#Fishing Tools Goa

[goasathi123]

Premium Scuba Diving Package in Goa: All Set to Dive into the World of Luxury and Adventure.

But if you are looking for some experience other than a mundane diving experience, then you must surely join one of the premium scuba diving packages in Goa. Most ideal for someone who wants to indulge in the underwater world with comfort and style, the entire experience of Goa is maximized through a breathtaking marine life and crystal-clear waters.

1. What are the Components of a Luxury Scuba Diving Package?

A luxury scuba diving package provides more than what the basics would and elevated experiences, from initial preparations to end. Packages of this nature comprise superior equipment, certified instructors, and secluded locations only accessible through exclusive arrangements that provide relatively less crowded options, and therefore, an extremely personalized and peaceful experience.

Exclusive Dive Sites: One of the add on benefits of a premium package is that you get to dive sites that are not otherwise usually visited. While most of the divers spent time in the more popular locations like Grande Island, a dive guide through an organised premium package would have taken you to secluded sites, where you get a chance to explore uninhabited coral reefs and witness various types of marine species in their undisturbed habitats.

Professional Dive Guides: you are accompanied with expert diving instructors with huge experience. They ensure your safety whether a beginner or an advanced one while at the same time guiding you into the underwater beauty. They also show you the local marine life - from the colorful coral to the elusive fish species.

High-Quality Equipments: Luxury dive packages have the most excellent tools at their disposal to ensure you have a comfortable and safe time to explore the underwater world. All the equipment is properly serviced and upgraded to make technical problems a hassle of the complication or rigidity while enjoying the dive experience.

2. Hassle-Free Experience from Start to Finish

A premium scuba diving package in Goa offers a hassle-free experience, from transferring you to hotels to providing luxurious post-dive facilities. The final idea behind this is to ensure that the experience of diving becomes hassle-free for you, so that you need not pay much attention to anything else other than the adventure.

Private Transfers: High price packages consist most of transportation from and to your hotel you stay in. So, no need to worry about logistics anymore. You can be picked up from a very comfortable vehicle and brought directly to the diving center, or to the boat that would take you to the dive site.

Pre-dive briefings and trainings: Once you are doing the dive, before that, your instructor will detail each safety procedure to be in place and what to anticipate at the dive site. Among the premium offers, the newbies are usually given a pre-dive pool session to acclimate themselves to the equipment and gain confidence in their techniques before entering open water.

Luxury boat rides for the scuba dive trip: Most elite scuba diving trips will avail luxury boat rides to take you to the respective scuba diving sites. The boats are mostly designed with all sorts of modern facilities like interior seats with refreshments and even Wi-Fi sometimes, so the journey to the scuba dive site becomes an amazing part of the trip, too.

3. Discover the Marine Wonders of Goa

Goa's waters are filled with a lot of marine life, ranging from coral reefs and tropical fish to even shipwrecks. Of course, a premium scuba diving package gets to know all of these underwater wonders much better and in greater detail.

Goa's coral reefs are full of life. You'll therefore be expecting multicolored corals, play clownfish, gracile sea anemones, and a whole range of other creatures as you make your dive. Premium dive sites always have superior visibility and are much less crowded, so you can really get a look at the beauty of the reef.

Marine Life Encounters: Diving in Goa is specifically exhilarating in terms of the marine life that one can encounter. Depending upon the dive location and season, chances are that one may witness schools of barracuda, angelfish, parrotfish, and even turtles or even dolphins. Your experienced guide can guide you and let you know about the behavior of the species seen as part of a premium package.

Shipwreck Dives: There are some pretty interesting and ancient shipwrecks in the waters of Goa. These provide world-class dives for visitors from all over the world, covered in marine life, creating a unique ecological system, which might thrill divers the most. A premium package contains access to lesser-known wrecks where you can dive into the remnant ships that have been submerged there since decades telling about Goa's maritime history.

4. Luxury post-dive facilities

The luxury experience does not stop after an exciting dive but continues in postdive amenities set to make you relax and unwind.

Refreshments and Meals: In most of the premium packages, a delicious meal and refreshment can be served after the dive. Meals and food spreads - both local and international foods- are supplemented with drinks, while one sits on the views displayed by the boat or beach.

Available packages: Some of the higher-end packages offer spa services, which can include having a massage or other spa treatment after your dive. That's just one perfect way to recharge after an exciting day of underwater adventure.

Photography and Videos: Among the premium packages is professional underwater photography and videography. These ensure that you can take such excellent photos and videos back home, displaying the sea adventure beyond such recollections.

5. Who Should Opt for a Premium Scuba Diving Package?

Anyone can combine luxury and adventure as part of a premium scuba diving package. This is, of course, for those who would want to spend their honeymoon or anniversary with an exceptional experience to feed your soul, or someone looking to do more than the usual amidst changing times.

For the first-time divers, premium would include training and support to ensure it is smooth and enjoyable diving. For the experienced ones, this exclusive access to the dive and superior equipment quality are real bargains.

Conclusion

To see the underwater wonders of Goa, you can get all of this and more with the Premium Scuba Diving Packages in Goa amongst the style of luxury and adventure. Especially, unique dive sites and professional instructors combine with luxurious facilities to present a hassle-free experience to divers with diverse levels of knowledge and experience. Perhaps you want to find out the coral reefs busting with marine life across the world or to just have fun by simply lounging in the water. Whichever be it, the best premium scuba diving package in Goa has got you covered.

[travelarty]

Digital Brushstrokes: The Rise of Digital Art in the Indian Market?

In a world dominated by technology, the boundaries between traditional and contemporary art continue to blur. One of the most transformative phenomena in the art world is the rise of digital art, and its impact on the Indian market is nothing short of revolutionary. At the forefront of this digital art renaissance is TravelArty, a platform that celebrates the fusion of technology and creativity. Let's delve into the vibrant realm of digital brushstrokes and explore why it's capturing the imagination of art enthusiasts across India.

The Canvas Goes Digital : Digital art, with its limitless possibilities and immersive experiences, has become a canvas for artists to express their ideas in unprecedented ways. From intricate illustrations to mesmerizing abstracts, artists on TravelArty are leveraging digital mediums to create art that transcends the boundaries of traditional forms.

Accessibility and Inclusivity : One of the driving forces behind the surge in digital art's popularity is its accessibility. Digital platforms like TravelArty provide a space where artists can showcase their work to a global audience. This newfound accessibility breaks down geographical barriers, allowing art lovers from various corners of India to discover and appreciate diverse digital creations.

Technological Innovation in Art : The integration of technology into the art-making process has opened up a realm of innovative possibilities. Artists are experimenting with tools, software, and techniques that were once unimaginable. This technological synergy results in art that is not only visually striking but also pushes the boundaries of creativity.

The Future of Indian Art : The rise of digital art signifies a paradigm shift in how we perceive and engage with art. As digital brushstrokes become an integral part of the Indian art scene, it sparks conversations about the evolving nature of creativity and the role technology plays in shaping artistic expressions. TravelArty stands as a testament to this evolution, providing a platform that not only embraces digital art but propels it into the spotlight.

In a world where pixels meet passion, TravelArty emerges as a beacon for those seeking to explore the endless possibilities of digital art. Join the movement, appreciate the digital brushstrokes, and become a part of the exciting future that awaits in the realm of Indian art. Below are some suggestion you can explore from their painting closet.

Wall Décor Suggestion From Travelarty Closet

Below are some suggestions from the Travelarty closet that you can explore to make your home look better :

Fishing Village In Konkan By Panoramic India

Immerse yourself in the serene beauty of coastal life with "Fishing Village Konkan" – a captivating piece of art that transports you to the heart of Konkan's picturesque fishing villages. The artist skillfully depicts the daily life of Konkan's fishing communities, weaving a narrative through brushstrokes that breathe life into the canvas. Feel the gentle sea breeze and hear the soothing sounds of the waves as you gaze upon this masterpiece. "Fishing Village Konkan" invites you to experience the tranquility of coastal living. Whether you're a seasoned art collector or someone looking to adorn your space with a touch of coastal magic, this artwork promises to be a visual escape to Konkan's enchanting shores. This artwork, available exclusively at TravelArty, captures the essence of Konkan's vibrant culture and the idyllic charm of its coastal landscapes. And if you wish to have this fishing village in Konkan by panoramic india portrait at your home then you can find it at wall paintings for living room.

Laid Back Life In Goa By Panoramic India 

Escape to the laid-back vibes of Goa with the enchanting artwork, "Laid-Back Life Goa," available exclusively at TravelArty. Immerse yourself in the vibrant spirit of Goa's coastal charm captured through the strokes of the artist's brush. Transport yourself to the palm-fringed beaches and sun-kissed landscapes of Goa. "Laid-Back Life Goa" beautifully captures the essence of the tropical paradise, inviting you to bask in its serene beauty.

Kashmir Valley By Panoramic India

Embark on a visual journey to the enchanting landscapes of Kashmir with the mesmerizing artwork, "Village Kashmir," available exclusively at TravelArty. Immerse yourself in the rich cultural tapestry and scenic beauty of the Kashmiri villages brought to life by the artist's skillful strokes. "Village Kashmir" captures the rustic charm of Kashmiri villages, where traditional architecture meets the breathtaking backdrop of the Himalayas. Add a touch of timeless beauty to your space. The artist's meticulous attention to detail breathes life into every corner of the canvas, creating an artwork that resonates with the soul of Kashmir and its warm, welcoming villages.

Waterfalls In Meghalaya By Panoramic India

Bring the breathtaking beauty of Meghalaya's cascading waterfalls into your living space with the captivating artwork, "Waterfalls Meghalaya," available exclusively at TravelArty. Immerse yourself in the natural wonders of Meghalaya through the eyes of a talented artist. "Waterfalls Meghalaya" captures the dynamic flow of water, creating a visual symphony that resonates with the serenity of Meghalaya's lush landscapes. Let the soothing vibes of nature flow through your space. The artist's skillful strokes bring to life the vibrant greenery and mist-kissed surroundings, transporting you to the heart of Meghalaya's enchanting waterfalls. Experience the magic of the Northeast in every detail.

Apart from the above wall painting for living room, there are many other options in terms watercolor paintings india. When to these demands there are only some brands that help you fulfil these needs. And Travelarty is a one-stop solution when it comes to acrylic painting online india, abstract painting online india, travel themed poster online or buy boho art in india then you can explore on their website.

