#Ethoxylated Castor Oil Production

[tanujasaini]

Top 15 Market Players in Global Ethoxylated Castor Oil Market

Top 15 Market Players in Global Ethoxylated Castor Oil Market

The global ethoxylated castor oil market is experiencing steady growth due to its widespread applications in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, agriculture, textiles, and industrial formulations. Ethoxylated castor oil is a non-ionic surfactant widely used as an emulsifier, solubilizer, and dispersing agent in various industries. Leading market players are focusing on technological advancements, sustainable production methods, and geographical expansion to strengthen their market presence. Below are the top 15 key players in the global ethoxylated castor oil industry:

1. BASF SE

BASF is a dominant player in the specialty chemicals industry, providing high-performance ethoxylated castor oil used in pharmaceuticals, personal care, and industrial applications.

2. Croda International Plc

Croda specializes in biobased surfactants and emulsifiers, offering high-purity ethoxylated castor oil for cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and food applications.

3. Evonik Industries AG

Evonik is a leader in specialty ingredients, producing ethoxylated castor oil as a solubilizer and emulsifier in personal care, agrochemicals, and industrial formulations.

4. Clariant AG

Clariant manufactures ethoxylated castor oil derivatives, serving industries like textiles, agriculture, and pharmaceuticals, with a strong focus on sustainability and regulatory compliance.

5. Solvay S.A.

Solvay provides high-quality surfactants, including ethoxylated castor oil for pharmaceutical, food, and industrial uses, leveraging its strong global distribution network.

6. Ineos Group

Ineos specializes in high-performance surfactants, offering ethoxylated castor oil solutions for coatings, lubricants, and personal care formulations.

7. Sasol Limited

Sasol is a major supplier of ethoxylated castor oil-based surfactants, focusing on industrial applications, agriculture, and lubricants.

8. Lubrizol Corporation

Lubrizol offers specialty chemicals and emulsifiers, including ethoxylated castor oil, for skincare, industrial applications, and agricultural formulations.

9. Stepan Company

A leading producer of non-ionic surfactants, Stepan provides ethoxylated castor oil for personal care, textile processing, and food emulsification.

10. AkzoNobel Specialty Chemicals (Nouryon)

Nouryon manufactures high-quality emulsifiers and solubilizers, including ethoxylated castor oil, for use in pharmaceuticals, coatings, and agricultural products.

11. Lakeland Chemicals

A significant player in surfactant solutions, Lakeland Chemicals supplies ethoxylated castor oil for textile, personal care, and industrial applications.

12. Jeen International Corporation

Jeen International focuses on eco-friendly surfactants and emulsifiers, providing high-purity ethoxylated castor oil for cosmetic and personal care formulations.

13. Guangzhou Tinci Materials Technology Co., Ltd.

An emerging player in Asia-Pacific, Guangzhou Tinci specializes in ethoxylated castor oil derivatives for skincare, pharmaceuticals, and industrial applications.

14. Venus Ethoxyethers Pvt. Ltd.

Venus Ethoxyethers is an Indian company manufacturing ethoxylated castor oil for industrial, pharmaceutical, and personal care applications.

15. RxChemicals

RxChemicals is a niche player specializing in chemical surfactants, providing ethoxylated castor oil for lubricants, industrial cleaning agents, and emulsifiers.

Request report sample at https://datavagyanik.com/reports/global-ethoxylated-castor-oil-market-size-production-sales-average-product-price-market-share/

Top Winning Strategies in Ethoxylated Castor Oil Market

The global ethoxylated castor oil market is highly competitive, with companies employing various strategic initiatives to enhance their market share. Below are the winning strategies driving the industry:

1. Sustainable and Bio-Based Product Development

As the demand for eco-friendly ingredients grows, companies like Croda, Clariant, and Evonik are investing in sustainable and biodegradable ethoxylated castor oil solutions that align with environmental standards.

2. Expansion into Emerging Markets

Leading manufacturers are expanding their presence in Asia-Pacific, Latin America, and Africa, where the demand for industrial and agricultural emulsifiers is growing. Companies like Guangzhou Tinci and Venus Ethoxyethers are strengthening their supply chain networks in developing regions.

3. Strengthening Regulatory Compliance

With increasing regulations on chemical preservatives and surfactants, key players are ensuring compliance with REACH, FDA, and EU regulations to maintain market credibility.

4. Advancements in Green Chemistry

Several companies are shifting towards green chemistry practices to minimize environmental impact. Firms like Lubrizol and Nouryon are researching plant-derived and renewable alternatives to traditional surfactants.

5. Strategic Mergers, Acquisitions, and Collaborations

Companies are engaging in mergers and partnerships to expand their market reach and diversify product portfolios. For instance, BASF and AkzoNobel have established strategic alliances with personal care and pharmaceutical brands to enhance their product innovation.

6. Research & Development in High-Performance Formulations

To stay ahead of competition, companies like Stepan and Solvay are investing in R&D for advanced ethoxylated castor oil formulations that offer better solubility, stability, and performance.

7. Digital Transformation and E-Commerce Integration

As more businesses shift to online procurement, manufacturers are leveraging digital platforms to enhance their global sales presence and direct-to-consumer strategies.

8. Diversification Across Multiple Industries

Companies are expanding their application areas for ethoxylated castor oil, targeting industries such as textiles, agrochemicals, and industrial coatings, in addition to traditional markets like personal care and pharmaceuticals.

9. Cost Optimization and Operational Efficiency

With rising raw material costs, manufacturers are focusing on lean production processes and efficient logistics to maintain profitability while keeping pricing competitive.

10. Customized and Client-Specific Solutions

Leading players like Jeen International and Lakeland Chemicals are offering tailor-made ethoxylated castor oil formulations to meet specific client needs in niche markets.

Conclusion

The global ethoxylated castor oil market continues to expand due to its versatile applications in personal care, pharmaceuticals, and industrial formulations. Market leaders such as BASF, Croda, Clariant, and Evonik are driving innovation through sustainable chemistry, technological advancements, and strategic partnerships. With the growing demand for eco-friendly and high-performance emulsifiers, companies are focusing on biodegradable alternatives, digital sales channels, and global market penetration to maintain their competitive edge.

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[exportimportdata13]

India’s Castor Oil Export Dominance: Data, HS Codes, and Global Trade Insights

India’s agricultural and industrial prowess shines brightly in its castor oil exports. As the world’s largest producer and exporter of castor oil, India supplies a staggering 85–90% of global demand, making it an indispensable player in industries ranging from pharmaceuticals to renewable energy. With exports worth $1.009 billion in 2023–24, the nation’s castor oil trade is a testament to its strategic agricultural practices and robust export infrastructure. In this blog, we’ll unpack critical data on castor oil export from India, decode essential HS codes for castor oil, and explore how businesses can leverage this thriving market.

Castor Oil Production in India: The Backbone of Global Supply

India’s dominance in castor oil begins with its unparalleled production capacity. The country produces approximately 800,000 tonnes of castor oil annually, accounting for 92% of global output. Gujarat, contributing 85% of India’s production, is the epicenter of cultivation, followed by Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, and Maharashtra.

Castor seeds, the raw material for oil extraction, thrive in India’s semi-arid climate, requiring minimal irrigation. This resilience, combined with government support for farmers, ensures a steady supply chain. Over 60% of India’s castor oil production is exported, fueling industries worldwide.

Castor Oil Export Data 2023–24: India’s Record-Breaking Year

The 2023–24 fiscal year marked a historic milestone for castor oil export from India:

Export Value: $1.009 billion

Volume Shipped: 629 million kg

Cargoes: 12,347 shipments

Exporters: 1,153 Indian suppliers

Buyers: 4,156 international clients (a 39% YoY increase)

China emerged as the largest importer, purchasing 501.79millionworthofcastoroil.OthertopdestinationsincludetheNetherlands(501.79millionworthofcastoroil.OthertopdestinationsincludetheNetherlands(120.54 million), the United States (96.62million),andFrance(96.62million),andFrance(74.87 million).

HS Codes for Castor Oil: Your Gateway to Compliance

Navigating international trade requires precision in product classification. Below are the critical HS codes for castor oil:

15153090: Pure castor oil (most commonly used)

151530: Fixed vegetable fats, including castor oil

15153010: Refined castor oil

34021300: Ethoxylated castor oil (used in cosmetics and lubricants)

Using the correct HS code ensures smooth customs clearance and compliance with destination-country regulations.

Top Destinations for Castor Oil Export from India

India’s castor oil reaches over 100 countries, but these markets dominate:

China ($501.79 million)

Netherlands ($120.54 million)

United States ($96.62 million)

France ($74.87 million)

Japan ($26.82 million)

These nations rely on Indian castor oil for manufacturing biofuels, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and industrial lubricants.

Global Castor Oil Exporters: India Leads, Others Follow

While India reigns supreme, other countries contribute to global trade:

Netherlands ($47.73 million)

France ($29.68 million)

Germany ($26.24 million)

United States ($16.91 million)

Brazil ($9.42 million)

Many of these nations re-export refined castor oil derivatives, highlighting India’s role as the primary supplier of raw and semi-processed oil.

