#Genus: Incilius

[haveyouseenthisanimal-irl]

[john-frog]

Some lore on my (supposed to be) main worldbuilding/spec evo project Batrachiterra.

In the not-so-distant future, humans have technologically advanced quite a bit, principally in terms of space travel. Humans can terraform Earth-sized planets and moons at their will, using their new homes to live, mine metals, farm animals, plants, and study certain substances, components, fauna, diseases, and even weapons in a controlled ambient environment. Such an environment is the planet Frog world. Frog World, frog's world, Frog world, many names are used to refer to the planet Heqet, in a close solar system where humans settled in to study frogs. But why study frogs? The enterprise that did this process of terraformation, called Batrachotechnologies, began the project in order to study, breed, and preserve frog species that became endangered on Earth. They aimed not only to preserve frogs but also study their poison, the batrachotoxin, in order to make vaccines, medicines and antidotes against diseases and poisons respectively. They brought to the planet the following frog species: The genus Dendrobates commonly known as poison dart frogs, the Cane toad Rhinella marina, Giant leaf frog Phyllomedusa bicolor, the Common toad Bufo bufo, and the Colorado river toad Incilius alvarius.

The terraformation was done trough some decades, the process started when the first spacial stations settled in the solar system. The atmosphere of the planet was very similar to Earth's one, but it still needed to be changed, massive machines called 437H3-R were sent to produce gases such as oxygen in high quantities. Later on, more machines were sent, now the L1L1-P0D's, who bred phyto-plankton such as algae, an important component in order to stay with the oxygen levels alright. But L1L1-P0D's also bred Zoo-plankton needed to keep the numbers of algae in check. Then it was time for "greater" life get in, drones nicknamed 533D-3R launched spores of mosses, lichens, ferns and fungi in the continents, "pioneer species" who helped to break down nutrients from rocks, a necessary thing in order to get trees in the planet later on. But in the seas life seeded was more diverse, aquatic plants and animals were seeded to kind of establish the ecosystems of the oceans. Why "kind of"? Detritivores and primary consumers were added, but, for unknown reasons, no fish species was added, so, the ecosystems were kind of incomplete.

Then the last part of the seeding process started, once the pioneer species did their job the long term species came in. Trees, vines, grasses and bromeliads were seeded, and following them invertebrates too, such as pollinators and their predators.

The terraformation thus proceeded, and humans and frogs could now settle in to start research and breeding respectively.