To know more: https://travelarty.com/collections/vintage

[casaibrahim]

The CASSAN brand hyper press saltwater split rings are among the best quality split rings available in India. Extremely strong and durable and yet priced very reasonably, these split rings are gaining popularity among anglers in India. A must for every angler who appreciates quality at reasonable price.

[aarohik]

Snorkeling is the practice of swimming on or through a body of water while equipped with a diving mask, a shaped breathing tube called a snorkel, and usually swim fins. Due to the lesser amount of complications involved in snorkeling, it is sometimes preferred over Scuba diving.

Snorkeling in Malvan/Tarkali can be experienced by people belonging to any age group, this makes it one of the most popular sports amongst the tourists. It doesn’t involve any intensive training which makes it easier for people to try it. Just a little bit of knowledge about the equipment and a few safety measures is all you require to try snorkeling.

Snorkeling charges are also comparatively less which is also one of the reasons why most people try it. One can enjoy the underwater life and can also experience the fun of swimming with the fishes around through snorkeling. Hence, it should be a must whilst you visit Malvan/Tarkarli.

Know More About Snorkeling

We head to Chivla Beach in Malvan for Snorkeling, watching for dolphins on the way. You do not need to spend extra money on the Dolphin sightseeing trip there. It is complimentary with the package of Grand Island. On accession, we drop anchor so you can snorkel viewing the marine life. All equipment, as well as a life jacket, will be provided. You do not need to be a swimmer to explore snorkeling in Malvan. Any age person can enjoy snorkeling in Goa but must be fit and healthy. Our well-trained trainer will be there with you at your back all the time in the water to make you fit as possible. Snorkeling in Malvan is very cheap and budget-friendly.

It is suitable for tourists in Malvan not to miss out on Snorkeling. This Snorkeling trip in Goa can be the experience of your life. We give you the guarantee that you will refer this package to your friends at the end of the day. Make your Snorkeling experience out of danger and safe with Sea Water Sports as we are equipped with top of the line facilities and gear. Our trainers are all certified to ensure your safety.

What is Snorkeling?

Snorkeling is one of the popular water activities in Malvan. Recommended to every tourist visiting Malvan not to miss out on this thrilling activity that is Snorkeling in Malvan. Like Scuba Diving, it is also meant for undersea analysis. However, it is easier than Scuba Diving, as it involves breathing equipment called Snorkel. A curved tube provides the diver air as he bends down into the shallow water to observe underwater life. It does not require much training. A healthy person can do this activity.

Who Can Do Snorkeling?

All people can do Snorkeling. Whether you are a child or older one you can do Snorkeling.

Non-Swimmer Can Do Snorkeling?

Of course, if you know swimming or not you can do Snorkeling.

Who Can’t Do Snorkeling?

If you are suffering from a major illness then this is not for you

A child who is below 10 years also can’t do Snorkeling.

Pregnant Women also can’t do Snorkeling.

Asthma, Heart Patient also can’t do Snorkeling. Our team always prays for your recovery.

Why Snorkeling in Malvan?

Clean pleasant waters and a crystal clear underwater clarity make Malvan a perfect destination for Snorkeling. The tools for Snorkeling in Malvan India include all the gear you need which will be supplied by the operation. The equipment including wetsuit, gloves, fins, and mask are all provided by your operator.

Snorkeling in Malvan By Pace Tour Packages

We head to Chivla Beach in Goa for Snorkeling, watching for dolphins on the way. You do not need to spend extra money on the Dolphin sightseeing trip there. It is complimentary with the package of Grand Island. All equipment, as well as a life jacket, will be provided. You do not need to be a swimmer to explore snorkeling in Goa. Our well-trained trainer will be there with you at your back all the time in the water to make you fit as possible.

It is suitable for tourists in Goa not to miss out on Snorkeling. We give you the guarantee that you will refer this package to your friends at the end of the day. Make your Snorkeling experience out of danger and safe with Sea Water Sports as we are equipped with top of the line facilities and gear. Our trainers are all certified to ensure your safety.

So, What you are waiting for Book Snorkeling in Goa By No.1 Travel Agency in India Pace Tour Packages.

Why Do Snorkeling in Malvan With us?

We provide many facilities at an affordable cost.

For instance,

Pick / Drop from the Hotel

Equipment rental

Delicious Malvan blend Non-Veg/ Veg/ Jain Meal with drinks

videos

Light snacks/ fruits, water/ juice / Biscuits

and many more.

[bestcommercialfishingpermits]

Amendment 80 Explained: A Basic Guide

If your commercial fishing business operates in or around Alaska then you’ve already heard of Amendment 80. And, more likely than not, you understand that your fishing operations need to comply with it. What some commercial fishers might not know is what Amendment 80 actually is, why it’s important to both the industry and the ecosystem, and how it can affect their business. When simplified, the amendment has given the processor sector of the commercial fishing industry-exclusive rights to fish for certain species. What Amendment 80 Is The Amendment 80 sector is a fleet that’s made up of trawl catcher-processors. These processors target a list of specific species of fish in the Bering Sea and around the Aleutian Islands (sometimes shortened to BSAI). There are other species on the list covered by Amendment 80 which are found in the Gulf of Alaska (GOA) as well. Some of the species of fish that are covered under Amendment 80 are certified sustainable such as the Pacific Cod, Yellowfin Sole, and Flathead. Seafood is Alaska’s biggest export so the fish that these processors catch have global destinations, but the impacts are felt locally. Alaska’s seafood industry also has more employees than any other non-government industry sector in the state. Amendment 80 has led to job creation in areas like shipping, ship repair and maintenance, longshore/stevedore, and cold shipping. Local economies thrive which leads to a financially healthy state. What Amendment 80 Does So how does this affect you, someone who works in the commercial fishing industry but not as a processor? This is where Amendment 80 can become a little more confusing. That’s partly due to the fact that the amendment allows for the creation of cooperatives. Qualified vessels are able to enter partnerships with these processors after submitting the proper applications. There are exceptions to these cooperatives, however, and it’s important for commercial fishing industry workers to keep track of them. Some species have sideboard limits, and some vessels are prohibited from participating in any fishing of GOA flatfish. There are also exemptions based on the vessel’s experience on the water. Vessels that have less than ten weeks of experience with GOA flatfish fisheries are not allowed to participate in cooperatives established under Amendment 80 that participate in GOA flatfish fishery.   Why Amendment 80 Matters Amendment 80 covers a very large list of marine life, which makes it an extremely important topic that anyone working in the commercial fishing sector should be aware of. Not complying with it could lead to legal complications with your business. There are many rules, lists, policies, and special exceptions to keep track of. The things that you are or aren’t allowed to do vary by the type of vessel that you use in your commercial fishing operation, as well as the vessel’s experience engaging in certain types of commercial fishing. There are also different types of Amendment 80 permits, based on the type of fishing cooperative that you want to participate in. This can make it harder for you to submit the application for an Amendment 80 permit, or needs that you have as a vessel owner. Where We Come In At the Commercial Fishing Permits Center, we provide commercial fishers just like you with the right tools and information to complete your application. Better yet – we also submit and manage your documents for you. You don’t need to worry about dealing with a complicated submission process, simply complete the application on our website and we’ll take care of the rest. We also offer auto-renewals up to five years in advance. You won’t ever have to worry about being caught off guard and scrambling to complete the paperwork last minute. We also understand that this paperwork can be confusing, much like the rules and regulations established under Amendment 80. Despite the benefits it brings to the local economies of Alaska, it can bring you a headache. Not only do we manage your applications for permits such as an Amendment 80 permit, but our team is also available to answer any questions that you have about the forms. If you find yourself stuck on a question or not sure how to interpret the legal jargon, our team is more than happy to assist you. Just give us a call at (866) 292-4204 and we’ll bring you one step closer to getting your vessel out onto the open waters. Not in front of a computer screen? Not a problem! Our website is fully optimized for mobile usage as well as desktop computers, so you can work on your applications whenever and wherever is most convenient for you.

[generalknowledgehelp]

Focus: Destination Portugal

In an effort to highlight places of interest in countries across the world, their varied culture, economy, and history, The Statesman brings to you a Weekly Focus on countries with which India shares diplomatic ties and friendship. This week’s focus is on Portugal. Know all about the country.

Capital: Lisbon

Currency: Euro

Ethnic groups: Homogeneous Mediterranean population; citizens of black African descent, who immigrated to mainland during decolonisation number less than 100,000; since 1990, East Europeans have migrated to Portugal.

Languages: Portuguese (official), Mirandese (official, but locally used)

Religions: Roman Catholic 81%, other Christian 3.3%, other (includes Jewish, Islam) 0.6%, none 6.8%, unspecified 8.3%

Food and drink

Portuguese cooking is not too well known in other parts of Europe, or the world for that matter. Nevertheless, it is definitely worth exploring properly. Seafood is a regular staple, especially the salt cod that is very much a “love it or hate it” thing. Anchovy, bass, clams, mussels, salmon, sea bream, sole and swordfish are easier on the palate and also popular. The spice peri-peri is widely used to flavour chicken and shrimp, while Goan curry spices also add extra flavour to a variety of dishes and broths eaten widely.

Meat lovers can gorge on espetada, leitão and cozido à portuguesa, which mixes beef, pork, sausage and vegetables in a delicious dish. Another traditional delicacy is porco à alentejana. Sweets such as chocolate mousse and arroz doce (lemon and cinnamon-flavoured rice pudding) can be seen on tables up and down the country to finish off a superb meal. Some of the specialities are Bacalhau á bras, Lulas recheadas à Lisbonense.

Indian presence

Portugal has a large Indian origin diaspora with the Indian community in Portugal estimated at 65,000. According to a High-level Committee Report on Indian Diaspora of 2002, there are about 33,000 Hindus, 15,000 Goan Catholics, 12,000 Sunni Muslims, 8,000 Sikhs and 5,000 Ismailis in Portugal.

The migration of the community took place in two streams: firstly, direct movement from India, in smaller numbers from Goa, Daman and Diu before 1961; thereafter, in a pronounced flow after 1961, mostly of Gujaratis, from Portugal’s former African colonies, particularly Mozambique and Angola, at the start of the decolonization process in Africa in 1975. An estimated 7,500 people of Gujarati origin live in Portugal now.

