#Fully Automatic Cold Drinks Plant Manufacturers

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Fully Automatic Cold Drinks Plant Manufacturers

Maruti Machines Private Limited is a leading Fully Automatic Cold Drinks Plant Manufacturers, Exporters, and Suppliers in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, and offers premium quality equipment designed for efficient production. We craft premium cold drink plants with advanced technology and robust construction to meet your needs. Our diverse range offers efficiently designed models for various applications, ensuring smooth operation and consistent supply. Contact us and visit our website today to discuss your requirements!

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Iguana terrarium: heat, light and humidity

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You have heard and read many times that taking care of an iguana is not an easy task. What does it talk about? The main difficulty is that these animals, being cold-blooded, need an environment with a certain temperature, humidity, light radiation and light being able to perform basic actions such as digesting food, metabolizing minerals, maintaining body temperature, having the ability to reproduce, etc. Usually the iguana terrarium differs greatly from its natural environment and therefore a significant effort and an investment of time and money is necessary to be able to imitate this medium as best as possible.

If you don’t provide a suitable environment, your iguana will suffer, get sick, and may even die. This is why it is so important that you fully understand their needs before creating your habitat.

You should know that an adult iguana can measure up to two meters long and therefore requires terrarium according to its size. Ideally, the iguana’s terrarium should be twice the size of the iguana and large, because green iguanas They are arboreal and like to climb. Keep in mind that in a year a young iguana will need a tank of more than 300 liters. This large habitat is necessary so that the animal has enough space to exercise, unless you let it roam in a room that maintains the proper environmental conditions. What is said there is not true that if the habitat is small, the iguana will stop growing.

The temperature in the iguana’s terrarium

The ideal temperature should be between 32 and 35ºC in the hottest area and 27ºC to the coldest. As heat sources you can use ceramic lamps (if you need higher voltage) or incandescent lamps. Buy good thermometers to place in different places in the room, to be sure that the voltage you have chosen is correct. It depends on the size of the terrarium, the outside temperature and the ventilation.

Iguanas need a day / night cycle about 12/12 hours. This is important to get them to rest, otherwise they get stressed and may get sick or become more aggressive. Remember that the iguana terrarium environment It must be heated at night, and you cannot use incandescent lamps. Ceramic lamps are ideal for the night, which give heat, not light. You can locate different lamps that turn on and off depending on the light needed or leave a low voltage ceramic lamp always on and turn incandescent lamps on and off only. Whether you can, install a regulator do it automatically and you don’t have to remember it anymore.

All Lamps They should be well protected with wire to prevent burns if the iguana climbs up to them. Ceramic tiles get very hot and require adequate support to avoid the risk of fire. Also be sure to do the electrical installation with cables that can withstand high voltage. Stones are not suitable for iguanas as they can cause severe burns.

Light in iguana terrariums

Iguanas also need a UVA radiation source, which stimulates natural behavior and provides a feeling of well-being, and UVB, essential for the formation of vitamin D3 and calcium metabolism. Without it, iguanas suffer from Metabolic bone disease, which causes softening, weakness and deformation of the bones and premature death.

The best and most perfect source of UV rays is the sun. Whenever you can, expose your iguana to direct sunlight, not through glass or plastic, as these do not allow UVB rays to pass through. Do not leave an iguana in the sun if the temperature is below 26 or above 38 ° C. The most advisable, in addition to having good UVA radiation in the iguana’s terrarium, is to put it in a outer cage (It doesn’t take more than an hour a day) with half the space in the shade and cool water on hand to prevent dehydration.

In addition, an artificial source of radiation is recommended, such as fluorescent tubes sold in pet stores. Only buy those that are specially made for reptiles, those that are used for plants do not give enough UVB radiation. Replace them following the manufacturer’s instructions, because after 6-9 months they are already exhausted and not suitable for iguanas. Make sure that the distance between the tube and the animal is no more than 20-30 cm. This is the maximum range of radiation.

Another suitable source of radiation is mercury vapor lamps. These emit more UVB radiation than fluorescent tubes.

Humidity in the iguana terrarium

The third point that makes an environment suitable for an iguana is humidity. Iguanas need a high humidity, as in tropical forests. In their natural habitat, they hardly need to drink water, so they usually don’t even if they have water available. The result is that many captive iguanas living partially dehydrated, which often leads to kidney failure at a young age.

The ambient humidity of an iguana’s terrarium should be 65-75%. To achieve this, you can spray the iguana and the environment several times a day, you can place a humidifier in the environment where the terrarium is located or place several tubs with water in the enclosure. It can also be bathed daily, which is highly recommended for hygienic reasons.

There are also electronic humidifiers, but these kits are often very expensive. Be careful because the excessive humidity It can also cause health problems and contamination of the premises.

As you can see, it is important to carefully study the options available for providing heat, light and humidity to the iguana terrarium, as not all of them are suitable. In addition, these environmental factors are necessary for health your iguana; they are not just to make you comfortable.

At the others articles by Tghanimal There you will find information on the size of the terrarium, what substrate to use, what materials to choose for it to climb and how to feed them among other things.

Veterinary Technical Assistant specializing in canine ethology. TANNIMAL has allowed me for years to work on what fascinates me the most: the animal world. I combine my work by collaborating as a volunteer in shelters, sanctuaries, reservations and any related event or activity. I have done various seminars and courses related to dog education, birds, primatology and a long etcetera. I love learning every day from these amazing colleagues with whom we are fortunate to live.

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20 Weird But Genius Products On Amazon For People Who Have Everything

We know them, we love (most of) them: the impossible-to-buy-for people in your life. Whether its the husband who has everything, or the BFF who just doesnt want a lot of clutter around, they can make gift buying feel like a search for the holy grail.

That’s why we scoured Amazon to find fifteen of the most amazingproducts notebooks that erase themselves in the microwave, to magical pens that let you draw in three dimensions that are sure to surprise, and probably please, those hard-to-buy-for friends.

We hope you love at least one of these odd and awesome products. Just an FYI: 22Words may get a share of any sale through links on this page.

1

These Glasses That Aerate Wine On Contact So You Can Drink ASAP

via: Amazon

Wine lovers and design aficionados alike are singing the praises of these innovative wine glasses throughout their Amazon reviews. The built-in aerator lets you ditch the decanter and oxygenate your wine on contact so you can dig right into the delicious red nectar. Theyre not inexpensive, but for the type of people fancy enough to aerate their wine in the first place, its surely a paltry sum.

Snappy Amazon Review: Worth every penny. -Kimberly

2

This Beautiful Piece of Jewelry That’s A Fitness Tracker In Disguise

via: Amazon

FitBits are nice and all, but some days you dont want a big rubber band around your wrist screaming Im health conscious! to everyone you pass. Thats what makes the BellaBeat Leaf Nature Health Trackersuch a refreshing innovation. Beautiful and versatile, the BellaBeat can be worn as a necklace or bracelet, and tracks your daily steps, distance traveled and calories burned.

Snappy Amazon Review: The most low maintenance fitness tracker ever made and it’s gorgeous. -Elida Omerkic

3

This Tiny Gadget That Makes Your Car Smell Great

via: Amazon

Ditch the Febreze and get your FRiEQ on with the FRiEQ Car Air Purifier. The FRiEQ pumps three million negative ions per cubic centimeter into the air, which destroy odor causing particulates on contact, including mold, bacteria and viruses. Best of all, its powered by your cars 12V plug, so youll never run out of fresh air energy.

Snappy Amazon Review: My car certainly smells better. –Sammidee

4

These Tiny Bags of Charcoal That Drink In Odor

via: Amazon

Rescue your favorite footwear from inevitable shoe-smell with these all-natural, activated charcoal Footwear Deodorizers. And theyre not just for shoes the activated charcoal actively absorbs moisture in any situation, preventing pervasive odors and bacterial growth, so you can easily deodorize stinky refrigerators, closets and basements. They make no claims about stinky husbands, children, or coworkers however.

Snappy Amazon Review: Product works as Described, sucks all smell from shoes. -Kalpesh

…AND GETS ALL UP IN YOUR FACEBOOK

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5

This Miracle Broom That Cleans Floors, Walls, Windows and More

via: Amazon

Perfect for your neat-freak friends, the Evriholder FURemover Broom’swide head of 100% natural rubber bristles to grab and trap dirt, dust, lint and pet hair with ease its even got a telescoping handle for reaching the cobwebbiest of corners. Right now its one of the most popular brooms on Amazon, and with well over 2,000 positive reviews, its not hard to see why.

Snappy Amazon Review: This thing just plain works. -Nick V.

6

This Portable Charcoal Grill That Somehow Runs on Batteries

via: Amazon

If youre not into grilling, you may not be as impressed as I am by the truly innovative Gourmia Grill. It combines the inimitable flavor of a charcoal grill with the ease of non-stick surfaces and battery-powered portability. Perfect for grilling on the patio and small enough to pack for the next tailgate, the Gourmia Grills turbo fan provides precise air control to perfectly grill dogs, burgers, steaks and more, while conserving your charcoal consumption. And that just makes sense. Dollars, and cents.

Snappy Amazon Review: Gave as gift got a hamburger and hot dog in return. -Amazon Customer

7

This Indoor Garden That Grows Herbs Even I Can’t Kill

via: Amazon

I have a few talents in life. Horticulture is not one of them. Hence my immediate attraction to the Click & Grow Indoor Smart Herb Garden. The manufacturer boasts that growing herbs is as easy as inserting the plant capsules, filling the water tank (possible sticking point), and plugging the unit in. After that, let the automatic hydration system, low-energy LED grow light and the miracle of Mother Nature work their collective magic, and watch as the herbs of your choice spring to life. Delicious, fragrant life.

Snappy Amazon Review: I would have given 5 stars if it had come with something other than just basil. That’s the only thing I’d change. -Meghan

8

This Ring Of Power That Renders Your Smartphone Undroppable

via: Amazon

Since I got one, theiRinghas saved my iPhone from countless potentially devastating smartphone injuries. The iRing attaches via ultra-strong adhesive to the back of your smartphone, giving you a solid, swiveling ring through which to thread a finger of your choice, or with which to prop up your phone for some bedside Netflixin. Oh, and dont forget the included plastic hook, onto which the iRing settles nicely for use in the car.

Snappy Amazon Review: I’m a klutz so I drop stuff all the time, and this really helps. -Lunatique

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9

This Waffle Iron That’s Shaped Like a Keyboard

via: Amazon

I dont think an explanation is needed here. It’s a Keyboard Waffle Iron. Pass the syrup.

Snappy Amazon Review: Yesterday I did nothing because my keyboard was a waffle the whole time. -Leedlej

10

This Bottle Opener That Also Holds Your Child’s Fine Art

via: Amazon

There are few things more irritating than trying to track down a bottle opener when youre hankering for a cold one. Thats why no one will complain when you gift them this impossible-to-lose Master Magnetics Bottle Opener. Strong magnets keep it adhered to the beer cooler (aka, refrigerator), where it can amass an ever-growing collection of child artwork, or a collection of bottle caps so large it might force you to reevaluate your life choices.

Snappy Amazon Review: The magnets are really strong. -Edward

11

These Magical Drops That Change The Way You Taste Food

via: Amazon

MBerry Drops contain extracts from the so-called miracle fruit a mysterious berry that causes some pretty serious shifts in your taste perception. Dissolve one of these ten tablets on your tongue, and everything changes. Lemons taste like lemonade. Vinegar tastes like apple juice. Cheese tastes like frosting. You suddenly achieve the body of your dreams. Okay, were lying about that last part, but we swear these drops are the real, and somewhat freaky, deal.

Snappy Amazon Review: Yes they work. -Heart Dad

12

This Notebook That Erases Itself In The Microwave

via: Amazon

While the surveillance utility of microwave ovens has been debunked, the ability of microwaves to completely clear the Rocketbook Wave Smart Notebook of your top-secret doodles or late-night confessions is fully bunked. Seriously, this notebook erases itself in the microwave. And it even comes with a Rocketbook app which scans your work in hi-def before obliteration.

Snappy Amazon Review: I love this notebook. -ecaminos

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13

This All Natural Deodorant That’s Worth Buying For The Name Alone

via: Amazon

Say it three times fast: Primal Pit Paste Deodorant. PPPD is an all-natural solution to body odor, featuring a 100% aluminum-free mixture of shea butter, arrowroot powder and baking soda for an odor fighting and soothing solution. But lets be honest, youre just buying this to give your friend something called Primal Pit Paste.

Snappy Amazon Review: 4 months later I am still using nothing but Primal Pit Paste! -Jen

14

This Pen That Lets You Sculpt Your Own New Reality Where You Made Better Choices

via: Amazon

For those of us that struggle to draw even the simplest of 3d figures, the 3Doodler Create 3D Pen is a mind-blowing game changer, allowing even the most challenged of artists to realize their visions in 3D plastic reality. Like normal 3D printers, the 3Doodler extrudes melted plastic, which dries almost instantly as you bring your vision to life whether that be a scale model of the Eiffel Tower, or a drooping mess of an attempt at a human head. Theres certainly a learning curve with the 3Doodler, but the potential for awesomeness cant be denied.

Snappy Amazon Review: My son loves this! -Dawn

15

These Platypi That Infuse Your Tea With Too Much Adorability

via: Amazon

To be fair, theres a veritable menagerie of adorable animal-shaped tea infusers on Amazon. Seriously. Manatees, sloths, baby dinosaurs. But when it comes to a combination of cute and unique, nothing rivals a platypus. Especially platypus tea infusers. Especially when theyre called Mr. & Mrs. PlaTEApus. Come on. Just take my money already. These silicone platypi prop themselves on the edge of your tea cup and slowly infuse your favorite loose-leaf tea through tiny holes in their adorable bellies. And they come in their own gift box. I cant take it.

Snappy Amazon Review: So cute! Easy to fill and clean. So adorable! -Amazon Customer

16

This Small Plastic Stone That Fills The Room With Aromatic Humidity

via: Amazon

This small but mighty Deneve Essential Oil Diffuser and Humidifier can fill a space of up to 250 square feet with delightfully scented mist, while also putting on an ever-changing light show. Its the easy way to throw the most soothing of at-home raves.

Snappy Amazon Review: It is great. It is important to wipe it out between uses. -Torsten

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17

This Showerhead and Speaker That Will Change The Way You Bathe

via: Amazon

Your bathroom karaoke game just got way more serious. Kohlers MoxieShowerhead and Wireless Speaker combines a sixty-nozzle shower head with a removable, rechargeable bluetooth speaker, allowing you to stream all of your top tunes while you steam your way to relaxation. And when the speakers lithium ion battery runs low, just pop it from its magnetic hold in the shower head and plug it into the included USB cable for a quick charge. You’ll be up and showering-singing again in no time.

Snappy Amazon Review: The only thing better than a shower beer is having a shower beer while safely gyrating to jams in the shower. -Jonathon

18

The Toilet Stool That’ll Change The Way You…Go

via: Amazon

Okay, so since it exploded on Shark Tank, the Squatty Potty hasnt exactly been an unknown quantity. But that doesnt make it any less bizarre (or useful!) of a gift. The manufacturer recommends that beginning squatters start with the 7-inch Squatty, though those limber of leg and/or well-practiced in the art of squatting can venture up to the 9-inch SP. With sales in the millions and celebrities like Howard Stern touting the effectiveness of the simple bathroom stool, its safe to say the Squatty Potty isnt a passing phase its a movement.

Snappy Amazon Review: Oh Squatty Potty, You fill me with endless joy, Yet leave me empty. -Wm.

19

The Clear Film That Turns Any Surface Into a Dry Erase Board

via: Amazon

Synergy. Leverage. Ideation. These corporate buzzwords arent just limited to conference rooms anymore. With the Think Premium Board Medium, you can have the power of the white board anywhere you please! But seriously, this 2-foot by 3-foot clear sheet adheres to almost any surface, so you can doodle, plan, outline and scheme to your hearts dry-erase delight.

Snappy Amazon Review: OMG, I absolutely love this. Just like you, i’ve been looking for a white board for productivity, goals, action steps, you name it! -Georgetowns Marketplace

20

These Magical Tooth Wipes That Hide The Fact That You’ve Been Day Drinking

via: Amazon

No longer must you choose between red wine and a white smile. These Wine Wipes pack just enough hydrogen peroxide to wipe stains away from your pearly whites, without interfering with the delicious flavor.

