant, Angela Hardin, Martha Hopewell, Jaliyah Jasper, Kasey Lacombe, Hunter Lewis, DeShonta Manning, Allison McCloud, Jalyn Mvcneal, Madeline Mitchell, Jennifer Prevot, Jabari Reed, Sailor Reed, Shacora Simpson, Kayla Whittington;                            

 Anacoco -- Nicole Fitzgerald, Brittany Lewis, Caitlin McKee, Cassandra Osborne, Seth Ponthieux, Casey Williams, Megan Williams;

 Anchorage – Sydney Bulot;

 Arcadia – Antavious Roberson, Ralyn Simpson;

 Arnaudville -- Zachary Leboeuf, Alayna Moreau, Misti Richard;

Ashland – Victoria Roderick;

Baker – Katelyn Kennedy;

 Ball – Nickolas Juneau, Joseph Reynolds;

 Barksdale, AFB – Kimberly Ventura Gonzalez;                  

 Basile – Adam Elkins;

 Bastrop – Nikkia Lewis;

 Baton Rouge – Meagan Barbay, Diamanisha Betts, Madison Harris, Hannah Knoff, Jordan Lancaster, Tremia Lockett, Henrietta Mercer, Daniel Midyett, Emma Rivet, Victoria Simmons;                              

 Belcher – Sierra Lang;

 Belgrade, Serbia -- Emilija Dancetovic;

 Belmont – Kelly Bass;

 Benton – Victoria Berry, Tamara Korner, Bridget Miller, Jessica O’Neal, Finnley Plaster, Comis Waddell, Kathryn Watts;

 Bienville – Julie Martin;

 Boise, Idaho – Jessica Anderson;

 Bossier City – Maddison Abreo, Jayde Barnett, Brittany Batchelor, Hannah Brooks, Kendall Caple, Izabela Carabelli, Callie Crockett, Peyton Davis, Hannah Gates, Joshua Greer, Jada Grigsby, Peyton Harville, Caylin Head, Savanna Head, Nicholas Hopkins, Kijah Johnson, Brandon Larkin, Chelsea Laverdiere, April Lebick, Katherine Parson, Colby Ponder, Taylor Powell, Jade Reich, Jami Rivers, Jalyn Robertson, Reid Rogers, Madison Rowland, Donna Spurgeon, Savannah Stevens, James Taylor, Kaitlyn Walker, Eric Zheng;

 Boutte – Samantha Vernor;

 Boyce – Katelyn Brister, Dylan Frazier, Sonya Hill;

 Breaux Bridge – Beyonkan Heine, Emily Roy;

 Broussard – Dylan Dunford;

 Brownsville, Texas – Emily Saldivar;

 Brussels – Leyla Fettweis;

 Bunkie – Emily Arnaud,

 Burleson, Texas -- Addison Pellegrino, Cassandra Smith;

 Calhoun – Grace Cummings, Robert Mccandlish;

 Calvin – Erin Price;

 Campti – Alisha Bedgood, Rebekah Cole, Madelynne Greer;

Carencro – Melody Woodard;

 Carrollton, Texas – Victoria Miller;

 Cartagena, Colombia – Aura Hernandez Canedo, Jorge Ojeda Munoz, Hassik Vasquez Narvaez;

Cheneyville -- Katelyn Baronne;

 Clarence – Jalicia Small;

 Clifton – Brittany Shackleford;

 Colfax – Alyssa Coleman, Lessie Rushing, Elizabeth Slayter, Morgan Vandegevel;

 Conroe, Texas – Sidney Salmans;

 Converse – Shayna Brown, Hayley Farmer, Wade Hicks, Mallory Mitchell, Hannah Womack, Logan Woodward;

Cotton Valley -- Nicholas Smith;

 Coushatta – Sydney Anderson, Kaylee Antilley, Debra Hanson, Jon Hester, Mary James, Cynthia Lawson, Baley McAlexander, Precious Smith;

 Covington -- Henri Blanchat, Justin Brogdon, Rachael Coyne, Sarah Shiflett;

 Crowley -- Ma'Kayleen Milson;

 Custer, South Dakota – China Whitwer;

 Cypress, Texas – Alexis Warren;

Dakota Dunes, South Dakota – Eryn Sandwell;

 Denham Springs – Joni Burlew;

DeRidder – Delia Amadiz, Lauren Callis, Tabitha Deer, Colten Denning, Falon Drake, Rebekah Frantz, Shydae Hammond, Karli Kennedy, Briana March, Brittney March, Shayla Miller, Jessica Mullican, Hannah Plummer, Rebecca Richmond, Cheyenne Vander, Michael Waryas;

 Des Allemands – Emily Blanchard, Claire Schouest;

 Destrehan – Hannah Boquet, Stephanie Webre;

 Deville – Briana Ashley, Allison Deglandon, Amber Kreideweis, Aubree Lampert, Kenedy Lampert, Madison Lejeune, Maci Mayeux, Caleb Rhodes;

 Diamondhead, Mississippi – Melissa Boyanton;

 Dodson – Rachel Broomfield;

 Doyline – Lucas Darbonne;

 Dry Prong – Jared Boydstun, Ashlee Elliott;

 Edmond, Oklahoma – Payton Hartwick, Ashley Medawattage;

 El Paso, Texas – Christopher Barron;

 Elizabeth – Amanda Cloud, Sadie Perkins;

 Elton – Kayla Bellard;

 Endicott, New York – Tonya Rackett;

 Evergreen – Walter Armand;

 Falfurrias, Texas – Marco Arevalo;

 Farmerville – Malissa Loyd;

 Florien – Shayla Duhon, Amber Lewing, Caroline Matthews, Dylan Roberts, Jordan Weldon;

Folson – Shaylee Laird, Sarah Moore;

 Forest Hill – Rafael Sierra;

 Forney, Texas – Jobey Rusk, Jared Walker, Jayden Wheeler;

 Fort Polk – Brittany Chadwick, Kyley Cole, Shaunda Gordon, Miranda Illsley, Cynthia Schwartz, Sasha Trevino, Cherie Martel;

 Fort Worth, Texas – Corban James;

 Franklin – Emily Kutchenriter;

 Franklinton – Crystal Newman;

 Frisco, Texas – Caroline Shepherd;

 Garland, Texas – Sierra Stone;

Glenmora – Alan Crowder, Reagan Humphries, Melissa Lanier, Faith Lawrence;

 Goldonna – David Day, Harley Godwin;

 Gonzales – Rebecca Marchand, Nicole Moody, Molly Moran, Bailee Ramey, Denee Smith;