Weather and climate

Not surprisingly, considering its close proximity to northern Africa, Portugal is one of the warmest European countries with an average temperature of 15°C in the north and 18°C in the south, while the Azores and Madeira are wetter and hotter respectively on the coast. It can become rainy and windy during autumn and winter, but spring and summer see temperatures soar to as high as 40°C around the interior and 35°C in the north.

Secular celebrations

Portuguese celebrate Labor Day, Portugal Day (10 June), Assumption of the Virgin, (15 August), Republic Day (5 October, commemorating collapse of the monarchy in 1910); 25 April has been an official holiday since 1974, commemorating the overthrow of the Estado Novo by the Armed Forces Movement.

Commercial relations

Not surprisingly, considering its close proximity to northern Africa, Portugal is one of the warmest European countries with an average temperature of 15°C in the north and 18°C in the south, while the Azores and Madeira are wetter and hotter respectively on the coast. It can become rainy and windy during autumn and winter, but spring and summer see temperatures soar to as high as 40°C around the interior and 35°C in the north.

The northwest has mild winters Bilateral trade has been growing steadily during the past few years. Trade balance has always been in favour of India. Bilateral trade increased by $ 120 million over the previous year’s figure of $ 692.19 million, registering an increase of 17.3%. Major articles of export from India include Cotton, Fish and Crustaceans, Iron and Steel, Machinery and Mechanical Appliances, Footwear; Plastics and articles, Man-made fibres and

Organic Chemicals. Major articles of import from Portugal are Machinery and Mechanical Appliances, Electrical machinery and equipment, plastics, organic chemicals, copper and articles, paper, raw hides and skins. Portugal ranks 55th in FDI to India.

Major Portuguese investors in India are Martifer (Porto) in the Metals Manufacturing sector; Efacec (Oeiras) in Industrial Machinery, Equipment and Tools sector; Euroamer Garuda, a subsidiary of Euroamer (Lisbon), a Construction project in Bangalore in the Real Estate sector; Sodecia’s acquisition of the Indian Automotive Ancillary Services Group in 2011. While precise figures are not available, Indian investments in Portugal are in the range of US $ 150 million.

VISA

Portugal is part of the Schengen Area. One can apply for Portuguese Schengen Visa. Documents required are: Application form, 2 Recent (not older than six months) passport-size photographs, The Passport should be valid for at least three months, Copy of refusal notification of previously denied Schengen Visas if any, Covering letter explaining the purpose of the visit and Names of the applicants travelling together with complete and full address and contacts of host/relative/hotel in Portugal.

Confirmed onward/return travel ticket, Proof of accommodation (confirmation of reservation of hotel/apartment), Overseas travel medical insurance valid for all Schengen-countries, Proof of sufficient funds to cover all expenses

TOURIST ATTRACTIONS

Libson: Lisbon comprises several key districts ~ all with their own charm and atmosphere. Must- explore areas include Chiado (historical streets, popular shopping district), Baixa, Belém (home to the original Portuguese tarts) and Alfama (the oldest district, with winding, labyrinthine and utterly charming streets). Viewpoints of the city are best seen from Miradouro Das Portas Do Sol (Alfama rooftops), Miradouro da Graça. There are many must-see monuments, notably the Castle of São Jorge (a Moorish castle sitting on the Alfama hilltop, overlooking the historic centre of Lisbon), Mosteiro dos Jerónimos,

Oceanário de Lisboa, Torre de Belém and the Lisbon Cathedral (a Roman Catholic Cathedral and the oldest church in Lisbon).

Pena National Palace: The Pena National Palace seems like a fairy tale castle as it stands above the clouds on overcast days. Yet, sitting atop a hill in Sintra, it can be seen from Lisbon on a clear day. Created by King Ferdinand II, it is an impressive example of 19th century Romanticism, not only in Portugal but also the world, as it combines Moorish and Manueline architectural styles. Other must-see highlights are: Palácio Nacional de Sintra, Ribeira do Cavalo beach, Convento do Cristo (Tomar), Bom Jesus do Monte (Braga), Universidade de Coimbra, Castelo de Guimarães, Torre de Clérigos and Palácio da Bolsa (Oporto), Sé (cathedral) and Roman Temple

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[mishraabram]

10 Major Sea Ports in India

According to the Ministry of Shipping, 95% of India’s foreign trade is mainly via sea ports. These ports play a crucial role in the International North-South Trade Corridor (INSTC), which connects the Indian Ocean to trade with the Eurasian trade corridors and the Arctic. The coastal regions of Maharashtra, Kerala, Goa, Karnataka, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Odisha, and West Bengal are home to nine of the total thirteen major Indian sea ports. As India continues to stir up high volumes of global imports and exports, here are ten of India’s most substantial container and cargo shipping ports:

1. Nhava Sheva Port:

The Nhava Sheva port, also known as Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust (JNPT), is one of the busiest container ports in India with annual traffic of 5.05 million TEU (Twenty-Foot Equivalent Unit). It features in World’s Top 30 sea ports and has seen a steady rise in traffic in the past five years. It is responsible for 56% of India’s container traffic and will see almost double the capacity once the construction of its fourth terminal is completed. Also known as the King Port across the Arabian Sea, it was built back in 1989 and is situated in Navi Mumbai. The main shipments exported from the port include machinery, chemicals, pharmaceutical products, textiles, carpets, plastics, and sports goods.

2. The second busiest port in India is The Port of Mundra, with annual traffic of 4.4 million TEU. It is ranked at the 32nd position in the World’s Top 50 sea ports. With fast-rising traffic, Mundra Port almost doubled its traffic of 2.7 million TEU in 2014. Furthermore, it is India’s largest commercial port by size and acts as a significant gateway to the hinterland of northern India. The Mundra Port is owned by the Adani Group and has four container terminals that boast a capacity of 7.5 million.

3. Chennai Port: The Port of Chennai is the third biggest port in India and has annual traffic of 1.5 million TEU. The port is one of the oldest in India, which started official port operations in 1881. Although the port was in danger of losing importance, its 2018 performance saw an increase of almost 3.5% on the previous year. It has the honour of being the location for India’s first dedicated container terminal, which opened in 1983. It is an artificial and all-weather port with wet docks. Its second container terminal opened in 2009 and is entirely run by PSA International.

4. Kolkata Port: The Port of Kolkata is the fourth busiest in India and has annual traffic of 796,000 TEU. Also dubbed as “Gateway of Eastern India,” the port manages cargo that arrives from Australia and Southeast Asia. It utilizes two dock systems — Haldia docks and Kolkata docks. It’s a natural river port and can comfortably accommodate ships up to 500 feet in length. The Kolkata Port was the first major port in India and a crucial trading post in colonial times. It is the busiest port for the trade of jute, and a major exporter of iron ore, copper, steel, leather, coal, and tea. Imports include heavy machinery, fertilizers, paper, chemical products, and crude oil.

5. V.O. Chidambaranar Port: The V.O. Chidambaranar Port Trust, also known as Tuticorin Port, has annual traffic of approximately 698,000 TEU. The all-weather port is also the fourth-largest container terminal facility in India by size. The Sethusmudram Shipping Canal project, which concerns the shallow waters between India and Sri Lanka, will make the area viable for mega-ships and increase the traffic substantially. Main imports and exports include cooking oil, salt, grain, petroleum, and coal.

6. Kandla Port: The Kandla Creek area located 90 kilometres away from the Gulf of Kutch is home to the Port of Kandla. It is one of the oldest ports in India and was constructed back in the 1950s following the India-Pakistan partition. It was the first export processing port in India. Based on the amount of cargo and value of the shipment moved through this port, it is the biggest container port in India. It’s also known as the most affluent and the busiest port, due to its high profitability for exporting grain and importing oil. The imports include petroleum, heavy machinery, salt, textiles, and chemicals.

7. Mumbai Port: The western coast city of Mumbai is home to India’s largest port by size and shipping traffic. The port is situated in a natural harbour with water reaching depths of 10–12 meters, allowing easy docking and passage for large cargo ships. The Mumbai Port is critical to the Indian economy and trade operations as it handles 20% of the foreign trade. It was the first container terminal in India, which handled over 2 million TEU per year. It has four jetties that control several imports and exports, including manganese, crude, and petroleum oil, textiles, tobacco, liquid chemicals, leather, and heavy machinery.

8. Vishakapatnam Port: Located in the East Coast of India, the Vishakapatnam Port, also known as Vizag Port, is the oldest shipyard in India. Inaugurated as a significant sea port in 1933, it manages 1.2 million metric tons of cargo every year in its 24 berths. It comprises of three harbours — outer, inner, and fishing harbour. In 2017, more than 500 thousand TEU of cargo was transshipped in this port. Some of the common goods that are imported and exported via this port include iron ore, alumina, oil, pellets, etc.

9. Cochin Port: The Port of Cochin is one of the major ports in South-West India, and it moves 11 million metric tonnes of imports every year. Established in 1928, the port of Kochin is located on two islands — Willingdon Island and Vallarpadam. In 2016 the port transshipped over 0.4 million TEU of cargo. It has an anchorage depth of nearly 14 meters, and a cargo depth of over nine meters makes it possible to host ships of over 500 feet in length. The inner bay is partitioned into two navigation channels — the Ernakulum Canal and the Mattancheri Canal. Imports and exports consist mainly of coffee, spices, tea, fertilizers, and mineral oils.

10. Port Blair Port: The Andaman and Nicobar islands are home to the Port Blair Port. It is one of the youngest ports in India and sits inside a natural harbour with a depth of twelve to thirteen meters. Due to its significant economic contributions, Port Blair was declared an official shipping and cargo port by the Indian government. Port Blair serves as a connection point between the Bay of Bengal and the Andaman Sea and can comfortably accommodate ships up to 500 meters in length.

Also, check out our Sailing Schedule platform, a smart tool to equip you in making smart decisions while planning the movement of your freight.

[goasathi123]

Uncover the Underwater World: The Ultimate Premium Scuba Diving Package in Goa

Goa, with its sun-drenched beaches, vibrant culture, and laid-back lifestyle, is often associated with lively parties and beachside relaxation. However, beneath its crystal-clear waters lies an enchanting underwater world that beckons adventurers and nature lovers alike. For those who seek a truly extraordinary experience, a premium scuba diving package in Goa offers the perfect blend of luxury, adventure, and discovery. This is your chance to uncover the mysteries of the Arabian Sea and explore its vibrant marine life in the most exclusive way possible.

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♠ devil’s playground, a study of ace’s hands prompted and featuring a cameo by @pilawforhire

Any other day, in any other instance, inked fingers demanded more attention that plain ones. More interesting to foreign eyes they were deemed. 