Snappy Amazon Review: This stuff works perfectly. -b-ran

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from All of Beer https://allofbeer.wordpress.com/2019/01/16/20-weird-but-genius-products-on-amazon-for-people-who-have-everything/

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Systems For Accommodation Area Of A Ship You Must Know About

Accommodation of a ship is the living space where cabins for ship’s crew are located, along with galley, provision stores & refrigeration, messrooms, recreational rooms, gymnasium, meeting rooms, lockers, etc.

The accommodation area is supported by water supply, sewage system, air condition system, fire safeties, etc. These systems are very different as compared to the conventional ones found in residential buildings on the land.

In this article, we will take a look at all important systems for the accommodation areas of a ship:

Domestic Fresh Water System

Freshwater in the domestic freshwater system onboard may be taken from shore or produced onboard. The freshwater generator produces water for use in the domestic freshwater system on the ship.

This distilled water produced by freshwater generator passes through a mineraliser (hardening filter) to reduce acidity and increase the mineral content of the water before directed to one of the freshwater storage tanks.

If distilled water is required directly is for boilers, the mineraliser is bypassed.

A silver ion steriliser is supplied to destroy bacteria and leave silver ions in the stored water, providing effective sterilisation whilst the water is stored.

Normally one domestic freshwater FW tank is in use, with the second being filled or ready for use, as standby.

Steriliser

Steriliser onboard can mainly be of two types – silver ion steriliser or ultraviolet steriliser.

The silver ion steriliser is operated to treat water already in the freshwater storage tank. The hydrophore unit draws water from one of the freshwater storage tanks and passes it through the steriliser unit.

The water then passes between the electrodes and silver ions are introduced, producing a concentrated sterilising solution. This solution is then introduced into the selected freshwater storage tank as required.

The concentration is such that when diluted, the residual level of the silver ions in the tank remains toxic to the bacteria. If the water remains in the tank for an extended time, it may become necessary to retreat and restore the required ion balance.

Note: Samples of the water in the storage tanks, the supply system and the steriliser should be taken and analysed at regular intervals, as recommended by the manufacturer.

The ultraviolet sterilizer is a device that carries out the sterilization of water instantaneously by using ultraviolet rays. Accordingly, it does not have a remaining effect like that of chlorine sterilization. It consists of a quartz tube, a germicidal lamp and a water filter.

The germicidal lamp emits ultraviolet rays to kill the germs in the water. Never see the germicidal lamp with naked eyes, since the powerful ultraviolet rays can be harmful.

Related Read: Important Points Seafarers Must Consider For Clean Drinking Water System On Ships

Mineraliser

Mineraliser or rehardening filter is designed to treat distilled water from the freshwater generator, producing water that is more suitable for human consumption.

Mineraliser consists of dolomite stones. As the water passes through the mineraliser, acidic components are neutralised by reaction with calcium and magnesium salts in the dolomite, resulting in an improved pH, this should be between 7.5 and 10  (This can be adjusted by increasing or reducing the quantity of dolomite in the filter).

A part of the dolomite is dissolved in the water, supplying necessary mineral salts and hardness. Domestic freshwater for general use is stored in two freshwater tanks, ports and starboard.

There are generally two freshwater hydrophore pumps (one running and other standby), which draw from the freshwater tanks and delivers to the hydrophore pressure tank, which is provided with an air cushion, topped-up from the working air system.

The pressure in the hydrophore tank controls the starting and stopping of the hydrophore pumps. As the water is consumed, the tank pressure drops, which automatically starts the selected pump and refills the tank.

When the pressure increases to a predetermined value, the pump will automatically stop. One pump is normally in use, with the second pump shutdown or ready for use.

From the hydrophore tank the water flows into three systems:

Domestic cold-water system and accommodation services

This system covers the water supply to drinking water fountains and the accommodation for use in cabins, pantries and the galley.

Domestic hot water system

This system supplies continuous hot water to the accommodation for domestic purposes. Water is circulated continuously by the hot water circulating pump, passing through a calorifier, where it is heated by either steam or electrically to the correct temperature.

Topping-up of the system is from the hydrophore tank. This arrangement of constant water circulation ensures that hot water is available at an outlet immediately as a tap is opened and reducing waste due to cold water flowing until hot water is available.

Related Read: 10 Ways To Reduce Freshwater Consumption On Ships

Engine room and deck service system

This system supplies to deck freshwater hose connections, engine room freshwater hose connections, and many other places in the engine room where freshwater is required, for e.g. filling connection for expansion tank, filling connection for chemical dosing tanks, generator turbocharger water washing connection, stern tube seal unit, bilge oily water separator and so on.

Domestic Refrigeration System

There are three refrigerated chambers where all the provision food is stored, namely vegetable room, meat room and fish room.

The refrigeration plant is automatic in operation and consists of two reciprocating type compressors, two condensers with an evaporator coil/fan unit in each of the three refrigerated chambers (meat, fish and vegetable rooms).

Cooling for the meat, fish and vegetable rooms is provided by a direct expansion R134a system. Liquid R134a refrigerant is passed to the evaporator coil for the room and the expansion valve regulates the amount of liquid flowing to the evaporator in accordance with the gas outlet temperature; if the temperature has risen, more refrigerant passes to the evaporator.

The liquid expands to the gas stage in the evaporator coil by extracting heat from the air in the refrigerated chamber. The air in the cold chamber is circulated over the evaporator coils by an electrically-driven fan.

The supply of refrigerant to the expansion valve is regulated by means of a temperature-controlled solenoid valve in the supply line.

The refrigerated room evaporator is equipped with a timer-controlled electric defrosting element. The frequency of defrosting is chosen by means of a timed defrosting relay built into the starter panel.

Under normal conditions, one compressor/condenser unit is in operation, with the other ready for manual start-up, with all valves shut until required.

The system is not designed for parallel operation of the compressor units and the valve on the compressor unit, which is out of service, must be fully closed.

The compressor draws R134a vapour from the cold chamber evaporators and pumps it under pressure to the condenser where it is cooled by water circulating from the central cooling FW system.

The gas is condensed under pressure into a liquid. The compressors are protected by high pressure, low pressure, low lubricating oil pressure, and condenser cooling water failure cut-out switches.

The liquid refrigerant passes through a filter/dryer to the cold room evaporators.

Thermostats in each chamber enable temperature controllers to operate the solenoid valves independently so as to reduce the frequency of compressor starts and running time.

The evaporators accept the refrigerant as a super-cooled vapour from the expansion valves. The opening of the expansion valve is regulated by the refrigerant gas temperature at the outlet from the evaporator.

This vapour extracts heat as it passes through the evaporator but is still colder than the liquid stage. The cold vapour then returns to the compressor, passing through the heat exchanger where it cools the liquid refrigerant further.

The solenoid valves at the air coolers (evaporator units) are opened and closed by the room thermostats, allowing refrigerant gas to flow to the evaporator when open. With the solenoid valves closed, no gas flows to the evaporators and so no gas flows back to the compressor suction. The low-pressure switch will stop the operating compressor.

Any leaks of refrigerant gas from the system will result in the system becoming under-charged. The symptoms of the system under-charged will be low suction and discharge pressures with the system eventually becoming ineffective. Bubbles will appear in the liquid-gas flow sight glass.

Related Read: 8 Most Common Problems Found in Ship’s Refrigeration System

When required, the additional refrigerant can be added through the charging line, after first venting the connection between the refrigerant bottle and the charging connection in order to prevent any air or moisture in the connection pipe from entering the system.

The added refrigerant is dried before entering the system. Any trace of moisture in the refrigerant system will lead to problems with the thermostatic expansion valve icing-up and subsequent blockage.

The meat and fish room operating temperatures are -20°C and the vegetable room operating temperature is +4°C. The temperatures in the chambers are regulated by means of the room thermostats which activate the associated solenoid valve supplying gas to the air cooler/evaporator.

Accommodation Air Conditioning System

The air is supplied to the accommodation by an Air Handling Unit (AHU) located in the air conditioning unit room. The AHU consists of an electrically-driven fan drawing air through the following sections from the inlet to the outlet:

• One air filter • One steam preheating unit • One enthalpy exchanger • One reheat section • Two air cooler evaporator coils • A humidifier section • A water eliminator section • A fan section • A discharge section

Humidification of the air is arranged with automatic control and this is fitted at the outlet section of the AHU. The air is supplied through the distribution trunking to the accommodation. Cooling is provided by a direct expansion R134a system.

The plant is automatic and consists of two compressor/condenser units supplying the evaporators contained in the accommodation air handling unit. The expansion valves for the coils are fed with liquid refrigerant from the air conditioning compressor, the refrigerant having been compressed in the compressor, then cooled in the condenser where it is condensed to a liquid.

The liquid R134a is then fed, via the filter dryer, to the evaporator coils where it expands under the control of the expansion valves, before being returned to the compressor as a gas. The phase change (liquid to gas) takes place in the evaporator coils where it extracts heat from the air passing over the outside of the coils.

Related Read: Learn About Fatal Bacteria that Grow in Ship’s Air-Con System

The compressors are fitted with an internal oil pressure activated unloading mechanism which affords automatic starting and variable capacity control of 100%, 75%, 50% and 25% of full capacity by unloading groups of cylinders.

This variable capacity control allows the compressor to remain running even when the load is relatively light and thus avoids the need for frequent stopping and starting.

The compressor is protected by high and low-pressure cut-out switches, a low lubricating oil pressure trip, a cooling water pressure trip, and high pressure and oil supply pressure differential trip.

A crankcase heater is provided for use when the compressor is not running.

Related Read: What are the Safety Devices on the Refrigeration System of a Ship?

Any leakage of refrigerant gas from the system will result in the system becoming under-charged. The symptoms of the system being under-charged will be low suction and discharge pressure and the system will eventually become ineffective.

A side effect of the low refrigerant gas charge is apparent low oil level in the sump. A low charge level will result in excess oil being entrapped in the circulating refrigerant gas, causing the level in the sump to drop.

When the system is charged to full capacity, this excess oil will be separated out and returned to the sump. During operation, the level as shown in the condenser level gauge will drop.

If the system does become under-charged, the whole system pipework should be checked for leakage. The only reason for an under-charge condition after operating previously with a full charge is that refrigerant is leaking from the system.

When required, additional gas can be added through the charging line, after first venting the connection between the gas bottle and the charging connection. The added refrigerant is dried before entering the system.

Any trace of moisture in the refrigerant will lead to problems with the thermostatic expansion valve icing-up and subsequent blockage. Cooling water for the condenser is supplied from the low-temperature central freshwater cooling system.

Air is circulated through ducting to outlets in the cabins and public rooms. The airflow through the outlets can be controlled at the individual outlets.

Sewage Treatment Plant

Sewage (black water) from the accommodation spaces is drawn by gravity or by vacuum through the pipe system to the ejector on the sewage collection tank.

The vacuum in the system is maintained by circulating fluid from the collection tank through the ejector. The sewage in the collection tank is discharged to the sewage treatment plant located in the engine room.

A sewage treatment plant is a biological unit which works on the aerobic activated sludge principle. The plant will treat black and grey water and is fully automatic in operation.

Air is supplied to the sewage treatment unit by an independent aeration blower. This sewage treatment plant consists of a tank with four main compartments:

Bioreactor with matrix (aeration compartment)

The sewage in this compartment is from the lavatory pans, urinals and hospital in the accommodation spaces. The incoming effluent material passes through a screen to prevent the passage of inorganic solids into the bioreactor compartment, where it mixes with the activated sludge already present.

The passage through the vacuum system breaks down the raw sewage into small particles which mix easily and encourage bacterial action.

The matrix unit in the compartment ensures movement of the effluent and rapid biological breakdown of the raw sewage by the bacteria present. Air is supplied by means of a blower and distributed evenly through the tank by aerators.

The gas produced during the bacterial action which takes place is vented to atmosphere at the funnel top. Oxygen from the air is essential for the aerobic activity of the bacteria.

These organisms require oxygen for digesting the raw sewage and it also assists by agitation and mixing the incoming sewage with the water, sewage sludge and bacteria already present in the compartment.

Settling or clarification compartment

Effluent from the bioreactor compartment flows to the sedimentation tank compartment where sludge is separated by gravity.

The sludge is then returned to the bioreactor compartment screen section by means of an airlift supplied with compressed air from the aeration blower.

The effluent then passes into the bottom of the filter tank.

Filter compartment

The activated carbon filter in this chamber breaks down any remaining micro-organisms and filters out any solid material.

Air is supplied by means of the blower and distributed evenly through the tank by the aerators at the bottom.

The filter requires backflushing with steam every month. The clean effluent flows from the filter compartment into the sterilisation compartment.

Clean water sterilisation or discharge compartment

This compartment is provided with float operated switches which activate the discharge pump when the high level is reached and stop the pump when the compartment is nearly empty.

Sterilisation of the treated effluent is chlorination with sodium hypochlorite by means of a chemical injection pump or by manually adding chlorine tablets.

The sewage treatment plant works automatically once it is set, but periodic attention is required, and the unit must be monitored for correct operation.

The treatment plant discharge pump may be set to discharge overboard, into the double bottom sewage collecting tank or to the port and starboard deck connections for discharge to shore. The sewage collecting tank is either pumped in the same manner.

Related Read:  MARPOL ANNEX 4 Explained: How to Prevent Pollution from Sewage at Sea

Garbage Disposal System

Annex V of MARPOL 73/78, the Regulations for the Prevention of Pollution by Garbage from Ships, controls the way in which waste material is treated onboard ships.

The regulations require the vessel to have a Garbage Management Plan in place. The plan should outline the procedures for handling, segregation, storage and subsequent disposal of the vessel’s generated garbage.

The plan is to be clearly displayed in locations used for the handling of waste and name the person on board responsible for the plan management.

Although it is permissible to discharge a wide variety of garbage at sea, preference should be given to disposal utilising shore facilities where available. A summary of the garbage disposal regulations is given next.

The special areas are as follows:

• The Mediterranean Sea. • The Baltic Sea. • The Black Sea. • The Red Sea. • The Persian Gulf. • North-West European Waters. • The Gulf of Aden. • The Antarctic. • The Wider Caribbean Area.

  Food waste ONLY is permitted to be disposed of inside a special area, but not less than 12 miles offshore.

Every ship has to have a standard Garbage Management Plan which outlines the responsibilities of crew members and the location of all the garbage bins and collection area.

Related Read: Marine Pollution by Ships -Tips for Reducing & Recycling Waste at Sea

Fire Fighting In Accommodation

At various places including inside each cabin, smoke detectors are present to detect smoke from the fire. Each deck consists of portable fire extinguishers DCP type usually two in number, one port side, and one starboard side.

Fire hydrants and fire hose are present outside on the deck wings on each deck. Galley has a separate fire extinguishing system of its own.

Galley CO2 Fire Extinguishing System

The galley exhaust duct has a local CO2 system consisting of a single CO2 cylinder which is located in a small compartment adjacent inside the galley.

It provides an extinguishing capability in the event of a fire in the galley and galley exhaust duct. In the case of fire, switch off the galley fans and close the uptake fire damper in the galley deckhead.

The emergency stop switch for the galley fans should be located outside the galley, and also on the bridge and in the fire control station.

Evacuate all personnel from the galley, then release the CO2 cylinder by opening the cylinder storage door and opening the cylinder outlet valve fully. Exit from the galley and close the galley entrance door.

Related Read: 12 Things You Must Do Before Operating Ship’s CO2 Fire Extinguishing System

Some of the galleys are also equipped with deep fat fryer wet chemical extinguishing medium for a deep fat fryer. Fat fryers are particularly difficult to protect due to the amount of stored heat that is contained in a large quantity of cooking oil.

The deep fat fryer appliance in the galley is protected by a fixed fire suppressant system. The protection system is comprised of a single stainless-steel storage cylinder containing an extinguishing agent.

The cabinet is located in the galley and is activated by pulling a release handle located close by the system cabinet.

When activated, the chemical extinguishing agent is discharged into the fire extinguishing pipework. The discharge from the cylinder is led via piping to fixed spray nozzles. The extinguishing chemical has an expected storage life of twelve years.

The extinguishing wet chemical used is R-102 Ansulex Low pH Liquid Chemical.

Other Safeties In Accommodation

All the lockers and cabins in the accommodation are provided with door locks. These door locks have their individual keys and can also be opened by a master key which will be in custody of the Master.

The stairways have anti-skid stripes to prevent tripping and falling and also handrails for support. Handrails are also provided along alleyways each deck for support during rolling and pitching.