Castor Oil Exporters in India: Key Players

Several Indian companies drive this booming trade:

Amee Castor & Derivatives Ltd

Jayant Agro-Organics Ltd

Royal Castor Products Ltd

Gokul Overseas

RP.K. Agrotech Exports Pvt. Ltd.

These firms adhere to stringent quality standards, ensuring India’s reputation as a reliable supplier.

How to Export Castor Oil from India: A Step-by-Step Guide

Quality Selection: Choose grades meeting international phytosanitary norms. Opt for oils with low moisture content and high ricinoleic acid levels (85–90%).

Documentation: Secure an Import-Export Code (IEC), APEDA registration, and phytosanitary certificates.

Packaging: Use ISO-certified containers. Label shipments with product details, batch numbers, and exporter information.

Partner Identification: Connect with buyers via platforms like Exportimportdata.in, trade fairs, or B2B portals.

Logistics: Collaborate with freight forwarders specializing in edible oils. Ensure bills of lading, invoices, and packing lists are accurate.

Finding Buyers for Castor Oil: Data-Driven Strategies

Platforms like Exportimportdata.in offer real-time castor oil export data, including:

Buyer/supplier databases

Pricing trends

Customs shipment records

Competitor analysis

Such tools empower exporters to identify high-demand markets and negotiate favorable terms.

Why Castor Oil? Global Applications Fueling Demand

Castor oil’s versatility drives its demand:

Pharmaceuticals: Used in capsules and anti-inflammatory drugs.

Cosmetics: A key ingredient in lipsticks, soaps, and hair oils.

Industry: Vital for bio-lubricants, nylon-11, and renewable plastics.

Food: Approved as a food additive (E1503) in many countries.

Final Words: Seize India’s Castor Oil Export Opportunity

India’s castor oil export industry offers immense potential for businesses ready to navigate its complexities. By leveraging accurate castor oil export data, adhering to HS code guidelines, and partnering with reliable platforms like Exportimportdata.in, exporters can tap into a $1.3 billion global market (projected to grow at 4.8% CAGR until 2030).

Whether you’re a startup or an established enterprise, the time to act is now. For customized insights into castor oil export from India, connect with experts at Exportimportdata.in and transform data into actionable strategies.

[agrosurfactant]

SVC: Leading the Way in Advanced Surfactant Manufacturing for Diverse Industrial Applications

Surfactants are critical components in various industries, serving as essential ingredients for emulsification, wetting, dispersion, and stabilization. SVC, a leading surfactant manufacturer in India, has established itself as a key player in the production of a wide array of surfactants tailored to meet the unique demands of sectors such as textiles, pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, construction, personal care, and more.

Pioneering Surfactant Technology

SVC’s EO/PO Condensate Division is at the forefront of surfactant innovation, utilizing advanced technology and stringent quality norms to create eco-friendly, high-performance surfactants. The division specializes in manufacturing Non-Ionic, Anionic, Cationic, and Amphoteric surfactants, using sophisticated reactions like ethoxylation, propoxylation, esterification, alkylation, sulfonation, and amidification.

These high-quality surfactants are not only produced to meet rigorous industry standards but are also customized to fulfill specific requirements for different applications. The state-of-the-art facilities at SVC-Dehgam, Gujarat, ensure efficient production and timely delivery, supported by a robust R&D center that is continuously developing new products to enhance the existing portfolio.

A Deep Dive into SVC’s Product Offerings

EO/PO Condensate Surfactants

Alkyl Phenol Ethoxylates: These are versatile surfactants used as emulsifiers, wetting agents, and dispersing agents. SVC’s range includes Nonyl Phenol Ethoxylates, Octyl Phenol Ethoxylates, Styrenated Phenol Ethoxylates, and Card Phenol Ethoxylates. These products find widespread use in textile, detergent, agrochemical, and paint industries.

Fatty Acid Ethoxylates: Primarily used in textile formulations and spin finishes, this product line includes Oleic Acid, Stearic Acid, Coconut Fatty Acid, and Lauric/Palmitic/Myristic Acid Ethoxylates. SVC provides tailor-made solutions with specific moles to suit various needs.

Polyethylene Glycols (PEGs): SVC’s PEGs are stable, non-toxic solvents compliant with IP/USP/NF standards, utilized in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, oral care, and other industries. Their molecular weights range from 200 to 10,000, making them adaptable for diverse applications.

Fatty Amine Ethoxylates: These surfactants are used as dye leveling and wetting agents in textiles and detergents. The product range includes Stearyl Amine Ethoxylates, Tallow Amine Ethoxylates, Coco Amine Ethoxylates, and Ethylene Diamine Ethoxylates.

EO/PO Co-Polymers These co-polymers are non-ionic surfactants that exhibit low foaming properties, making them ideal for water treatment, paint formulations, and oil field applications. Customization of specific moles is available to meet unique industrial demands.

Fatty Alcohol Ethoxylates SVC offers a broad spectrum of fatty alcohol ethoxylates used in shampoos, detergents, emulsifiers, and other personal and home care products. The product line includes Lauryl Alcohol, Ceto Stearyl Alcohol, Oleyl Cetyl Alcohol, and more, ensuring comprehensive coverage for multiple applications.

Castor/Natural Oil Ethoxylates Known for their wide range of applications, these surfactants are crucial in agriculture, textile, leather, and paint formulations. The products include Castor Oil Ethoxylates, Hydrogenated Castor Oil Ethoxylates, and Soya Oil Ethoxylates, designed for superior emulsification and stabilization.

Polysorbate (TWN) Ethoxylates TWNs, or Polysorbates, produced by SVC are of high purity, low color, and odor, making them ideal for sensitive applications. They include TWN 20, TWN 40, TWN 60, TWN 65, TWN 80, and TWN 85, with customization options to suit specific industrial needs.

Amides SVC manufactures a variety of amides such as Coco Monoethanolamide, Coco Diethanolamide, and Coco Betaine. These products are essential in personal care applications like shampoos and conditioners, offering foaming, thickening, and emulsifying properties.

Ester Products Esters have broad applications, including cosmetics, food, and mechanical oils. SVC’s range includes Glycol Esters, Glyceryl Esters, Sorbitan Esters, and Phosphate Esters, all produced to exacting standards for optimal performance.

Specialty Chemicals for Diverse Applications

SVC’s Specialty Chemicals Division provides tailored solutions across multiple industries. These chemicals are developed to achieve specific performance criteria set by the customers and are backed by a competent R&D team. Some of the key industry segments catered to include:

Commitment to Quality and Sustainability

SVC is committed to producing eco-friendly surfactants using sustainable methods. The company adheres to strict quality norms and employs advanced manufacturing technologies to ensure product consistency and environmental safety. Each product undergoes rigorous testing to meet both Indian and international standards, making SVC a trusted name in the surfactant manufacturing industry.

Customization and Research Excellence

One of SVC’s key strengths lies in its ability to develop customized solutions. By understanding the specific requirements of different industries, the company can produce tailor-made surfactants and chemical blends that meet the exact needs of its clients. The Advanced Research & Development Center plays a crucial role in this, constantly innovating and expanding the product portfolio to keep up with evolving market demands.

[gzjxchem]

Specializing in high quality surfactant products:

Palm kernel/coconut oil diethanolamide 6501 (1:1, 1:1.5) 6502;

Cocoamidopropyl Betaine CAB35

Dodecyl Dimethyl Betaine BS-12

Lauramidopropylamine Oxide CAO30

Dodecyl dimethyl amine oxide OB-2

Cocamidopropyl hydroxysulfobetaine CHSB30

Cocamidomethyl CMMEA , CMEA.

Disodium lauryl ethoxylate sulfosuccinate MES

Dodecyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride 1227

Potassium coconut oil soap SP

Castor oil potassium soap TP

OP301.

Sales Hotline: 8618122041046

[gujchemicals]

A Leading Manufacturer of Ethylene Oxide Derivatives & Oilfield Chemicals

GUJCHEM is one of the leading manufacturers of ethylene oxide derivatives and different oilfield chemicals. With extensive research and formulations, we have developed a large number of products that are suitable for a large number of applications in diverse industries.

Our product range includes ethylene oxide derivatives like ethoxylates, surfactants & emulsifiers. Oilfield chemicals, alkanol amine, phosphate esters, and some speciality chemicals that are suitable for different industries like oil & gas and oilfield, personal care, textile industry, agro-industries, pharmaceutical industries, and various others are also manufactured at our high-tech plant.

With a growing number of industries, the demand for different chemical products has also increased. We are focused to cater the best chemical products like fatty alcohol ethoxylates, fatty acid ethoxylates, fatty amine ethoxylates, polyethylene glycol wax, glycerine ethoxylates, agro surfactants, phosphate esters, emulsifiers, and many more.

All of these products are manufactured in highly equipped labs with different amenities to ensure the proper formulation of the products.

The ethoxylates range that includes products like alkyl phenoal ethoxylate, cardenol ethoxylate, castor oil ethoxylates, glycerol ethoxylates, and some other formulations that can be used in industries for manufacturing of cleaning agents like detergents, scouring agents, as emulsifiers in personal care or textile industries.