Even to familiar ones they were still an object of interest, and Ace couldn’t stop himself from taking a peek at Law’s hands as he read from across the room, some book titled something long and with the suffix -ology somewhere in there. Though Ace’s good eyesight allowed him to discern the letters on the cover enough to read them if he wished so, it was on Law’s also letter-bearing digits that he centred his eyes. To watch him flip a page or secure the paperback by changing his hand’s positioning so as not to damage it was far more interesting than to guess what it was he read about with such concentration and collected enthusiasm.

Law’s hands... They were not Ace’s pick. They were what they were, the useful appendages humans had been blessed with by whatever Creator. Still they were worthy of his unconscious fascination every now and then - they’d draw his gaze to them and there it would linger.

But that was any other day. Today, the plain, old boring fingers were worthy of protagonism, which they had earned by their own modest merit.

Leaving Law to his readings, Ace looked down upon his own hands, currently partially obscured by the playing cards interspersed between his fingers. He had been trying to up his skills by playing Napoleon at St. Helena while his mate offered no more than his presence in the living room but, having gotten bored with the complexity and loneliness of the game, had ditched it for some good old house of cards fun.

It would have sounded depressing were it not for the fact Ace was not so bad with it. His hands lacked the precision Law’s hands had been graced with and gotten over the years, and it was true his temper rendered it impossible for him to be best friends with Lady Patience... But, because there was something childish in building a house of cards, and even simplistic in using them for their physical aspect thus stripping them off their playing value, a man like him could enjoy himself.

Ace started placing the cards on the table one by one but he had to stop at finding a particular one amongst his pile. The Ace of Spades. It was said that those bearing the name of ‘D.’ were superstitious fellows - he and Law had never truly sat down to talk about it; they might discuss fate and a cursed existence but never prophecies and the stuff of legend. Could this argument be naught but belief in itself? 

Still, Ace knew enough to say this was what they called the ‘death card’. He’d heard it several times in his life thanks to his sharing of the card’s name. It was always the Ace of Spades. Never the Ace of Hearts, Diamonds or Clubs. It was Death that immediately popped to people’s minds when they made a connection between this Ace of flesh and bone and that of the cards. Rational an assumption - everybody dies - but charged with a sense of imminence that seemed to bid adieu to any joys he could yet live.

Were Ace inclined to such thoughts, he’d find it amusing how Law would bear ‘death’ in his hands while he bore his in his name. Predestination versus choice. For now, he discarded the bit of cardboard and paid attention to his bare hands. 

Like Law’s, they were what nature had given him, a pair of useful must-have anatomical tools. That’s where the similarities stopped, as he found, paying attention to his hands for the first time he could recall. 

His hands were slightly more ample than the average man’s, still keeping to propotion and not freakish enough to demand looks of curiosity and disgust, though, from certain angles where their size was enhanced, they looked somewhat cartoonish. The digits were broad and rough in appearance, with scars scattered all over, in various sizes and ages. 

Most of these Ace had gotten during his childhood where his living outdoors and penchant for trouble formed a dangerous combo which made any boy return home with a collection of injuries and bruises to kill for. Climbing trees, setting traps for wild beasts, directly hitting said beasts when the traps failed, browsing trash, debris and scraps of construction material for things of worth, building things with said finds, wielding his metal pipe in fights against everyone who touched a nerve (and that was a big slice of Goa Kingdom’s demographic)... All activities of action and violence would take a toll in the end of the day. 

Most marks had healed and disappeared with time but Ace still displayed a few.

For instance, he had, on his left hand, between the second and third digits and descending in a line on the back, a scar he’d gotten when defending Luffy from an aristocrat not even a year after the loss of Sabo. 

The boy was running so carefree, challenging his big brother to catch him, when he went straight against the nobleman. More than insulting the juvenile rabble, the man produced a blade the Lord knew from where and took a swing at Luffy. Ace’s reaction, though justified, was disproportionate, with him putting more strength into his own metallic blow than the threat demanded. The blood was boiling hot in him, filling each and every vessel with hellish rage and Ace did not measure his power nor his foe’s. He couldn’t - after Sabo, no one was taking his little brother, the still cry-baby one away.

The man had reacted as he ought to, taking the child as a serious opponent, for Ace’s appetite for chaos rivalled that of many an adult male. Ace could not explain how the fight had gone because blood had deafened and blinded him and everything had been just a blur of black and white and red, with Luffy’s wailing in the background, muffled to his brother’s ears but loud as war trumpets to the crowd. If he had a single scar to prove the story true, he had only himself and the demon that had possessed him that day to thank for. 

Now, while he didn’t exactly feel proud of it, Ace considered it a medal for bravery, embroidered in his flesh.

Speaking of the flesh, Ace’s hand felt like leather to the touch. A rough thing, still it glistened like a delicate craft thanks to the numerous calluses that covered his hands. This hardening of the skin could be relatively blamed on seafaring. The sun, the wind, the sea. The rope scraping flesh every time he moored Striker. 

Part of it was still to blame on the survival skills he’d gained as a kid and of which he still made a good use as an adult - climbing trees and roofs was an effective way of losing chasers or to find one’s way in an unknown city with only a few points of reference; hunting for meat when fish wouldn’t satisfy; knowing how to make a shelter for himself with what was available... Sometimes Ace would even make a use of that dagger he carried against the leg to carve a piece of wood duiring long, lonely and dull times in the company of none but the crescent-shaped raft.

Then, there was a third reason, a much more recent one: his Devil Fruit. Many things in Ace’s biology had changed when he’d become a man of fire. His hands, for example. The fire within them had affected the flesh by multiplying its flaws twofold at least; but there was a plus side, or so the lucky few who were allowed Ace’s trust to touch his hands considered: they were always warm, regardless of weather and external temperature. Not hot, never cold.

This warmth was enough to melt snow if there was no fabric in between, like the sweet warmth of his bodily fire had been capable of melting away some of the ice Law had raised as a wall encircling his heart.

Finally, and not so poetically but in a far more practical note, Ace’s nails were always kept short. More often than not, they were stubby and showcased white spots as the result of mild damages to the nail bed or low calcium - again, consequence of the hardships of a seafaring life. Other than that, Ace could boast of managing to keep all ten fingers in his twenty-two years of existence. And ten toes too, for that matter!

Concluding his analysis, Ace intertwined his fingers together and eyed the cards. From the distance, he heard Law flip a page and its silence enhanced sound cut the air. 

In what gestures were concerned, and still as a part of this study, Ace’s hands were used to performing a couple of them that spoke of his personality, more than sticking to the activities they were meant to carry out. 

As part of an adult take on the childish temperament he wished to tone down, Ace would often crack his knuckles as either a warning his patience was about to end, if accompanied by glaring eyes; or as an alert it had indeed reached its quota if the coals turned wild or the sides of his face looked uneven. He also cracked them as a response not to anyone but himself, whenever he embraced a mission or arrived at a troubling verdict.

He made guns out of his fingers as part of his fighting repertoire, in a move where his injured fingers and their right hand counterparts would face a foe and spit real fire in gun-like blasts. By keeping his middle finger facing the palm of his hand, Ace would do a child-friendly version of these finger guns when with his friends, as to acknowledge a joke or in the way of a salute.

Ace also took his hands to his lips to whistle and, when bored, he’d drum his fingers on what surface was available, whether it was the Moby Dick’s railing, the dinner table or his muscley arm.

Most of all, Ace’s gestures worked in association with his hat. Never had a hat been so cherished after his brother’s straw one and it didn’t even share its meaningfulness. 

Both of Ace’s hands would often go for it in greeting, for various reasons and in a miscellany of combinations. Sometimes he’d spread his fingers over the top in order to lift the cowboy hat from his raven hair. Sometimes he’d hold it between his fingers and his thumb, and so he would nod. Or he’d hold the same way only along the brim to nod as well or give it a soft pull. 

Speaking of which, hats also served as a great means of concealing one’s countenance, as much as they worked on shielding eyes and protecting the head from the hostile weather overall. A wide brim was a helpful friend when the eyes sparked with rage or drowned themselves in tears and hence it was not uncommon to find Ace pressing his hat deeper against his skull, in the hopes of giving silent frustration some privacy.

If it seemed like Ace only knew how to manhandle the trademarked hat, truth was his harsh hands knew how to be gentle with it, even if one would think otherwise at the sight of the man twisting the object when it was heavy with rain as to dry it. Call it ‘tough love’ if you will, but even this misuse was an expression of how much he cared for his hat, which would often receive pats and cleansing brushes of the fingers to send the dust away.

Finally, there were the small things, revealing of his core, also not to be relieved of blame for the pitiful state his hands were on at twenty-two. Cooking gave him no burns but guitar playing benefited from the ugliness of those calluses as much as it shaped them. Slamming his fists against the wall to release the anger. Mimicking Law in his favourite gesture of flipping the bird, though Ace did it less commonly than his Death-bearing counterpart.

Ace looked at the pairs of triangles which formed the two floors of his house of cards. With a single blow of the right hand, soft and almost merciful, he took it down. Law turned another noisy page. Ace decided he’d had enough of being idle.

With all fifty-two cards in his hands, Ace swiped those in his right to his left until he identified the pair he needed. In a mute march towards Law, Ace, rather imperiously, placed these two over Law’s open book so he wouldn’t get lost next time he picked it up. 

The Ace of Spades and the King of Hearts. While he knew the first was the death card, he knew not of the latter’s meaning. All he knew was both could apply to either of them. All that mattered was that Law liked hearts.

“I think you’ve had enough of that medical-ology. C’mon, I’m bored!”

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What is Naval Architecture: Careers, Courses And Jobs For Naval Architects

Over the past century, naval technology has developed leaps and bounds. Ships and other sea-going vessels along with the technologies of marine navigation and shipbuilding have seen huge advancements and this has led to the establishment of various dedicated fields of study. Naval architecture is one such specialized field, which is an integral part of the shipping industry.

Contents

1. What is Naval Architecture?

2. How to Become a Naval Architect?

3. What is the Ranking Hierarchy for a Naval Architecture profession?

4. What are the Main Software and Tools used by Naval Architects?

5. How are the Job Market and Prospects of Naval Architects?

6. What is the Lifestyle of a Naval Architect?

7. What are the Names of Some Popular Companies that hire Naval architects?

8. What Further Studies can a Naval architect do?

9. What are the Famous Naval Architecture colleges in India and abroad?

10. What are Some Famous Books that Naval Architects Must Have?

11. What are the Differences between Naval Architecture and Marine engineering?

12. What is the Average Salary of Different Ranks and Professions in Naval Architecture India and abroad?

What is Naval Architecture?