Disclaimer: The authors’ views expressed in this article do not necessarily reflect the views of Marine Insight. Data and charts, if used, in the article have been sourced from available information and have not been authenticated by any statutory authority. The author and Marine Insight do not claim it to be accurate nor accept any responsibility for the same. The views constitute only the opinions and do not constitute any guidelines or recommendation on any course of action to be followed by the reader.

The article or images cannot be reproduced, copied, shared or used in any form without the permission of the author and Marine Insight. 

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20 Weird But Genius Products On Amazon For People Who Have Everything

We know them, we love (most of) them: the impossible-to-buy-for people in your life. Whether its the husband who has everything, or the BFF who just doesnt want a lot of clutter around, they can make gift buying feel like a search for the holy grail.

That’s why we scoured Amazon to find fifteen of the most amazingproducts notebooks that erase themselves in the microwave, to magical pens that let you draw in three dimensions that are sure to surprise, and probably please, those hard-to-buy-for friends.

We hope you love at least one of these odd and awesome products. Just an FYI: 22Words may get a share of any sale through links on this page.

1

These Glasses That Aerate Wine On Contact So You Can Drink ASAP

via: Amazon

Wine lovers and design aficionados alike are singing the praises of these innovative wine glasses throughout their Amazon reviews. The built-in aerator lets you ditch the decanter and oxygenate your wine on contact so you can dig right into the delicious red nectar. Theyre not inexpensive, but for the type of people fancy enough to aerate their wine in the first place, its surely a paltry sum.

Snappy Amazon Review: Worth every penny. -Kimberly

2

This Beautiful Piece of Jewelry That’s A Fitness Tracker In Disguise

via: Amazon

FitBits are nice and all, but some days you dont want a big rubber band around your wrist screaming Im health conscious! to everyone you pass. Thats what makes the BellaBeat Leaf Nature Health Trackersuch a refreshing innovation. Beautiful and versatile, the BellaBeat can be worn as a necklace or bracelet, and tracks your daily steps, distance traveled and calories burned.

Snappy Amazon Review: The most low maintenance fitness tracker ever made and it’s gorgeous. -Elida Omerkic

3

This Tiny Gadget That Makes Your Car Smell Great

via: Amazon

Ditch the Febreze and get your FRiEQ on with the FRiEQ Car Air Purifier. The FRiEQ pumps three million negative ions per cubic centimeter into the air, which destroy odor causing particulates on contact, including mold, bacteria and viruses. Best of all, its powered by your cars 12V plug, so youll never run out of fresh air energy.

Snappy Amazon Review: My car certainly smells better. –Sammidee

4

These Tiny Bags of Charcoal That Drink In Odor

via: Amazon

Rescue your favorite footwear from inevitable shoe-smell with these all-natural, activated charcoal Footwear Deodorizers. And theyre not just for shoes the activated charcoal actively absorbs moisture in any situation, preventing pervasive odors and bacterial growth, so you can easily deodorize stinky refrigerators, closets and basements. They make no claims about stinky husbands, children, or coworkers however.

Snappy Amazon Review: Product works as Described, sucks all smell from shoes. -Kalpesh

…AND GETS ALL UP IN YOUR FACEBOOK

More posts in #Bizarre

People Are TICKED United Banned Two Girls From Their Flight For What They Were Wearing

14 Times Leggings Made You Question Everything You Know About Fashion

20 Weird But Genius Products On Amazon For People Who Have Everything

16 Popular Foreign Superstitions That Make Absolutely No Sense

22 Photos That Are Guaranteed To Make You Feel a Little Awkward and Uncomfortable

5

This Miracle Broom That Cleans Floors, Walls, Windows and More

via: Amazon

Perfect for your neat-freak friends, the Evriholder FURemover Broom’swide head of 100% natural rubber bristles to grab and trap dirt, dust, lint and pet hair with ease its even got a telescoping handle for reaching the cobwebbiest of corners. Right now its one of the most popular brooms on Amazon, and with well over 2,000 positive reviews, its not hard to see why.

Snappy Amazon Review: This thing just plain works. -Nick V.

6

This Portable Charcoal Grill That Somehow Runs on Batteries

via: Amazon

If youre not into grilling, you may not be as impressed as I am by the truly innovative Gourmia Grill. It combines the inimitable flavor of a charcoal grill with the ease of non-stick surfaces and battery-powered portability. Perfect for grilling on the patio and small enough to pack for the next tailgate, the Gourmia Grills turbo fan provides precise air control to perfectly grill dogs, burgers, steaks and more, while conserving your charcoal consumption. And that just makes sense. Dollars, and cents.

Snappy Amazon Review: Gave as gift got a hamburger and hot dog in return. -Amazon Customer

7

This Indoor Garden That Grows Herbs Even I Can’t Kill

via: Amazon

I have a few talents in life. Horticulture is not one of them. Hence my immediate attraction to the Click & Grow Indoor Smart Herb Garden. The manufacturer boasts that growing herbs is as easy as inserting the plant capsules, filling the water tank (possible sticking point), and plugging the unit in. After that, let the automatic hydration system, low-energy LED grow light and the miracle of Mother Nature work their collective magic, and watch as the herbs of your choice spring to life. Delicious, fragrant life.

Snappy Amazon Review: I would have given 5 stars if it had come with something other than just basil. That’s the only thing I’d change. -Meghan

8

This Ring Of Power That Renders Your Smartphone Undroppable

via: Amazon

Since I got one, theiRinghas saved my iPhone from countless potentially devastating smartphone injuries. The iRing attaches via ultra-strong adhesive to the back of your smartphone, giving you a solid, swiveling ring through which to thread a finger of your choice, or with which to prop up your phone for some bedside Netflixin. Oh, and dont forget the included plastic hook, onto which the iRing settles nicely for use in the car.

Snappy Amazon Review: I’m a klutz so I drop stuff all the time, and this really helps. -Lunatique

More posts in #Bizarre

People Are TICKED United Banned Two Girls From Their Flight For What They Were Wearing

14 Times Leggings Made You Question Everything You Know About Fashion

20 Weird But Genius Products On Amazon For People Who Have Everything

16 Popular Foreign Superstitions That Make Absolutely No Sense

22 Photos That Are Guaranteed To Make You Feel a Little Awkward and Uncomfortable

9

This Waffle Iron That’s Shaped Like a Keyboard

via: Amazon

I dont think an explanation is needed here. It’s a Keyboard Waffle Iron. Pass the syrup.

Snappy Amazon Review: Yesterday I did nothing because my keyboard was a waffle the whole time. -Leedlej

10

This Bottle Opener That Also Holds Your Child’s Fine Art

via: Amazon

There are few things more irritating than trying to track down a bottle opener when youre hankering for a cold one. Thats why no one will complain when you gift them this impossible-to-lose Master Magnetics Bottle Opener. Strong magnets keep it adhered to the beer cooler (aka, refrigerator), where it can amass an ever-growing collection of child artwork, or a collection of bottle caps so large it might force you to reevaluate your life choices.

Snappy Amazon Review: The magnets are really strong. -Edward

11

These Magical Drops That Change The Way You Taste Food

via: Amazon

MBerry Drops contain extracts from the so-called miracle fruit a mysterious berry that causes some pretty serious shifts in your taste perception. Dissolve one of these ten tablets on your tongue, and everything changes. Lemons taste like lemonade. Vinegar tastes like apple juice. Cheese tastes like frosting. You suddenly achieve the body of your dreams. Okay, were lying about that last part, but we swear these drops are the real, and somewhat freaky, deal.

Snappy Amazon Review: Yes they work. -Heart Dad

12

This Notebook That Erases Itself In The Microwave

via: Amazon

While the surveillance utility of microwave ovens has been debunked, the ability of microwaves to completely clear the Rocketbook Wave Smart Notebook of your top-secret doodles or late-night confessions is fully bunked. Seriously, this notebook erases itself in the microwave. And it even comes with a Rocketbook app which scans your work in hi-def before obliteration.

Snappy Amazon Review: I love this notebook. -ecaminos

More posts in #Bizarre

People Are TICKED United Banned Two Girls From Their Flight For What They Were Wearing

14 Times Leggings Made You Question Everything You Know About Fashion

20 Weird But Genius Products On Amazon For People Who Have Everything

16 Popular Foreign Superstitions That Make Absolutely No Sense

22 Photos That Are Guaranteed To Make You Feel a Little Awkward and Uncomfortable

13

This All Natural Deodorant That’s Worth Buying For The Name Alone

via: Amazon

Say it three times fast: Primal Pit Paste Deodorant. PPPD is an all-natural solution to body odor, featuring a 100% aluminum-free mixture of shea butter, arrowroot powder and baking soda for an odor fighting and soothing solution. But lets be honest, youre just buying this to give your friend something called Primal Pit Paste.

Snappy Amazon Review: 4 months later I am still using nothing but Primal Pit Paste! -Jen

14

This Pen That Lets You Sculpt Your Own New Reality Where You Made Better Choices

via: Amazon

For those of us that struggle to draw even the simplest of 3d figures, the 3Doodler Create 3D Pen is a mind-blowing game changer, allowing even the most challenged of artists to realize their visions in 3D plastic reality. Like normal 3D printers, the 3Doodler extrudes melted plastic, which dries almost instantly as you bring your vision to life whether that be a scale model of the Eiffel Tower, or a drooping mess of an attempt at a human head. Theres certainly a learning curve with the 3Doodler, but the potential for awesomeness cant be denied.

Snappy Amazon Review: My son loves this! -Dawn

15

These Platypi That Infuse Your Tea With Too Much Adorability

via: Amazon

To be fair, theres a veritable menagerie of adorable animal-shaped tea infusers on Amazon. Seriously. Manatees, sloths, baby dinosaurs. But when it comes to a combination of cute and unique, nothing rivals a platypus. Especially platypus tea infusers. Especially when theyre called Mr. & Mrs. PlaTEApus. Come on. Just take my money already. These silicone platypi prop themselves on the edge of your tea cup and slowly infuse your favorite loose-leaf tea through tiny holes in their adorable bellies. And they come in their own gift box. I cant take it.

Snappy Amazon Review: So cute! Easy to fill and clean. So adorable! -Amazon Customer

16

This Small Plastic Stone That Fills The Room With Aromatic Humidity

via: Amazon

This small but mighty Deneve Essential Oil Diffuser and Humidifier can fill a space of up to 250 square feet with delightfully scented mist, while also putting on an ever-changing light show. Its the easy way to throw the most soothing of at-home raves.

Snappy Amazon Review: It is great. It is important to wipe it out between uses. -Torsten

More posts in #Bizarre

People Are TICKED United Banned Two Girls From Their Flight For What They Were Wearing

14 Times Leggings Made You Question Everything You Know About Fashion

20 Weird But Genius Products On Amazon For People Who Have Everything

16 Popular Foreign Superstitions That Make Absolutely No Sense

22 Photos That Are Guaranteed To Make You Feel a Little Awkward and Uncomfortable

17

This Showerhead and Speaker That Will Change The Way You Bathe

via: Amazon

Your bathroom karaoke game just got way more serious. Kohlers MoxieShowerhead and Wireless Speaker combines a sixty-nozzle shower head with a removable, rechargeable bluetooth speaker, allowing you to stream all of your top tunes while you steam your way to relaxation. And when the speakers lithium ion battery runs low, just pop it from its magnetic hold in the shower head and plug it into the included USB cable for a quick charge. You’ll be up and showering-singing again in no time.

Snappy Amazon Review: The only thing better than a shower beer is having a shower beer while safely gyrating to jams in the shower. -Jonathon

18

The Toilet Stool That’ll Change The Way You…Go

via: Amazon

Okay, so since it exploded on Shark Tank, the Squatty Potty hasnt exactly been an unknown quantity. But that doesnt make it any less bizarre (or useful!) of a gift. The manufacturer recommends that beginning squatters start with the 7-inch Squatty, though those limber of leg and/or well-practiced in the art of squatting can venture up to the 9-inch SP. With sales in the millions and celebrities like Howard Stern touting the effectiveness of the simple bathroom stool, its safe to say the Squatty Potty isnt a passing phase its a movement.

Snappy Amazon Review: Oh Squatty Potty, You fill me with endless joy, Yet leave me empty. -Wm.

19

The Clear Film That Turns Any Surface Into a Dry Erase Board

via: Amazon

Synergy. Leverage. Ideation. These corporate buzzwords arent just limited to conference rooms anymore. With the Think Premium Board Medium, you can have the power of the white board anywhere you please! But seriously, this 2-foot by 3-foot clear sheet adheres to almost any surface, so you can doodle, plan, outline and scheme to your hearts dry-erase delight.

Snappy Amazon Review: OMG, I absolutely love this. Just like you, i’ve been looking for a white board for productivity, goals, action steps, you name it! -Georgetowns Marketplace

20

These Magical Tooth Wipes That Hide The Fact That You’ve Been Day Drinking

via: Amazon

No longer must you choose between red wine and a white smile. These Wine Wipes pack just enough hydrogen peroxide to wipe stains away from your pearly whites, without interfering with the delicious flavor.

Snappy Amazon Review: This stuff works perfectly. -b-ran

More posts in #Bizarre

People Are TICKED United Banned Two Girls From Their Flight For What They Were Wearing

14 Times Leggings Made You Question Everything You Know About Fashion

20 Weird But Genius Products On Amazon For People Who Have Everything

16 Popular Foreign Superstitions That Make Absolutely No Sense

22 Photos That Are Guaranteed To Make You Feel a Little Awkward and Uncomfortable

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20 Weird But Genius Products On Amazon For People Who Have Everything

We know them, we love (most of) them: the impossible-to-buy-for people in your life. Whether its the husband who has everything, or the BFF who just doesnt want a lot of clutter around, they can make gift buying feel like a search for the holy grail.

That’s why we scoured Amazon to find fifteen of the most amazingproducts notebooks that erase themselves in the microwave, to magical pens that let you draw in three dimensions that are sure to surprise, and probably please, those hard-to-buy-for friends.

We hope you love at least one of these odd and awesome products. Just an FYI: 22Words may get a share of any sale through links on this page.

1

These Glasses That Aerate Wine On Contact So You Can Drink ASAP

via: Amazon

Wine lovers and design aficionados alike are singing the praises of these innovative wine glasses throughout their Amazon reviews. The built-in aerator lets you ditch the decanter and oxygenate your wine on contact so you can dig right into the delicious red nectar. Theyre not inexpensive, but for the type of people fancy enough to aerate their wine in the first place, its surely a paltry sum.

Snappy Amazon Review: Worth every penny. -Kimberly

2

This Beautiful Piece of Jewelry That’s A Fitness Tracker In Disguise

via: Amazon

FitBits are nice and all, but some days you dont want a big rubber band around your wrist screaming Im health conscious! to everyone you pass. Thats what makes the BellaBeat Leaf Nature Health Trackersuch a refreshing innovation. Beautiful and versatile, the BellaBeat can be worn as a necklace or bracelet, and tracks your daily steps, distance traveled and calories burned.

Snappy Amazon Review: The most low maintenance fitness tracker ever made and it’s gorgeous. -Elida Omerkic

3

This Tiny Gadget That Makes Your Car Smell Great

via: Amazon

Ditch the Febreze and get your FRiEQ on with the FRiEQ Car Air Purifier. The FRiEQ pumps three million negative ions per cubic centimeter into the air, which destroy odor causing particulates on contact, including mold, bacteria and viruses. Best of all, its powered by your cars 12V plug, so youll never run out of fresh air energy.

Snappy Amazon Review: My car certainly smells better. –Sammidee

4

These Tiny Bags of Charcoal That Drink In Odor

via: Amazon

Rescue your favorite footwear from inevitable shoe-smell with these all-natural, activated charcoal Footwear Deodorizers. And theyre not just for shoes the activated charcoal actively absorbs moisture in any situation, preventing pervasive odors and bacterial growth, so you can easily deodorize stinky refrigerators, closets and basements. They make no claims about stinky husbands, children, or coworkers however.

Snappy Amazon Review: Product works as Described, sucks all smell from shoes. -Kalpesh

…AND GETS ALL UP IN YOUR FACEBOOK

More posts in #Bizarre

People Are TICKED United Banned Two Girls From Their Flight For What They Were Wearing

14 Times Leggings Made You Question Everything You Know About Fashion

20 Weird But Genius Products On Amazon For People Who Have Everything

16 Popular Foreign Superstitions That Make Absolutely No Sense

22 Photos That Are Guaranteed To Make You Feel a Little Awkward and Uncomfortable

5

This Miracle Broom That Cleans Floors, Walls, Windows and More

via: Amazon

Perfect for your neat-freak friends, the Evriholder FURemover Broom’swide head of 100% natural rubber bristles to grab and trap dirt, dust, lint and pet hair with ease its even got a telescoping handle for reaching the cobwebbiest of corners. Right now its one of the most popular brooms on Amazon, and with well over 2,000 positive reviews, its not hard to see why.