For more information about Amino Oil Emulsifiers visit at https://www.gujchem.com/products-groups/amino-oil-emulsifiers-2.html

For more information about Silicon Oil Emulsifiers visit at https://www.gujchem.com/products-groups/silicon-oil-emulsifier-2.html

[pharcosspeciality]

#CastorOilEthoxylated finds application in biocides, food, personal care, speciality formulas, automotive chemistry, health care, lubricant in metalworking applications, etc.

For more details, visit at https://www.pharcos.co.in/products/castor-hydrogenated-castor-oil-ethoxylates

[researge]

Global Non-ionic Surfactants Market Study 2014 - 2030

Analysis of the NON-IONIC SURFACTANTS MARKET

A comprehensive market study on the NON-IONIC SURFACTANTS MARKET Market provides an overview of the demand-supply and consumption patterns of Non-ionic Surfactants Market across six different regions. This market study describes the Non-ionic Surfactants Market Market, with focus on major countries and their subsequent demand for different segments. This report on the global Non-ionic Surfactants Market market offers a complete overview of various factors impacting positively or negatively on the overall growth of the Keyword market.

Distinct market estimations and forecasts are presented in this comprehensive Non-ionic Surfactants Market market study. Various secondary sources such as encyclopedia, directories, technical handbooks, company annual reports, industry association publications, magazine articles, world economic outlook, and databases have been referred to identify and collect information useful for this extensive commercial study of Non-ionic Surfactants Market. Moreover, both micro-economic and macro-economic factors have been considered to arrive at growth rate and size estimation in the short and long-term forecast. Prismane Consulting supplements this with primary research. The primary sources are experts from related industries and suppliers. For market forecast, and production / plant operating rates, we assume numerous reasons that drive production including new production capacity is brought on-stream, Planned, and unplanned outages of existing capacities and Subdued demand from end-use applications.

Request Sample Report-

https://prismaneconsulting.com/report_request_sample?_token=JR3WK7UuWGAZRKnBgosRZaW5Vx9eYnQZEqM7UJBf&report_id=120

The current COVID-19 pandemic is causing high and rising human costs worldwide. Isolation, nationwide lockdowns, and widespread closures to stop the spread of the virus have severely impacted the economy. As a result, the global economy declined by an around of -3.5% in 2020, much worse and below the 2008-2009 subprime mortgage crisis. The global economy has grown between 5% and 6% in 2021 and 2022 due to the normalization brought in the regional economic activities on back of the fading COVID-19 pandemic and stability in the crude oil prices. The economic activities have been aided by the new policies surrounding financial, agricultural, industrial, and manufacturing sector. The report on Non-ionic Surfactants Market Market studies and outlines the impact of COVID-19 and presents the forecasts for the short, mid and long-term. The report also covers Macro-economic factors like GDP, Population and World Economic integration, Economic & Energy Outlook, Industry & Policy Developments, End-use Industry / Applications Market, Reasoning & Analysis, Insightful Commentary, Market Review, Comparative Analysis, Latest Trends and market developments, Key players, Strategic Issues and Recommendations, Business Opportunity Assessment and much more.

Global Non-ionic Surfactants Demand Analysis By Type,

By Applications, (Volume, Value) (2014–2030)

Strategic Issues

Demand Analysis and Forecast (2014 – 2030)

Demand

Demand Growth Rate (%)

Driving Force Analysis

Global Non-ionic Surfactants Market, By Type

Ethoxylates

                                         -  Alcohol Ethoxylates

                                         -  Fatty Amine Ethoxylates

                                         -  Alkyl Phenol Ethoxylates

                                         -  Fatty Acid Ethoxylates

                                         -  Castor Oil Ethoxylates

                                         -  Glycerin Ethoxylates

Polyglucosides

Alkanolamides

Sucrose Esters

Others

Global Non-ionic Surfactants Market, By Application

Household Detergents

                                         -  Laundry

                                         -  Dishwasher

                                         -  Others

Personal Care

                                         -  Shampoos

                                         -  Liquid Soaps

                                         -  Bar Soaps

                                         -  Skin Care

                                         -  Others

Paints & Coatings

                                         -  Dispersants

                                         -  Antifoaming Agents

                                         -  Wetting Agents

Textiles

                                         -  Synthetic

                                         -  Natural

Industrial Cleaning

Oil-field Chemicals

Food Processing

Agrochemicals

Building & Construction

Plastics

Others

Why Prismane Consulting?

Chemical Sciences, Engineering, Oil & Gas, Finance, Economics and Business backgrounds

Real-world industry, consulting, and market research experience

Average work experience of 10+ years

Get Full Access of the Report @

https://prismaneconsulting.com/checkout?_token=JR3WK7UuWGAZRKnBgosRZaW5Vx9eYnQZEqM7UJBf&report_id=120&single_user_license=Single

About Prismane Consulting

Prismane Consulting is a unique global boutique consulting firm with an Indian origin. We present ourselves to the world outside providing management, economic and technical expertise to improve customer engagement, boost operational efficiency, reduce costs, and achieve superior business results. Prismane Consulting serves leading businesses in the field of Chemicals, Petrochemicals, Polymers, Materials, Environment and Energy. We have been advising clients on their key strategic issues solving their toughest and most critical business problems. To know more write to us on info@prismaneconsulting.com

Contact Us

Prismane Consulting

Office #519, Amanora Chambers, Amanora Park Town,

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India

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[fychem-blog]

You must Buy Chemicals after Adequate Research

In a lab, experts do use chemicals for research purposes and various chemicals. You won't be able to perform the experiments if your lab is not equipped with the right equipment and chemicals. Helping you buy the right equipment and research chemicals given below are a few important tips.

The Requirements

You may want to get the best quality product the polyoxyethylene stearate for best results. Each investigation and lab facility to execute tests has its own requirements. So, for reliability, protection, and accuracy the chemical compounds should be high quality. Experts need the right units for lucrative functional programs.

Ensure you create a list of your requirements before you buy. To get exactly get what you need, this will help you. Plus, saving you a lot of time returning the product is not required.

Trusted Companies

Ensure to buy the chemical substances like the sorbitan monooleate from you choose a trusted company. Making a list of some good companies by doing some research is a good idea. Ensuring that you go for products that pass the quality specifications is your responsibility since there are many organizations.

Choosing the right substances will be much easier once you have researched your options. If for the first time you are going to buy the chemicals this is even more important. Moreover, trusted companies in their business have years of experience. In fact, to consider a provider or seller experience is the single most important factor.

Long story short, we suggest that you take into account all of the factors mentioned above if you want to buy the best substances like the ethoxylated castor oil. Lastly, the warranty and cost of the products also matter.

So, when looking for a good seller and buying the chemicals ignoring the fundamental safety elements is not a good idea. After all, while keeping your safety as the top priority you want to get what you need. Hopefully, you will these tips will be helpful for you.

[omc-juniperpublishers]

Castor Oil and Its Derivatives’ With Market Growth, Commercial Perspective: Review-JuniperPublishers

Journal of Chemistry-JuniperPublishers

                                       Abstract

Within the chemical industry oleo-chemicals from Castor beans carry a strong and potential pattern. With some of the old important processes and products are replaced by the new in its constant changes. Some products over the years in contrast that were decline have been revived in accordance with the introduction of new technology and applications. New market demands have mounted heavy pressure on castor chemistry and have responded with great vigor. BSS castor oil is used in wide variety of applications and is the starting material for many other derivatives of castor oil. In pharmaceuticals and cosmetics it is used as an ingredient in formulations. It combines well with styrene and diisocyanates for film forming as well varnish. It is substantially insoluble infusible polymer and is used as lubricant component of coatings for vitamin and mineral tablets. It is also important ingredient for petroleum oil and de emulsification. Ricinoleic acid is also known as castor oil acid and belongs to a family of the unsaturated fatty acid. The Principal Castor Reactions are as follows; pyrolysis, polyamide11, hydrogenation, dehydration, caustic fusion, sebacic acid, undecylenic acid, heptaldehyde, sulfation/sulfonation, alkoxylation, oxidation/polymerization, esterification, dimerization, quaternaries, and engineering resin (interpenetrating networks).

Keywords:Castor Oil; 12-hydroxy Stearic acid; Ricinoleic Acid; Reactions; HCO; DCO

Go to

Introduction

Oleo-chemicals from Castor experience a meaningful pattern within the chemical industry. Its constant changes, with some of the old important processes and products are replaced by the new. Some products over the years in contrast that were decline have been revived in accordance with the Introduction of new technology and applications. New market demands have mounted heavy pressure on castor chemistry and have responded with great vigor. Among all the vegetable oils Castor oil is a most unusual product being more versatile. The concentration of most oils is either one or two applications, such as for edible purposes (cotton seeds, soya, corn, peanut, rapeseed, canola, sunflower, coconut and palm). According to economic factors many of these are interchangeable. Some of these find other uses, such as in coatings, inks lubricants, detergents and soaps. With a wide diversity of commercial applications castor has considerably more uses directly related to the unique hydroxyl fatty acid structure [1].