Naval architecture is the name given to the science and engineering of designing and manufacturing of sea-going vessels such as ships, yachts, powerboats, steamers, tugs, fishing boats, barges, warships, cruise ships, icebreakers and even submarines. In addition to these, the study of naval architecture also deals with the design and manufacturing of offshore structures of all kinds whether commercial or military.

Each of these structures whether permanent ones, offshore or the movable ones such as floating structures, have undergone vast changes with the development of this particular field of technology.

Naval architecture has been instrumental in the evolution of the new age sea machines and ports – some of these are very high-valued, complex piece of engineering structures ever created by mankind.

A naval architect specializes in every facet of maritime activities such as dredging, shipment and transportation, offshore drilling etc. This is the field that caters to discipline of the shipping industry right from the research and development, designing, building and repairing of all above-mentioned machines. The naval architect is not only responsible for the development aspect, but also for the economic feasibility, values and safety of the marine vessels and related units.

Read what naval architects do here.

It is of utmost importance that a naval architect is updated with all that is latest in the maritime field and also stays connected with the new developments and research. These professionals also have to be excellent at coordinating with other professionals who are experts in the marine disciple, for e.g. scientists, marine surveyors, engineers of all departments, seafarers, accountants, mariners and even entrepreneurs.

The experts from the industry are able to provide the best views on new developing marine details and the varying needs, and naval architects should learn how to inculcate these details while designing and manufacturing ships and other marine structure. Thus teamwork comes into play for the smooth functioning of the operations of this field.

A naval architect also needs to be extremely good with management and team coordination. Any person who involves himself in the field of naval architecture should have the characteristics of patience, understanding, time management, man management, eye for details and teamwork etc.

In terms of the technical contents, this profession is a beautiful blend of art and science, as it involves a creative and artistic thought as well as a studious and knowledgeable mind. Working knowledge of other departments is an advantage that is welcome for anyone who wants to make a career in this field.

The Naval Architecture industry has had a long-lasting impact on the socio-economic status of the world and it would be safe to say that the developments that the marine world has witnessed over the course of the last century would not have been possible without the blossoming of the field of naval architecture.

How to Become a Naval Architect?

Note: The procedure of becoming a naval architect depends on the country one belongs to. One should be able to find information about their respective country by going through the website of some prominent maritime academies. 

For E.g. in India, the universities offering the best naval architecture courses of the country are:

Indian Maritime University, Visakhapatnam Campus

Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur

Indian Institute of Technology, Madras

One would have to qualify in the IMU-CET test (a common entrance exam) for being eligible to be offered admission to Indian Maritime University, Visakhapatnam Campus. For the IITs, one would have to secure a decent rank in the IIT-JEE (Advanced) examination.

There are other private universities that offer this course. Admission to these institutions can be secured by qualifying their respective entrance examinations.

What is the Ranking Hierarchy for a Naval Architecture Profession?

There is no fixed ranking hierarchy for naval architects. In a design firm, a fresh graduate naval architect can work his way up to the ladder to hold positions of highest technical responsibility in the organisation. The same holds for shipyards and classification societies. However, to make ones way to the tier 1managementt level of an organisation, management education is necessary.

What are the Main Software and Tools Used by Naval Architects?

It depends on what one is working on. At the initial design stage, software packages like NAPA and Rhino are widely used for surface modelling. Aveva Marine Initial Design, Maxsurf Modeller, Autohydro are used for stability analyses. Aveva Marine Initial Design is also widely used for hydrodynamic analysis.

Hydrodynamics and Resistance Calculations can be carried out using packages like Shipflow, ANSYS Fluent, and StarCCM. For seakeeping, manoeuvring, and diffraction analysis packages like StarCCM, OpenFOAM, WAMIT, ANSYS Aqwa and OrcaFlex are widely used.

In the production design stage, specific modules of packages like AVEVA Marine, FORAN, NUPAS CADMATIC, and NAPA STEEL are engaged in the process. The choice of software is a function of the type of vessel, its size, the requirements of the design, and other technical offerings of the package. ANSYS modules are also widely used for structural analyses.

Apart from these, it is important to note that a good hold over Microsoft Excel is necessary for a good designer, as a lot of preliminary data analyses, and naval architectural calculations are carried out in MS Excel.

How are the Job market and Prospects of Naval Architects? 

The job market for naval architects depends on the country one is looking at. While the shipbuilding sector in India is yet to achieve its full potential compared to those other Asian and EU nations, there are opportunities for good talent in the country. The primary areas that employ naval architects in India are ship design firms, Classification societies, shipyards (public and private), and marine consultancy firms.

When one looks at similar opportunities overseas, they are better both in terms of the technical exposure and the pay packages. Many big ship-repair docks in the middle east, sub-sea oil exploration technology design companies, shipping companies in other Asian countries provide attractive opportunities, but also look for suitable talent and experience.

Future prospects can also include higher education and research work in areas of structural engineering, sub-sea engineering, naval architecture and ship design, etc. Reputed universities like –

Osaka University- Japan,

The University of New Orleans-the USA,

University of Southampton- UK,

University of Strathclyde- UK,

University of Michigan- USA, etc.

These universities provide world-class opportunities for higher education and research in the field of naval architecture.

What is the Lifestyle of a Naval Architect?

The lifestyle of a naval architect varies depending on various factors like work domain, job location, etc. The first few years of a naval architect are best invested in acquiring the required skills that would enable him/her to perform at higher levels of responsibility in the future. This may include working on specific software modules and gaining expertise in them, diversifying one’s experience through exposure to multiple kinds of projects, attending relevant conferences and industry conclaves, and keeping oneself updated with the latest technologies in the industry by subscription to the top journals. In the long term, when most of the learning is done, a naval architect acts as a conduit between the multiple functional stakeholders in a design project.

What are the Names of Some Popular Companies that hire Naval architects?

Some popular companies that hire naval architects in India are:

Public Sector Shipyards

1) Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Limited

2) Garden Reach Shipbuilders Limited

3) Cochin Shipyard Limited

4) Goa Shipyard Limited

5) Hindustan Shipyard Limited

Private Sector Shipyards

1) Larsen and Toubro Shipbuilding

2) Reliance Defence Industries Limited

3) Tebma Shipyard Limited

Classification Societies

1. Indian Register of Shipping

2. Lloyds Register

Marine Design Consultancies and Firms

1) Vedam Design

2) Aries Marine Consultants

3) Marintek

4) Conceptia

5) Buoyancy Consultants

The opportunities increase manifold in the international arena. Some of the largest shipyards like Samsung Heavy Industries, Mitsubishi, Keppel Shipyard, Drydocks World-Dubai, Fincantieri and others of the top league provide world-class opportunities and exposure to naval architects. Most of the world class shipyards also offer the latest design experience in their respective design departments.

All the classification societies worldwide are the most suitable place to work for naval architects who look for specialisation in rule development, plan approval, and marine surveying. Apart from these, there are many software development companies that look for naval architects for providing better software solutions to their customers.

What Further Studies can a Naval architect do?

A naval architect can pursue a range of specialisations offered by various universities. Some of them are ship design, structural design, marine structures, hydrodynamic design and offshore structures design. The range of specialisations and course offerings vary according to the universities offering them. We’ve mentioned some of them previously.

What are the Famous Naval Architecture Colleges in India and abroad?

In India, the universities offering the best naval architecture courses of the country are:

1) Indian Maritime University, Visakhapatnam Campus

2) Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur

3) Indian Institute of Technology, Madras

4) AMET University, Chennai

Some of the universities that are globally known for their naval architecture courses are:

1) Osaka University- Japan

2) The University of New Orleans- USA

3) University of Southampton- UK

4) University of Strathclyde- UK

5) University of Michigan- USA

What are Some Famous Books that Naval Architects Must Have?

Though there is a range of books that a naval architecture can refer to, there are a few that every naval architect refers to in his/her career:

1) Principles of Naval Architecture (By Edward V. Lewis, SNAME) 2) Basic Ship Theory (By E.C. Tupper and K.J Rawson) 3) Introduction to Naval Architecture (By E.C. Tupper) 4) Ship Stability for Masters and Mates (By D.R. Derret) 5) Ship Construction and Welding (By N.R. Mandal)

What are the Differences Between Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering?

The difference is significant. The expertise of a naval architect lies in designing and building ships, submarines and other marine structures. Due to their complex engineering, a naval architect is a professional who brings together the contributions of a mechanical engineer, electrical and electronics engineer, material engineer, and other disciplines to suitably apply them on marine design. At any stage of the design or construction, the only go-to person who could have an overview of all the nuances involved is a naval architect, because he not only acts as a point of contact between all the involved engineering applications, but also has knowledge on Stability, Hydrostatics, Strength and Structural Design, Classification Society Rules, SOLAS Rules, Resistance and Powering, General Arrangement Layout, and all the design details in the project.

A marine engineer, however, is someone who specialises in operating and maintaining all the engineering systems used on a ship. When a ship is at sea, it is the team of marine engineers who keep the systems running and free from breakdown. A good marine engineer is also expected to know the design of most of the engineering systems used on ships. Every Chief Engineer on a ship is a graduate marine engineer.

What is the Average Salary of Different Ranks and Professions in Naval Architecture India and Abroad?

While there are no such ranks in the profession of a naval architect, some positions that naval architects hold in the Indian industry and worldwide are:

1) Designer to Chief Designer (Engineering / Stability / Systems / Structural)

2) Surveyor (Classification Society)

3) Marine Consultant

4) Production Manager as ranks above it (in shipyards)

5) Offshore Structures Designer

This is, however, a broad layout. There is a wide range of roles that are offered to naval architects, which depends on the organisation. But to sum it up, a naval architect, with years of experience or relevant management education is usually the most suitable professional for serving the highest hierarchical roles in the ship-building and maritime design industry.

Disclaimer: This is not a promotional post. The websites/books, if mentioned, are ranked randomly and not in any particular order. The authors’ views expressed in this article do not necessarily reflect the views of Marine Insight. Data and charts, if used, in the article have been sourced from available information and have not been authenticated by any statutory authority. The author and Marine Insight do not claim it to be accurate nor accept any responsibility for the same. The views constitute only the opinions and do not constitute any guidelines or recommendation on any course of action to be followed by the reader.