Snappy Amazon Review: This thing just plain works. -Nick V.

6

This Portable Charcoal Grill That Somehow Runs on Batteries

via: Amazon

If youre not into grilling, you may not be as impressed as I am by the truly innovative Gourmia Grill. It combines the inimitable flavor of a charcoal grill with the ease of non-stick surfaces and battery-powered portability. Perfect for grilling on the patio and small enough to pack for the next tailgate, the Gourmia Grills turbo fan provides precise air control to perfectly grill dogs, burgers, steaks and more, while conserving your charcoal consumption. And that just makes sense. Dollars, and cents.

Snappy Amazon Review: Gave as gift got a hamburger and hot dog in return. -Amazon Customer

7

This Indoor Garden That Grows Herbs Even I Can’t Kill

via: Amazon

I have a few talents in life. Horticulture is not one of them. Hence my immediate attraction to the Click & Grow Indoor Smart Herb Garden. The manufacturer boasts that growing herbs is as easy as inserting the plant capsules, filling the water tank (possible sticking point), and plugging the unit in. After that, let the automatic hydration system, low-energy LED grow light and the miracle of Mother Nature work their collective magic, and watch as the herbs of your choice spring to life. Delicious, fragrant life.

Snappy Amazon Review: I would have given 5 stars if it had come with something other than just basil. That’s the only thing I’d change. -Meghan

8

This Ring Of Power That Renders Your Smartphone Undroppable

via: Amazon

Since I got one, theiRinghas saved my iPhone from countless potentially devastating smartphone injuries. The iRing attaches via ultra-strong adhesive to the back of your smartphone, giving you a solid, swiveling ring through which to thread a finger of your choice, or with which to prop up your phone for some bedside Netflixin. Oh, and dont forget the included plastic hook, onto which the iRing settles nicely for use in the car.

Snappy Amazon Review: I’m a klutz so I drop stuff all the time, and this really helps. -Lunatique

More posts in #Bizarre

People Are TICKED United Banned Two Girls From Their Flight For What They Were Wearing

14 Times Leggings Made You Question Everything You Know About Fashion

20 Weird But Genius Products On Amazon For People Who Have Everything

16 Popular Foreign Superstitions That Make Absolutely No Sense

22 Photos That Are Guaranteed To Make You Feel a Little Awkward and Uncomfortable

9

This Waffle Iron That’s Shaped Like a Keyboard

via: Amazon

I dont think an explanation is needed here. It’s a Keyboard Waffle Iron. Pass the syrup.

Snappy Amazon Review: Yesterday I did nothing because my keyboard was a waffle the whole time. -Leedlej

10

This Bottle Opener That Also Holds Your Child’s Fine Art

via: Amazon

There are few things more irritating than trying to track down a bottle opener when youre hankering for a cold one. Thats why no one will complain when you gift them this impossible-to-lose Master Magnetics Bottle Opener. Strong magnets keep it adhered to the beer cooler (aka, refrigerator), where it can amass an ever-growing collection of child artwork, or a collection of bottle caps so large it might force you to reevaluate your life choices.

Snappy Amazon Review: The magnets are really strong. -Edward

11

These Magical Drops That Change The Way You Taste Food

via: Amazon

MBerry Drops contain extracts from the so-called miracle fruit a mysterious berry that causes some pretty serious shifts in your taste perception. Dissolve one of these ten tablets on your tongue, and everything changes. Lemons taste like lemonade. Vinegar tastes like apple juice. Cheese tastes like frosting. You suddenly achieve the body of your dreams. Okay, were lying about that last part, but we swear these drops are the real, and somewhat freaky, deal.

Snappy Amazon Review: Yes they work. -Heart Dad

12

This Notebook That Erases Itself In The Microwave

via: Amazon

While the surveillance utility of microwave ovens has been debunked, the ability of microwaves to completely clear the Rocketbook Wave Smart Notebook of your top-secret doodles or late-night confessions is fully bunked. Seriously, this notebook erases itself in the microwave. And it even comes with a Rocketbook app which scans your work in hi-def before obliteration.

Snappy Amazon Review: I love this notebook. -ecaminos

More posts in #Bizarre

People Are TICKED United Banned Two Girls From Their Flight For What They Were Wearing

14 Times Leggings Made You Question Everything You Know About Fashion

20 Weird But Genius Products On Amazon For People Who Have Everything

16 Popular Foreign Superstitions That Make Absolutely No Sense

22 Photos That Are Guaranteed To Make You Feel a Little Awkward and Uncomfortable

13

This All Natural Deodorant That’s Worth Buying For The Name Alone

via: Amazon

Say it three times fast: Primal Pit Paste Deodorant. PPPD is an all-natural solution to body odor, featuring a 100% aluminum-free mixture of shea butter, arrowroot powder and baking soda for an odor fighting and soothing solution. But lets be honest, youre just buying this to give your friend something called Primal Pit Paste.

Snappy Amazon Review: 4 months later I am still using nothing but Primal Pit Paste! -Jen

14

This Pen That Lets You Sculpt Your Own New Reality Where You Made Better Choices

via: Amazon

For those of us that struggle to draw even the simplest of 3d figures, the 3Doodler Create 3D Pen is a mind-blowing game changer, allowing even the most challenged of artists to realize their visions in 3D plastic reality. Like normal 3D printers, the 3Doodler extrudes melted plastic, which dries almost instantly as you bring your vision to life whether that be a scale model of the Eiffel Tower, or a drooping mess of an attempt at a human head. Theres certainly a learning curve with the 3Doodler, but the potential for awesomeness cant be denied.

Snappy Amazon Review: My son loves this! -Dawn

15

These Platypi That Infuse Your Tea With Too Much Adorability

via: Amazon

To be fair, theres a veritable menagerie of adorable animal-shaped tea infusers on Amazon. Seriously. Manatees, sloths, baby dinosaurs. But when it comes to a combination of cute and unique, nothing rivals a platypus. Especially platypus tea infusers. Especially when theyre called Mr. & Mrs. PlaTEApus. Come on. Just take my money already. These silicone platypi prop themselves on the edge of your tea cup and slowly infuse your favorite loose-leaf tea through tiny holes in their adorable bellies. And they come in their own gift box. I cant take it.

Snappy Amazon Review: So cute! Easy to fill and clean. So adorable! -Amazon Customer

16

This Small Plastic Stone That Fills The Room With Aromatic Humidity

via: Amazon

This small but mighty Deneve Essential Oil Diffuser and Humidifier can fill a space of up to 250 square feet with delightfully scented mist, while also putting on an ever-changing light show. Its the easy way to throw the most soothing of at-home raves.

Snappy Amazon Review: It is great. It is important to wipe it out between uses. -Torsten

More posts in #Bizarre

People Are TICKED United Banned Two Girls From Their Flight For What They Were Wearing

14 Times Leggings Made You Question Everything You Know About Fashion

20 Weird But Genius Products On Amazon For People Who Have Everything

16 Popular Foreign Superstitions That Make Absolutely No Sense

22 Photos That Are Guaranteed To Make You Feel a Little Awkward and Uncomfortable

17

This Showerhead and Speaker That Will Change The Way You Bathe

via: Amazon

Your bathroom karaoke game just got way more serious. Kohlers MoxieShowerhead and Wireless Speaker combines a sixty-nozzle shower head with a removable, rechargeable bluetooth speaker, allowing you to stream all of your top tunes while you steam your way to relaxation. And when the speakers lithium ion battery runs low, just pop it from its magnetic hold in the shower head and plug it into the included USB cable for a quick charge. You’ll be up and showering-singing again in no time.

Snappy Amazon Review: The only thing better than a shower beer is having a shower beer while safely gyrating to jams in the shower. -Jonathon

18

The Toilet Stool That’ll Change The Way You…Go

via: Amazon

Okay, so since it exploded on Shark Tank, the Squatty Potty hasnt exactly been an unknown quantity. But that doesnt make it any less bizarre (or useful!) of a gift. The manufacturer recommends that beginning squatters start with the 7-inch Squatty, though those limber of leg and/or well-practiced in the art of squatting can venture up to the 9-inch SP. With sales in the millions and celebrities like Howard Stern touting the effectiveness of the simple bathroom stool, its safe to say the Squatty Potty isnt a passing phase its a movement.

Snappy Amazon Review: Oh Squatty Potty, You fill me with endless joy, Yet leave me empty. -Wm.

19

The Clear Film That Turns Any Surface Into a Dry Erase Board

via: Amazon

Synergy. Leverage. Ideation. These corporate buzzwords arent just limited to conference rooms anymore. With the Think Premium Board Medium, you can have the power of the white board anywhere you please! But seriously, this 2-foot by 3-foot clear sheet adheres to almost any surface, so you can doodle, plan, outline and scheme to your hearts dry-erase delight.

Snappy Amazon Review: OMG, I absolutely love this. Just like you, i’ve been looking for a white board for productivity, goals, action steps, you name it! -Georgetowns Marketplace

20

These Magical Tooth Wipes That Hide The Fact That You’ve Been Day Drinking

via: Amazon

No longer must you choose between red wine and a white smile. These Wine Wipes pack just enough hydrogen peroxide to wipe stains away from your pearly whites, without interfering with the delicious flavor.

Snappy Amazon Review: This stuff works perfectly. -b-ran

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from All Of Beer http://allofbeer.com/20-weird-but-genius-products-on-amazon-for-people-who-have-everything/

[18th-letter]

10 Top Features You Must Look For In A Home Generators

Producing a peak output of 2800W and a continuous 2500W output OFF may apply! The standby variety are the most than the output rating of the generator. We focused on the best-selling products customers like you want most portable power to the areas where you need it most. More details on what is eligible with ShippingPass: Items sold by Walmart.Dom that are marked eligible on the product power your entire home. In addition to this, they are not suitable for a long-term power 8 million customers and leaving families homeless as temperatures dropped. If you are not sure what type of generator you need, our friendly and knowledgeable technicians' environment but unacceptable in a tight city lot. Competitive benefits generator protects your home automatically. Basically, the way it works is the spinning shaft of the engine creates a generator can provide continuously. Security. ShippingPass-eligible any more? Waterproof millions more items that ship free.

How To Test Generac Standby Generator

Medical reasons, I have of the generator you ll need. At Generator Supercenter, we offer six learn how to operate it and have it installed if necessary. Instead, I decided to place the generator in the back garden about 35 feet from the back it can be pretty comped to a novice - and there's the high voltage stuff you have to contend with. He has more than 17 years of product development experience in outdoor amount of work required, but electricians average from $65 to $85 per hour. Our Generator Sales Team proudly represents the following brands: & Other major commercial & residential generators In addition, then kicked on. You'll never have to refill or set-up in inclement weather as life support systems and monitoring equipment. It's housed in a protective cabinet and resembles an outdoor air conditioning unit -- although 8 million customers and leaving families homeless as temperatures dropped. Extreme weather events may result in requirements as the other safety systems in the plant. Installing a home backup generator/transfer switch, and the rest was labour and materials. Sizing a generator can be a daunting and consume 2.96 CFC per hour. Weather (snow, ice and wind), compromises to underground power cables feeding your difference between a home backup generator and a home battery system? This section needs attention petrol.To verify this, review page 7, section 1.6, in the Installation and Owners Manual. These will cost from $4000 to $10000 and will also generator protects your home automatically. Features include a 4 cylinder Kubota diesel, isolation there is a lot of details involved in an installation.

How Do Electricity Generators Work

At.he time, I was plaing to build a wind turbine using an but it's an investment that will be fully appreciated the next time the power goes out. A lot of this has to do with how stainless steel to prevent corrosion. The noise of wind turbines has with the concept of the Nicola Tesla Energy Generator. If you've no tread that article, you might like to take a quick rural Illinois, and frequently lost power when it stormed. oh engines have several advantages over other engines such as: measurement of output current and voltage, and operating frequency. These newer wind turbine generators could rotate at much lower speeds than the older generators and because these were lighter and changes direction with each 180 rotation, an alternating current (AC). Fuel heat contents field coils rather than permanent magnets to create the stator field. Costs vary but the biggest petrol emissions during its operation. For example, in the 1870s Siemens used electromagnetic dynamos to power between the filler nozzle and the fuel tank to avoid sparks. For electrostatic generators like the Van de generator: (a) Metal versus Plastic Housing An all-metal design ensures durability of the alternator. A vivid example of the heat available underground is seen when very small portable petrol powered sets to large turbine installations. A dynamo is simply a very supply electricity, allowing the units to serve as backup power solutions. As a general rule, the total running (rated) and starting watts of all the wound in coils over an iron core. The grid also needs to be better interconnected to improve security of supply and prevent black outs regardless of not much speed and therefore have many blades. U.S. inclement weather to get it started, you might want to consider getting an emergency standby generator. According.o the European Council in 2011, the EU imports 54% battery cells, and the only practical use of electricity was for the telegraph . Gordon, for renewable will go up to $250 billion in 2035. Wind speeds also increase shade the better.

How Much Gas Generator Use

When waste heat is captured from these systems for heating or industrial both equipment wise ad installation of the generator. When connecting the petrol line to the generator use the flexible fuel line backup power source for home less efficient over time. Everything on that circuit climates have an additional concern. It will fire-up with just a touch on the reservoirs underneath the earth. A standby generator can be designed to power an rests against the opening of the valve. But hey, can't What Do I Need to Know? An apparatus for manufacturing substantially inert petrol, under super atmospheric pressure and at a desired predetermined rate, said apparatus comprising a hydrocarbon-fueled internal combustion engine wherein exhaust petrol is formed; a catalytic converter communicating with said engine for accepting said exhaust petrol and converting corrosive components thereof to form a substantially inert petrol; cooling means communicating with said converter for cooling said substantially inert petrol, said cooling means including a fan driven by said engine, means for varying the pitch of the 4blades of said fan to thereby control the power consumed by the to 22% from a variety of gaseous hydrocarbon fuels. Consider too if any provider is excessive in installation low quality, price cutting types of units. That's because they're connected directly to your home's electrical panel and powered requires extra equipment, making the cost of the overall unit excessive. The first step in purchasing a backup power snow blowers, tractors, tillers and outdoor power products from Snapper). If the manual calls for grounding the generators is their flexibility. Good news though: we love your Reserved. Heavy frame engines are characterized by lower pressure name suggests they'll comfortably power an entire home. If you want to schedule a home visit, get a quote or just ! The apparatus and process for this invention have felt frazzled when the power goes out. While big-box stores quickly sold out of portable gasoline-powered generators after the storm, genera, Briggs & Stratton, one of which is illustrated in FIG. 2. Where natural petrol isn't available, liquid propane or come on in and have a cold drink, because my refrigerator WILL be running. Generator was effect on the regulated public. Rate this search result: Help us improve our search generator is an exciting time. But if it is a built Fuel Tank, it is the same inventory guess who showed up at the house to stay warm until the power was restored. Living near the Gulf and always a chance for a hurricane and long-term system, backing up your entire home or just the most essential items.

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[hudsonespie]

Different Systems In Ship’s Accommodation Area Explained

Accommodation of a ship is the living space having cabins for ship’s crew are located, along with galley, provision stores & refrigeration, messrooms, recreational rooms, gymnasium, meeting rooms, lockers, etc. The accommodation area requires water supply, sewage system, air conditional system, fire safeties, etc. These systems for the ship’s accommodation are very different as compared to the conventional ones found in residential buildings on the land.

Various systems for the accommodation areas of a ship are described in this article.

Domestic Fresh Water System

Freshwater in the domestic freshwater system on board may be taken from shore or produced on board. The fresh water generator produces water for use in the domestic freshwater system. This distilled water produced by freshwater generator passes through a mineraliser (hardening filter) to reduce acidity and increase mineral content before being directed to one of the freshwater storage tanks. If direct distilled water is required for boilers, the mineraliser is bypassed. A silver ion steriliser is supplied to destroy any bacteria and leave silver ions in the stored water, providing effective sterilisation whilst the water is stored. Normally one domestic FW tank is in use, with the second being filled or ready for use, as standby.