 Grand Prairie, Texas – Clayton Casner;

 Grapevine, Texas – Margaret Black;

 Greenwell Springs -- Cheramie Kravitz;

Greenwood -- Char'Tarian Wilson;

 Gretna – Nadia Johnson;

 Haughton – Luther Cain, Jessica Chase, Brittony Cole, Randi Corley, Bethanie Couch, Alexis Hoeltje, Victoria Lodrini, Savanah Molina, Amber Simmons, Heather Wooden, Dawn Young;

 Heath, Texas – Megan Lohmiller;

 Henderson, Texas – John Floyd, Emily Ortiz;

 Hermon, Maine -- Allessa Ingraham-Albert;

 Hessmer – Ryan Armand, Lacee-Beth Cazelot;

Hineston – Gabrielle Merchant Langley, Tylee Stokes;

 Hope Mills, North Carolina -- Taylor Camidge;                          

 Hornbeck – Brandy Alford, Lane Alford, Kimberly Runyon;

 Houma – Alexis Dardar, Billy Gorr, Sarah Lajaunie, Corinne Paris;

Houston, Texas – Kendall Westfall;

 Humble, Texas – Aiyana Bean;

 Huntington, Texas – Travis Carrell;

 Iowa – Keiona Guy, Matthew Phillips;

 Irving, Texas – Darria Williams;

 Jacksonville Beach, Floria – Katherine Medlin;

 Jefferson – Jaleia Parker;

 Jena – Christian Aymond, Alanna Hailey;

 Jennings – Aimee Boothe, Alyson Brown, Janee Charles, Rachel Edwards, Rachelle Edwards, Wesley Simien, Lydia Williams;

 Jonesboro – Jordan Winston;

 Kaplan – Gabriel LeMoine;

 Katy, Texas – Erik Carver;

Keithville – John-David May, Cora Procell, Janae Richardson, Joanna Sims;

 Kenner -- Brooke Petkovich, Parul Sharma;

 Kentwood – Jenna Morris;

Kileen, Texas - Temitope Buraimoh, Arlyn Johnson;

 Kinder -- Jonathon Villareal;

 Lacombe – William Simpson;

Lafayette -- Jeffrey Blossom, Abbey Broussard, Luke Dupre, Michael Joseph, Emilee Leger, Robert Middleton, Andrea Saelios, Dante Saelios, Forest Strang;                            

 Lake Charles – Jovan Avery, Abigail Brady, Shawn Becton, Ashtyn Heap, Amanda Mustian, Sarah Sargent;

 Larose – Eric Bourg;

 Las Vegas, Nevada – April Ficarrotta;

 Lawtell – Karoline Guidry;                            

 Lecompte – Hannah Glaze;

 Leesville – Sara Bishop, Autumn Boggs, Anthony Cantrell, Raven Collins, Carter Coriell, Junette Cutshaw, Cameron Davis, Chloe Dowden, Sarah Gibbs-Jarrell, Geoffrey Goins, Jessica Gray, Cheyenne Grigg, Jessica Herring, Ashley Hunt, Leigha Jackson, Bethany Kay, Emilee Keuten, Mercedes Mattes, Kelsea Mckinney, Paula Pilkenton, Linsey Preddy, Danielle Smyth, Peggy Stanley, Linda Strauss, Megan Tucker, Kristin Whistine;

 Little Elm, Texas – Hunter Gagnon;

 Logansport – Trenton Timmons, Rebecca Tomlin;

 Longview, Texas – Gustavo Corrales, Kelli Hickerson, Samantha Morris;

 Lyons, Kansas – Jennifer Rogers, Mary Rogers;

Machesney Park, Illinois – Alicia Teran;

 Mamou – Alex Chapman, Meggie Granger, Nicholas Saucier;

 Mandeville -- Shannon Roussell;

Mangham -- Rebekah Aultman;

Mansfield – Brooke Smith, Madylin Sullivan;

 Mansura – Bailey Quebedeaux, Distiny Thompson;

 Many – Skyler Ezernack, Heidi Knight, Jaleah Lee, Lathan Meyers, Xavier Montgomery, Chas Pilcher, Tessa Reeves, Samantha Simmons;

 Marksville – Zachary Moreau, Paulette Thomas;  

 Marrero – Lorn Bourgeois;

 Marshall, Texas – Laurann Graham, D’Sherrick Williams;

 Marthaville – Emeri Manasco, Hanna Pardee;

Maurepas – Cameron Mayfield, Abigail Smith;

 Maurice – Adam Courville;

 Melissa, Texas – Kylah Banasky;

 Merryville -- Kalan Townsley;

 Metairie – Kaitlyn Arena, Morgan Nuss, Holly Schiler, Mary Strickland, Sadye Treadway;                          

 Minden – Aubrey Dennis, Jess Easley, Laura Gryder, Taya Hester, Kiara Jenkins, Abigail Reynolds, Amanda Rogers, Heather White;

 Mississauga, Ontario, Canada – Kayla Bomben;

 Mobile, Alabama – Emily Cristina;

 Monroe – Demonta Brown, Aaron Hunt, Grace Underwood;

 Montgomery -- Shelly Crew, Katelym Feazell;

 Mooringsport – Abigail Wolfe;

 Mora – Gracy Rowell;

Moreauville – Sean Casey;

 Morgan City – Allie Atkinson, Jeremy Orgeron;

 Morse – Kierra Linden;

 Mount Hermon -- Warren McFarlain;

Muleshoe, Texas -- Caitlyn Barber;

 Murphy, Texas – Bronte Rhoden;

 Murrieta, California – LaQuitta Wilkins;

Napoleonville – Elizabeth Coleman;

Natchitoches -- Austin Aldredge, Ragan Aple, Luz Arrieta Jimenez, Rebecca Autrey, Sarah Aviles, Francisco Ballestas-Sayas, Joshua Below, Dylan Bennett, Sarah Bergeron, Allison Berry, Sara Coates, Anna Coffey, Fabian Correa Guette, Haley Dahlhoff, Elliot Davis, Ruth Garcia Rodriguez, Samantha Hall, Kaitlin Hatten, Taylor Johnson, Anthony Jones, Mary Keran, Colby Koontz, Scott Macqueen, Miranda Mayeaux, Rylie Mcfarlain, Jordan Mitchell, Maina Ibn Mohammed, Kaitlyn Nieman, Brooklyn Noe, Abigail Poe, Jonah Poe, Melissa Remo, Shelby Riedel, Alyssa Roberts, Kayla  Roquemore, Emily Ryder, Emily Salter, Madison Shade, Melissa Slaughter, Madeline Taylor, David Thibodaux, Kristan Valdez, Lantz Vercher, Elizabeth Vienne, Madysen Watts;