The article or images cannot be reproduced, copied, shared or used in any form without the permission of the author and Marine Insight. 

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Suffolk Hires New Marketing Head & New CFO

Suffolk, one of the most successful, privately held building contractors in the country, announced it has hired former E*TRADE Chief Marketing Officer (CMO) Lea Stendahl as its new CMO and former GE Vice President of Financial Planning and Analysis Puneet Mahajan as its new Chief Financial Officer (CFO). The strategic hires from these global innovation companies will help expand Suffolk’s national brand presence, position it for continued growth and support its mission to transform the construction industry. “I am confident their strong leadership, wealth of experience with iconic innovation companies like E*TRADE and GE, and forward-thinking vision will help drive Suffolk’s brand awareness, attract the best talent, create new business opportunities and raise our profile as an industry game changer and disruptor.”

Ms. Stendahl will be responsible for defining and implementing a strategic marketing vision that aligns with Suffolk’s exponential growth nationally. She will also be responsible for leading the transformation of the organization’s marketing function by creating and executing an integrated, diverse marketing strategy that encompasses all branding, media, communications, digital marketing and promotional strategies. Mr. Mahajan will be responsible for establishing Suffolk’s financial and information technology goals and strategies. He will direct the day-to-day financial and administrative functions, negotiate credit agreements and re-engineer the organization’s accounting and technology systems to maximize efficiencies. Ms. Stendahl and Mr. Mahajan will be based at Suffolk Headquarters in Boston, Massachusetts and will report directly to Suffolk Chairman and Chief Executive Officer John Fish.

“We are thrilled to have Lea and Puneet join the Suffolk family to help us strengthen our brand nationally and position us for long-term financial success as we continue to revolutionize our industry,” said John Fish, Chairman and CEO of Suffolk. “I am confident their strong leadership, wealth of experience with iconic innovation companies like E*TRADE and GE, and forward-thinking vision will help drive Suffolk’s brand awareness, attract the best talent, create new business opportunities and raise our profile as an industry game changer and disruptor.”

As Chief Marketing Officer at E*TRADE, Lea Stendahl defined and drove the company’s brand and marketing initiatives through innovative communications, consumer-centric positioning and break-through campaigns to help strengthen the iconic brand and reclaim its challenger position in the market. Prior to her Chief Marketing Officer role at E*TRADE, Ms. Stendahl was a Managing Director of brand and marketing communications for TD Ameritrade, and before that she spent eight years at E*TRADE as Senior Vice President of Marketing. Ms. Stendahl’s early experience also includes marketing leadership roles with several other financial institutions.

Ms. Stendahl has earned accolades for her marketing and branding vision and leadership, and she was recently named to the 2018 AdWeek 50 which recognized her as an “indispensable executive across marketing, media and technology” who is “leading the charge and using cutting-edge technologies to blaze new trails” in marketing and branding. She earned her BA in political science from the University of Wisconsin-Madison and her MBA in marketing from The Kellogg School of Management at Northwestern University.

As Vice President of Financial Planning and Analysis at GE, Mr. Mahajan was responsible for executing a critical element of that organization’s strategic transformation by focusing on enhancing the financial planning and reporting processes to drive better alignment with strategic goals, improve transparency, and increase accountability while reducing complexity. During this tenure at GE, Mr. Mahajan improved the quality and timeliness of investor reporting, drove synergies across industrial segment operations, managed the Treasury operations strategy and provided detailed analysis and reporting for the CEO and Board. Prior to this position at GE, Mr. Mahajan served as GE’s Chief Risk Officer, Chief Financial Officer of GE India, Chief Financial Officer of GE Capital Asia and Chief Financial Officer of GE Consumer Finance Japan. Mr. Mahajan earned his Bachelor of Commerce at Panjab University and Master of Business Administration at the GOA Institute of Management.

About Suffolk Suffolk’s vision is to “transform the construction experience by building smart.” Because we believe if there’s a better way, we’ll find it. We’re always challenging the industry status quo and pushing the boundaries of what is possible. We believe in the power of innovation and people, and we empower our teams to think differently, work collaboratively and executive flawlessly on the most complex and sophisticated projects in the country. Our strong culture of innovation, combined with the most advanced tools such as virtual design and construction (VDC), virtual reality technologies and lean construction principles, is revolutionizing our industry and redefining what it means to be a builder. Suffolk is a national building contractor with $4.0 billion in annual revenue and offices in Boston, New York City, Miami, West Palm Beach, Tampa, Fort Myers, Dallas, Los Angeles, San Francisco and San Diego. We service clients in every major industry sector, including healthcare, science and technology, education, federal government, gaming, aviation and commercial. Suffolk is privately held and is led by Founder, Chairman and CEO John Fish. Suffolk is ranked #23 on the Engineering News Record list of “Top 400 Contractors” in the country.

Suffolk is a community-conscious organization dedicated to environmentally friendly and sustainable business practices, and is committed to making a positive impact in its local communities through grassroots volunteer work, employee fundraising and corporate giving. For more information, visit www.suffolk.com.

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Development and Characterization of Compression-Coated Tablet of Telmisartan Applying QbD Principles

INTRODUCTION Human body shows 24 h variation in blood pressure (BP). BP is mainly increased in the early morning hours, declines form mid afternoon and is minimum at midnight1. Telmisartan is a potent, long-lasting, non-peptide angiotensin II receptor (type AT1) antagonist used in the management of hypertension. It is well absorbed after oral administration. Peak plasma concentration is reached in 0.5 to 1 h after conventional drug dosage form administration2-3. Hence, the rationale of chronotherapy for hypertension is to deliver the drug in higher concentrations during the early morning post-awakening period. Thus, nighttime hypertensive medication is more specific for the early morning surge of BP in addition to 24 h BP control would be useful for the prevention of cardiovascular events in hypertensive patients4. Quality target product profile (QTPP) is a vital element of QbD approach which forms base for systematic product development. QbD is concerned with the product quality through linking the critical material attributes (CMAs) and critical process parameters (CPPs) into the critical quality attributes (CQAs) of drug product. Firstly, the potential risk variables are determined by risk assessment in the initial design during product development. Then, to improve process knowledge, multivariate experiments are carried out using design of experiments (DoE)5. DoE, as an important tool for QbD, can determine the relationship between CMAs, CPPs and CQAs of a process6. PBD is used for screening, which can screen the main variables among numerous inputs variables5. 32 full factorial design were usually used for optimization. Pellets, as a drug delivery system, show remarkable advantages such as homogenous distribution in gastrointestinal tract thus maximizing drug absorption, reducing irritation of the gastrointestinal tract, lowered risk of side effects, less friable dosage form and easy coating. Extrusion-spheronization as pelletization technique is the most commonly and effectively used methods. There are many factors that impacts the extrusion-spheronization process, such as type of polymer, concentration of polymer, type of binder, type of spheronizer aid and concentration, kneading time, extruder speed, spheronizer speed, spheronizer time, drying technique, drying time6. The compression-coated approach offers several benefits, including that it is simple, versatile, has a solvent-free coating, and economical at the production scale compared to other pharmaceutical platform technologies which have been reported for such chronomodulated drug delivery7. In this work, we attempted to formulate chronomodulated compression-coated tablets of Telmisartan for administration at bedtime with a 4.5 - 5 h lag time for modulation of rapid release of Telmisartan during morning hours followed by sustained release up to 24 h. Compression-coated tablets dosage forms comprising of two components, (I) an inner core tablet which contain Telmisartan (for IR) and mucoadhesive pellets of Telmisartan (for SR) And (II) an outer coat layer is containing hydrophilic polymer. MATERIALS AND METHODS MATERIALS Telmisartan was obtained as a gift sample from Zydus Cadila Healthcare Ltd, India. Microcrystalline cellulose (Avicel PH101; Signet Chemical Corporation, India). Eudragit RLPO, Eudragit RSPO, Hydroxy propyl methylcellulose (HPMCK100M), Polyox 303 WSR were received from Colorcon Asia Pvt. Ltd, Goa, India. All the chemicals used for analytical development were HPLC Grade. METHODS Preformulation Studies7-10 Micromeritics Properties The angle of repose of Telmisartan and formulation mixture was determined by the fixed funnel method. The bulk density (BD) and tapped densities (TD) were determined by using standard density apparatus. The Carr's index (%) and the Hausner’s ratio were calculated. Drug-Excipients Compatibility Studies Infrared Spectroscopy The FTIR spectra of pure drug sample and excipients were acquired using the potassium bromide pellets technique on a Shimadzu Fourier transform-infrared spectrophotometer (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) in the wavelength region of 4000 cm-1- 400 cm-1. The procedure consisted of dispersing a sample in potassium bromide, and compressing the sample into disc by applying a pressure of 5 tons for 5 min in a hydraulic press. Differential Scanning Calorimetry The DSC analysis was carried out to investigate thermodynamic compatibility between pure drug and physical mixture of excipients selected for preparation based on their melting temperature and glass transition temperature. The drug-polymer physical mixture was prepared by simple mixing with the help of mortar and pestle. Approximately 3-5 mg of each sample was transferred in aluminium pan heated at a rate of 100C.min-1 up to 4000C under nitrogen environment at a flow rate of 20 ml.min-1. The thermograms were obtained using DSC-60 calorimeter (Shimadzu, Japan). Table: 1 QTPP for Compression-Coated Tablet of Telmisartan QTPP element Target Justification Dosage form Compression-coated tablet Tablet—commonly accepted unit solid oral dosage form; Compression coating - to achieve immediate drug release after desired lag time followed by sustained release; solvent-less and continuous processing, favorable in terms of formulation stability and productivity. Route of administration Oral Dosage form designed to administer orally, most acceptable route of administration Dosage strength 60 mg It is the unit dose of Telmisartan which needs to be incorporated for once a daily administration Quality drug product attributes Drug release: 20-25 % immediate drug release after 4-6 h lag time followed by sustained release up to 18 h Administration of the formulation before going to bed will restrict the drug release for 4–6 h followed by burst release to have peak effect explicitly in the early morning hours. Preparation of Telmisartan Sustained Release Mucoadhesive Pellets5-6 Telmisartan sustained release mucoadhesive pellets were prepared by extrusion-spheronization method. Telmisartan (20%) was mixed with microcrystalline cellulose (Avicel PH 101, 43 %), polyvinylpyrrolidone (2.5%), Eudragit RLPO:RSPO (22.5%), HPMC K100M (10%) and PEG 400 (2%) using 60-mesh sieve. IPA:Water mixture was added slowly and the mixing was continued to get a wet mass of suitable consistency. The wet mass passed throgh a specially fabricated extruder with 2 mm die length and 1 mm diameter of the screened die. The collected extrudate product was then immediately transferred and rotated in a fabricated spheronizer. The obtained pellet were collected and dried at 400 C for 12 h in hot air oven. Establishment of Quality Target Product Profile11 Various elements of QTPP for development of Telmisartan mucoadhesive pellets have been summarized in Table 1. QTPP helps to determine critical quality attributes, which are prerequisites for establishment of risk assessment and failure modes. Initial Risk Assessments Studies5-6, 11