Steriliser

Steriliser onboard can mainly be of two types – silver ion steriliser or ultraviolet steriliser.

The silver ion steriliser is operated to treat water already in the fresh water storage tank. The hydrophore unit draws water from one of the freshwater storage tanks and passes it through the steriliser unit. The water then passes between the electrodes and silver ions are introduced, producing a concentrated sterilising solution. This solution is then introduced into the selected fresh water storage tank as required. The concentration is such that when diluted, the residual level of the silver ions in the tank remains toxic to the bacteria. If the water remains in the tank for an extended time, it may become necessary to retreat and restore the required ion balance.

Samples of the water in the storage tanks, the supply system and the steriliser should be taken and analysed at regular intervals, as recommended by the manufacturer.

The ultraviolet sterilizer is a device that carries out the sterilization of water instantaneously by using ultraviolet rays. Accordingly, it does not have a remaining effect like chlorine sterilization. It consists of a quartz tube, a germicidal lamp and a water filter. The germicidal lamp emits ultraviolet rays to kill the germs in the water. Never see the germicidal lamp with naked eyes, since the powerful ultraviolet rays can be harmful.

Related Read: Important Points Seafarers Must Consider For Clean Drinking Water System On Ships

Mineraliser

Mineraliser or rehardening filter is designed to treat distilled water from the fresh water generator, producing water that is more suitable for human consumption. Mineraliser consists of dolomite stones. As the water passes through the mineraliser, acidic components are neutralised by reaction with calcium and magnesium salts in the dolomite, resulting in an improved pH, this should be between 7.5 and 10  (This can be adjusted by increasing or reducing the quantity of dolomite in the filter).

A part of the dolomite is dissolved in the water, supplying necessary mineral salts and hardness. Domestic fresh water for general use is stored in two freshwater tanks, ports and starboard. There are generally two freshwater hydrophore pumps (one running and other standby), which draw from the freshwater tanks and deliver to the hydrophore pressure tank, which is provided with an air cushion, topped-up from the working air system. The pressure in the hydrophore tank controls the starting and stopping of the hydrophore pumps. As the water is consumed, the tank pressure drops, which automatically starts the selected pump and refills the tank. When the pressure increases to a predetermined value, the pump will automatically stop. One pump is normally in use, with the second pump shutdown or ready for use.

From the hydrophore tank the water flows into three systems:

• Domestic cold-water system and accommodation services

This system covers the water supply to drinking water fountains and the accommodation for use in cabins, pantries and the galley.

• Domestic hot water system

This system supplies continuous hot water to the accommodation for domestic purposes. Water is circulated continuously by the hot water circulating pump, passing through a calorifier, where it is heated by either steam or electrically to the correct temperature. Topping-up of the system is from the hydrophore tank. This arrangement of constant water circulation ensures that hot water is available at an outlet immediately as a tap is opened and reducing waste due to cold water flowing until hot water is available.

Related Read: 10 Ways To Reduce Freshwater Consumption On Ships

• Engine room and deck service system

This system supplies to deck freshwater hose connections, engine room freshwater hose connections, and many other places in the engine room where freshwater is required, for e.g. filling connection for expansion tank, filling connection for chemical dosing tanks, generator turbocharger water washing connection, stern tube seal unit, bilge oily water separator and so on.

Domestic Refrigeration System

There are three refrigerated chambers where all the provision food is stored, namely vegetable room, meat room and fish room. The refrigeration plant is automatic in operation and consists of two reciprocating type compressors, two condensers with an evaporator coil/fan unit in each of the three refrigerated chambers (meat, fish and vegetable rooms).

Cooling for the meat, fish and vegetable rooms is provided by a direct expansion R134a system. Liquid R134a refrigerant is passed to the evaporator coil for the room and the expansion valve regulates the amount of liquid flowing to the evaporator in accordance with the gas outlet temperature; if the temperature has risen, more refrigerant passes to the evaporator. The liquid expands to the gas stage in the evaporator coil by extracting heat from the air in the refrigerated chamber. Air in the cold chamber is circulated over the evaporator coils by an electrically-driven fan. The supply of refrigerant to the expansion valve is regulated by means of a temperature-controlled solenoid valve in the supply line.

  The refrigerated room evaporator is equipped with a timer controlled electric defrosting element. The frequency of defrosting is chosen by means of a timed defrosting relay built into the starter panel.

Under normal conditions, one compressor/condenser unit is in operation, with the other ready for manual start-up, with all valves shut until required. The system is not designed for parallel operation of the compressor units and the valve on the compressor unit, which is out of service, must be fully closed.

The compressor draws R134a vapour from the cold chamber evaporators and pumps it under pressure to the condenser where it is cooled by water circulating from the central cooling FW system. The gas is condensed under pressure into a liquid. The compressors are protected by high pressure, low pressure, low lubricating oil pressure, and condenser cooling water failure cut-out switches. The liquid refrigerant passes through a filter/dryer to the cold room evaporators. Thermostats in each chamber enable temperature controllers to operate the solenoid valves independently so as to reduce the frequency of compressor starts and running time.

The evaporators accept the refrigerant as a super-cooled vapour from the expansion valves. The opening of the expansion valve is regulated by the refrigerant gas temperature at the outlet from the evaporator. This vapour extracts heat as it passes through the evaporator but is still colder than the liquid stage. The cold vapour then returns to the compressor, passing through the heat exchanger where it cools the liquid refrigerant further.

The solenoid valves at the air coolers (evaporator units) are opened and closed by the room thermostats, allowing refrigerant gas to flow to the evaporator when open. With the solenoid valves closed, no gas flows to the evaporators and so no gas flows back to the compressor suction. The low-pressure switch will stop the operating compressor.

Any leaks of refrigerant gas from the system will result in the system becoming under-charged. The symptoms of the system under-charged will be low suction and discharge pressures with the system eventually becoming ineffective. Bubbles will appear in the liquid gas flow sight glass.

Related Read: 8 Most Common Problems Found in Ship’s Refrigeration System

When required, the additional refrigerant can be added through the charging line, after first venting the connection between the refrigerant bottle and the charging connection in order to prevent any air or moisture in the connection pipe from entering the system.

The added refrigerant is dried before entering the system. Any trace of moisture in the refrigerant system will lead to problems with the thermostatic expansion valve icing-up and subsequent blockage. The meat and fish room operating temperatures are -20°C and the vegetable room operating temperature is +4°C. The temperatures in the chambers are regulated by means of the room thermostats which activate the associated solenoid valve supplying gas to the air cooler/evaporator.

Accommodation Air Conditioning System

The air is supplied to the accommodation by an Air Handling Unit (AHU) located in the air conditioning unit room. The AHU consists of an electrically-driven fan drawing air through the following sections from the inlet to outlet:

• One air filter • One steam preheating unit • One enthalpy exchanger • One reheat section • Two air cooler evaporator coils • A humidifier section • A water eliminator section • A fan section • A discharge section

Humidification of the air is arranged with an automatic control and this is fitted at the outlet section of the AHU. The air is supplied through the distribution trunking to the accommodation. Cooling is provided by a direct expansion R134a system. The plant is automatic and consists of two compressor/condenser units supplying the evaporators contained in the accommodation air handling unit. The expansion valves for the coils are fed with liquid refrigerant from the air conditioning compressor, the refrigerant having been compressed in the compressor, then cooled in the condenser where it is condensed to liquid. The liquid R134a is then fed, via the filter dryer, to the evaporator coils where it expands under the control of the expansion valves, before being returned to the compressor as a gas. The phase change (liquid to gas) takes place in the evaporator coils where it extracts heat from the air passing over the outside of the coils.

Related Read: Learn About Fatal Bacteria that Grow in Ship’s Air-Con System

The compressors are fitted with an internal oil pressure activated unloading mechanism which affords automatic starting and variable capacity control of 100%, 75%, 50% and 25% of full capacity by unloading groups of cylinders. This variable capacity control allows the compressor to remain running even when the load is relatively light and thus avoids the need for frequent stopping and starting. The compressor is protected by high and low-pressure cut-out switches, a low lubricating oil pressure trip, a cooling water pressure trip, and a high pressure and oil supply pressure differential trip. A crankcase heater is provided for use when the compressor is not running.

Related Read: What are the Safety Devices on the Refrigeration System of a Ship?

Any leakage of refrigerant gas from the system will result in the system becoming under-charged. The symptoms of the system being under-charged will be low suction and discharge pressure and the system will eventually become ineffective. A side effect of low refrigerant gas charge is apparent low oil level in the sump. A low charge level will result in excess oil being entrapped in the circulating refrigerant gas, causing the level in the sump to drop. When the system is charged to full capacity, this excess oil will be separated out and returned to the sump. During operation, the level as shown in the condenser level gauge will drop.

If the system does become under-charged, the whole system pipework should be checked for leakage. The only reason for an under-charge condition after operating previously with a full charge is that refrigerant is leaking from the system. When required, additional gas can be added through the charging line, after first venting the connection between the gas bottle and the charging connection. The added refrigerant is dried before entering the system. Any trace of moisture in the refrigerant will lead to problems with the thermostatic expansion valve icing-up and subsequent blockage. Cooling water for the condenser is supplied from the low temperature central fresh water cooling system. Air is circulated through ducting to outlets in the cabins and public rooms. The air flow through the outlets can be controlled at the individual outlets.

Sewage Treatment

Sewage (black water) from the accommodation spaces is drawn by gravity or by vacuum through the pipe system to the ejector on the sewage collection tank. The vacuum in the system is maintained by circulating fluid from the collection tank through the ejector. The sewage in the collection tank is discharged to the sewage treatment plant located in the engine room. A sewage treatment plant is a biological unit which works on the aerobic activated sludge principle. The plant will treat black and grey water and is fully automatic in operation. Air is supplied to the sewage treatment unit by an independent aeration blower. This sewage treatment plant consists of a tank with four main compartments:

• Bioreactor with matrix (aeration compartment).

The sewage in this compartment is from the lavatory pans, urinals and hospital in the accommodation spaces. The incoming effluent material passes through a screen to prevent the passage of inorganic solids into the bioreactor compartment, where it mixes with the activated sludge already present. The passage through the vacuum system breaks down the raw sewage into small particles which mix easily and encourage bacterial action. The matrix unit in the compartment ensures movement of the effluent and rapid biological breakdown of the raw sewage by the bacteria present. Air is supplied by means of a blower and distributed evenly through the tank by aerators. The gas produced during the bacterial action which takes place is vented to atmosphere at the funnel top. Oxygen from the air is essential for the aerobic activity of the bacteria. These organisms require oxygen for digesting the raw sewage and it also assists by agitation and mixing the incoming sewage with the water, sewage sludge and bacteria already present in the compartment.

• Settling or clarification compartment

Effluent from the bioreactor compartment flows to the sedimentation tank compartment where sludge is separated by gravity. The sludge is then returned to the bioreactor compartment screen section by means of an airlift supplied with compressed air from the aeration blower. The effluent then passes into the bottom of the filter tank.

• Filter compartment

The activated carbon filter in this chamber breaks down any remaining micro-organisms and filters out any solid material. Air is supplied by means of the blower and distributed evenly through the tank by the aerators at the bottom. The filter requires backflushing with steam every month. The clean effluent flows from the filter compartment into the sterilisation compartment.

• Clean water sterilisation or discharge compartment

This compartment is provided with float operated switches which activate the discharge pump when the high level is reached and stop the pump when the compartment is nearly empty. Sterilisation of the treated effluent is chlorination with sodium hypochlorite by means of a chemical injection pump or by manually adding chlorine tablets. The sewage treatment plant works automatically once it is set, but periodic attention is required, and the unit must be monitored for correct operation. The treatment plant discharge pump may be set to discharge overboard, into the double bottom sewage collecting tank or to the port and starboard deck connections for discharge to shore. The sewage collecting tank is either pumped in the same manner.

Related Read:  MARPOL ANNEX 4 Explained: How to Prevent Pollution from Sewage at Sea

Garbage Disposal

Annex V of MARPOL 73/78, the Regulations for the Prevention of Pollution by Garbage from Ships, controls the way in which waste material is treated on board ships. The regulations require the vessel to have a Garbage Management Plan in place. The plan should outline the procedures for handling, segregation, storage and subsequent disposal of the vessel’s generated garbage. The plan is to be clearly displayed in locations used for the handling of waste and name the person on board responsible for the plan management. Although it is permissible to discharge a wide variety of garbage at sea, preference should be given to disposal utilising shore facilities where available. A summary of the garbage disposal regulations is given next.

The special areas are as follows:

• The Mediterranean Sea. • The Baltic Sea. • The Black Sea. • The Red Sea. • The Persian Gulf. • North West European Waters. • The Gulf of Aden. • The Antarctic. • The Wider Caribbean Area.

  Food waste ONLY is permitted to be disposed of inside a special area, but not less than 12 miles offshore. Every ship has to have a standard Garbage Management Plan which outlines the responsibilities of crew members and the location of all the garbage bins and collection area.

Related Read: Marine Pollution by Ships -Tips for Reducing & Recycling Waste at Sea

Fire Fighting In Accommodation

At various places including inside each cabin, smoke detectors are present to detect smoke from the fire. Each deck consists of portable fire extinguishers DCP type usually two in number, one port side, and one starboard side. Fire hydrants and fire hose are present outside on the deck wings on each deck. Galley has a separate fire extinguishing system of its own.

Galley CO2 Fire Extinguishing System

The galley exhaust duct has a local CO2 system consisting of a single CO2 cylinder which is located in a small compartment adjacent inside the galley. It provides an extinguishing capability in the event of a fire in the galley and galley exhaust duct. In the case of fire, switch off the galley fans and close the uptake fire damper in the galley deckhead. The emergency stop switch for the galley fans should be located outside the galley, and also on the bridge and in the fire control station. Evacuate all personnel from the galley, then release the CO2 cylinder by opening the cylinder storage door and opening the cylinder outlet valve fully. Exit from the galley and close the galley entrance door.

Related Read: 12 Things You Must Do Before Operating Ship’s CO2 Fire Extinguishing System

Some of the galleys are also equipped with deep fat fryer wet chemical extinguishing medium for a deep fat fryer. Fat fryers are particularly difficult to protect due to the amount of stored heat that is contained in a large quantity of cooking oil. The deep fat fryer appliance in the galley is protected by a fixed fire suppressant system. The protection system is comprised of a single stainless-steel storage cylinder containing an extinguishing agent. The cabinet is located in the galley and is activated by pulling a release handle located close by the system cabinet. When activated, the chemical extinguishing agent is discharged into the fire extinguishing pipework. The discharge from the cylinder is led via piping to fixed spray nozzles. The extinguishing chemical has an expected storage life of twelve years. The extinguishing wet chemical used is R-102 Ansulex Low pH Liquid Chemical.

Other Safeties In Accommodation

All the lockers and cabins in the accommodation are provided with door locks. These door locks have their individual keys and can also be opened by a master key which will be in custody of the Master. The stairways have anti-skid stripes to prevent tripping and falling and also handrails for support. Handrails are also provided along alleyways each deck for support during rolling and pitching.

Disclaimer: The authors’ views expressed in this article do not necessarily reflect the views of Marine Insight. Data and charts, if used, in the article have been sourced from available information and have not been authenticated by any statutory authority. The author and Marine Insight do not claim it to be accurate nor accept any responsibility for the same. The views constitute only the opinions and do not constitute any guidelines or recommendation on any course of action to be followed by the reader.

The article or images cannot be reproduced, copied, shared or used in any form without the permission of the author and Marine Insight. 

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from Storage Containers https://www.marineinsight.com/guidelines/different-systems-in-ships-accommodation-area-explained/ via http://www.rssmix.com/

[hudsonespie]

Different Systems In Ship’s Accommodation Area Explained

Accommodation of a ship is the living space having cabins for ship’s crew are located, along with galley, provision stores & refrigeration, messrooms, recreational rooms, gymnasium, meeting rooms, lockers, etc. The accommodation area requires water supply, sewage system, air conditional system, fire safeties, etc. These systems for the ship’s accommodation are very different as compared to the conventional ones found in residential buildings on the land.

Various systems for the accommodation areas of a ship are described in this article.