New Iberia -- Jaci Jones, Grace Kerns, Payton Romero:

 New Llano – Nicole Naral;

New Milford, Connecticut -- Lisa Rosenberg;

 New Orleans – Jerome Baudy, Haleigh Giorlando Wall, Jaime Hendrickson, Tayla Oliver;

Noble – Allie Ebarb, Collin Procell;

Noyen sur Serthe, France -- Emma Miachon;

Oakdale -- Cheyenne Bertrand, Alyssa Cole, Katelyn Johnson, Coriana Moreaux, James Obrien;

 Oil City – Ryan Connella;

 Olla – Brianna Corley, Kristen Smith;

Opelousas -- Lauren Hebert, Keshayla Jackson, Alexia Rubin, Jaylen St. Romain;

Pacifica, California -- Nicholas Pierotti;

Palmetto, Florida --   Cindy Hernandez;

 Paris, Texas -- Jordan Whatley;

 Pearland, Texas – Tanisha Williams;

 Pelican – Mary Myers;

Pereira Risaralda, Colombia -- Mariana Ospina Rivas;

 Pineville – Malek Abdelhadi, Taylor Bailey, Riley Bell, Tasha Blanchard, Christian Boudreaux, Latasha Cain, Noelle Carruth, Amber Edmisson, Erin Fallis, Kara Johnson, Michael Martin, Emily McCarty, Cade Mitchell, Wendi Powell, Morgan VanBuren, Corbi Walters, Wesley Williams, Alan Winegeart;                        

 Pitkin – Mattie Stewart;

 Plaquemine – Kameron Landry;

 Plaucheville -- Brooke Dauzat;                            

Pollock – Jadynn Giles;

 Pontotoc, Mississippi – Elizabeth McCullar;

 Port Allen – Makayla Lacy;

 Port Barre – Madison Estis;

 Port Orange, Florida – Sean Logan;

 Prairieville – Rebekah Bonner, Colleen Carline, Roy Cobb, Andrea Gathercole, Sarah Makin;

Princeton – LeKayla Smith;

 Provencal – Kara Gandy, Rebekah Orsborn, Bailey Scarbrough;

Ragley – Elizabeth Jaycox, Cole Spponer;

 Raleigh, North Carolina – Aleida, Alfonso;

 Ringgold – Regan Edwards;

 Riverview, Florida – Robyn Larson;

 Robeline – Jessica Clark, Patricia Goodwin, Alyssa Maley, Bergen Oge, Caleb Wester;

 Round Rock, Texas – Evan Nafe;

 Ruston – Jena Green;

 Saint Francisville – Sara Baggett, Jordan Bringedahl;

 Saint Martinville – Blake Blanchard, Alli Douet;                        

 Saint Rose – Alexis Mancuso;

 Saline – Madelyn Cheatwood;

 San Antonio, Texas – Tiffany Rubin;

 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan – Loren MacLennan;

 Scott – Sydni Larriviere, Kristen Prejean;

 Seabrook, Texas -- Amy Whitecotton;

 Searcy, Arkansas – Lora Wood;

 Shenzhen, China – Yinglin Yuan;

Shreveport -- Lindsey Adkins, Mackenzie Allen, Hannah Angell, Yasmeen Bader, James Baldwin, Katelynn Benge, Maddison Benge, Hallie Bloxom, Erin Brown, Kaysie Burgess, Abigail Davis, Jackson Driggers, Jennifer Eaves, Jennifer Elliott, Samantha Freeman, Peyton Gamble, Leah Gould, Melina Johnson, Tatyanna Kinsey, Kaitlyn Knighton, Katherine Mckay, Maxey McSwain, Madison Milligan, Myles Mitchell, Cayla Morris, Megan Osborn, Mallory Parker, Bailey Patton, Zachary Person, Haley Pickett, Taylor Poleman, Patricia Reed, Madelyn Ruiz, Catherine Shaw, Shelby Sowers, DeAndre Stevenson, Khaila Tucker, Ansonia Wisner;

 Sibley – Julianna Schober;

 Simmesport – Bailie Marsh, Elise Normand;

 Simsboro – Autumn Smith, Shelby Wall;

 Slaughter – Ciara Gibbs;

 Slidell – Ayrianna Edwards, Katherine Gallinghouse, Parker Gwaltney, Abigail Miller, Sabrina Miller, Holly Penta, Rachel Reed, Jourdan Waddell, Olivia Warren;                      

 Spring, Texas -- Sydney Normand;

 Stinnett, Texas – Dalin Williams;

 Stonewall – Mildred Hooper, Mallory McConathy, Emily McConnell, Brooke Meade, Clinton Oliver, Mackenzie Panther, Kassidy Parker;                          

 Stuttgart, Germany -- Antonia Blattner;

 Sulphur – Tiffany Lyons, Bryttani MacNamara;

 Sunset – Lindsay Thibodeaux;

 The Woodlands, Texas – Tyler Rapp;

 Thibodaux – Sheridan Duet, Maegan Davis;

Tool, Texas – Kimberly Kidney;

 Toronto Ontario – Rhea Verma;

 Trout – Makayla King, Zachary Long, Deana Poole, Devon Smith, Andrea Walters;

 Venice, Florida – Alexis Weaver;

 Ventress – Racheal Gaude;

 Ville Platte – Gabrielle Chapman, Joshua Galland, Alex Gautreaux;

 Waco, Texas – Isabella Hudson;

 Walker – Johnny Brister;

 Washington – Tarik Andrus;

 Welsh – Alisha Ledoux;

 West Helena, Arkansas – Brittani Arana;

 West Monroe – Julianne Cousans, Laura Lovell;

 White Castle – Cassidy Blanchard, Gavin Landry;

 Whitehouse, Texas – Jackson Allen;

 Wilmington, Delaware – Amy Bourett;

 Winnfield -- Tamierrea Alexander, John Collins, Simona Curry, Michael Duke, D’Tyria Duncan, Joshua Goins, Kassidy Grantadams, Kelsey Jordan, Elizabeth Parker, Caroline Womack, Maggie Womack;

 Winnipeg, Manitoba – Tyra Duma;

Woodworth – Christian Jeansonne, Jonathan Magnano;

Wylie, Texas – Alexis Perry;

 Yaroslav, Russia -- Polina Mutel;

Youngsville – Jessica Gilmore, Brandon Granger;

 Zakopane, Poland -- Patrycja Polanska;

 Zwolle – Shakelia Maxie, Holden Rivers.                          