BSS castor oil is used in wide variety of applications and is the starting material for many other derivatives of castor oil. In pharmaceuticals and cosmetics it is used as an ingredient in formulations. It combines well with styrene and diisocyanates for film forming varnish. It is substantially insoluble infusible polymer and is used as lubricant component of coatings for vitamin and mineral tablets. It is also important ingredient for petroleum oil and de emulsification. It also impregnates capacitor as a sonar transducer fluid and as a dielectric material for electrical condensers. Polyurethane casting resins, fluid for automobiles, trucks and machinery are the other applications of castor oil. It also serves as starting material for other derivatives of castor oil.

12-hydroxy Stearic acid is the mixed fatty acid recovered by hydrolysis of hydrogenated castor oil with high melting point. It is brittle, waxy solid at ambient temperatures. Its deterioration must be protected by storing away from heat. It is insoluble in water and has very negligible solubility in many organic solvents. 12-HSA is non toxic and non hazardous. 12-HSA is utilized in the manufacture of lithium and calcium greases and acrylic polymers. In molding of plastics it finds application as an internal lubricant. It also has applications in aqueous and non aqueous coatings for automotive, equipment, appliances and architecture. Wool is treated with it for its shrink resistance. It is also used as coating liners for the interior of metal food and beverage containers. Aviator and synthetic rubber finds its application as an internal lubricant as well as theology modifier in inks. Specialty chemicals esters as ethoxylates and sulfates also find the use of it beside from plasticizers, textiles, cosmetics and metal working operations [1].

Ricinoleic Acid

Ricinoleic acid is also known as castor oil acid and belongs to a family of the unsaturated fatty acid. It is a viscous yellow liquid having melting point 5.5oC and boiling point 245oC. It is immiscible with water and miscible with most of the organic solvents. Hydrolysis of castor oil yields it. It has uses in textiles finishing, in coating inks and in making soaps. Ricinoleic acid can be reacted with bases like caustic, ammonia, ethanolamines, to prepare soaps. These materials find its applications in cutting oils, industrial lubricants, emulsifiers and metal working compounds and impart lubricity, and rust proof characteristics. Ricinoleic acid is helping aid in making transparent bar soaps and high solids liquid soaps. It also enables the homogenization of phenolic and cresylic ingredients in industrial germicides, disinfectants, and heavy duty detergents. It is also an efficient pigments and dye dispersants that finds uses in inks, coatings, plastics, cosmetics and so on. Its sodium and potassium soaps are emulsifiers and foam stabilizers. It finds very important use in manufacturing poly glycerol poly ricinoleate (PGPR) a key ingredient in chocolates products. The sodium soap is useful as emulsifier, stabilizer, and de foam for emulsion polymerization of resins such as PVC and PVAC. It is also used for the treatment of leather. It provides good wetting, flexibility and softening properties to leather [2].

Properties of Pigments and Dispersing Dyes

Castor oil and many of its derivatives such as esters, hydrogenates and ethoxylates are well understood for their ability to wet surfaces acting as excellent carriers of pigments and dyes. Typical as colors for food stuffs, plastics, lipstick, paints, lacquers, coatings, inks, sealants, adhesives and color concentrates for plastics.

Reactions

As per current commercial practice many castor reactions are utilized as described follow. However there are certain limiting factors that must be recognized. An important illustration is the formation of estolides resulting from a linkage between hydroxyl and carboxyl groups. On storage the hydroxyl in ricinoleic acid forms an ester with the carboxyl. Decline of both hydroxyl value and acid value goes down as reaction proceeds. The change is well known with commercial ricinoleic acid and the two values can change by 5%-10% within 90 days from original production. The subject of castor estolides is reviewed by Modak and Kane which has an important list of references. There are citations where theoretically sound reaction mechanisms cannot be undertaken because of this interference. The ricinoleic acid structure explains why it could not be refined or purified by distillation by the conventional commercial procedure for purifying other fatty acids. Distillation affects the hydroxyl-acid linkage produces an alteration as the product is no longer ricinoleic acid. Factually, the estolide formation becomes one stage in the conversion to dehydrated castor fatty acids, the process for which is explained in this section [2].

In accordance of actual castor tonnage consumption the reactions are presented in order. The comparison of hydrogenated castor with polyamide 11 is difficult to compare. The latter is the larger, producing finished product by one manufacturer. Numerous hydrogenaters, found worldwide. Their product finds applications as an intermediate for several different end products. Polyamide is arbitrarily placed first and the volume of the two is comparable. The Principal Castor Reactions are as follows; Pyrolysis, Polyamide 11, Hydrogenation, Dehydration, Caustic Fusion, Sebacic Acid, Undecylenic Acid, Heptaldehyde, Sulfation/Sulfonation, Alkoxylation, Oxidation/Polymerization, Esterification, Dimerization, Quaternaries and Engineering Resins (Interpenetrating Networks) [2].

Castor Oil and Derivatives in Liquid Carbon Dioxide

Castor oil, Heptaldehyde and heptyl alcohol were included in a study of the mutual solubility of liquid carbon dioxide with each of 261 other substances. The solubility of carbon dioxide in each substance determined as such as was the solubility of each substance in carbon dioxide. 464 ternary systems were prepared with triangular graphs. Advanced research in physical properties of organic chemicals this project was to establish fundamental properties [3].

Process Description for Castor Oil and Its Derivatives

Process Description for Hydrogenated Castor Oil [HCO]:

a) The raw material, bleached castor oil (BSS grade) is processed under vacuum condition at a temperature of around 160oC in presence of nickel catalyst

b) No sooner does the raw material reaches its required temperature, the vacuum is stopped and hydrogen is fed, while the stirrer is still operating.

c) The hydrogen feed is closed as the required degree of hydrogenation is achieved and after this, hydrogenated product is started cooling.

d) As the product temperate reaches around 100°C, the final product gets filtered, cooled and then conveyed to flaking unit for flaking and bagged.

Process Description for Dehydrated Castor Oil (DCO): The reaction vessel is fed with castor oil stock grade through deaerator vessel. The oil gets dried in this vessel and completely freed from air, a higher temperature and vacuum is maintained in the reaction vessel which, continuously re-circulate the oil in the presence of a catalyst. The castor oil dehydrated which increases the un-saturation level and brings down the hydroxyl content of castor oil. The uniform quality of the product by all this process is maintained. The oil is finally passed through heat exchangers for cooling and then catalyst filtration as soon as the required degree of un-saturation and dehydration is met. After the filtration, the product is charged to a decolorizing vessel for removing the excess color from the oil [3].

Process Description for 12-Hydroxy Stearic Acid (12- HSA): The hydrogenated castor oil recovered from HCO plant under set parameters and is converted to soap by mixing it with caustic lye and acidulation vessel is conveyed with the converted HCO soap, in which it is mixed with dilute sulphuric acid which converts the soaps into fatty acids. 8% - 10% of glycerine is left out in the acid water which is then drained out and stored for the recovery of glycerine. 12–hydroxy Stearic acid the acidulated product is fed into drier, from the acidulation vessel, wherein, it gets completely dried up through controlled heating. Pre dried 12–HSA further cooled and taken to flaking unit for flaking [3].

Process Description for Castor Oil Polyols Plant: From the storage tank refined castor oil is taken and pumped into premixing vessel. The catalysts is added and mixed properly in the pre mixing vessel and mixed well through an attached auto feeding system. The material is then flow to the preheating vessel through which it is pumped into high pressure reactor. The propylene oxide is taken in to the reactor through pressure reducing valve at a pressure of about 0.6 MPa. Refined castor oil is mixed with propylene oxide circulating continuously through cooling heat exchanger with a pump. Effective heat and mass transfer resulted due to continuous circulation to produce qualitative product. After the materials have undergone aging it is then pumped to the reactor vessel. Employing dosing pump the acid is then fed into the acid dosing tank and finally fed into the reaction vessel. The material gets neutralized in the reactor and then pumped to the leaf filters to recover solid materials. Finally a clear liquid is recovered which is stored in a separate storage tank. From the storage tank the crude Polyols is taken and fed into the reaction vessel along with the solvent feed. Before it is sent to the drying unit all the materials are well mixed. Post removal of residual impurities, volatiles and purified Polyols, they are stored in a separate storage tank. Vacuum drying unit produce overhead volatile matters are then condensed and collected in separate storage tanks. The solvent distillation reactor is pumped with the volatile matter from which solvent is recovered and recycled in the process [3].

Castor Oil is Non Toxic

It is well established from the extensive historical usage of castor oil for human consumption and topical application which is safe. As an investigation studies by the US Department of Health and Human Services (NIH) established as a measure of safety for castor oil usage. In 1990 the feed studies on rats or mice concluded no adverse side effects of castor oil. Dietary concentrations as high as 10% in 90 days studies, did not affect survival or body weight gains.

Castor Oil, Properties and Characteristics

Particularly alcohol solubility as castor oil characteristics was reported in 1929. As matter of fact, examination also included of bulk oil in 1919 in addition with the comparison of the characteristics of fresh oil against oil under ten months storage. In the same time the examinations also included refractive index, viscosity, acidity, Halphen number, acetyl value, specific gravity, Wijs iodine value and acetic acid solubility all of which have been listed. It is interesting to note from a historical standpoint, the contrast between current test procedures and those used over 60 years ago.