However, the plans to peacefully research the poisons were suddenly changed, the enterprise was purchased by an ex-military who aimed to use the research to make bio-weapons and sell them to violent organizations suchs as mafias and terrorists, the GCL: Galactic Council of Life, discovered the plans of the new owner and proceeded to interrupt the enterprise, locking their access to the solar system, evacuating the planet and leaving the new inhabitants of the planet to their own luck, in order to adapt, evolve, and thrive, on the planet of frogs.

~~~

Batrachiterra will follow the path of evolution in this terraformed world and see what wonders will emerge in the natural history of the planet Heqet after the new residents establish themselves in a competition-free ecosystem and adapt to fill its various empty niches.

[entheognosis]

Excerpt:

While in the military stationed in Georgia, Nelson read a magazine article in the August 1981 Omni summarizing an archeologist’s work on an excavation dig that unearthed 10,000 toad bones. Nelson was fascinated by the possibility of a psychedelic toad and began researching potential candidates. The preface to the new, authorized edition of the pamphlet explains: “In the Department of Life Sciences at the University of North Texas [Nelson] encountered the work of Italian toxicologist Dr. Vittorio Erspamer, whose comprehensive chemical analysis of toad venoms showed that among the 40 species he analyzed from the genus Bufo, a single one, Bufo alvarius (syn. Incilius alvarius), was capable of biosynthesizing 5-MeO-DMT.”

Nelson’s first trek to Arizona proved toadless, as the toads estivate beneath the topsoil until the monsoon season. On the second road trip, Nelson gassed up his white Chevy sport van with his then-girlfriend Pat and a collie named Quanah and drove to the Sonoran Desert after the start of the rainy season in 1983.

Quanah spotted the first toad. Nelson sprung into action, grabbing the toad before “milking” the glands on the neck and limbs, spattering the toad’s venom on the van’s windshield. When the “viscous milky-white” venom dried, Nelson smoked it.

Fascinating story! Click above to read on...

[platycryptus]

during a trip to Arizona last year I encountered an intriguing mystery...

On the left is a big, toxic darkling beetle in the genus Eleodes. Abundant in the southwest, their quinone-based defensive secretions protect them from most predators (just smelling one made my sinuses burn painfully).

On the right is some sort of large animal droppings containing many Eleodes shells. I couldn’t imagine what sort of animal would eat them and produce such large droppings. I theorized that it was a pellet coughed up by a large bird like an owl or roadrunner, but couldn’t find any info to suggest anything like that is resistant to the beetle toxins.

I still had no idea what was behind these droppings for many months after the trip, but I finally realized the culprit, a beast that I had been lucky enough to encounter while I was there:

It was the the Sonoran desert toad, Incilius alvarius. One of the world’s largest toads, it is apparently immune to the secretions of the darkling beetles in its desert habitat and eats them as a large portion of its diet.

It’s also the toad species known for the powerful psychedelic properties of its skin secretions (though contrary to popular belief, licking the toad is ineffective and extremely dangerous. Consuming the raw toad toxin can easily kill you.) Furthermore, there’s anecdotal evidence that the toads actually require darkling beetles to manufacture their toxin, which makes sense as smaller american toads have been reported to require similarly toxic carabid beetles for the same reason.

TL;DR I found some weird poop with beetles in it and was too dumb to realize until later that it came from the giant drug toads

[toadschooled]

This interestingly colored pine toad [Incilius occidentalis] was found in Oaxaca, Mexico, by photographer Francisco Alvarado Gallardo. Pine toads are members of the genus Incilius, “true toads” which encompass a diverse group of species across Central America. The genus has existed since the mid 1800′s, but has only seen widespread usage starting in the early 2000′s. New species of this genus are still being discovered and classified. 