[victorianwhitechapel]

Murder by Decree is a 1979 British-Canadian mystery thriller film directed by Bob Clark. It features the Sherlock Holmes and Dr John Watson characters created by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, who are embroiled in the investigation surrounding the real-life 1888 Whitechapel murders committed by "Jack the Ripper". Christopher Plummer plays Holmes and James Mason plays Watson. Though it features a similar premise, it is notably different in tone and result to A Study in Terror. It is loosely based on The Ripper File by Elwyn Jones and John Lloyd.

The film's premise of the plot behind the murders is influenced by the book, Jack the Ripper: The Final Solution, by Stephen Knight, who presumed that the killings were part of a Masonic plot. The original script contained the names of the historical suspects, Sir William Gull and John Netley. In the actual film, they are represented by fictional analogues; Thomas Spivy (Gull) and William Slade (Netley). This plot device was later used in other Jack The Ripper-themed fiction, including the graphic novel From Hell.

CAST (only listed the ones who really existed) 

Susan Clark ... Mary Kelly Anthony Quayle ... Sir Charles Warren John Gielgud ... Prime Minister Lord Salisbury Donald Sutherland ... Robert Lees Geneviève Bujold ... Annie Crook June Brown ... Anne Chapman Hilary Sesta ... Catherine Eddowes Iris Fry ... Elizabeth Stride Geoffrey Russell ... Home Secretary Henry Matthews Victor Langley ... Prince of Wales Pamela Abbott ... Princess Alexandra Robin Marchal ... Duke of Clarence

IMDB profile

Watch the film here!

Geneviève Bujold as Anne Crook

Susan Clark as Mary Kelly

[leanpick]

100 Years of Flight in Australia

100 Years of Flight in Australia

December 5 is the 100th anniversary of the first commercial flight in the southern hemisphere and it all started at Langley Park, next to Riverside Drive in Perth, with WW1 ace Sir Norman Brearley, who shaped aviation not just in WA but right across Australia. For this episode of The Pod Well Travelled, Aviation Editor Geoffrey Thomas previews his four-part series on the history of airlines in WA…

[exposure-magazine1]

From CEO Celebrity Publicist Tamara Lawrence -Exposure Magazine is not just a magazine it's a lifestyle built on the grounds of community. Our team of amazing experts are dedicated to building relationships, promoting others and we welcome others to join us. The one amazing thing about our squad we go hard to make a difference - for example our amazing Senior Editor Cedric Nettles who goes beyond the call to insure every writer is taken care of and at times he reaches in his own pocket to invest in the outcome of Exposure Magazine - and people like LeNora Millen Sherri Strohecker Leopold Justin Dukes Geoffrey A Knox Arielle Riposta Devin Terry Singleton Elvira Guzman @Wanda Langley Docta G Davis @Dr Missy Maria Howell Tim Nunez @jermaine Williamson who give of themselves unconditionally they are the soul of Exposure Magazine - stealing the base of my heart. Together we make difference @tvproducercedricnettles @jlwconsultingllc @gq_4_eva @mariasingsacts @elviraguzmanla @arielleriposta @askdrmissy @sherrileopold @sungoddess2 @aspiretim #realestate #realestateagent #realtor #businesssuccess #solutionista #PR #PublicRelations

[tannertoctoo-blog]

Untitled Document

April 05, 2017

Artificial Intelligence and Law, Vol. 25, #1, 2017 European Journal of Philosophy, Vol. 25, #1, 2017 Feminist Philosophy Quarterly, Vol. 3, #1, 2017 Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 141, #1, 2017 Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 141, #2, 2017 Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 125, #2, 2017 Linguistics and Philosophy, Vol. 40, #2, 2017 Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, Vol. 94, #2, 2017 Science and Engineering Ethics, Vol. 23, #2, 2017 Social Epistemology, Vol. 31, #2, 2017

Artificial Intelligence and Law, Vol. 25, #1, 2017 Special Issue: Artificial Intelligence for Justice; Issue Editors: Floris Bex, Henry Prakken, Tom van Engers, Bart Verheij Editorial Floris Bex, Henry Prakken, Tom van Engers, Bart Verheij. Introduction to the special issue on Artificial Intelligence for Justice (AI4J). Original Papers L. Karl Branting. Data-Centric and Logic-Based Models for Automated Legal Problem Solving. Trevor Bench-Capon, Sanjay Modgil. Norms and Value Based Reasoning: Justifying Compliance and Violation. Marc van Opijnen, Cristiana Santos. On the Concept of Relevance in Legal Information Retrieval. Giovanni Sileno, Alexander Boer, Tom van Engers. Reading Agendas between the Lines, an Exercise. Olga Shulayeva, Advaith Siddharthan, Adam Wyner. Recognizing Cited Facts and Principles in Legal Judgements. Bart Verheij. Proof with and without Probabilities. Back to Top

European Journal of Philosophy, Vol. 25, #1, 2017 Original Articles Alex Worsnip. Cryptonormative Judgments. Michael Kremer. A Capacity to Get Things Right: Gilbert Ryle on Knowledge. David Horst. Enkratic Agency. Solveig Aasen. Object-Dependent Thought Without Illusion. Martin Sticker. Kant's Criticism of Common Moral Rational Cognition. Sharon Krishek. Kierkegaard on Impartiality and Love. Aaron Ridley. Nietzsche, Nature, Nurture. Martin Hartmann. A Comedy We Believe In: A Further Look at Sartre's Theory of Emotions. Book Reviews Errol Lord. Action, Knowledge, and Will, by John Hyman. Amber L. Griffioen. Evidence and Religious Belief, Edited by Kelly James Clark and Raymond J. VanArragon. Daniel Brigham. Propositional Content, by Peter Hanks. Jeremy Forster. Nietzsche on Mind and Nature, edited by Manuel Dries and P. J. E. Kail. Simon Blackburn. From Empiricism to Expressivism, by Robert Brandom. Joshua Foa Dienstag. Weltschmerz: Pessimism in German Philosophy, 1860–1900, by Frederick C. Beiser. Back to Top

Feminist Philosophy Quarterly, Vol. 3, #1, 2017 Serene J. Khader. Transnational Feminisms, Nonideal Theory, and “Other” Women’s Power. Kate M. Phelan. Is Feminism Yet a Theory of the Kind That Marxism Is?  Brady T. Heiner. Feminism and the Carceral State: Gender-Responsive Justice, Community Accountability, and the Epistemology of Antiviolence. Amy R. Baehr. A Capacious Account of Liberal Feminism. Back to Top

Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 141, #1, 2017 Original Papers Alessandra Capezio, Lu Wang, Simon L. D. Restubog. To Flatter or To Assert? Gendered Reactions to Machiavellian Leaders. Milton Sousa, Dirk van Dierendonck. Servant Leadership and the Effect of the Interaction Between Humility, Action, and Hierarchical Power on Follower Engagement. Olivier Fournout. The Hero-Leader Matrix in Business and Cinema. Dongseop Lee, Yongduk Choi, Subin Youn, Jae Uk Chun. Ethical Leadership and Employee Moral Voice: The Mediating Role of Moral Efficacy and the Moderating Role of Leader–Follower Value Congruence. Joanne Lyubovnikova, Alison Legood, Nicola Turner. How Authentic Leadership Influences Team Performance: The Mediating Role of Team Reflexivity. Meena Andiappan, Lucas Dufour. A Difficult Burden to Bear: The Managerial Process of Dissonance Resolution in the Face of Mandated Harm-Doing. Chenwei Li, Keke Wu, Diane E. Johnson, James Avey. Going Against the Grain Works: An Attributional Perspective of Perceived Ethical Leadership. Charlotte Cloutier, Ann Langley. Negotiating the Moral Aspects of Purpose in Single and Cross-Sectoral Collaborations. Jaydeep Balakrishnan, Ayesha Malhotra, Loren Falkenberg. Multi-Level Corporate Responsibility: A Comparison of Gandhi’s Trusteeship with Stakeholder and Stewardship Frameworks. Shenjiang Mo, Junqi Shi. Linking Ethical Leadership to Employees’ Organizational Citizenship Behavior: Testing the Multilevel Mediation Role of Organizational Concern. Nicholas Clarke, Nomahaza Mahadi. Mutual Recognition Respect Between Leaders and Followers: Its Relationship to Follower Job Performance and Well-Being. Chiou-Shiu Lin, Pei-Chi Huang, Shyh-Jer Chen. Pseudo-transformational Leadership is in the Eyes of the Subordinates. Cornelia Beck, John Dumay, Geoffrey Frost. In Pursuit of a ‘Single Source of Truth’: from Threatened Legitimacy to Integrated Reporting. Book Review Knut Kipper. Contemplating Rainer Forst’s Justification and Critique: Toward a Critical Theory of Politics and The Right to Justification: Elements of a Constructivist Theory of Justice—Book Reviews. Acknowledgment Reviewers 2016 Back to Top

Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 141, #2, 2017 Original Papers Caroline Moraes, Nina Michaelidou. Introduction to the Special Thematic Symposium on the Ethics of Controversial Online Advertising. Ouidade Sabri. Does Viral Communication Context Increase the Harmfulness of Controversial Taboo Advertising? Selma Kadić-Maglajlić, Maja Arslanagić-Kalajdžić. Controversial Advert Perceptions in SNS Advertising: The Role of Ethical Judgement and Religious Commitment. Aleksandra Gregorič, Lars Oxelheim, Trond Randøy. Resistance to Change in the Corporate Elite: Female Directors’ Appointments onto Nordic Boards. Cathrine Seierstad, Gillian Warner-Søderholm. Increasing the Number of Women on Boards: The Role of Actors and Processes. Fara Azmat, Ruth Rentschler. Gender and Ethnic Diversity on Boards and Corporate Responsibility: The Case of the Arts Sector. Nuria Reguera-Alvarado, Pilar de Fuentes, Joaquina Laffarga. Does Board Gender Diversity Influence Financial Performance? Evidence from Spain. Anne Marie Ward, John Forker. Financial Management Effectiveness and Board Gender Diversity in Member-Governed, Community Financial Institutions. Alejandro Fontana, Susana Sastre-Merino, Maritza Baca. The Territorial Dimension: The Component of Business Strategy that Prevents the Generation of Social Conflicts. Wei Li, Yaping Wang, Liansheng Wu, Jason Zezhong Xiao. The Ethical Dimension of Management Ownership in China. Charles H. Cho, Jay Heon Jung, Byungjin Kwak, Jaywon Lee. Professors on the Board: Do They Contribute to Society Outside the Classroom? Ninghua Zhong, Shujing Wang, Rudai Yang. Does Corporate Governance Enhance Common Interests of Shareholders and Primary Stakeholders? Erratum Ninghua Zhong, Shujing Wang, Rudai Yang. Erratum to: Does Corporate Governance Enhance Common Interests of Shareholders and Primary Stakeholders? Back to Top

Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 125, #2, 2017 Articles Jérôme Adda, Christian Dustmann, Katrien Stevens. The Career Costs of Children. Davide Cantoni, Yuyu Chen, David Y. Yang, Noam Yuchtman, Y. Jane Zhang. Curriculum and Ideology. Arnaud Chevalier, Olivier Marie. Economic Uncertainty, Parental Selection, and Children’s Educational Outcomes. Annamaria Lusardi, Pierre-Carl Michaud, Olivia S. Mitchell. Optimal Financial Knowledge and Wealth Inequality. Shanker Satyanath, Nico Voigtländer, Hans-Joachim Voth. Bowling for Fascism: Social Capital and the Rise of the Nazi Party. Manisha Shah, Bryce Millett Steinberg. Drought of Opportunities: Contemporaneous and Long-Term Impacts of Rainfall Shocks on Human Capital. Alex Solis. Credit Access and College Enrollment. JPE Submissions Back to Top

Linguistics and Philosophy, Vol. 40, #2, 2017 Original Research Miguel Hoeltje. Genetics and Ways of Being Normal. Glyn Morrill. Grammar Logicised: Relativisation. Gregory Scontras. A New Kind of Degree. Back to Top

Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, Vol. 94, #2, 2017                Articles Michael Cholbi. Grief's Rationality, Backward and Forward. Gunnar Björnsson and Kendy Hess. Corporate Crocodile Tears? On the Reactive Attitudes of Corporate Agents. Anik Waldow. Activating the Mind: Descartes' Dreams and the Awakening of the Human Animal Machine. Sophie Archer. Defending Exclusivity. Benjamin Anders Levinstein. Permissive Rationality and Sensitivity. Shen-yi Liao and Aaron Meskin. Aesthetic Adjectives: Experimental Semantics and Context-Sensitivity. Nina Emery. The Metaphysical Consequences of Counterfactual Skepticism. Symposium Gurpreet Rattan. Are Propositions Mere Measures Of Mind? Robert J. Matthews. The Elusive Case for Relationalism about the Attitudes: Reply to Rattan. Book Symposium: Ontology and the Ambitions of Metaphysics Thomas Hofweber. Précis of Ontology and the Ambitions of Metaphysics. Karen Bennett. Language, Ontology, and Metaphysics. AgustÍn Rayo. Hofweber's Philosophy of Mathematics. Thomas Sattig. Metaphysical Ambitions in the Ontology of Objects. Thomas Hofweber. Replies to Bennett, Rayo, and Sattig. Recent Publications Back to Top

Science and Engineering Ethics, Vol. 23, #2, 2017 Review Paper Yoann Guntzburger, Thierry C. Pauchant. Ethical Risk Management Education in Engineering: A Systematic Review. Original Papers Raheleh Heidari, David Martin Shaw, Bernice Simone Elger. CRISPR and the Rebirth of Synthetic Biology. Angela Cirigliano, Orlando Cenciarelli, Andrea Malizia. Biological Dual-Use Research and Synthetic Biology of Yeast. Milenko Rakic, Isabelle Wienand, David Shaw, Rebecca Nast. Autonomy and Fear of Synthetic Biology: How Can Patients’ Autonomy Be Enhanced in the Field of Synthetic Biology? A Qualitative Study with Stable Patients. Keith W. Miller, Marty J. Wolf, Frances Grodzinsky. This “Ethical Trap” Is for Roboticists, Not Robots: On the Issue of Artificial Agent Ethical Decision-Making. Hutan Ashrafian. Can Artificial Intelligences Suffer from Mental Illness? A Philosophical Matter to Consider. Bjørn Hofmann. Toward a Method for Exposing and Elucidating Ethical Issues with Human Cognitive Enhancement Technologies. Richard Heersmink. Distributed Cognition and Distributed Morality: Agency, Artifacts and Systems. Corinne Cath, Luciano Floridi. The Design of the Internet’s Architecture by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and Human Rights. Heidi Furey. Aristotle and Autism: Reconsidering a Radical Shift to Virtue Ethics in Engineering. Karim Bschir. Risk, Uncertainty and Precaution in Science: The Threshold of the Toxicological Concern Approach in Food Toxicology. Simona Hašková. Holistic Assessment and Ethical Disputation on a New Trend in Solid Biofuels. Jaime A. Teixeira da Silva, Judit Dobránszki. Notices and Policies for Retractions, Expressions of Concern, Errata and Corrigenda: Their Importance, Content, and Context. Troy E. Hall, Jesse Engebretson, Michael O’Rourke. The Need for Social Ethics in Interdisciplinary Environmental Science Graduate Programs: Results from a Nation-Wide Survey in the United States. Ryan C. Campbell, Denise Wilson. Engineers’ Responsibilities for Global Electronic Waste: Exploring Engineering Student Writing Through a Care Ethics Lens. Commentary Barbara K. Redman. Commentary: Legacy of the Commission on Research Integrity. Erratum Troy E. Hall, Jesse Engebretson, Michael O’Rourke. Erratum to: The Need for Social Ethics in Interdisciplinary Environmental Science Graduate Programs: Results from a Nation-Wide Survey in the United States. Letters Shahryar Sorooshian. Scholarly Black Market. Govindasamy Agoramoorthy. Multiple First Authors as Equal Contributors: Is It Ethical? Hossein Yahaghi, Shahryar Sorooshian, Javad Yahaghi. Unethical Postgraduate Supervision. Paolo Gonthier, Ivan Visentin, Danila Valentino. The Legitimate Name of a Fungal Plant Pathogen and the Ethics of Publication in the Era of Traceability. Javad Yahaghi, Salmia Bnt Beddu, Zakaria Che Muda. Plagiarism in Publications Using the Unpublished Raw Data of Archived Research. Back to Top

Social Epistemology, Vol. 31, #2, 2017 Introduction James H. Collier. Introduction. Articles Michael E. Gorman & Nora H. Kashani. A. Jean Ayres and the Development of Sensory Integration: A Case Study in the Development and Fragmentation of a Scientific Therapy Network. Original Articles Barrett R. Anderson & Gregory J. Feist. Transformative Science: A New Index and the Impact of Non-funding, Private Funding, and Public Funding. Sofia Liberman & Roberto López Olmedo. Psychological Meaning of “Coauthorship” Among Scientists Using the Natural Semantic Networks Technique. Shannon Nicole Conley, Rider W. Foley, Michael E. Gorman, Jessica Denham & Kevin Coleman. Acquisition of T-shaped Expertise: An Exploratory Study. Line Edslev Andersen. Outsiders Enabling Scientific Change: Learning from the Sociohistory of a Mathematical Proof. Stephen Kemp. Transformational Fallibilism and the Development of Understanding. Derek Egan Anderson. Conceptual Competence Injustice. William T. Lynch. Cultural Evolution and Social Epistemology: A Darwinian Alternative to Steve Fuller’s Theodicy of Science. Back to Top

[scifitalk]

PODCAST: Time Capsule Episode 300

PODCAST: Time Capsule Episode 300

My milestone episode compiles some the best of all seven seasons. Interviews include: John Barrowman and Eve Miles of Torchwood, Author Richard Matheson, Walking Dead’s Andrew Lincoln, Amanda Tapping and Robin Dunne of Sanctuary, Invaders creator Larry Cohen, make-up artist and designer Barry Burman, Joshua Jackson, Rebbekah Issacs,legendary Ray Harryhausen, director Neil Jordan, Elijah Wood,…

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Ex funcionario público de Cold Spring y maestro arrestados por tentativa de tentativa infantil USAO-SDNY

Ex funcionario público de Cold Spring y maestro arrestados por tentativa de tentativa infantil USAO-SDNY

Geoffrey S. Berman, el Fiscal de los Estados Unidos para el Distrito Sur de Nueva York, William F. Sweeney Jr., el Subdirector a cargo de la Oficina de Campo de Nueva York de la Oficina Federal de Investigación ("FBI"), y Robert L Langley Jr., el sheriff del condado de Putnam, anunció el arresto de CHARLES HUSTIS por intento de atraer a un menor para que participe en actividades sexuales. HUSTIS…

[atifparvaiz000]

World’s oldest tattoo kit discovered!

World’s oldest tattoo kit discovered!

Researchers have uncovered the world’s oldest known tattooist’s kit – and among the most startling conclusions is that two of the four tattooing tools found are made from human bone.