Castor oil has held relatively high purity, (high for a naturally occurring material). Therefore, it could be subjected efficiently to a number of chemical processes to yield high purity chemical derivatives. The chemical bases for such reactions are the three points of functionality existing in ricinoleic acid: (a) The carboxyl or ester group (b) The single point of un-saturation (c) The hydroxyl group castor oil Chemistry [3].

This functionality may be utilized as follows:

A. At the carboxyl position, through a wide range of esterifications.

B. The hydroxyl group can be acetylated or alkoxyllated.

C. The un-saturation can be altered by hydrogenation or epoxidation.

D. The hydroxyl group can be removed by dehydration to increase the un-saturation of the compound thus yielding drying/polymerizing oil.

E. The hydroxyl position is highly reactive and the molecule can be split at that point by high temperature called pyrolysis and by caustic fusion yielding four useful products of shorter chain length.

Castor oil does have an interesting practical thesis on properties and utilization was presented in a review in 1952. Due to technical changes much of the subject matter is now outdated since then. It is recommended however for the clear, concise and practical description of basic properties and characteristics of castor oil and its derivatives. The chemistry of castor oil with this approach refers to good quality oil and frequently identified as “No.1” castor oil with an expression accepted by the major operators in each producing country. No.1 castor oil being an international standard represents quality that is generally usable for the reactions and applications described in this review. An oil of better quality is required in certain instances [3,4].

Castor Oil’s Stability to Oxygen

Castor oil and many of its derivatives are stabilized by the hydroxyl group, which is beta to the double bond. This hydroxyl group protects the double bond by preventing the formation of hyperperoxides sterically and inductively preventing the formation of peroxides, the intermediate chemical species that form the oxidation of double bonds. Peroxide formation is kinetics based and the method by which oxidative stability of a vegetable oil is measured. Oxidative stability data are derived from an American Oil Chemists method and Active Oxygen Method (AOM). A sample of vegetable oil is heated to 97oC while air is bubbled through it. AOM number is the number of hours the sample for each vegetable oil took to reach a peroxide value of 70 meqs. Olive oil mentioned to be the nearest stable vegetable oil after castor oil as, like castor oil, it is predominately mono-unsaturated but is unlike soy and sunflower oils that are polyunsaturated. Olive oil however lacks a stabilizing factor like castor oil’s hydroxyl group. Conclusively castor oil is approximately four times more stable than olive oil [3,4].

Product Applications

The basic derivatives, Heptaldehyde and Undecylenic acid are used to manufacture various perfumery compounds (Table 1), which in turn are used to manufacture perfumes and synthetic flavors.

Market and Growth Drivers

Market: India commands the position of is one of the leading manufacturers of Flavors and fragrances in the world. These all bring natural products, used in developing synthetic flavors and fragrances from castor oil derivatives, India is lagging behind. India, being a world leader in Castor seeds and Castor oil production and processing has edge over other countries like Japan, France and Germany who are importing castor oil and manufacturing these perfumery chemicals for further processing into perfumes and Synthetic flavors. Germany, France, Switzerland and Japan are internationally the leading producers of synthetic flavors and fragrances from many natural ingredients, including castor oil derivatives like Undecylenic acid and Heptaldehyde. Definitely there is large international market for perfumery chemicals and estimated market in India is approx. 5000 MT [3,4]. The Global Demand of Flavors and Fragrances is set to increase (Figure 1). The figure below depicts the region wise Demand Break up of Flavors and Fragrance market, estimated for the year 2008.

Flavors and fragrance as global demand is estimated to increase at a growth rate of around 4% per annum. The demand for flavors and fragrances moreover in the Asia/Pacific region is estimated to be growing at a rate of about 7% per annum through 2008. Growth in the world’s most developed markets will continue to be moderate, restrained by market maturity, consolidation in flavors and fragrances using industries and strong downward pressure on prices. Flavor and fragrance is looking for products from natural sources and prefer to use raw materials which are harmless and bio-degradable. In the light of this fact, there is good scope for castor oil derivatives in the global market. Demand for fragrance blends and essential oils will benefit from increased interest in natural and exotic aromas, which are more expensive than their synthetic counterparts [3,4] (Table 2).

Technology / Process

Subjecting castor oil to pyrolysis or destructive distillation at temperature of above 450°C under vacuum it under goes decomposition to yield mainly Undecylenic acid and Heptaldehyde, in almost equal quantities (28% approx). The yields of both acid and Aldehyde, has been found to enhance in the presence of water vapor. The spongy mass post processing, consisted principally of polymerized Undecylenic acid, which can be used in recovering of some quantity of Undecylenic acid. Undecylenic acid esters are used as ingredients for perfumery chemicals. Heptaldehyde is having characteristic Jasmine flavor in it and typically it is also known as Jasmine Aldehyde, and it can be converted to Heptanoic acid and Heptanol which are used in manufacture of many perfumery compounds. Castor oil’s ingredients’ specifications for proposed perfumery chemicals are listed in the Table 3. Figure 2 explains the flow sheet of Heptaldehyde and Undecylenic acid produce [4,5].

Hydrogenated Castor oil (Flakes/Powder)

Hydrogen is added to Castor Oil in the presence of a nickel catalyst and the oil, called hydrogenated Castor Oil (Figure 3), which is transformed into a hard, brittle wax with a melt point of approximately 85-86 oC. This wax being extremely insoluble, therefore well suited for products requiring resistance to water, oils, petroleum and petroleum derivatives. HCO makes its availability as flakes or powder which melts to a clear transparent liquid. It is being non-toxic and non-hazardous material. Hydrogenated castor oil is used in manufacturing of greases, it may also be used in paper coating for food packaging as well. The product is made to be available with several different melting points, or in beaded or powdered form. Castor oil that is partially hydrogenated found uses in cosmetic formulations such as lipsticks and stick deodorants. Hydrogenated Castor Oil finds an extensive diversified uses due to its unique combination of physicochemical properties [5].

a) In the manufacture of multipurpose Lithium/Calcium grease and high performance aviation grease

b) In the manufacture of soaps & cosmetics

c) As mould release agent in the processing of plastics and rubbers

d) As a component of specialty wax blends like pencils, crayons, lipsticks and anti-deodorant sticks

e) In the manufacture of hot-melt coatings and sealant requiring resistance to water

f) As a coating agent for paper & as anti-foaming agent.

g) Automotive refinish Acrylics manufacture

h) Rheological agent that provides thixotropic in paints, coatings, inks, adhesives, sealants and numerous industrial compositions.

i) Thick film chlorinated rubber, epoxy and vinyl coating

j) Flame Retardant and anti-static agent for fiber

k) Manufacture of Spin finish oil for polyamide fiber

l) In preparation of ointments, emulsified virus vaccines, sustained release capsules, wetting/bodying agent, face paint

m) As plasticizer for cellulosic

n) Processing aid for Color concentrates

o) Surface treatment agents

p) In the manufacture of hot melt adhesives used in packaging books, binding footwear, carpet backing and in product assembly

q) Anti-tack and slip additives for processing plastics

r) In the manufacture of specialty chemicals for applications such as metal working, plasticizers and textile auxiliaries in the form of derivatives such as esters, ethylates, sulfates etc (Figure 3) [5-7].

Poly Glycerol Poly Recinoleate (PGPR)

Polyglycerol Polyricinoleate (PGPR) is a food grade emulsifier consisting of poly-glycerol as the hydrophilic group and interesterified ricinoleic fatty acids as the hydrophobic group (Figure 4). The polyglycerol part of PGPR is mainly found as ditri- or tetra glycerol (min 75%) and max 10% of the polyglycerol part will be found as hepta glycerol or higher.

Properties: PGPR is a strong water-in-oil emulsifier used to manufacture stable pan release agents for the bakery industry and to stabilize low fat margarine systems with high water content. PGPR contributes in the ability to improve the flow properties in chocolate and vegetable fat coatings by lowering the friction between the particles suspended in the liquid fat phase and so-called “Yield Value” will be reduced and the liquid chocolate mass will flow easily even at a low total fat content [5-7].

Manufacture

a) Firstly glycerol is heated to temperatures above 200oC in a reactor. Small percent of alkali is added as catalyst. Condensation of two or more glycerol molecules takes place and water is released and removed over a vacuum pump. Chiefly straight-line polyglycerol units will be created with a smaller amount of cyclic by-products will also be created. In Figure 4 the formation of di- and tri-glycerol is shown, but highly polymerized polyglycerols are also created.

b) Secondly castor oil fatty acids will be heated in a reactor likewise to temperatures above 200oC. The fatty acids from castor oil are found as ricinoleic fatty acids (approx 90%) and the rest fatty acids are found as oleic-, linoleic- Stearicfatty acids. Fatty acids of the ricinoleic react in a simple linear esterifications process to form inter-esterified ricinoleic fatty acid chains. Water is released during the process and removed over vacuum pump.

c) Thirdly the inter-esterified ricinoleic fatty acids are mixed with the polyglycerol to form a complex mixture of polyglycerol-polyricinoleate molecules of different chain length [8-13] (Figure 5).