[reallygooddotcom]

Incilius is genus of toads in the true toad family, Bufonidae. They are sometimes known as the Central American toads or Middle American toads and are found in southern USA, Mexico, Central America, and northern Pacific South America (Colombia and Ecuador). 🐸🐸🐸 https://reallygood.com/community/media/incilius.529/ #reallygood #instagram

[frogsneedourhelp]

The glorious Colorado River Toad (Sonoran Desert Toad) Incilius alvarius is the most basal of the Incilius group. Formerly most toads, and particularly the toads of the New World, were nested in the genus ‘Bufo’. Several years ago, this group was split into several genera with the majority of North American bufonids placed into the Anaxyrus genus. The Colorado River Toad is one of the exceptions. One of the largest toads, A. alvarius is a magnificent species with several extra-partotoid glands located throughout it’s body. It’s poison is also uncommon in the bufonid world, containing hallucinogenic compounds along with the bufotoxin. For this reason, the species has been over-collected. That in addition to the pressures that all of today’s amphibian communities have to face (climate change, habitat loss, emergent infectious disease, etc …) this species is considered declining throughout much of its range. We are grateful to have a breeding group of these animals to work with (donation courtesy of Reigning Reptiles) — and hope to breed them over the summer. #Incilius #alvarius #Inciliusalvarius #Toad #Toads #Frog #Frogs #FrogsOfInstagram #CaptiveBreeding #ReigningReptiles  (at The Amphibian Foundation, Inc)

[liliannorman]

Pleistocene Bird Recovers From Extinction

Guest “what has a higher recovery rate? COVID-19 or Extinction?” by David Middleton What do the Coelocanth, PETM benthic foraminifera, the Incilius genus of toads and Aldabra white-throated rail bird have in common? Apparently, a very high recovery rate from… Extinction! Hat tip to Mrs. Middleton… An extinct bird just ‘evolved itself’ back into existenceThe Aldabra hasn’t… Pleistocene Bird Recovers From Extinction published first on https://triviaqaweb.tumblr.com/

[tachtutor]

Pleistocene Bird Recovers From Extinction

Pleistocene Bird Recovers From Extinction

[ad_1]

Guest “what has a higher recovery rate? COVID-19 or Extinction?” by David Middleton

What do the Coelocanth, PETM benthic foraminifera, the Incilius genus of toads and Aldabra white-throated rail bird have in common? Apparently, a very high recovery rate from… Extinction!

Hat tip to Mrs. Middleton…

An extinct bird just ‘evolved itself’ back into existence The Aldabra hasn’t existed in…

[rbbox]

Bufo

Bufo

This article is about toads. For the Finnish company, see Bufo (company). Bufo is a large genus of about 150 species of true toads in the amphibian family Bufonidae. Bufo is a Latin word for toad. Description True toads have in common stocky figures and short legs, which make them relatively poor jumpers. As with all members of the family Bufonidae, they lack a tail and teeth, and they have horizontal pupils. Their dry skin is thick and warty. Western toad (Bufo boreas) Behind their eyes, Bufo species have wart-like structures, the parotoid glands. These glands distinguish the true toads from all other tailless amphibians. They secrete a fatty, white poisonous substance which acts as a deterrent to predators. Ordinary, handling of toads is not dangerous, and does not cause warts in contradiction to folk beliefs. The poison of most if not all toads contains bufotoxin; the poison of the Colorado River toad (Bufo alvarius) is a potent hallucinogen containing 5-MeO-DMT and bufotenin. The poison's psychoactive effects are said to have been known to pre-Columbian Native Americans. Toads can also inflate their bodies when threatened. Males are usually smaller than females and possess a Bidder's organ, an incomplete ovary. The adult male of many species shows a dark throat. Breeding males have dark nuptial pads on their thumbs. Distribution This is a truly