Figure: 1 Ishikawa Fish-Bone Diagram for Formulation and Process Variable of Mucoadhesive Pellets Ishikawa fishbone diagram was constructed to identify initial list of potential high risk variables that affect the quality of the product. (Figure 1). Based on previous knowledge and initial experimental data, failure mode and effect analysis (FMEA) method were further applied in the risk analysis of the parameter of the pellets. To determine the priority of all the variables, a risk score matrix based on the total risk priority number (RPN) was used. Table 2 enlists the details of material attributes (MAs) and process parameters (PPs) employed during FMEA and their calculated RPN scores. In this study, the RPN threshold was set as 25. The variables associated with a RPN score above 25 were subjected to factor screening studies employing PBD. Table: 2 Summary of FMEA Analysis Illustrating RPN Scores for Various Formulation VariablesAffecting the CQAs Sr. No. Failure modes Severity (s) Occurrence (O) Detection (D) RPN (S O D) 1 Eudragit Concentration (RLPO:RSPO) (1.5:1) 4 3 4 48 2 MCC Conc. 4 3 3 36 3 HPMC Conc. 3 4 4 48 4 Kneading Time 5 3 4 60 5 Extrusion Speed 2 3 2 12 6 Extrusion Time 2 3 2 12 7 Spheronization Speed 3 3 3 27 8 Spheronization Time 3 3 3 27 9 Drying Time 3 3 3 18 10 Drying Temperature 2 2 3 12 Plackett-Burman Screening Design5-6 PBD was employing using the Minitab 17® Software (M/s Minitab Inc., Philadelphia, PA), to screen significant variables influencing selected CQAs. The parameters low (-1) and high (+1) level selection was based on preliminary screening and literature. The purpose of PBD was to evaluate the effects of the processing variables and identify the key one, influencing the % Yield, % Entrapment Efficiency, Q2h, Q8h, Q16h (Dependent variables). The Kneading Time (min), Spheronization speed, Spheronization time (min), MCC concentration (%), HPMC concentration (%), Eudragit RLPO:RSPO concentration (%), Amount of External Phase (ml), Stirring Speed (rpm), Stirring Time (h), Temperature (0C) were selected as independent variables (Table 3). The Pareto charts were constructed to identify the influence of each factor on responses. High-risk variables were identified and further used for 32 full factorial experimental design. 32 Full Factorial Experimental Design Systematic optimization of Mucoadhesive pellets was accomplished employing 32 Full Factorial Design i.e. two factor three level by determining the main and quadratic effects of variables on the selected responses. Table 4 illustrates the design layout as per 32 Full Factorial Design containing a total of 9 different formulations prepared employing Concentration of Eudragit (RLPO:RSPO) (X1), and Kneading Time (X2) as independent fators at three different levels, i.e. low (-1), intermediate (0) and high (+1) levels whereas the response (Y1= %Yield, Y2= %Entrapment Efficiency, Y3= Q2h, Y4=Q8h, Y5=Q16h) were selected as dependent variables. Preparation of Core Tablet Core tablet containing 20 mg Telmisartan were prepared by direct compression. Accurately weighed amount of Telmisartan (20 mg), lactose (24 mg) as diluent, cross carmellose sodium (15 mg) as a fast disintegrant, PEG 8000 (5 mg) as cushioning agent, magnesium stearate (2 mg) and talc (1 mg) and 40 mg Telmisartan equivalent weight of pellets were mixed thoroughly in double cone blender for 10 minutes. The resultant powder blend was compressed into core tablets using rotary tablet machine (Karnavati Engineering, Ahmedabad, India) equipped with 6 mm round, flat, and plain punches. The force of compression was adjusted so that hardness of all the prepared core tablets ranged from 2-3 kg/cm2. Preparation of Compression-Coated Tablet11-12 Polyox WSR-303 and lactose (2:1 mixture) were sifted through sieve no 120, and homogeneously mixed using a mortar pestle to obtain uniform powder blend and lubricated with magnesium stearate (6 mg) and talc (2 mg). Half of the total weight powder (300 mg) was weighed and transferred into a 9 mm die cavity. Next, the core tablet was centrally placed on powder bed. The remaining half of the powder blend was added into the die and compressed using rotary tablet machine. The force of compression was adjusted so that hardness of all the prepared tablets ranged from 5-6 kg/cm2. Characterization of Mucoadhesive Pellets6,13-17 % Yield and % Drug Entrapment Efficiency Pellets (25 mg) were dissolved in 25 mL methanol and the resulting solution was filtered by whatman filter paper. The filtrate was diluted and analyzed by UV-Visible Spectrophotometer (UV-1800, Shmadzu, Japan) at 296 nm. Yield (%) = Weight of pellets/Total expected weight of drug and polymer *100 Entrapment efficiency (%) = Actual loading/Theoretical Loading *100 Micromeritics Studies of Pellets Micromeritic studies of pellets were performed as described earlier in preformulation study. Table: 3 Variables and Level in the Plackett-Burman Design Independent Variables Levels Low Level (-1) High Level (+1) X1: Kneading Time (min) 5 15 X2: Spheronization Speed Low High X3: Spheronization Time (min) 10 20 X4: MCC Concentration (%) 30 50 X5: HPMC Concentration (%) 10 20 X6: Eudragit Concentration (RLPO :RSPO) (%) 10 30 Dependent Variables Y3: Q2h, Y4: Q8h, Y5: Q16h Table: 4 32 Full Factorial Experimental Design for Mucoadhesive Pellets Batch code Coded values X1 X2 F1 -1 -1 F2 0 -1 F3 1 -1 F4 -1 0 F5 0 0 F6 1 0 F7 -1 1 F8 0 1 F9 1 1 Independent Variables Level Low (-1) Medium (0) High (1) Concentration of Eudragit (RLPO:RSPO)  (X1) 20 % 25 % 30 % Kneading Time (X2) (min) 5 min 10 min 15 min Dependent Variables Y1: % Yield, Y2: % Entrapment Efficiency, Y3: Q2h, Y4: Q8h, Y5: Q16h Aspect Ratio At least 50 pellets from each batch were randomly selected for measurement of aspect ratio. The maximum and minimum diameters of the pellets were measured using digital micrometer (Mitutoyo Digimatic micrometer, Japan). Aspect ratio decreases with higher sphericity. Aspects ratio = dmax/dmin Friability Two gram accurately weighed pellets were taken and placed in Roche Friabilator. The test apparatus was rotated at 25 rpm for 4 minutes. After friability testing, the pellets were sieved through sieve no. 40 to remove fines generated. % F =* 100 In-vitro Dissolution Study In-vitro dissolution of pellets was carried out in pH 6.8 phosphate buffer using a USP Dissolution Apparatus I (Electrolab, India). The dissolution bath was maintained at 370 ± 0.50C at 50 rotations per minute (RPM) for 18 h. The 5 ml samples were withdrawn at suitable intervals and replaced with fresh medium. The aliquots were suitably diluted and analyzed by UV-Visible spectrophotometer at 296 nm. Release Kinetic Study Data obtained from in-vitro release study of optimized batch were fitted to various kinetics equations (zero-order, first-order, Higuchi, Korsmeyer-Peppas, and Weibull models) to find out the mechanism of drug release from pellets Appropriate drug release kinetic model was selected based on least Fisher’s ratio (F) and maximum R2. In-vitro wash-off test14 The in vitro mucoadhesion study of pellets was assessed using Falling liquid film technique. A strip of Albino rat intestinal mucosa was mounted on a glass slide and 50 mg of accurately weighed pellets were sprinkled on the intestinal mucosa. This glass slide was incubated for 15 min in a desiccator at 80% relative humidity to allow the polymer to interact with the membrane and finally placed on the stand at an angle of 45°. Phosphate buffered of pH 6.8 previously warmed to 37±0.5° was allowed to flow over the pellets and membrane at the rate of 1 ml/min for 16 h with the help of a peristaltic pump. At the end of this process, the detached particles were collected and weighed. % Mucoadhesion=×100 Scanning Electron Microscopy Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used for determining the surface morphology of optimized batch (JEOL JSM-5610V, JEOL, Tokyo, Japan). The pellets were fixed in slabs and coated with gold/ palladium using a sputter coater. Characterization of Core and Compression-Coated Tablet of Telmisartan6, 8, 18  Physicochemical Characterization The thickness, diameter, and hardness of the tablets (n = 6) were determined using a Vernier Calipers and the Monsanto hardness tester, respectively. The friability (%) of the tablets was determined using a Roche Friabilator and uniformity of tablet weight (n = 20) was evaluated as per pharmacopoeial guidelines using analytical balance (Sartorius, CP-224s, Germany). The disintegration time of the core tablets was determined using a disintegration test apparatus (Electrolab, India). The Telmisartan content of the tablets was assayed in triplicate by UV-Visible spectrophotometer. In-vitro Dissolution Method The in-vitro dissolution study of compression-coated tablet was carried out using USP Type II dissolution apparatus. The study was carried out in 900 ml of phosphate buffer (pH 6.8). The dissolution medium was maintained at 37±0.5 °C. The paddle was rotated at 50 rpm. At different time intervals, 5 ml of sample was withdrawn and analyzed by UV–Visible spectrophotometer at 296 nm. At each time of withdrawal, 5 ml of fresh corresponding medium was replaced into the dissolution vessel. The lag time (after which tablet ruptured) was noted. Stability Study The optimized batch of compression-coated tablets was charged for the accelerated stabilities studies as per ICH guidelines (40 ± 20 C and 75 ± 5 % RH) for a period of 3 months in stability chambers (Model- TH 90 S, Thermolab, India). They were placed in amber glass bottles. The samples were taken out at 30, 60 and 90 days and evaluated for the various physicochemical parameters. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Preformulation Study Micromeritic Properties

Figure: 2 FT-IR spectra of (A) Telmisartan Drug For direct compression of materials, it is required to possess good flow and compacting properties. The drug Telmisartan exhibited angle of repose of 36±0.22° indicating poor flow property. The Carr's index (16.49±1.09%) and Hausner’s ratio (1.19±0.013) values were also high.