Application in Foods

PGPR has a dramatic impact on the flow properties of liquid chocolate and compounds based on vegetable fats. Principally it is understood that PGPR functions by lowering the yield value of the chocolate system, whereas the plastic viscosity hardly is influenced. In consideration of the practical implication that PGPR always is added as a co-emulsifier in combination with lecithin or ammonium phosphatide and helps as emulsifiers mainly reduce the plastic viscosity [13-15]. Cocoa butter and specialty vegetable fats are quite expensive raw materials, so the manufactures of chocolate and compounds can benefit from the effect of PGPR and lower the total fat content in the ready to consume products. Also from a health point of view fat reduction in chocolate and compounds are improving the quality in the eyes of the consumers. Due to the strong effect on the yield value in chocolate it is possible to make the chocolate flow during production by use of much less fat. Therefore PGPR is an important tool in manufacturing of various types of chocolatetype products. The effect of PGPR as an ingredient of chocolate is further described by Steven T. Beckett, Schantz, B. and Rohm, H.

Published toxicological studies, with scientific evaluation enables the GRAS determination on polyglycerol poly ricinoleate combined with an evaluation of the consumption pattern of vegetable fat coatings in the US. JECFA has established an accepted daily intake (AD1 value) for polyglycerol poly ricinoleate to 0-7.5 mg/kg body weight per day. The statistical data on consumption of vegetable fat coatings by the US population compared with the established AD1 value on polyglycerol poly ricinoleate clearly support the safety of the use of polyglycerol polyricinoleate at a maximum rate of 0.3% in vegetable fat coatings [14-19].

Undecylenic Acid

The pyrolysis of castor oil at 700oC under reduced pressure has been used to yield Heptaldehyde and Undecylenic acid. (It is the chemical decomposition of organic materials by heating in the absence of oxygen or any other reagents, beside steam). For producing alcohol from Heptaldehyde it can be further hydrogenate for use in the plasticizers. Hydrolysis is another method via the use of Methyl Undecylenate. Methyl Undecylenate is hydrolyzed to give Undecylenic Acid [20-25].

Applications: Undecylenic acid has a long history as antifungal drug. Many types of fungal infections can be treated with its application. Undecylenic acid can be used as a surfactant in hair lotions and as biocide in soaps and deodorants. It goes as a starting material for Nylon 11 [25-27].

Sebacic Acid

Sebacic acid, a 10-carbon di carboxylic acid, can be synthesized from phenols and cresols, but castor oil oxidation is considered a greener‖ process. Manufacture of sebacic acid is done heating castor oil to high temperatures (about 250oC) with the use of alkali. Result of this treatment saponifies the castor oil to ricinoleic acid which is then cleaved to give capryl alcohol (2-octanol) and sebacic acid [20-23].

Applications: One of the many uses of sebacic acid is in the manufacture of Nylon 6-10. Sebacic acid and their derivatives like Azelaic acid finds variety of industrial uses in plasticizers, lubricants, hydraulic fluids, cosmetics, candles, etc. They are used in the synthesis of polyamide and alkyd resins. An isomer, isosebacic acid, has other applications in the manufacture of extrusion plastics, adhesives, polyesters, polyurethane resins and synthetic rubber. Sebacic acid is also used as an intermediate for aromatics, antiseptics and painting materials. Thousands of potential starting materials can be obtained from esters. It is used as a corrosion inhibitor in metalworking fluids and as a complexion agent in greases. Sebacic acid when mixed with amines yields a very effective water soluble works as corrosion inhibitor for metal working fluids. Lithium hydroxyl stearate complex greases often utilize dibasic acids such as sebacic acid for the more unusual performance parameters. These greases are prepared from the esters of sebacic acid, and are being developed for specific performance criteria under varying conditions. Sebacic acid esters are used as plasticizers also for vinyl resins and in the manufacture of dioctyl sebacate; a jet lubricant and lubricant in air cooled combustion motors [24-30] (Table 4).

Notations for Demand

a) 1, 2 Very High: 50,000 T and above per ear

b) High: 30,000 - 50,000 T per year

c) Medium-High: 15,000-30,000 T per year

d) Medium: 5,000-15,000 T per year

e) Low-Medium: 1,000-5,000 T per year

f) Low: Less than 1,000 T per year

Notations for Demand-Supply Gap

a) Medium: There exists some demand over and above supply, but there has not been a significant amount of demand that has gone unmet

b) Medium-High: There have been some instances where a significant demand has gone unmet

d) Low: There have been very few instances when a significant demand has gone unmet

e) NA: denotes that information on demand supply gap is not available owing to the negligible demand volume

Transesterification of Castor Oil

Deshpande DP have studied the Transesterification of castor oil in a batch reactor employing KOH as a catalyst. They have chosen the variables such as residence time, oil to methanol ratio, catalyst concentration and reaction time. Mohammed H. et al. in their studies of transesterification of castor oil with methanolic KOH, the authors varied operating conditions; KOH catalyst concentration 2.1-3g for 250ml feedstock; temperature 30- 70oC; reaction time 30-360 minutes. The authors have reported ester (biodiesel) content 48% which is highest and glycerine 52%. They carried the reaction with 65 ml methanol and 2.4 g KOH catalyst, reaction time of 360 minutes at a temperature of 70oC and converting 250 ml castor oil feedstock. They also exercised parallel experiments involving two stage process viz esterification by acid followed by normal transesterification. Recommendation of this procedure was proposed by Marchetti. Esterifications process comprised of two stages by Mohammed et al reported the ester content up to 85%. The authors confirmed castor biodiesel viscosity of 13.75 mm2 sec-1 and density 0.9279 at 150C. The castor oil used by the authors having viscosity of 239.39 mm2 sec-1 [30-34].

The fatty acids consist of approximately 80–90% ricinoleic acid, 3-6% linoleic acid, 2-4% oleic acid and 1-5% saturated fatty acids. The high content of ricinoleic acid is the reason for the versatile value of castor oil in technology (Table 5). In Comparison with other vegetable oils, castor oil has a very high proportion of simply unsaturated fatty acids (18:1). A high proportion of those acids can be comparatively found only in the oil of the high oleic (HO) sunflower, appearing, however, as oleic acid. In castor oil it is ricinoleic acid, the only unsaturated fatty acid occurring in natural vegetable oils with a hydroxyl function of the carbon atom 12. The extraordinarily high viscosity of castor oil is attributed to the presence of the hydroxyl group. The variation of specific gravity with residence time in their study appeared in a similar trend as that of viscosity. Decrease in the Specific gravity was observed from 0.9096 to 0.882 as residence time is increased from 30 to 45 minutes, further increase in residence time from 60 to 90 minutes the specific gravity increased 0.882 to 0.9026 while acid value of biodiesel product decreased with increasing reaction time and saponification value decreased with increasing reaction time and further increases [34-36].

Table 6 presents their data of variation in viscosity with time. The authors observed increase in specific gravity with increasing temperature, the same changes were observed in acid value. They also observed that at lower temperature of 30oC the biodiesel product gave lower viscosity and they further increased the temperature up to 50oC. Acid value had shown similar trend as that of viscosity. Sap value too shown similar trend as that of specific gravity (Table 7) [35-37].

According to their observation the specific gravity of the product was lowest at 1wt % catalyst concentration and increased with increasing catalyst concentration up to 2wt%. The specific gravity of product was increased at lowest concentration at 0.5wt%. Specific gravity was higher due to probably of lower catalyst concentration of 0.5wt % conversions were very low. Therefore with referring to above data, 1wt% catalyst concentration may be optimum in the range of operating condition studied. The viscosity decreased with initially up to 1wt. % catalyst concentration and then increased up to 2wt% of catalyst concentration. Initially specific gravity decreased up to 1wt. % of catalyst concentration and further found to increased and acid value shown similar trend as that of viscosity. Sap value was found practically constant post 1wt% catalyst concentration. The authors have supported their data with the plot of figures as presented by Figures 6-11 [35,36].

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Materials and Methods

Global demand is estimated to increase at a growth rate of around 4% of flavors and fragrance from castor oil per annum. Much above the demand for flavors and fragrances in the Asia/ Pacific region is estimated to be growing at a rate of about 7% per annum through 2008. Growth in the world’s most developed markets will continue to be moderate, restrained by market maturity, consolidation in flavors and fragrances using industries and strong downward pressure on prices. Flavor and fragrance is looking for products from natural sources and prefer to use raw materials which are harmless and bio-degradable. In the light of this fact, there is good scope for castor oil derivatives in the global market. Fragrance blends and essential oils’ demand will benefit from increased interest in natural and exotic aromas, which are known to be more expensive than their synthetic counterparts.

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Ethoxylated Castor Oil Market a Booming Trend In Chemical Industry | 2026

Castor oil is a natural complex of esters of glycerol and high molecular weight fatty acids. It can be reformed due to the presence of multifunctional groups. Therefore, it offers a possibility of transforming into various materials. Ethoxylated castor oil is a derivative of castor oil. It is formed by the reaction of castor oil with ethylene oxide in the presence of an alkaline catalyst, which forms a water-soluble surfactant. Ethoxylated castor oil is also known by names such as polyethylene glycol castor oil or polyoxyl castor oil. These are non-ionic surfactants and can be used as emulsifying agents. Therefore, they are also suitable for aqueous preparations in industries.  With the world becoming more environmentally conscious and a rise in awareness among people about the replacement of synthetic products, demand for renewable and biodegradable solutions is increasing. Ethoxylated castor oil plays a major role in the personal care industry, owing to its diverse properties and substantial usage.