cosmopolitan genus, able to live under adverse conditions, and occurring around the world except in the Arctic and Antarctic, Madagascar, Australia (with the exception of the introduced cane toad), and New Guinea and Oceania. Two species are found in the British Isles: the common toad (Bufo bufo), and the natterjack toad, (Bufo calamita). The former is found almost everywhere in Great Britain, but not in Ireland. The natterjack, which differs in its shorter limbs with nearly free toes (which are so short, the toad never hops but proceeds in a running gait) and in usually possessing orange or red warts, green eyes, and a pale-yellow line along the middle of the back, is local in England, the south-west of Scotland, and the west of Ireland. It is further remarkable for the very loud croak of the males, produced by a large vocal bladder on the throat which, when inflated, is larger than the head. Psychoactive properties Several species of Bufo toads produce poison with psychoactive properties. The poison of one species (Bufo alvarius) contains both 5-MeO-DMT and bufotenin, while some others contain only bufotenin. Author Lee B. Croft, in his satiric novel, Toadies: The Explanation of Toxicomania in American Society, has coined the word "bufoglossation" to describe the deliberate licking of Bufo toads for hallucinogenic purposes, but psychoactive substance information site Erowid warns against such use because of the cardiotoxins (bufadienolides) included in the toads' poison. Groups Species in this genus can be quite different, which has led to a recent recommendation in the Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History to split the genus, a recommendation that has been rejected (in part) by many taxonomists (see Pauly et al., 2004, Evolution 58: 2517–2535; Pauly et al., 2009, Herpetologica 65:115-128). Instead, the relationships between the different species are formalized by categorizing them into subgenera, such as Anaxyrus and Rhinella. Species Colorado River Toad (Bufo alvarius) Bufo is a large group, and it is usually divided into several subgenera. Frost et al. (2006) removed most of the species of former Bufo to other genera and restricted the name Bufo to members of the Bufo bufo group of earlier authors. However, other authors continue to recognize these subgroups of Bufo as subgenera. Rhinella is composed of a combination of Rhamphophryne and Chaunus (two subgroups of Bufo in the broad sense). Rhinella is recognized as a distinct genus by some, although other herpetologists disagree and maintain these species as a subgenus within Bufo. Here the species of Rhinella are treated in a separate page (where they may be considered a separate genus or as a subgenus of Bufo). Main article: Anaxyrus Some authors recognize the Genus, Anaxyrus, as a subgenus of the Genus, Bufo. Anaxyrus contains 22 species found in North and Central America including the common American toad, A. americanus. Composed of 12 species, this subgenus is found in temperate Eurasia and Japan south to North Africa, the Middle East, northeastern Myanmar, and northern Vietnam. Binomial name and author Common name Bufo aspinius (Yang, Liu, and Rao, 1996) Bufo bankorensis Barbour, 1908 Central Formosa toad, Bankor toad Bufo bufo (Linnaeus, 1758) Common toad, European toad Bufo gargarizans Cantor, 1842 Chusan Island toad, Asiatic toad Bufo japonicus Temminck and Schlegel, 1838 Japanese toad Bufo kabischi Herrmann and Kühnel, 1997 Bufo minshanicus Stejneger, 1926 Gansu toad, Minshan toad Bufo tibetanus Zarevskij, 1926 Tibetan toad Bufo torrenticola Matsui, 1976 Honshū toad, Japanese stream toad Bufo tuberculatus Zarevskij, 1926 Qinghai Lake toad, Round-warted toad Bufo verrucosissimus (Pallas, 1814) Caucasian toad Bufo wolongensis Herrmann & Kühnel, 1997 a fossil genus, Bufo linquensis lived during Miocene of China. This assemblage of 23 species remained outside the main groups. Frost et al. denoted the species in this group as polyphyletic by placing "Bufo" in quotation marks. Presumably, as these taxa are studied, they will be allocated to one or another of the existing groups. Binomial name and author Common name Bufo