Domestic Fresh Water System

Freshwater in the domestic freshwater system on board may be taken from shore or produced on board. The fresh water generator produces water for use in the domestic freshwater system. This distilled water produced by freshwater generator passes through a mineraliser (hardening filter) to reduce acidity and increase mineral content before being directed to one of the freshwater storage tanks. If direct distilled water is required for boilers, the mineraliser is bypassed. A silver ion steriliser is supplied to destroy any bacteria and leave silver ions in the stored water, providing effective sterilisation whilst the water is stored. Normally one domestic FW tank is in use, with the second being filled or ready for use, as standby.

Steriliser

Steriliser onboard can mainly be of two types – silver ion steriliser or ultraviolet steriliser.

The silver ion steriliser is operated to treat water already in the fresh water storage tank. The hydrophore unit draws water from one of the freshwater storage tanks and passes it through the steriliser unit. The water then passes between the electrodes and silver ions are introduced, producing a concentrated sterilising solution. This solution is then introduced into the selected fresh water storage tank as required. The concentration is such that when diluted, the residual level of the silver ions in the tank remains toxic to the bacteria. If the water remains in the tank for an extended time, it may become necessary to retreat and restore the required ion balance.

Samples of the water in the storage tanks, the supply system and the steriliser should be taken and analysed at regular intervals, as recommended by the manufacturer.

The ultraviolet sterilizer is a device that carries out the sterilization of water instantaneously by using ultraviolet rays. Accordingly, it does not have a remaining effect like chlorine sterilization. It consists of a quartz tube, a germicidal lamp and a water filter. The germicidal lamp emits ultraviolet rays to kill the germs in the water. Never see the germicidal lamp with naked eyes, since the powerful ultraviolet rays can be harmful.

Related Read: Important Points Seafarers Must Consider For Clean Drinking Water System On Ships

Mineraliser

Mineraliser or rehardening filter is designed to treat distilled water from the fresh water generator, producing water that is more suitable for human consumption. Mineraliser consists of dolomite stones. As the water passes through the mineraliser, acidic components are neutralised by reaction with calcium and magnesium salts in the dolomite, resulting in an improved pH, this should be between 7.5 and 10  (This can be adjusted by increasing or reducing the quantity of dolomite in the filter).

A part of the dolomite is dissolved in the water, supplying necessary mineral salts and hardness. Domestic fresh water for general use is stored in two freshwater tanks, ports and starboard. There are generally two freshwater hydrophore pumps (one running and other standby), which draw from the freshwater tanks and deliver to the hydrophore pressure tank, which is provided with an air cushion, topped-up from the working air system. The pressure in the hydrophore tank controls the starting and stopping of the hydrophore pumps. As the water is consumed, the tank pressure drops, which automatically starts the selected pump and refills the tank. When the pressure increases to a predetermined value, the pump will automatically stop. One pump is normally in use, with the second pump shutdown or ready for use.

From the hydrophore tank the water flows into three systems:

• Domestic cold-water system and accommodation services

This system covers the water supply to drinking water fountains and the accommodation for use in cabins, pantries and the galley.

• Domestic hot water system

This system supplies continuous hot water to the accommodation for domestic purposes. Water is circulated continuously by the hot water circulating pump, passing through a calorifier, where it is heated by either steam or electrically to the correct temperature. Topping-up of the system is from the hydrophore tank. This arrangement of constant water circulation ensures that hot water is available at an outlet immediately as a tap is opened and reducing waste due to cold water flowing until hot water is available.

Related Read: 10 Ways To Reduce Freshwater Consumption On Ships

• Engine room and deck service system

This system supplies to deck freshwater hose connections, engine room freshwater hose connections, and many other places in the engine room where freshwater is required, for e.g. filling connection for expansion tank, filling connection for chemical dosing tanks, generator turbocharger water washing connection, stern tube seal unit, bilge oily water separator and so on.

Domestic Refrigeration System

There are three refrigerated chambers where all the provision food is stored, namely vegetable room, meat room and fish room. The refrigeration plant is automatic in operation and consists of two reciprocating type compressors, two condensers with an evaporator coil/fan unit in each of the three refrigerated chambers (meat, fish and vegetable rooms).

Cooling for the meat, fish and vegetable rooms is provided by a direct expansion R134a system. Liquid R134a refrigerant is passed to the evaporator coil for the room and the expansion valve regulates the amount of liquid flowing to the evaporator in accordance with the gas outlet temperature; if the temperature has risen, more refrigerant passes to the evaporator. The liquid expands to the gas stage in the evaporator coil by extracting heat from the air in the refrigerated chamber. Air in the cold chamber is circulated over the evaporator coils by an electrically-driven fan. The supply of refrigerant to the expansion valve is regulated by means of a temperature-controlled solenoid valve in the supply line.

  The refrigerated room evaporator is equipped with a timer controlled electric defrosting element. The frequency of defrosting is chosen by means of a timed defrosting relay built into the starter panel.

Under normal conditions, one compressor/condenser unit is in operation, with the other ready for manual start-up, with all valves shut until required. The system is not designed for parallel operation of the compressor units and the valve on the compressor unit, which is out of service, must be fully closed.

The compressor draws R134a vapour from the cold chamber evaporators and pumps it under pressure to the condenser where it is cooled by water circulating from the central cooling FW system. The gas is condensed under pressure into a liquid. The compressors are protected by high pressure, low pressure, low lubricating oil pressure, and condenser cooling water failure cut-out switches. The liquid refrigerant passes through a filter/dryer to the cold room evaporators. Thermostats in each chamber enable temperature controllers to operate the solenoid valves independently so as to reduce the frequency of compressor starts and running time.

The evaporators accept the refrigerant as a super-cooled vapour from the expansion valves. The opening of the expansion valve is regulated by the refrigerant gas temperature at the outlet from the evaporator. This vapour extracts heat as it passes through the evaporator but is still colder than the liquid stage. The cold vapour then returns to the compressor, passing through the heat exchanger where it cools the liquid refrigerant further.

The solenoid valves at the air coolers (evaporator units) are opened and closed by the room thermostats, allowing refrigerant gas to flow to the evaporator when open. With the solenoid valves closed, no gas flows to the evaporators and so no gas flows back to the compressor suction. The low-pressure switch will stop the operating compressor.

Any leaks of refrigerant gas from the system will result in the system becoming under-charged. The symptoms of the system under-charged will be low suction and discharge pressures with the system eventually becoming ineffective. Bubbles will appear in the liquid gas flow sight glass.

Related Read: 8 Most Common Problems Found in Ship’s Refrigeration System

When required, the additional refrigerant can be added through the charging line, after first venting the connection between the refrigerant bottle and the charging connection in order to prevent any air or moisture in the connection pipe from entering the system.

The added refrigerant is dried before entering the system. Any trace of moisture in the refrigerant system will lead to problems with the thermostatic expansion valve icing-up and subsequent blockage. The meat and fish room operating temperatures are -20°C and the vegetable room operating temperature is +4°C. The temperatures in the chambers are regulated by means of the room thermostats which activate the associated solenoid valve supplying gas to the air cooler/evaporator.

Accommodation Air Conditioning System

The air is supplied to the accommodation by an Air Handling Unit (AHU) located in the air conditioning unit room. The AHU consists of an electrically-driven fan drawing air through the following sections from the inlet to outlet:

• One air filter • One steam preheating unit • One enthalpy exchanger • One reheat section • Two air cooler evaporator coils • A humidifier section • A water eliminator section • A fan section • A discharge section

Humidification of the air is arranged with an automatic control and this is fitted at the outlet section of the AHU. The air is supplied through the distribution trunking to the accommodation. Cooling is provided by a direct expansion R134a system. The plant is automatic and consists of two compressor/condenser units supplying the evaporators contained in the accommodation air handling unit. The expansion valves for the coils are fed with liquid refrigerant from the air conditioning compressor, the refrigerant having been compressed in the compressor, then cooled in the condenser where it is condensed to liquid. The liquid R134a is then fed, via the filter dryer, to the evaporator coils where it expands under the control of the expansion valves, before being returned to the compressor as a gas. The phase change (liquid to gas) takes place in the evaporator coils where it extracts heat from the air passing over the outside of the coils.

Related Read: Learn About Fatal Bacteria that Grow in Ship’s Air-Con System

The compressors are fitted with an internal oil pressure activated unloading mechanism which affords automatic starting and variable capacity control of 100%, 75%, 50% and 25% of full capacity by unloading groups of cylinders. This variable capacity control allows the compressor to remain running even when the load is relatively light and thus avoids the need for frequent stopping and starting. The compressor is protected by high and low-pressure cut-out switches, a low lubricating oil pressure trip, a cooling water pressure trip, and a high pressure and oil supply pressure differential trip. A crankcase heater is provided for use when the compressor is not running.

Related Read: What are the Safety Devices on the Refrigeration System of a Ship?

Any leakage of refrigerant gas from the system will result in the system becoming under-charged. The symptoms of the system being under-charged will be low suction and discharge pressure and the system will eventually become ineffective. A side effect of low refrigerant gas charge is apparent low oil level in the sump. A low charge level will result in excess oil being entrapped in the circulating refrigerant gas, causing the level in the sump to drop. When the system is charged to full capacity, this excess oil will be separated out and returned to the sump. During operation, the level as shown in the condenser level gauge will drop.

If the system does become under-charged, the whole system pipework should be checked for leakage. The only reason for an under-charge condition after operating previously with a full charge is that refrigerant is leaking from the system. When required, additional gas can be added through the charging line, after first venting the connection between the gas bottle and the charging connection. The added refrigerant is dried before entering the system. Any trace of moisture in the refrigerant will lead to problems with the thermostatic expansion valve icing-up and subsequent blockage. Cooling water for the condenser is supplied from the low temperature central fresh water cooling system. Air is circulated through ducting to outlets in the cabins and public rooms. The air flow through the outlets can be controlled at the individual outlets.

Sewage Treatment

Sewage (black water) from the accommodation spaces is drawn by gravity or by vacuum through the pipe system to the ejector on the sewage collection tank. The vacuum in the system is maintained by circulating fluid from the collection tank through the ejector. The sewage in the collection tank is discharged to the sewage treatment plant located in the engine room. A sewage treatment plant is a biological unit which works on the aerobic activated sludge principle. The plant will treat black and grey water and is fully automatic in operation. Air is supplied to the sewage treatment unit by an independent aeration blower. This sewage treatment plant consists of a tank with four main compartments:

• Bioreactor with matrix (aeration compartment).

The sewage in this compartment is from the lavatory pans, urinals and hospital in the accommodation spaces. The incoming effluent material passes through a screen to prevent the passage of inorganic solids into the bioreactor compartment, where it mixes with the activated sludge already present. The passage through the vacuum system breaks down the raw sewage into small particles which mix easily and encourage bacterial action. The matrix unit in the compartment ensures movement of the effluent and rapid biological breakdown of the raw sewage by the bacteria present. Air is supplied by means of a blower and distributed evenly through the tank by aerators. The gas produced during the bacterial action which takes place is vented to atmosphere at the funnel top. Oxygen from the air is essential for the aerobic activity of the bacteria. These organisms require oxygen for digesting the raw sewage and it also assists by agitation and mixing the incoming sewage with the water, sewage sludge and bacteria already present in the compartment.

• Settling or clarification compartment

Effluent from the bioreactor compartment flows to the sedimentation tank compartment where sludge is separated by gravity. The sludge is then returned to the bioreactor compartment screen section by means of an airlift supplied with compressed air from the aeration blower. The effluent then passes into the bottom of the filter tank.

• Filter compartment

The activated carbon filter in this chamber breaks down any remaining micro-organisms and filters out any solid material. Air is supplied by means of the blower and distributed evenly through the tank by the aerators at the bottom. The filter requires backflushing with steam every month. The clean effluent flows from the filter compartment into the sterilisation compartment.

• Clean water sterilisation or discharge compartment

This compartment is provided with float operated switches which activate the discharge pump when the high level is reached and stop the pump when the compartment is nearly empty. Sterilisation of the treated effluent is chlorination with sodium hypochlorite by means of a chemical injection pump or by manually adding chlorine tablets. The sewage treatment plant works automatically once it is set, but periodic attention is required, and the unit must be monitored for correct operation. The treatment plant discharge pump may be set to discharge overboard, into the double bottom sewage collecting tank or to the port and starboard deck connections for discharge to shore. The sewage collecting tank is either pumped in the same manner.

Related Read:  MARPOL ANNEX 4 Explained: How to Prevent Pollution from Sewage at Sea

Garbage Disposal

Annex V of MARPOL 73/78, the Regulations for the Prevention of Pollution by Garbage from Ships, controls the way in which waste material is treated on board ships. The regulations require the vessel to have a Garbage Management Plan in place. The plan should outline the procedures for handling, segregation, storage and subsequent disposal of the vessel’s generated garbage. The plan is to be clearly displayed in locations used for the handling of waste and name the person on board responsible for the plan management. Although it is permissible to discharge a wide variety of garbage at sea, preference should be given to disposal utilising shore facilities where available. A summary of the garbage disposal regulations is given next.

The special areas are as follows:

• The Mediterranean Sea. • The Baltic Sea. • The Black Sea. • The Red Sea. • The Persian Gulf. • North West European Waters. • The Gulf of Aden. • The Antarctic. • The Wider Caribbean Area.

  Food waste ONLY is permitted to be disposed of inside a special area, but not less than 12 miles offshore. Every ship has to have a standard Garbage Management Plan which outlines the responsibilities of crew members and the location of all the garbage bins and collection area.

Related Read: Marine Pollution by Ships -Tips for Reducing & Recycling Waste at Sea

Fire Fighting In Accommodation

At various places including inside each cabin, smoke detectors are present to detect smoke from the fire. Each deck consists of portable fire extinguishers DCP type usually two in number, one port side, and one starboard side. Fire hydrants and fire hose are present outside on the deck wings on each deck. Galley has a separate fire extinguishing system of its own.

Galley CO2 Fire Extinguishing System

The galley exhaust duct has a local CO2 system consisting of a single CO2 cylinder which is located in a small compartment adjacent inside the galley. It provides an extinguishing capability in the event of a fire in the galley and galley exhaust duct. In the case of fire, switch off the galley fans and close the uptake fire damper in the galley deckhead. The emergency stop switch for the galley fans should be located outside the galley, and also on the bridge and in the fire control station. Evacuate all personnel from the galley, then release the CO2 cylinder by opening the cylinder storage door and opening the cylinder outlet valve fully. Exit from the galley and close the galley entrance door.

Related Read: 12 Things You Must Do Before Operating Ship’s CO2 Fire Extinguishing System

Some of the galleys are also equipped with deep fat fryer wet chemical extinguishing medium for a deep fat fryer. Fat fryers are particularly difficult to protect due to the amount of stored heat that is contained in a large quantity of cooking oil. The deep fat fryer appliance in the galley is protected by a fixed fire suppressant system. The protection system is comprised of a single stainless-steel storage cylinder containing an extinguishing agent. The cabinet is located in the galley and is activated by pulling a release handle located close by the system cabinet. When activated, the chemical extinguishing agent is discharged into the fire extinguishing pipework. The discharge from the cylinder is led via piping to fixed spray nozzles. The extinguishing chemical has an expected storage life of twelve years. The extinguishing wet chemical used is R-102 Ansulex Low pH Liquid Chemical.

Other Safeties In Accommodation

All the lockers and cabins in the accommodation are provided with door locks. These door locks have their individual keys and can also be opened by a master key which will be in custody of the Master. The stairways have anti-skid stripes to prevent tripping and falling and also handrails for support. Handrails are also provided along alleyways each deck for support during rolling and pitching.

Disclaimer: The authors’ views expressed in this article do not necessarily reflect the views of Marine Insight. Data and charts, if used, in the article have been sourced from available information and have not been authenticated by any statutory authority. The author and Marine Insight do not claim it to be accurate nor accept any responsibility for the same. The views constitute only the opinions and do not constitute any guidelines or recommendation on any course of action to be followed by the reader.

The article or images cannot be reproduced, copied, shared or used in any form without the permission of the author and Marine Insight. 

Report an Error

from Storage Containers https://www.marineinsight.com/guidelines/different-systems-in-ships-accommodation-area-explained/ via http://www.rssmix.com/

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Different Systems In Ship’s Accommodation Area Explained

Accommodation of a ship is the living space having cabins for ship’s crew are located, along with galley, provision stores & refrigeration, messrooms, recreational rooms, gymnasium, meeting rooms, lockers, etc. The accommodation area requires water supply, sewage system, air conditional system, fire safeties, etc. These systems for the ship’s accommodation are very different as compared to the conventional ones found in residential buildings on the land.