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Based on type, the global ethoxylated castor oil market can be bifurcated into ethoxylated castor oil (PEG-n-CO) and ethoxylated hydrogenated castor oil (PEG-n-HCO). Ethoxylated hydrogenated castor oil is preferred over ethoxylated castor oil as it offers higher oxidation and thermal stability. It can improve resistance against solvents and grease and resist the substance from solidifing. Ethoxylated hydrogenated castor oil improves the melting point, when blended with other waxes Ethoxylated hydrogenated castor oil can also be used in grease, shoe cream, polish, crayons, and pharmaceuticals.In terms of application, the global ethoxylated castor oil market can be classified into oil & gas, industrial cleaning, personal care & cosmetics, food chemicals, and others (adhesives, etc.). An increase in demand for bio-compatible cosmetics is expected to boost the personal care & cosmetics segment of the ethoxylated castor oil market in the coming years. In cosmetics, ethoxylated castor oil is used as a solubilizing agent for perfume bases and in the production of hand lotions. Castor oil and its derivatives are used in the formulation of many products such as lipsticks, skin-care products, and bath soaps.

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Castor oil can also enhance the absorption of other cosmetic ingredients and stimulate hair growth. Ethoxylated castor oil is extracted from seeds and is further processed. This adds physical properties to the oil that impart surface-active qualities to products in which it is used. These features of surface-activity allow ethoxylated castor oil to increase mixing between two immiscible materials such as oil and water.Based on the region, the ethoxylated castor oil market can be segmented into Europe, Asia Pacific, North America, Latin America, and Middle East & Africa. India is a major exporter of castor oil. It is a world leader in castor seeds/oil production and processing and has an edge over other countries such as Japan, France, and Germany, which import castor oil. These countries manufacture perfumery chemicals for further processing into perfumes and synthetic flavors.

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Prominent players operating in the ethoxylated castor oil market include Rimpo India, Parchem Fine & Specialty Chemicals, Shubh Industries, Oxiteno USA LLC, Thai Castor Oil Industries Co. Ltd,  Silver Fern Chemical, INC, Jayant Agro-Organics LTD , Itoh Oil Chemicals Co Ltd , Vantage Performance Materials, EMCO Dyestuff PVT LTD, and Fibrol Non Ionics Pvt Ltd. These companies are engaged in research and development activities, strategic alliances, and mergers and acquisitions to gain market share.

The report offers a comprehensive evaluation of the market. It does so via in-depth qualitative insights, historical data, and verifiable projections about market size. The projections featured in the report have been derived using proven research methodologies and assumptions. By doing so, the research report serves as a repository of analysis and information for every facet of the market, including but not limited to: Regional markets, technology, types, and applications.

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Commonly Used Surfactants in Cosmetics

The composition of cosmetic formulations is diverse and complex. In addition to oil and water, the raw materials of cosmetics include various functional surfactants, preservatives, fragrances and pigments. Surfactants are indispensable raw materials in cosmetics and have a wide range of applications in cosmetics such as emulsification, dispersion, solubilization, foaming, cleaning, lubrication and softening. As the demand for cosmetic dosage forms and functions increases, the variety of surfactants used in cosmetics is also increasing. Surfactants used in cosmetics should be non-irritating and non-toxic, and must also be colorless, highly stable and have no unpleasant odor.

 The function of the surfactant is mainly to change the properties of the liquid surface, liquid-liquid interface and liquid-solid interface, wherein changing the surface properties of the liquid is the most important function. Surfactants can reduce the surface tension of the solvent and can cause significant changes in the surface of the solvent. Surfactants can be classified into anionic surfactants, cationic surfactants, amphoteric surfactants, and nonionic surfactants depending on whether the surfactants can be dissociated in aqueous solution and the type of charge they carried after dissociation.

 Anionic surfactant

Anionic surfactants commonly used in cosmetics include fatty acid soaps, sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium laureth polyoxyethylene ether sulfate, sodium cetyl polyoxyethylene ether phosphate, and soybean phospholipids (lecithin). Such surfactants are characterized by strong detergency and are mainly used for cleaning, wetting, emulsifying and foaming in cosmetics.

Cationic surfactants

Cationic surfactants are mainly primary, secondary, tertiary amines and quaternary ammonium salts of higher alkyl groups, such as octadecyltrimethylammonium chloride, C12-14 alkyl dimethylbenzylammonium chloride, double ten Octamethyldimethyl chloride, etc. These cationic surfactants are characterized by good bactericidal and antistatic properties, and have softening, antistatic, waterproof and fixing effects in cosmetics.

 Amphoteric surfactants

Amphoteric surfactants commonly used in cosmetics include cocamidopropyl betaine, imidazoline and the like. Amphoteric surfactants are characterized by good laundering properties, mildness, low toxicity and low irritation to the skin and eyes, and good biodegradability. Amphoteric surfactants are often used in combination with anionic or cationic surfactants. They have good compatibility and generally produce synergistic effects. Amphoteric surfactants have softening, antistatic, emulsifying, dispersing and sterilizing effects in cosmetics.

 Nonionic surfactants

Non-ionic surfactants commonly used in cosmetics are mainly ethylene oxide adduct, polyoxyethylene lauryl ether, coco fatty acid diethanol amide, oleic acid monoglyceride, polyoxyethylated castor oil, and ethoxylated lanolin. Nonionic surfactants are non-irritating to the skin, have good emulsifying property, solubilization property and stability, and have good compatibility with other types of surfactants. Nonionic surfactants are the most widely used surfactants in cosmetics.

 Surfactants are important ingredients in cosmetics and play an important role in the development of the cosmetics industry. Today, users have higher requirements for the structure, type, performance and manufacturing technology of surfactants. Therefore, in the production process of surfactants, we should try to use natural raw materials and avoid using chemical materials that are irritating to the skin. It is believed that the development of green, environmentally friendly surfactants will greatly facilitate the development of cosmetics with new functions.

[cmfelatestarticle]

Ethoxylated Castor Oil Market to Expand with Significant CAGR During 2026

Castor oil is a natural complex of esters of glycerol and high molecular weight fatty acids. It can be reformed due to the presence of multifunctional groups. Therefore, it offers a possibility of transforming into various materials. Ethoxylated castor oil is a derivative of castor oil. It is formed by the reaction of castor oil with ethylene oxide in the presence of an alkaline catalyst, which forms a water-soluble surfactant. Ethoxylated castor oil is also known by names such as polyethylene glycol castor oil or polyoxyl castor oil. These are non-ionic surfactants and can be used as emulsifying agents. Therefore, they are also suitable for aqueous preparations in industries.  

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With the world becoming more environmentally conscious and a rise in awareness among people about the replacement of synthetic products, demand for renewable and biodegradable solutions is increasing. Ethoxylated castor oil plays a major role in the personal care industry, owing to its diverse properties and substantial usage.

Ethoxylated Castor Oil Market: Segmentation

Based on type, the global ethoxylated castor oil market can be bifurcated into ethoxylated castor oil (PEG-n-CO) and ethoxylated hydrogenated castor oil (PEG-n-HCO). Ethoxylated hydrogenated castor oil is preferred over ethoxylated castor oil as it offers higher oxidation and thermal stability. It can improve resistance against solvents and grease and resist the substance from solidifing. Ethoxylated hydrogenated castor oil improves the melting point, when blended with other waxes Ethoxylated hydrogenated castor oil can also be used in grease, shoe cream, polish, crayons, and pharmaceuticals.

In terms of application, the global ethoxylated castor oil market can be classified into oil & gas, industrial cleaning, personal care & cosmetics, food chemicals, and others (adhesives, etc.). An increase in demand for bio-compatible cosmetics is expected to boost the personal care & cosmetics segment of the ethoxylated castor oil market in the coming years. In cosmetics, ethoxylated castor oil is used as a solubilizing agent for perfume bases and in the production of hand lotions. Castor oil and its derivatives are used in the formulation of many products such as lipsticks, skin-care products, and bath soaps. Castor oil can also enhance the absorption of other cosmetic ingredients and stimulate hair growth. Ethoxylated castor oil is extracted from seeds and is further processed. This adds physical properties to the oil that impart surface-active qualities to products in which it is used. These features of surface-activity allow ethoxylated castor oil to increase mixing between two immiscible materials such as oil and water.

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Ethoxylated Castor Oil Market: Regional Outlook

Based on the region, the ethoxylated castor oil market can be segmented into Europe, Asia Pacific, North America, Latin America, and Middle East & Africa. India is a major exporter of castor oil. It is a world leader in castor seeds/oil production and processing and has an edge over other countries such as Japan, France, and Germany, which import castor oil. These countries manufacture perfumery chemicals for further processing into perfumes and synthetic flavors.