Dr Michelle Langley, from Griffith’s Australian Research Centre for Human Evolution, worked with Associate Professor Geoffrey Clark, from The Australian National University (ANU) School of Culture, History &…

[aviationhistory]

The first landing is made on USS Langley by Lt Cdr Geoffrey DeChevalier in an Aeromarine 39

[liyangxu110-blog]

重回原點：艱難的德班氣候談判大會紀實

www.gurkhaguard.com.hk

艱難的德班

11月底，正是南非的夏天。位於東岸的海濱城市德班（Durban）一下子湧���瞭15746名來自全世界195個國傢的談判代表、非政府組織成員和媒體記者，參加聯合國氣候變化框架公約第17次締約方大會。

11月28日，南非總統祖馬在德班世界氣候大會開幕式上發表講話

本次大會為期兩周，本刊記者於第二周到達德班，全程經歷瞭最後的沖刺階段。與前年的哥本哈根大會相比，德班顯得非常低調，不但與會人數大大減少，就連會場外的抗議人群也比往年少瞭很多。負責運送談判代表的大巴車司機幾乎個個熱情健談，主動跟每一個坐車的人握手打招呼，但有幾名司機在握完手後偷偷向代表們索要小費，這是過去4次大會從未發生過的。

作為世界聞名的度假勝地，德班的氣氛顯得有些詭異。這裡雖然到處是高樓大廈，但幾乎所有建築都被一圈鐵絲網圍住瞭。街上行人很少，到瞭晚上整個城市一片死寂，連個像樣的飯館都很難找到，遊客們隻能待在旅館裡，不敢獨自走夜路。在某些地區甚至白天也不安全，來自綠色和平北京辦公室的一名男性工作人員就在光天化日下遭遇搶劫，幸虧他跑得快才沒讓劫匪得逞。周三晚上，一個來自中國的企業傢代表團駐地被小偷撬門而入，盜走瞭5臺電腦、1臺照相機、1臺攝像機，以及超過5000歐元現金。對此慘況，房東隻說瞭一句話：這就是非洲！

確實，無論外表多麼光鮮，非洲毫無疑問是這個地球上最貧窮的大陸，這塊地方的溫室氣體排放無論是總量還是人均值都很低，但卻是對氣候變化最敏感的地區之一，不少國傢已經嘗到瞭苦頭，難怪南非總統祖瑪在大會第一天發言稱，氣候變化對於非洲人來說是生與死的選擇，本屆大會的口號就是“從今天開始拯救明天”（Save Tomorrow Today）。

但是，非洲兄弟們的懇求並沒有感染到與會代表們。大會開瞭一星期後幾乎沒有任何進展，爭論焦點也都毫無新意，無非是發達國傢和發展中國傢到底應該各自承擔多少責任。這個焦點的核心就是如何解讀“共同但有區別的責任”這一至高無上的基本原則，發達國傢強調“共同”二字，發展中國傢則更看重“區別”。

雖然爭論的焦點全都一樣，但每次大會的主題還是各有不同的。德班大會召開前，大傢都認為《京都議定書》第二承諾期將是本次大會的主旋律，因為第一承諾期將於2012年底到期，如果今年再不談出一個結果，《京都議定書》將名存實亡，全世界就將失去唯一的一份具有法律效力的減排協議。

但是，截至大會第一周結束時，已有俄羅斯、日本和加拿大這三個《京都議定書》簽約國先後表示將不支持《京都議定書》第二承諾期。這三個國傢表面上都拿美國和中國沒有加入《京都議定書》作為擋箭牌，但其實三傢各有難言苦衷。加拿大一直打算開發本國境內蘊藏量極為豐富的油砂，趁國際原油價格堅挺時大賺一筆；日本在海嘯後不得不關閉瞭大量核電站，減排的壓力陡然增大，已經不敢保證能輕松地實現目標；俄羅斯則因為地處北疆，對全球變暖這件事本來就興趣不大。但是1990年時的俄羅斯因為蘇聯解體導致經濟下滑等原因，在《京都議定書》第一承諾期賺足瞭油水，如今這一優勢不存在瞭，但俄羅斯又希望繼續依靠出口石油和天然氣賺錢，自然對《京都議定書》毫無興趣。

12月10日，《聯合國氣候變化框架公約》執行秘書長克裡斯提安娜·菲格雷斯（中）同與會代表交談

此時歐盟站瞭出來，為德班大會打瞭一針強心劑。歐盟委員會負責氣候事務的委員康妮·赫澤高（Connie Hedegaard）於周三召開新聞發佈會，表示不管加、日��俄三國如何決策，歐盟仍將支持《京都議定書》第二承諾期，但是有個先決條件，那就是德班大會必須談出一個“歐盟路線圖”（EU Roadmap），保證到2015年時談成一個將主要排放大國都包括進去的、具有法律效力的減排協議。

12月1日，抗議者在聯合國氣候大會會場外舉行抗議活動

“我感到奇怪的是，為什麼氣候大會上隻有我們這個排放總量隻占全世界15%的團體在積極行動，而其他85%的國傢都按兵不動？”這是赫澤高在新聞發佈會結束前說的最後一句話。這句牢騷顯然是針對美國和中國等世界幾個主要排放大國而說的。當年《京都議定書》簽字時，發達國傢的碳排放總額占全世界的2/3，即使去除美國後仍然達到瞭46%。但隨著中印等國的經濟崛起，《京都議定書》第二承諾期所涵蓋的國傢的排放總額隻占全世界的15%，對溫室氣體濃度的貢獻遠小於中美兩國。中國的排放總額占世界的比例已經上升到瞭24%，中國目前每年新增加的溫室氣體排放額已經超過瞭歐盟在《京都議定書》第一承諾期的減排總量。

針對歐盟的指責，中國代表團團長解振華在新聞發佈會上表示，中國願意在2020年之後討論一個包括中國在內的，具有法律約束力的減排協議，但必須首先滿足5項條件，歸納起來其實就是一句話：發達國傢首先必須在行動上做出表率，把已經談好的目標完成再說。解振華還表示，中國已經為減排做出瞭很多實際的努力，至於2020年以後如何行動，則要根據科學研究的結果再行討論。