Figure: 2 FT-IR spectra of (B) Physical Mixture of Telmisartan Drug with Excipients of Pellets The prepared formulation mixtures showed good flow properties as indicated by low values of angle of repose, Carr's index and Hausner’s ratio. Drug-Excipients Compatibility Studies

Figure: 3 DSC Thermogram of (A) Telmisartan drug Drug–excipient compatibility studies were carried out by FT-IR spectroscopy and DSC. The FT-IR spectra of pure Telmisartan and its physical mixture with other excipients (Figure. 2) are showed characteristic peak at 740 and 757 cm-1 (ring vibration due to 1,2- distributed benzene), 1266 cm-1 (-CH3 Bending), 1448 cm-1 (-CH2), 1455 and 1381 cm-1 (-CH3 bending vibration), 1460 cm-1 (C-H bend), 1599 cm-1 (C-C aromatic band and stretching), 1693 cm-1 (C=O stretching vibrations), 2965 cm-1 (-CH3 Stretching), and 3057 cm-1 (Aromatic ring). Since these peaks were found to be unchanged in drug and excipients mixture,

Figure: 3 DSC Thermogram of (B) Physical Mixture of Telmisartan Drug with Excipients Telmisartan is physically compatible with excipients used. The thermal curve of Telmisartan showed melting endothermic peak at 269.54 °C (Figure. 3). There was no considerable change in the endotherm peak  (261.07 °C) of Telmisartan when mixed with excipients.   Plackett-Burman Screening Design The goal of this study was to identify the most significant variables affecting the CQAs using PBD. The experimental run with variables and corresponding responses are presented in Table 5. Table: 5 PBD for Screening of Processing and Formulation Parameters Runs X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 X6 Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1 40.23 42.34 30.07 65.09 100.34 2 1 1 1 -1 1 1 87.23 88.23 14.89 44.56 95.43 3 -1 1 1 1 -1 1 58.32 60.3 25.87 47.9 98.32 4 1 1 -1 1 1 -1 67.23 64.54 28.88 60.43 99.98 5 -1 -1 -1 1 1 1 54.23 49.54 23.25 59.65 97.32 6 1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 80.32 79.45 28.67 60.12 99.45 7 1 -1 1 1 -1 1 75.43 77.31 17.82 46.65 96.32 8 -1 -1 1 1 1 -1 41.09 38.9 31.07 66.43 100.45 9 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 38.33 41.9 28.05 59.32 98.32 10 1 -1 1 -1 -1 -1 45.89 48.54 26.78 52.34 97.33 11 -1 1 -1 -1 -1 1 64.32 68.9 23.83 50.32 98.43 12 1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 79.23 81.54 16.12 48.23 96.09

Figure: 4a Pareto Chart for Screening of Influencing Variables as per PBD Pareto charts are shown in Figure 4 indicates that among all of the variables, concentration of Eudragit RLPO:RSPO and kneading time strikingly influenced dependent variables.   32 Full Factorial Experimental Design % Yield, % Entrapment Efficiency, In-vitro dissolution parameters, are presented in Table 6 as response of factorial batches for optimization of mucoadhesive pellets. All the tests were performed in triplicates (n=3). Table: 6 Responses for Factorial Batches of Mucoadhesive Pellets Batch No. Responses Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 F1 57.54 ± 0.12 52.36 ± 0.25 28.9 ± 0.34 70.03 ± 0.10 100.32 ± 0.27 F2 54.32 ± 0.31 50.76 ± 0.17 26.87 ± 0.29 66.43 ± 0.65 99.45 ± 0.53 F3 58.08 ± 0.22 60.49 ± 0.33 23.63 ± 0.23 65.43 ± 0.22 98.76 ± 0.33 F4 70.32 ± 0.18 72.56 ± 0.15 25.86 ± 0.19 68.43 ± 0.28 98.45 ± 0.27 F5 74.32 ± 0.15 71.56 ± 0.27 22.56 ± 0.22 65.43 ± 0.15 97.65 ± 0.39 F6 71.66 ± 0.22 68.32 ± 0.19 20.65 ± 0.43 63.43 ± 0.25 96.78 ± 0.25 F7 84.34 ± 0.34 87.45 ± 0.27 19.45 ± 0.37 58.54 ± 0.32 98.57 ± 0.21 F8 85.42 ± 0.25 89.43 ± 0.23 17.65 ± 0.28 56.78 ± 0.27 96.34 ± 0.14 F9 87.78 ± 0.17 90.45 ± 0.41 14.89 ± 0.11 52.34 ± 0.41 94.56 ± 0.22

Figure: 4b Pareto Chart for Screening of Influencing Variables as per PBD The model explaining the effect of various variables on each dependent response are as follows:   Y1 = 71.53 + 0.89X1 + 14.60X2 Y2 = 71.48 + 1.15X1 + 17.29X2 Y3 = 23.02 – 2.51X1 -4.57X2  – 1.12X22 Y4 = 65.76- 2.63 X1 – 5.71X2 - 4.17X22 Y5  = 97.63 – 0.84 X1  – 1.51X2 – 0.61X1X2 + 0.3X22 - 0.56X1X22 Co-efficient of X1 (concentration of Eudragit RLPO:RSPO) and X2 (Kneading time) show positive effect on Y1 and Y2.

Figure: 5a Response Surface Plots and Overlay Plot of Mucoadhesive Pellets In contrast, both X1 and X2 exhibits negative effect on Y3, Y4 & Y5 responses. The effect of variables on responses is shown in Figure 5. The 3D response surface plot depicts in Figure 5 A and B reveal that kneading time is linearly increasing influence on % Yield and % Entrapment Efficiency. The 3D-response surface plot depicts in Figure 5 C revels that the concentration of Eudragit RLPO:RSPO has linearly descending influence on Q2h. The 3D-response surface plot depicts in Figure 5 D & E revel that the concentration of Eudragit RLPO:RSPO has linearly descending influence on Q8h and Q16h. The yellow region in the Figure 5 F represents as an overlay plot shows the optimized parameters suggested by the Design-Expert 7® (Stat-Ease Inc., Minneapolis, MN) software to get the CQA in the required range. By applying desirability function, optimized batch for mucoadhesion pellets was derived.

Figure: 5b Response Surface Plots and Overlay Plot of Mucoadhesive Pellets Evaluation of Optimized Batch The prepared optimized batch of mucoadhesive pellets exhibited 82.87 % yield and 85.76%, good entrapment indicating superior drug loading. 84.12 % mucoadhesion revels that pellet formulation remained under mucoadhesive for at least 18h. Evaluation of the micromeritics properties revealing favorable flow characteristics of the prepared pellets. The drug release profile of the formulation showed sustained release profile of drug upto 18h. The comparative in-vitro dissolution profiles of optimized batch with desired release profile and market product (Telmiride®) are shown in Figure 6.  

Figure: 5c Response Surface Plots and Overlay Plot of Mucoadhesive Pellets

Figure: 5d Response Surface Plots and Overlay Plot of Mucoadhesive Pellets                

Figure: 5e Response Surface Plots and Overlay Plot of Mucoadhesive Pellets

Figure: 5f Response Surface Plots and Overlay Plot of Mucoadhesive Pellets                

Figure: 6 Comparative In-Vitro Drug Release Profile of Optimized Batch of Mucoadhesive Pellets, Desired Release and Market Product The marketed tablet showed almost complete drug release in less than 2 h owing to its immediate release nature, while the pellets showed complete release upto 18 h. There was good similarity between the obtained drug release profile and desired release profile (evidenced by similarity factor f2 = 87.41). Release Kinetic Study It was observed that the drug release followed Korsmeyer-Peppas model (Table 7). The value of diffusional release exponent (n) of 0.629 for optimized pellets formulation indicated non-fickian, i.e. anomalous behavior. Tablet: 7 Release Kinetic Study of Optimized Formula of Mucoadhesive Pellets Parameters Kinetic Model Zero order First order Higuchi Korsmeyer- Peppas Hixon Weibull F 104.0496 18.2909 24.1141 3.1614 10.9640 18.8186 R2 0.9827 0.9931 0.9953 0.9989 0.9968 0.9938 Scanning Electron Microscopy

Figure: 7a Scanning Electron Microscopy Images of the Optimized Mucoadhesive Pellets

Figure: 7b Scanning Electron Microscopy Images of the Optimized Mucoadhesive Pellets Figure 7 shows the SEM images of optimized pellets, which are found spherical in shape with smooth surface. Approximate particle size of pellets was found 1.1-1.5 mm. Evaluation of Telmisartan Compression-Coated Tablet The appearance of Telmisartan compression-coated tablet was found to be satisfactory. Table 8 depicts the result of core and compression-coated tablet evaluation. Table: 8 Physical Characterizations of Core & Compression-Coated Table Sr. No. Characterization parameter Core Tablet Compression-coated tablet 1 Weight of Tablet (mg) 301 ± 2.51 605 ± 3.12 2 Thickness (mm) 2.5 ± 0.42 4.5 ± 0.31 3 Hardness  (kg/cm2) 2.8 ± 0.33 5.2 ± 0.33 4 Friability 5 Disintegration Time (sec) 9 ± 2.23 - 6 Lag time (h) - 4.5 ± 0.45 h In-vitro Study of Compression-Coated Tablet

Figure: 8 Comparative Dissolution Profile of Compression-Coated Table, Desired Release Profile and Market Product Compression-coated tablet showed immediate release with distinct lag time of 4.5 h, during which the dissolution medium reaches the core after eroding or rupturing the outer layer followed by sustained release from pellets (Figure 8). A cumulative drug release profile produced by all the components of compression-coated tablet together was in accordance with the target release profile, evidenced by similarity factor f2 value (87.82). Stability Study The optimized formulations subjected to short-term stability studies were evaluated for physical appearance, hardness, friability and in-vitro drug release and results of stability studies reveled stable characterization of formulation. 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