ailaoanus Kou, 1984 Ejia toad, Ailao toad Bufo arabicus Heyden, 1827 Arabian toad Bufo beddomii Günther, 1876 Beddome's toad Bufo brevirostris Rao, 1937 Kempholey toad, Short-nosed toad, Rao's pale brown toad Bufo cryptotympanicus Liu & Hu, 1962 Earless toad Bufo dhufarensis Parker, 1931 Oman toad - very similar to B. scorteccii Bufo dodsoni Boulenger, 1895 Dodson's toad Bufo hololius Günther, 1876 Malabar toad, Gûnther's toad Bufo koynayensis Soman, 1963 Humbali Village toad, Koyna toad, Chrome-yellow toad Bufo mauritanicus Schlegel, 1841 Berber toad, Pantherine toad, Moroccan toad Bufo olivaceus Blanford, 1874 Olive toad, Baluchistan coastal toad, Makran toad Bufo pageoti Bourret, 1937 Tonkin toad Bufo parietalis (Boulenger, 1882) Indian toad, Ridged toad, Timber forest toad Bufo pentoni Anderson, 1893 Shaata Gardens toad, Penton's toad Bufo scaber Schneider, 1799 Ferguson’s toad Bufo scorteccii Balletto & Cherchi, 1970 Scortecci’s toad Bufo silentvalleyensis Pillai, 1981 Silent Valley toad, South Indian hill toad Bufo stejnegeri Schmidt, 1931 Stejneger's toad, Korean toad, Water toad Bufo stomaticus Lütken, 1864 Assam toad, Indus Valley toad, Marbled toad Bufo stuarti Smith, 1929 Stuart’s toad Bufo sumatranus Peters, 1871 Sumatra toad Bufo tihamicus Balletto & Cherchi, 1973 Balletto's toad Bufo valhallae Meade-Waldo, 1909 Pulo Weh toad These four species were removed from the synonymy of Bufo by Frost et al., 2006. Smith and Chiszar, 2006, implied this taxon should be considered a subgenus of Bufo. They are found in South America. Binomial name and author Common name Bufo apolobambicus De la Riva, Ninon Ríos, and Aparicio, 2005 Bufo cophotis Boulenger, 1900 Paramo toad Bufo corynetes Duellman and Ochoa-M., 1991 Abra Malaga toad Bufo variegatus (Günther, 1870) Eden Harbour toad Containing 33 species, Frost et al. moved these members to a separate genus in 2006, first to Cranopsis, then to Ollotis, and then to Incilius. Binomial name and author Common name Bufo alvarius Girard in Baird, 1859 Colorado River toad Bufo aucoinae O'Neill & Mendelson, 2004 Bufo bocourti Brocchi, 1877 Bocourt's toad Bufo campbelli Mendelson, 1994 Campbell's forest toad Bufo canaliferus Cope, 1877 Dwarf toad Bufo cavifrons Firschein, 1950 Mountain toad Bufo coccifer Cope, 1866 Southern round-gland toad Bufo coniferus Cope, 1862 Evergreen toad Bufo cristatus Wiegmann, 1833 Large-crested toad Bufo cycladen Lynch & Smith, 1966 Northern round-gland toad Bufo fastidiosus (Cope, 1875) Pico Blanco toad Bufo gemmifer Taylor, 1940 Jeweled toad Bufo holdridgei Taylor, 1952 Holdridge's toad Bufo ibarrai Stuart, 1954 Jalapa toad Bufo intermedius Günther, 1858 Gunther's tropical toad Bufo leucomyos McCranie & Wilson, 2000 Bufo luetkenii Boulenger, 1891 Yellow toad Bufo macrocristatus Firschein & Smith, 1957 Large-crested toad Bufo marmoreus Wiegmann, 1833 Marbled toad Bufo mazatlanensis Taylor, 1940 Sinaloa toad Bufo melanochlorus Cope, 1877 Dark green toad Bufo nebulifer Girard, 1854 Gulf Coast toad Bufo occidentalis Camerano, 1879 Pine toad Bufo periglenes Savage, 1967 Monte Verde golden toad Bufo peripatetes Savage, 1972 Almirante Trail toad Bufo perplexus Taylor, 1943 confusing toad Bufo pisinnus Mendelson, Williams, Sheil & Mulcahy, 2005 Bufo porteri Mendelson, Williams, Sheil & Mulcahy, 2005 Bufo signifer Mendelson, Williams, Sheil & Mulcahy, 2005 Bufo spiculatus Mendelson, 1997 Bufo tacanensis Smith, 1952 Volcan Tacana coad Bufo tutelarius Mendelson, 1997 Bufo valliceps Wiegmann, 1833 These 11 species are distributed in the Greater Antilles. Binomial name and author Common name Bufo cataulaciceps Schwartz, 1959 Schwartz's Caribbean toad Bufo empusus (Cope, 1862) Cope's Caribbean toad, Cuban toad Bufo fluviaticus Schwartz, 1972 Dominican Caribbean toad Bufo fractus Schwartz, 1972 Bufo fustiger Schwartz, 1960 Bufo guentheri Cochran, 1941 Gunther's Caribbean toad Bufo gundlachi Ruibal, 1959 Gundlach's Caribbean toad Bufo lemur (Cope, 1869) Lowland Caribbean toad Bufo longinasus Stejneger, 1905 Stejneger's Caribbean toad Bufo peltocephalus Tschudi, 1838 Tschudi's Caribbean toad Bufo taladai Schwartz, 1960 Cuban Caribbean toad These two