印度的反應更加激烈。在一個印度主辦的邊會上，來自印度政府、科研機構和非政府組織的發言人一起把矛頭指向瞭發達國傢，稱印度無論在化石能源發電效率，還是化肥業和鋁制造業這兩個碳排放大戶的能效上，都已經達到甚至超過瞭世界先進水平。與此同時，印度尚有數億人生活在貧困線以下，很多人還沒有用上電，人均碳排放比發達國傢低很多，因此國際社會應該首先保障印度人民的發展權。總之，氣候談判一定要以公平為先，發達國傢歷史上已經排放瞭很多溫室氣體，理應多做一些。

會場上有位德國代表當場和印度代表爭論起來，德國人認為，發達國傢在1990年之前尚未意識到二氧化碳是有害氣體，因此不應該對此負責，計算各國的歷史排放總量應該從1990年算起。雙方就此事爭論瞭半天，誰也說服不瞭誰。

比起中印的堅持，美國的態度則相當曖昧。美國代表團團長托德·斯特恩（ToddStern）在新聞發佈會上表示，必須把全球主要排放國全都納入一個統一的、同等強度的減排協議中來，否則美國不會單方面答應任何強制性減排協議。但他又表示，自哥本哈根會議結束之後的兩年是全球減排事業最興旺發達的兩年，因為各國都紛紛表達瞭減排意願，並向聯合國提交瞭各自的減排計劃。這種自下而上的減排方式更加民主，因此也就更加有效。

也許是看出瞭問題的復雜性，聯合國秘書長潘基文周二在大會上表示，由於經濟危機、政治矛盾和利益沖突等原因，大傢不要對最終的談判結果有過高的期望。“很多人說，��成一個全面的、具有法律約束力的減排協議的時機尚未成熟。我覺得他們說的也許是對的。”潘基文承認。

氣候談判已經進行瞭將近20年，為什麼大傢始終在一些基本問題上爭論不休，使得談判進程越來越艱難呢？答案要從歷史中去尋找。

科學、經濟和政治的三國演義

人們常說，歷史是照亮現實的一面鏡子，現在就讓我們來回顧一下氣候問題的歷史，看看是否能驅散眼前這團迷霧。

氣候變化最早被稱為全球變暖，這個概念的基礎就是大氣層的溫室效應。最早提出地球是個巨大溫室的人是法國應用數學傢讓－巴普蒂斯塔·傅立葉（Jean-BaptisteFourier），他對科學的主要貢獻是找出瞭熱傳導規律，大名鼎鼎的“傅立葉變換”就是以他的名字命名的。傅立葉於1827年寫瞭一篇論文，討論瞭地球大氣層的溫室效應問題。根據他的計算，如果沒有溫室效應的話，地表溫度不可能有現在這麼高，地球將是一個大冰球，生命也就幾乎不可能在地球上出現瞭。

7月17日，加拿大Taber，這是暴風雲即將形成龍卷風的恐怖景象

1863年，英國化學傢約翰·梯恩德爾（John Tyndall）第一次指出地球大氣層的溫室效應來自二氧化碳對紅外輻射的吸收，人類終於知道瞭自己的大恩人是誰。

1890年，美國天文學傢薩穆埃爾·郎利（Samuel Langley）在匹茲堡天文臺做瞭一個精巧的實驗。他測量瞭月亮在地平線和頭頂這兩個位置所發射的紅外輻射的強度，月光在這兩個位置所要穿越的大氣層厚度是不同的，隻要測出兩者的差，就可以推算出大氣層吸收紅外輻射的能力瞭。

1896年，瑞典物理學傢斯萬特·阿累尼烏斯（Svante Arrhenius）在郎利實驗的基礎上，第一次計算出瞭大氣二氧化碳濃度對於地表溫度的影響。他的計算結果表明，如果大氣二氧化碳濃度增加一倍的話，地表溫度將會上升5~6℃，這個結論即使在今天看來也相當準確。

正是由於上述4位來自4個不同國傢，以及4個不同領域的科學傢的貢獻，溫室效應的理論基礎終於被確立下來瞭，人類第一次認識到，如果不加控制的話，二氧化碳，這位我們曾經的恩人也可以轉變成仇傢。

值得一提的是，溫室效應的確立早在100多年前就已經完成瞭，那個年代的中國正處在內憂外患中，現代科學的雛形還遠未形成。

但是，自那之後的很長時間裡，科學傢們並沒有立即行動起來，除瞭兩次世界大戰的幹擾外，最重要的原因在於還有兩個關鍵問題沒有搞清楚。第一，大氣二氧化碳濃度究竟會不會因為化石燃料的燃燒而增加呢？要知道，二氧化碳濃度的增加會加速光合作用的速率，而海洋吸收二氧化碳的能力也是個未知數。第二，二氧化碳濃度的增加是否會直接導致溫度上升？是否會有某個未知因素抵消瞭溫室效應？這兩個疑問都需要用實驗來解答，但當時的科學發展水平還很低，尚不具備這個能力。

最早試圖解答第一個疑問的人是美國物理學傢查爾斯·基林（Charles Keeling），他於1958年在位於夏威夷的莫納·魯阿天文臺（Mauna Loa Observatory）設立瞭觀測點，開始測量大氣二氧化碳濃度。之所以選擇這個偏遠的地方做觀測，就是為瞭防止人類活動對觀測結果有影響。雖然基林博士已於2005年去世，但這項觀測仍在進行，是迄今為止時間最長、結果最精確的二氧化碳濃度觀測。結果清楚地表明，大氣二氧化碳濃度一直在上升，至今沒有任何減緩的趨勢。

最早試圖解答第二個疑問的人是美國科學傢詹姆斯·漢森（James Hansen），他是美國航空航天局（NASA）的一個氣候研究小組的負責人，這個小組利用NASA遍佈全球的強大數據網絡，於1981年發表瞭第一份具有權威性的研究報告，指出地球溫度雖然在近100年裡有升有降，但總趨勢是上升的。

1988年夏天，北半球經歷瞭一次嚴重的酷暑，造成瞭巨大的人員和財物損失。這一年的6月23日，漢森在美國參議院聽證會上做瞭一次報告，提醒大傢註意全球變暖現象。這次聽證會具有裡程碑式的意義，美國政治傢們第一次聽到瞭全球變暖這個名詞。不過，受到觸動最大的反而不是美國人，而是當時的英國首相撒切爾夫人。她閱讀瞭漢森的報告後立刻意識到問題的嚴重性，隨即在英國皇傢學會（相當於英國科學院）發表演講，責成英國科學傢著手研究這一問題。幾天之後，當時的英國外交大臣傑弗裡·豪伊（Geoffrey Howe）向聯大提交瞭一份報告，建議聯合國常任理事國出面成立一個專傢委員會，共同商討氣候問題。

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