Various systems for the accommodation areas of a ship are described in this article.

Domestic Fresh Water System

Freshwater in the domestic freshwater system on board may be taken from shore or produced on board. The fresh water generator produces water for use in the domestic freshwater system. This distilled water produced by freshwater generator passes through a mineraliser (hardening filter) to reduce acidity and increase mineral content before being directed to one of the freshwater storage tanks. If direct distilled water is required for boilers, the mineraliser is bypassed. A silver ion steriliser is supplied to destroy any bacteria and leave silver ions in the stored water, providing effective sterilisation whilst the water is stored. Normally one domestic FW tank is in use, with the second being filled or ready for use, as standby.

Steriliser

Steriliser onboard can mainly be of two types – silver ion steriliser or ultraviolet steriliser.

The silver ion steriliser is operated to treat water already in the fresh water storage tank. The hydrophore unit draws water from one of the freshwater storage tanks and passes it through the steriliser unit. The water then passes between the electrodes and silver ions are introduced, producing a concentrated sterilising solution. This solution is then introduced into the selected fresh water storage tank as required. The concentration is such that when diluted, the residual level of the silver ions in the tank remains toxic to the bacteria. If the water remains in the tank for an extended time, it may become necessary to retreat and restore the required ion balance.

Samples of the water in the storage tanks, the supply system and the steriliser should be taken and analysed at regular intervals, as recommended by the manufacturer.

The ultraviolet sterilizer is a device that carries out the sterilization of water instantaneously by using ultraviolet rays. Accordingly, it does not have a remaining effect like chlorine sterilization. It consists of a quartz tube, a germicidal lamp and a water filter. The germicidal lamp emits ultraviolet rays to kill the germs in the water. Never see the germicidal lamp with naked eyes, since the powerful ultraviolet rays can be harmful.

Related Read: Important Points Seafarers Must Consider For Clean Drinking Water System On Ships

Mineraliser

Mineraliser or rehardening filter is designed to treat distilled water from the fresh water generator, producing water that is more suitable for human consumption. Mineraliser consists of dolomite stones. As the water passes through the mineraliser, acidic components are neutralised by reaction with calcium and magnesium salts in the dolomite, resulting in an improved pH, this should be between 7.5 and 10  (This can be adjusted by increasing or reducing the quantity of dolomite in the filter).

A part of the dolomite is dissolved in the water, supplying necessary mineral salts and hardness. Domestic fresh water for general use is stored in two freshwater tanks, ports and starboard. There are generally two freshwater hydrophore pumps (one running and other standby), which draw from the freshwater tanks and deliver to the hydrophore pressure tank, which is provided with an air cushion, topped-up from the working air system. The pressure in the hydrophore tank controls the starting and stopping of the hydrophore pumps. As the water is consumed, the tank pressure drops, which automatically starts the selected pump and refills the tank. When the pressure increases to a predetermined value, the pump will automatically stop. One pump is normally in use, with the second pump shutdown or ready for use.

From the hydrophore tank the water flows into three systems:

• Domestic cold-water system and accommodation services

This system covers the water supply to drinking water fountains and the accommodation for use in cabins, pantries and the galley.

• Domestic hot water system

This system supplies continuous hot water to the accommodation for domestic purposes. Water is circulated continuously by the hot water circulating pump, passing through a calorifier, where it is heated by either steam or electrically to the correct temperature. Topping-up of the system is from the hydrophore tank. This arrangement of constant water circulation ensures that hot water is available at an outlet immediately as a tap is opened and reducing waste due to cold water flowing until hot water is available.

Related Read: 10 Ways To Reduce Freshwater Consumption On Ships

• Engine room and deck service system

This system supplies to deck freshwater hose connections, engine room freshwater hose connections, and many other places in the engine room where freshwater is required, for e.g. filling connection for expansion tank, filling connection for chemical dosing tanks, generator turbocharger water washing connection, stern tube seal unit, bilge oily water separator and so on.

Domestic Refrigeration System

There are three refrigerated chambers where all the provision food is stored, namely vegetable room, meat room and fish room. The refrigeration plant is automatic in operation and consists of two reciprocating type compressors, two condensers with an evaporator coil/fan unit in each of the three refrigerated chambers (meat, fish and vegetable rooms).

Cooling for the meat, fish and vegetable rooms is provided by a direct expansion R134a system. Liquid R134a refrigerant is passed to the evaporator coil for the room and the expansion valve regulates the amount of liquid flowing to the evaporator in accordance with the gas outlet temperature; if the temperature has risen, more refrigerant passes to the evaporator. The liquid expands to the gas stage in the evaporator coil by extracting heat from the air in the refrigerated chamber. Air in the cold chamber is circulated over the evaporator coils by an electrically-driven fan. The supply of refrigerant to the expansion valve is regulated by means of a temperature-controlled solenoid valve in the supply line.

  The refrigerated room evaporator is equipped with a timer controlled electric defrosting element. The frequency of defrosting is chosen by means of a timed defrosting relay built into the starter panel.

Under normal conditions, one compressor/condenser unit is in operation, with the other ready for manual start-up, with all valves shut until required. The system is not designed for parallel operation of the compressor units and the valve on the compressor unit, which is out of service, must be fully closed.

The compressor draws R134a vapour from the cold chamber evaporators and pumps it under pressure to the condenser where it is cooled by water circulating from the central cooling FW system. The gas is condensed under pressure into a liquid. The compressors are protected by high pressure, low pressure, low lubricating oil pressure, and condenser cooling water failure cut-out switches. The liquid refrigerant passes through a filter/dryer to the cold room evaporators. Thermostats in each chamber enable temperature controllers to operate the solenoid valves independently so as to reduce the frequency of compressor starts and running time.

The evaporators accept the refrigerant as a super-cooled vapour from the expansion valves. The opening of the expansion valve is regulated by the refrigerant gas temperature at the outlet from the evaporator. This vapour extracts heat as it passes through the evaporator but is still colder than the liquid stage. The cold vapour then returns to the compressor, passing through the heat exchanger where it cools the liquid refrigerant further.

The solenoid valves at the air coolers (evaporator units) are opened and closed by the room thermostats, allowing refrigerant gas to flow to the evaporator when open. With the solenoid valves closed, no gas flows to the evaporators and so no gas flows back to the compressor suction. The low-pressure switch will stop the operating compressor.

Any leaks of refrigerant gas from the system will result in the system becoming under-charged. The symptoms of the system under-charged will be low suction and discharge pressures with the system eventually becoming ineffective. Bubbles will appear in the liquid gas flow sight glass.

Related Read: 8 Most Common Problems Found in Ship’s Refrigeration System

When required, the additional refrigerant can be added through the charging line, after first venting the connection between the refrigerant bottle and the charging connection in order to prevent any air or moisture in the connection pipe from entering the system.

The added refrigerant is dried before entering the system. Any trace of moisture in the refrigerant system will lead to problems with the thermostatic expansion valve icing-up and subsequent blockage. The meat and fish room operating temperatures are -20°C and the vegetable room operating temperature is +4°C. The temperatures in the chambers are regulated by means of the room thermostats which activate the associated solenoid valve supplying gas to the air cooler/evaporator.

Accommodation Air Conditioning System

The air is supplied to the accommodation by an Air Handling Unit (AHU) located in the air conditioning unit room. The AHU consists of an electrically-driven fan drawing air through the following sections from the inlet to outlet:

• One air filter • One steam preheating unit • One enthalpy exchanger • One reheat section • Two air cooler evaporator coils • A humidifier section • A water eliminator section • A fan section • A discharge section

Humidification of the air is arranged with an automatic control and this is fitted at the outlet section of the AHU. The air is supplied through the distribution trunking to the accommodation. Cooling is provided by a direct expansion R134a system. The plant is automatic and consists of two compressor/condenser units supplying the evaporators contained in the accommodation air handling unit. The expansion valves for the coils are fed with liquid refrigerant from the air conditioning compressor, the refrigerant having been compressed in the compressor, then cooled in the condenser where it is condensed to liquid. The liquid R134a is then fed, via the filter dryer, to the evaporator coils where it expands under the control of the expansion valves, before being returned to the compressor as a gas. The phase change (liquid to gas) takes place in the evaporator coils where it extracts heat from the air passing over the outside of the coils.

Related Read: Learn About Fatal Bacteria that Grow in Ship’s Air-Con System

The compressors are fitted with an internal oil pressure activated unloading mechanism which affords automatic starting and variable capacity control of 100%, 75%, 50% and 25% of full capacity by unloading groups of cylinders. This variable capacity control allows the compressor to remain running even when the load is relatively light and thus avoids the need for frequent stopping and starting. The compressor is protected by high and low-pressure cut-out switches, a low lubricating oil pressure trip, a cooling water pressure trip, and a high pressure and oil supply pressure differential trip. A crankcase heater is provided for use when the compressor is not running.

Related Read: What are the Safety Devices on the Refrigeration System of a Ship?

Any leakage of refrigerant gas from the system will result in the system becoming under-charged. The symptoms of the system being under-charged will be low suction and discharge pressure and the system will eventually become ineffective. A side effect of low refrigerant gas charge is apparent low oil level in the sump. A low charge level will result in excess oil being entrapped in the circulating refrigerant gas, causing the level in the sump to drop. When the system is charged to full capacity, this excess oil will be separated out and returned to the sump. During operation, the level as shown in the condenser level gauge will drop.

If the system does become under-charged, the whole system pipework should be checked for leakage. The only reason for an under-charge condition after operating previously with a full charge is that refrigerant is leaking from the system. When required, additional gas can be added through the charging line, after first venting the connection between the gas bottle and the charging connection. The added refrigerant is dried before entering the system. Any trace of moisture in the refrigerant will lead to problems with the thermostatic expansion valve icing-up and subsequent blockage. Cooling water for the condenser is supplied from the low temperature central fresh water cooling system. Air is circulated through ducting to outlets in the cabins and public rooms. The air flow through the outlets can be controlled at the individual outlets.

Sewage Treatment

Sewage (black water) from the accommodation spaces is drawn by gravity or by vacuum through the pipe system to the ejector on the sewage collection tank. The vacuum in the system is maintained by circulating fluid from the collection tank through the ejector. The sewage in the collection tank is discharged to the sewage treatment plant located in the engine room. A sewage treatment plant is a biological unit which works on the aerobic activated sludge principle. The plant will treat black and grey water and is fully automatic in operation. Air is supplied to the sewage treatment unit by an independent aeration blower. This sewage treatment plant consists of a tank with four main compartments:

• Bioreactor with matrix (aeration compartment).

The sewage in this compartment is from the lavatory pans, urinals and hospital in the accommodation spaces. The incoming effluent material passes through a screen to prevent the passage of inorganic solids into the bioreactor compartment, where it mixes with the activated sludge already present. The passage through the vacuum system breaks down the raw sewage into small particles which mix easily and encourage bacterial action. The matrix unit in the compartment ensures movement of the effluent and rapid biological breakdown of the raw sewage by the bacteria present. Air is supplied by means of a blower and distributed evenly through the tank by aerators. The gas produced during the bacterial action which takes place is vented to atmosphere at the funnel top. Oxygen from the air is essential for the aerobic activity of the bacteria. These organisms require oxygen for digesting the raw sewage and it also assists by agitation and mixing the incoming sewage with the water, sewage sludge and bacteria already present in the compartment.

• Settling or clarification compartment

Effluent from the bioreactor compartment flows to the sedimentation tank compartment where sludge is separated by gravity. The sludge is then returned to the bioreactor compartment screen section by means of an airlift supplied with compressed air from the aeration blower. The effluent then passes into the bottom of the filter tank.

• Filter compartment

The activated carbon filter in this chamber breaks down any remaining micro-organisms and filters out any solid material. Air is supplied by means of the blower and distributed evenly through the tank by the aerators at the bottom. The filter requires backflushing with steam every month. The clean effluent flows from the filter compartment into the sterilisation compartment.

• Clean water sterilisation or discharge compartment

This compartment is provided with float operated switches which activate the discharge pump when the high level is reached and stop the pump when the compartment is nearly empty. Sterilisation of the treated effluent is chlorination with sodium hypochlorite by means of a chemical injection pump or by manually adding chlorine tablets. The sewage treatment plant works automatically once it is set, but periodic attention is required, and the unit must be monitored for correct operation. The treatment plant discharge pump may be set to discharge overboard, into the double bottom sewage collecting tank or to the port and starboard deck connections for discharge to shore. The sewage collecting tank is either pumped in the same manner.

Related Read:  MARPOL ANNEX 4 Explained: How to Prevent Pollution from Sewage at Sea

Garbage Disposal

Annex V of MARPOL 73/78, the Regulations for the Prevention of Pollution by Garbage from Ships, controls the way in which waste material is treated on board ships. The regulations require the vessel to have a Garbage Management Plan in place. The plan should outline the procedures for handling, segregation, storage and subsequent disposal of the vessel’s generated garbage. The plan is to be clearly displayed in locations used for the handling of waste and name the person on board responsible for the plan management. Although it is permissible to discharge a wide variety of garbage at sea, preference should be given to disposal utilising shore facilities where available. A summary of the garbage disposal regulations is given next.

The special areas are as follows:

• The Mediterranean Sea. • The Baltic Sea. • The Black Sea. • The Red Sea. • The Persian Gulf. • North West European Waters. • The Gulf of Aden. • The Antarctic. • The Wider Caribbean Area.

  Food waste ONLY is permitted to be disposed of inside a special area, but not less than 12 miles offshore. Every ship has to have a standard Garbage Management Plan which outlines the responsibilities of crew members and the location of all the garbage bins and collection area.

Related Read: Marine Pollution by Ships -Tips for Reducing & Recycling Waste at Sea

Fire Fighting In Accommodation

At various places including inside each cabin, smoke detectors are present to detect smoke from the fire. Each deck consists of portable fire extinguishers DCP type usually two in number, one port side, and one starboard side. Fire hydrants and fire hose are present outside on the deck wings on each deck. Galley has a separate fire extinguishing system of its own.

Galley CO2 Fire Extinguishing System

The galley exhaust duct has a local CO2 system consisting of a single CO2 cylinder which is located in a small compartment adjacent inside the galley. It provides an extinguishing capability in the event of a fire in the galley and galley exhaust duct. In the case of fire, switch off the galley fans and close the uptake fire damper in the galley deckhead. The emergency stop switch for the galley fans should be located outside the galley, and also on the bridge and in the fire control station. Evacuate all personnel from the galley, then release the CO2 cylinder by opening the cylinder storage door and opening the cylinder outlet valve fully. Exit from the galley and close the galley entrance door.

Related Read: 12 Things You Must Do Before Operating Ship’s CO2 Fire Extinguishing System

Some of the galleys are also equipped with deep fat fryer wet chemical extinguishing medium for a deep fat fryer. Fat fryers are particularly difficult to protect due to the amount of stored heat that is contained in a large quantity of cooking oil. The deep fat fryer appliance in the galley is protected by a fixed fire suppressant system. The protection system is comprised of a single stainless-steel storage cylinder containing an extinguishing agent. The cabinet is located in the galley and is activated by pulling a release handle located close by the system cabinet. When activated, the chemical extinguishing agent is discharged into the fire extinguishing pipework. The discharge from the cylinder is led via piping to fixed spray nozzles. The extinguishing chemical has an expected storage life of twelve years. The extinguishing wet chemical used is R-102 Ansulex Low pH Liquid Chemical.

Other Safeties In Accommodation

All the lockers and cabins in the accommodation are provided with door locks. These door locks have their individual keys and can also be opened by a master key which will be in custody of the Master. The stairways have anti-skid stripes to prevent tripping and falling and also handrails for support. Handrails are also provided along alleyways each deck for support during rolling and pitching.

Disclaimer: The authors’ views expressed in this article do not necessarily reflect the views of Marine Insight. Data and charts, if used, in the article have been sourced from available information and have not been authenticated by any statutory authority. The author and Marine Insight do not claim it to be accurate nor accept any responsibility for the same. The views constitute only the opinions and do not constitute any guidelines or recommendation on any course of action to be followed by the reader.

The article or images cannot be reproduced, copied, shared or used in any form without the permission of the author and Marine Insight. 

Report an Error

from Storage Containers https://www.marineinsight.com/guidelines/different-systems-in-ships-accommodation-area-explained/ via http://www.rssmix.com/

[hudsonespie]

Different Systems In Ship’s Accommodation Area Explained

Accommodation of a ship is the living space having cabins for ship’s crew are located, along with galley, provision stores & refrigeration, messrooms, recreational rooms, gymnasium, meeting rooms, lockers, etc. The accommodation area requires water supply, sewage system, air conditional system, fire safeties, etc. These systems for the ship’s accommodation are very different as compared to the conventional ones found in residential buildings on the land.