species were redelimited and removed from the synonymy of Bufo by Frost et al., 2006. Others implied this taxon should be considered a subgenus of Bufo. Binomial name and author Common name Bufo asper Gravenhorst, 1829 Malayan giant toad Bufo juxtasper Inger, 1964 Giant river toad, Borneo river toad Frost et al. moved these 10 species in 2006 to a separate genus. Binomial name and author Common name Bufo beiranus Loveridge, 1932 Beira's toad Bufo damaranus Mertens, 1954 Bufo dombensis Bocage, 1895 Dombe toad Bufo fenoulheti Hewitt & Methuen, 1912 Transvaal dwarf toad Bufo grandisonae Poynton & Haacke, 1993 Mossamedes toad, Grandison's toad Bufo hoeschi Ahl, 1934 Okahandja toad, Hoesch's toad Bufo kavangensis Poynton & Broadley, 1988 Khwai River toad, Kavanga toad Bufo lughensis Loveridge, 1932 Lugh toad Bufo parkeri Loveridge, 1932 Parker's toad Bufo vertebralis Smith, 1848 African dwarf toad, pygmy toad Frost et al. moved Bufo calamita Laurenti, 1768, Natterjack toad, in 2006 to a separate genus; it is found in Europe. Frost et al. moved these 15 species in 2006 to a separate genus. It is the B. viridis group of previous authors. Binomial name and author Common name Bufo balearicus Boettger, 1880 Bufo baturae Stoeck, Schmid, Steinlein & Grosse, 1999 Batura toad Bufo boulengeri Lataste, 1879 Bufo brongersmai Hoogmoed, 1972 Tiznit toad Bufo latastii Boulenger, 1882 Ladakh toad, Lataste's toad Bufo luristanicus Schmidt, 1952 Bufo oblongus Nikolskii, 1896 Danata toad, Middle Asiatic toad Bufo pewzowi Bedriaga, 1898 Bufo pseudoraddei Mertens, 1971 Swat green toad Bufo raddei Strauch, 1876 Tengger Desert toad, Radde's toad Bufo siculus Stoeck, Sicilia, et al. 2008 Sicilian green toad Bufo surdus Boulenger, 1891 Pakistan toad, Iranian toad Bufo turanensis Hemmer, Schmidtler & Böhme, 1978 Bufo variabilis Pallas, 1769 Bufo viridis Laurenti, 1768 European green toad Bufo zamdaensis Fei, Ye, and Huang in Fei, Ye, Huang & Chen, 1999 Bufo zugmayeri Eiselt & Schmidtler, 1973 These eight species were redelimited and removed from the synonymy of Bufo by Frost et al., 2006. Others implied this taxon should be considered a subgenus of Bufo. Binomial name and author Common name Bufo anderssoni Melin, 1941 Andersson's toad Bufo blombergi Myers & Funkhouser, 1951 Colombian giant toad, Blomberg's toad Bufo caeruleostictus Günther, 1859 Bufo glaberrimus Günther, 1869 Cundinamarca toad Bufo guttatus Schneider, 1799 Spotted toad, smooth-sided toad Bufo haematiticus Cope, 1862 Truando toad Bufo hypomelas Boulenger, 1913 Choco toad Bufo nasicus Werner, 1903 Werner's toad These five species are the former B. angusticeps group of Tandy and Keith, 1972, placed by Frost et al. in a separate genus. Binomial name and author Common name Bufo amatolicus Hewitt, 1925 Amatola toad Bufo angusticeps Smith, 1848 Sand toad, Common Cape toad Bufo gariepensis Smith, 1848 Karroo toad, Gariep toad Bufo inyangae Poynton, 1963 Inyanga toad Bufo robinsoni Branch & Braacke, 1996 Paradise toad source - Wikipedia Dear friends, if you liked our post, please do not forget to share and comment like this. If you want to share your information with us, please send us your post with your name and photo at RBbox.in@gmail.com. We will publish your post with your name and photo. thanks for joining us www.rbbox.in

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[john-frog]

The frogs of the First Million-Part III

Hello again and welcome to the last First Million post and last part of our three weeks series of posts about the frogs of the very first Million of Years. Without further ado let's begin.

Incilia

This is the largest of all continents, spanning from the South to the North thus having a wide variety of biomes-And so being the only landmass to have the Taiga biome. It has a long mountain chain to the East, casting an enormous Rainshadow effect leaving a good part of the continent's interior dry whith the dominant biomes being the desertic ones.

Gluttons(Rhinella spp.)