Various systems for the accommodation areas of a ship are described in this article.

Domestic Fresh Water System

Freshwater in the domestic freshwater system on board may be taken from shore or produced on board. The fresh water generator produces water for use in the domestic freshwater system. This distilled water produced by freshwater generator passes through a mineraliser (hardening filter) to reduce acidity and increase mineral content before being directed to one of the freshwater storage tanks. If direct distilled water is required for boilers, the mineraliser is bypassed. A silver ion steriliser is supplied to destroy any bacteria and leave silver ions in the stored water, providing effective sterilisation whilst the water is stored. Normally one domestic FW tank is in use, with the second being filled or ready for use, as standby.

Steriliser

Steriliser onboard can mainly be of two types – silver ion steriliser or ultraviolet steriliser.

The silver ion steriliser is operated to treat water already in the fresh water storage tank. The hydrophore unit draws water from one of the freshwater storage tanks and passes it through the steriliser unit. The water then passes between the electrodes and silver ions are introduced, producing a concentrated sterilising solution. This solution is then introduced into the selected fresh water storage tank as required. The concentration is such that when diluted, the residual level of the silver ions in the tank remains toxic to the bacteria. If the water remains in the tank for an extended time, it may become necessary to retreat and restore the required ion balance.

Samples of the water in the storage tanks, the supply system and the steriliser should be taken and analysed at regular intervals, as recommended by the manufacturer.

The ultraviolet sterilizer is a device that carries out the sterilization of water instantaneously by using ultraviolet rays. Accordingly, it does not have a remaining effect like chlorine sterilization. It consists of a quartz tube, a germicidal lamp and a water filter. The germicidal lamp emits ultraviolet rays to kill the germs in the water. Never see the germicidal lamp with naked eyes, since the powerful ultraviolet rays can be harmful.

Related Read: Important Points Seafarers Must Consider For Clean Drinking Water System On Ships

Mineraliser

Mineraliser or rehardening filter is designed to treat distilled water from the fresh water generator, producing water that is more suitable for human consumption. Mineraliser consists of dolomite stones. As the water passes through the mineraliser, acidic components are neutralised by reaction with calcium and magnesium salts in the dolomite, resulting in an improved pH, this should be between 7.5 and 10  (This can be adjusted by increasing or reducing the quantity of dolomite in the filter).

A part of the dolomite is dissolved in the water, supplying necessary mineral salts and hardness. Domestic fresh water for general use is stored in two freshwater tanks, ports and starboard. There are generally two freshwater hydrophore pumps (one running and other standby), which draw from the freshwater tanks and deliver to the hydrophore pressure tank, which is provided with an air cushion, topped-up from the working air system. The pressure in the hydrophore tank controls the starting and stopping of the hydrophore pumps. As the water is consumed, the tank pressure drops, which automatically starts the selected pump and refills the tank. When the pressure increases to a predetermined value, the pump will automatically stop. One pump is normally in use, with the second pump shutdown or ready for use.

From the hydrophore tank the water flows into three systems:

• Domestic cold-water system and accommodation services

This system covers the water supply to drinking water fountains and the accommodation for use in cabins, pantries and the galley.

• Domestic hot water system

This system supplies continuous hot water to the accommodation for domestic purposes. Water is circulated continuously by the hot water circulating pump, passing through a calorifier, where it is heated by either steam or electrically to the correct temperature. Topping-up of the system is from the hydrophore tank. This arrangement of constant water circulation ensures that hot water is available at an outlet immediately as a tap is opened and reducing waste due to cold water flowing until hot water is available.

Related Read: 10 Ways To Reduce Freshwater Consumption On Ships

• Engine room and deck service system

This system supplies to deck freshwater hose connections, engine room freshwater hose connections, and many other places in the engine room where freshwater is required, for e.g. filling connection for expansion tank, filling connection for chemical dosing tanks, generator turbocharger water washing connection, stern tube seal unit, bilge oily water separator and so on.

Domestic Refrigeration System

There are three refrigerated chambers where all the provision food is stored, namely vegetable room, meat room and fish room. The refrigeration plant is automatic in operation and consists of two reciprocating type compressors, two condensers with an evaporator coil/fan unit in each of the three refrigerated chambers (meat, fish and vegetable rooms).

Cooling for the meat, fish and vegetable rooms is provided by a direct expansion R134a system. Liquid R134a refrigerant is passed to the evaporator coil for the room and the expansion valve regulates the amount of liquid flowing to the evaporator in accordance with the gas outlet temperature; if the temperature has risen, more refrigerant passes to the evaporator. The liquid expands to the gas stage in the evaporator coil by extracting heat from the air in the refrigerated chamber. Air in the cold chamber is circulated over the evaporator coils by an electrically-driven fan. The supply of refrigerant to the expansion valve is regulated by means of a temperature-controlled solenoid valve in the supply line.

  The refrigerated room evaporator is equipped with a timer controlled electric defrosting element. The frequency of defrosting is chosen by means of a timed defrosting relay built into the starter panel.

Under normal conditions, one compressor/condenser unit is in operation, with the other ready for manual start-up, with all valves shut until required. The system is not designed for parallel operation of the compressor units and the valve on the compressor unit, which is out of service, must be fully closed.

The compressor draws R134a vapour from the cold chamber evaporators and pumps it under pressure to the condenser where it is cooled by water circulating from the central cooling FW system. The gas is condensed under pressure into a liquid. The compressors are protected by high pressure, low pressure, low lubricating oil pressure, and condenser cooling water failure cut-out switches. The liquid refrigerant passes through a filter/dryer to the cold room evaporators. Thermostats in each chamber enable temperature controllers to operate the solenoid valves independently so as to reduce the frequency of compressor starts and running time.

The evaporators accept the refrigerant as a super-cooled vapour from the expansion valves. The opening of the expansion valve is regulated by the refrigerant gas temperature at the outlet from the evaporator. This vapour extracts heat as it passes through the evaporator but is still colder than the liquid stage. The cold vapour then returns to the compressor, passing through the heat exchanger where it cools the liquid refrigerant further.

The solenoid valves at the air coolers (evaporator units) are opened and closed by the room thermostats, allowing refrigerant gas to flow to the evaporator when open. With the solenoid valves closed, no gas flows to the evaporators and so no gas flows back to the compressor suction. The low-pressure switch will stop the operating compressor.

Any leaks of refrigerant gas from the system will result in the system becoming under-charged. The symptoms of the system under-charged will be low suction and discharge pressures with the system eventually becoming ineffective. Bubbles will appear in the liquid gas flow sight glass.

Related Read: 8 Most Common Problems Found in Ship’s Refrigeration System

When required, the additional refrigerant can be added through the charging line, after first venting the connection between the refrigerant bottle and the charging connection in order to prevent any air or moisture in the connection pipe from entering the system.

The added refrigerant is dried before entering the system. Any trace of moisture in the refrigerant system will lead to problems with the thermostatic expansion valve icing-up and subsequent blockage. The meat and fish room operating temperatures are -20°C and the vegetable room operating temperature is +4°C. The temperatures in the chambers are regulated by means of the room thermostats which activate the associated solenoid valve supplying gas to the air cooler/evaporator.

Accommodation Air Conditioning System

The air is supplied to the accommodation by an Air Handling Unit (AHU) located in the air conditioning unit room. The AHU consists of an electrically-driven fan drawing air through the following sections from the inlet to outlet:

• One air filter • One steam preheating unit • One enthalpy exchanger • One reheat section • Two air cooler evaporator coils • A humidifier section • A water eliminator section • A fan section • A discharge section

Humidification of the air is arranged with an automatic control and this is fitted at the outlet section of the AHU. The air is supplied through the distribution trunking to the accommodation. Cooling is provided by a direct expansion R134a system. The plant is automatic and consists of two compressor/condenser units supplying the evaporators contained in the accommodation air handling unit. The expansion valves for the coils are fed with liquid refrigerant from the air conditioning compressor, the refrigerant having been compressed in the compressor, then cooled in the condenser where it is condensed to liquid. The liquid R134a is then fed, via the filter dryer, to the evaporator coils where it expands under the control of the expansion valves, before being returned to the compressor as a gas. The phase change (liquid to gas) takes place in the evaporator coils where it extracts heat from the air passing over the outside of the coils.

Related Read: Learn About Fatal Bacteria that Grow in Ship’s Air-Con System

The compressors are fitted with an internal oil pressure activated unloading mechanism which affords automatic starting and variable capacity control of 100%, 75%, 50% and 25% of full capacity by unloading groups of cylinders. This variable capacity control allows the compressor to remain running even when the load is relatively light and thus avoids the need for frequent stopping and starting. The compressor is protected by high and low-pressure cut-out switches, a low lubricating oil pressure trip, a cooling water pressure trip, and a high pressure and oil supply pressure differential trip. A crankcase heater is provided for use when the compressor is not running.

Related Read: What are the Safety Devices on the Refrigeration System of a Ship?

Any leakage of refrigerant gas from the system will result in the system becoming under-charged. The symptoms of the system being under-charged will be low suction and discharge pressure and the system will eventually become ineffective. A side effect of low refrigerant gas charge is apparent low oil level in the sump. A low charge level will result in excess oil being entrapped in the circulating refrigerant gas, causing the level in the sump to drop. When the system is charged to full capacity, this excess oil will be separated out and returned to the sump. During operation, the level as shown in the condenser level gauge will drop.

If the system does become under-charged, the whole system pipework should be checked for leakage. The only reason for an under-charge condition after operating previously with a full charge is that refrigerant is leaking from the system. When required, additional gas can be added through the charging line, after first venting the connection between the gas bottle and the charging connection. The added refrigerant is dried before entering the system. Any trace of moisture in the refrigerant will lead to problems with the thermostatic expansion valve icing-up and subsequent blockage. Cooling water for the condenser is supplied from the low temperature central fresh water cooling system. Air is circulated through ducting to outlets in the cabins and public rooms. The air flow through the outlets can be controlled at the individual outlets.

Sewage Treatment

Sewage (black water) from the accommodation spaces is drawn by gravity or by vacuum through the pipe system to the ejector on the sewage collection tank. The vacuum in the system is maintained by circulating fluid from the collection tank through the ejector. The sewage in the collection tank is discharged to the sewage treatment plant located in the engine room. A sewage treatment plant is a biological unit which works on the aerobic activated sludge principle. The plant will treat black and grey water and is fully automatic in operation. Air is supplied to the sewage treatment unit by an independent aeration blower. This sewage treatment plant consists of a tank with four main compartments:

• Bioreactor with matrix (aeration compartment).

The sewage in this compartment is from the lavatory pans, urinals and hospital in the accommodation spaces. The incoming effluent material passes through a screen to prevent the passage of inorganic solids into the bioreactor compartment, where it mixes with the activated sludge already present. The passage through the vacuum system breaks down the raw sewage into small particles which mix easily and encourage bacterial action. The matrix unit in the compartment ensures movement of the effluent and rapid biological breakdown of the raw sewage by the bacteria present. Air is supplied by means of a blower and distributed evenly through the tank by aerators. The gas produced during the bacterial action which takes place is vented to atmosphere at the funnel top. Oxygen from the air is essential for the aerobic activity of the bacteria. These organisms require oxygen for digesting the raw sewage and it also assists by agitation and mixing the incoming sewage with the water, sewage sludge and bacteria already present in the compartment.

• Settling or clarification compartment

Effluent from the bioreactor compartment flows to the sedimentation tank compartment where sludge is separated by gravity. The sludge is then returned to the bioreactor compartment screen section by means of an airlift supplied with compressed air from the aeration blower. The effluent then passes into the bottom of the filter tank.

• Filter compartment

The activated carbon filter in this chamber breaks down any remaining micro-organisms and filters out any solid material. Air is supplied by means of the blower and distributed evenly through the tank by the aerators at the bottom. The filter requires backflushing with steam every month. The clean effluent flows from the filter compartment into the sterilisation compartment.

• Clean water sterilisation or discharge compartment

This compartment is provided with float operated switches which activate the discharge pump when the high level is reached and stop the pump when the compartment is nearly empty. Sterilisation of the treated effluent is chlorination with sodium hypochlorite by means of a chemical injection pump or by manually adding chlorine tablets. The sewage treatment plant works automatically once it is set, but periodic attention is required, and the unit must be monitored for correct operation. The treatment plant discharge pump may be set to discharge overboard, into the double bottom sewage collecting tank or to the port and starboard deck connections for discharge to shore. The sewage collecting tank is either pumped in the same manner.

Related Read:  MARPOL ANNEX 4 Explained: How to Prevent Pollution from Sewage at Sea

Garbage Disposal

Annex V of MARPOL 73/78, the Regulations for the Prevention of Pollution by Garbage from Ships, controls the way in which waste material is treated on board ships. The regulations require the vessel to have a Garbage Management Plan in place. The plan should outline the procedures for handling, segregation, storage and subsequent disposal of the vessel’s generated garbage. The plan is to be clearly displayed in locations used for the handling of waste and name the person on board responsible for the plan management. Although it is permissible to discharge a wide variety of garbage at sea, preference should be given to disposal utilising shore facilities where available. A summary of the garbage disposal regulations is given next.

The special areas are as follows:

• The Mediterranean Sea. • The Baltic Sea. • The Black Sea. • The Red Sea. • The Persian Gulf. • North West European Waters. • The Gulf of Aden. • The Antarctic. • The Wider Caribbean Area.

  Food waste ONLY is permitted to be disposed of inside a special area, but not less than 12 miles offshore. Every ship has to have a standard Garbage Management Plan which outlines the responsibilities of crew members and the location of all the garbage bins and collection area.

Related Read: Marine Pollution by Ships -Tips for Reducing & Recycling Waste at Sea

Fire Fighting In Accommodation

At various places including inside each cabin, smoke detectors are present to detect smoke from the fire. Each deck consists of portable fire extinguishers DCP type usually two in number, one port side, and one starboard side. Fire hydrants and fire hose are present outside on the deck wings on each deck. Galley has a separate fire extinguishing system of its own.

Galley CO2 Fire Extinguishing System

The galley exhaust duct has a local CO2 system consisting of a single CO2 cylinder which is located in a small compartment adjacent inside the galley. It provides an extinguishing capability in the event of a fire in the galley and galley exhaust duct. In the case of fire, switch off the galley fans and close the uptake fire damper in the galley deckhead. The emergency stop switch for the galley fans should be located outside the galley, and also on the bridge and in the fire control station. Evacuate all personnel from the galley, then release the CO2 cylinder by opening the cylinder storage door and opening the cylinder outlet valve fully. Exit from the galley and close the galley entrance door.

Related Read: 12 Things You Must Do Before Operating Ship’s CO2 Fire Extinguishing System

Some of the galleys are also equipped with deep fat fryer wet chemical extinguishing medium for a deep fat fryer. Fat fryers are particularly difficult to protect due to the amount of stored heat that is contained in a large quantity of cooking oil. The deep fat fryer appliance in the galley is protected by a fixed fire suppressant system. The protection system is comprised of a single stainless-steel storage cylinder containing an extinguishing agent. The cabinet is located in the galley and is activated by pulling a release handle located close by the system cabinet. When activated, the chemical extinguishing agent is discharged into the fire extinguishing pipework. The discharge from the cylinder is led via piping to fixed spray nozzles. The extinguishing chemical has an expected storage life of twelve years. The extinguishing wet chemical used is R-102 Ansulex Low pH Liquid Chemical.

Other Safeties In Accommodation

All the lockers and cabins in the accommodation are provided with door locks. These door locks have their individual keys and can also be opened by a master key which will be in custody of the Master. The stairways have anti-skid stripes to prevent tripping and falling and also handrails for support. Handrails are also provided along alleyways each deck for support during rolling and pitching.

Disclaimer: The authors’ views expressed in this article do not necessarily reflect the views of Marine Insight. Data and charts, if used, in the article have been sourced from available information and have not been authenticated by any statutory authority. The author and Marine Insight do not claim it to be accurate nor accept any responsibility for the same. The views constitute only the opinions and do not constitute any guidelines or recommendation on any course of action to be followed by the reader.

The article or images cannot be reproduced, copied, shared or used in any form without the permission of the author and Marine Insight. 

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