Cane toads (Rhinella marina), known like that for being introduced to many parts of the world in order to combat the Cane beetle, a pest that attacks Sugarcane. Like many other introduced species the cane toad has become invasive and destructive due to its hardy behavior, being able to live in many habitats and eat a variety of prey. So it was not differnet here in Incilia, the toads became highly widespread in just a few decades because of the lack of predators and ample food availability. Their opressive presence has led to the evolution of new behaviors among their own relatives and in their distant cousins, the Colorado river toad, (Which we will talk about soon) but for now let's see such relatives of the Cane toad.

Carmesim toad(R. eythra)

The Carmesim toad -so called for its red-ish brown color- is a relatively small species of toad, averaging a Snout to vent Length of 20 centimeters, though, as practically all other frog species, they can grow larger if they get enough food. They suffered from the effects of Adaptive radiation, evolving a different diet so to not compete much with the Cane toads preferring a diet of invertebrates over other toads, with an even higher preference for ants. This can be seen in their physiology as they have a smaller head, yet they will not let the opportunity to eat a smaller relative.

Water cane toad(R. amphibia)

This cane toad has also adapted to avoid competition with its parent species, evolving to take on aquatic prey such as other toads, centipedes, isopods, etc. For this task they have webbed feet (in the picture i erroniously drew webbed hands too) and longer legs for underwater propulsion, which are also used to launch out of the water into the land when ambushing terrestrial prey. 

Desert dwellers(Incilia spp.)

Part of the diverse genus Incilius spp. these toads are as adaptable as the aforementioned cane toads, using of Niche partitioning to stay in a separate ecology compared to the more competitive Rhinellans. Even though they are described as desert dwellers these toads are find in steppes and savannas too, in fact this genus lives in really close association with water, always living near rivers hence why they are commonly called as River toads. This is ancestral to Heqetian Incilians as they descend specifically from the Colorado river toad who exhibits semi-aquatic adaptations and lifestyle.

 Brown river toad(I. fuscus)

 The smallest species on the continent, the Brown river toad thrives by being more Fossorial, digging burrows where they rest. Coming to hunt during night they will forage in "dry soil" and underwater or in water edges, their dark coloration makes them blend in with the dark nights better. These toads can Aestivate during dry periods.

Brown-headed river toad(I. fuscucephalus)

 This toad is the largest of this genus, averaging at 20 centimeters SVL, however they can grow larger principally in environments with less competition. They are Sympatric with the cane toads and compete with them for food. They forage both near and away from water, preferring terrestrial habitats.

White river toad(I. albus)

 The last of the toads this species is very adept for dry environments, their light coloration helps them blend in with their generally sandy environments. As every species from this genus they will hunt both inland and underwater.

~~~

This was the last post detailing the frogs of the First Million, it is impossible to describe every single animal, plant and fungi that appeared around this time and other time stops as this would take a very long time. Soon we will jump to the next time stop, 5 Millions of Years After Abandonment.

[toadschooled]

Look closely at this scrub and you will see a pine toad [Incilius occidentalis], a pretty little species of the genus Incilius. These toads are endemic to northern Mexico. Images by iNaturalist user Gabinus2003. 

[toadschooled]

A male pine toad [Incilius occidentalis] perched at the foamy banks of a creek in Hidalgo, Mexico. Toads of the genus Incilius are often referred to as Central American toads or Middle American toads due to their distribution across the southern USA, Mexico, Central America, and Pacific South America. Although the name Incilius was first described in 1863, it only began to see widespread usage in the early 2000′s. Images by Cristian Olvera.