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Ethoxylated Castor Oil Market: Key Players

Prominent players operating in the ethoxylated castor oil market include Rimpo India, Parchem Fine & Specialty Chemicals, Shubh Industries, Oxiteno USA LLC, Thai Castor Oil Industries Co. Ltd,  Silver Fern Chemical, INC, Jayant Agro-Organics LTD , Itoh Oil Chemicals Co Ltd , Vantage Performance Materials, EMCO Dyestuff PVT LTD, and Fibrol Non Ionics Pvt Ltd. These companies are engaged in research and development activities, strategic alliances, and mergers and acquisitions to gain market share.

[pharcosspeciality]

An emulsifier, solubilizer, lubricant, wetting agent, natural laxative, and other uses for #CastorOilEthoxylate may be found in a variety of applications, including personal care and specialty formulae.

For more details, visit us at https://www.pharcos.co.in/products/castor-hydrogenated-castor-oil-ethoxylates

[researge]

Global Non-ionic Surfactants Market Study 2014 - 2030

Prismane Consulting is pleased to publish its Non-ionic Surfactants Market Market Study Report which includes historic and current market situation of Non-ionic Surfactants Market across several end-use industries.

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This market study describes the global Non-ionic Surfactants Market market, with focus on major countries and their subsequent demand across different applications and sub-applications. The study covers demand-supply analysis for regions including North America, Western Europe, Central & Eastern Europe, Central & South America, Asia-Pacific, Middle East and Africa and major countries like the U.S., Canada, Mexico, Germany, France, Italy, U.K., Spain, Russia, Poland, Turkey, China, Japan, India, South Korea, Thailand, Taiwan, South Africa, and Saudi Arabia. The market is segmented based on end-use which includes Household Detergents, and others.Non-ionic Surfactants Market Production capacity expansions, force majeure, de-bottlenecks, plant shutdowns and new product developments have been considered in the report.

Non-ionic Surfactants Market demand patterns are dramatically different between various regions and countries. In the areas with mature economies, demand growth for Non-ionic Surfactants Market is expected to fall well below global averages primarily due to the geographic shift of many manufacturing industries to areas of lower labor costs such as China, India, and the ASEAN region.

The primary driver for the growth in demand of Non-ionic Surfactants Market in Asia has been the migration of labor-intensive downstream conversion industries from developed high labor cost regions like North America and Western Europe.

Topics Covered

The report covers the following topics:

Non-ionic Surfactants Market Market data in term of volume and value for each end-use at regional and country level

Non-ionic Surfactants Market Market analysis for production, capacity, demand, supply, trade, and utilization rates at regional and country level

Trade balance and target markets for current situation, new expansions, or new projects

Business opportunity assessment

Macro-economic factors like GDP, population, and world economic integration

Strategic issues and recommendations

Strategic recommendations for vendors, and industry stakeholders

Market analysis and forecasts (short-, mid- and long-term forecast) from 2015 till 2030

Non-ionic Surfactants Market Market: Applications Covered

Global Non-ionic Surfactants Demand Analysis By Type,

By Applications, (Volume, Value) (2014–2030)

Strategic Issues

Demand Analysis and Forecast (2014 – 2030)

Demand

Demand Growth Rate (%)

Driving Force Analysis

Global Non-ionic Surfactants Market, By Type

Ethoxylates

                                         -  Alcohol Ethoxylates

                                         -  Fatty Amine Ethoxylates

                                         -  Alkyl Phenol Ethoxylates

                                         -  Fatty Acid Ethoxylates

                                         -  Castor Oil Ethoxylates

                                         -  Glycerin Ethoxylates

Polyglucosides

Alkanolamides

Sucrose Esters

Others

Global Non-ionic Surfactants Market, By Application

Household Detergents

                                         -  Laundry

                                         -  Dishwasher

                                         -  Others

Personal Care

                                         -  Shampoos

                                         -  Liquid Soaps

                                         -  Bar Soaps

                                         -  Skin Care

                                         -  Others

Paints & Coatings

                                         -  Dispersants

                                         -  Antifoaming Agents

                                         -  Wetting Agents

Textiles

                                         -  Synthetic

                                         -  Natural

Industrial Cleaning

Oil-field Chemicals

Food Processing

Agrochemicals

Building & Construction

Plastics

Others

Non-ionic Surfactants MarketMarket: Regions covered

- Asia Pacific

- Eastern Europe

- Central & South America

- Middle East & Africa

- North America

- Western Europe

Key Questions Answered

The Global Non-ionic Surfactants Market Market study answers the following key questions:

How big is the Non-ionic Surfactants Marketmarket?

How is the Non-ionic Surfactants Market market evolving by demand-supply, segment, and region?

What will the Non-ionic Surfactants Market market size be in 2030 and at what rate will it grow?

What trends, challenges and barriers are influencing its growth?

Who are the key manufacturers and what are their shares in different region?

What opportunities and target markets exist for Non-ionic Surfactants Market

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About Prismane Consulting

Prismane Consulting is a unique consulting and market research firm providing management, economic and technical expertise across the global Chemicals, Petrochemicals, Polymers, Materials and Energy value chain. The company has been advising clients on their key strategic issues solving their toughest and most critical business problems. We have helped some of the fortune 500 companies develop their strategic plans by tracking and interpreting market dynamics.

Prismane consulting has completed several multi-client studies and projects. It offers Market Studies, World Analysis and Strategy Reports related to Refining, Chemicals, Petrochemicals, Plastic & Polymers and Materials. For update on the annual subscription (monthly, quarterly, and annually) on the chemicals industry, please write to sales@prismaneconsulting.com

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Chemicals & Energy, Prismane Consulting

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[kopraan112]

Naturally Effective Floor Cleaner By Koparo Clean

Most floor cleaners available today contain toxins and poisons that are harmful to humans’ health. The warning label on the product itself states that the contents are toxic or hazardous. Even if stored carefully, toxic floor cleaners can leak from the bottle or be inhaled while cleaning. It is particularly dangerous in families with children. These toxic substances are emancipated into the environment, polluted water sources. Undoubtedly, these cleaners with disinfectants can kill germs. Immediate but may also contribute to stronger resistance in the long run. The only Eco-friendly cleaning products in India which have aqua, lauryl glucoside, decyl glucoside, coco betaine, ethoxylated alcohols, tea tree oil, lemongrass oil, PEG 40 hydrogenated castor oil, citric acid, and mild perfume. all these products are derived from natural sources.

These products have enhanced antibacterial as well as insect repellent properties. The ingredients listed are naturally derived from nature and non-toxic, non-synthetic derivatives. In, every household, various floor cleaners can be found but none of them are based over total natural ingredients. This Floor cleaner is totally eco-friendly plus the fragrance from it lifts the mood and energy, ingredients which are infused in this floor cleaner has many other benefits. like it can be used to clean your house plus kills germs and purifies the environmental air with its aroma. So, the use of this cleaner can be a great way to get a house clean every day without any harmful ingredients and artificial indoor air freshener Phthalates (one of the other harmful chemicals) considered a cause of health problems in children and pregnant women, instead of using something else or TV commercial Floor cleaner liquid try something which is made from herbal products or can say it’s total nature in it. This cleaner is having lots of advantages in it which are as follow

Advantages

1) Herbal cleaner is non-toxic to humans and pets.

2) This cleanser does not irritate human skin, it’s different from black disinfectants that are based on phenol and creosote.

3) The smell is very pleasant after use.

4) Do not discolor the surface.

5)The Cleaner is totally herbal and non-environmental impacts.

6)Tea tree oil is having the anti-bacterial properties; it kills various bacteria and fungi. Due to this property tea tree oil is used as hand sanitizer also.

7) Applicable to various surfaces such as glass and metal. Porcelain, enamel, plastic, linoleum, stone and concrete, etc.

8) Add gloss to hard surfaces after cleaning.

Original Source - https://bit.ly/3nJ5YHf

[wonderlandshreyash77-blog]

Ethoxylates Market : Evolving Technology, Trends And Industry Analysis 2023

Ethoxylates are organic compounds that are manufactured by treatment of alcohols and phenols with ethylene oxide in the presence of potassium hydroxide as a catalyst. Ethoxylates are used as intermediates during the manufacture of detergents, surface cleaners, cosmetics, and paints. Textile processing, paints & coatings, agriculture, pulp & paper, and personal care industries are the major end-users of ethoxylates. Ethoxylates are used widely in industrial applications due to high water solubility, good formulation, low aquatic toxicity, and excellent wetting ability. Furthermore, ethoxylates are used as emulsion stabilizers during the processing of emulsion polymers, floor polish, and wax, as they rapidly dissolve and provide ionic stability to the emulsion. Alcohol ethoxylate, fatty acid ethoxylate, and methyl ester ethoxylate are some of the major products of ethoxylate.

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Demand for ethoxylates is driven by growth of textile processing, personal care, and paints & coatings industries. Ethoxylates are used as surfactants for various process operations such as scouring, dyeing, and lubrication in the textile processing industry. Ethoxylates help remove impurities during scouring of fibers to ensure good quality of the fabric. After scouring, the fabric is lubricated for elimination of fat. This fat elimination is achieved by employing ethoxylate, which helps reduce the surface tension. Dyeing and finishing is the last process operation of textile manufacturing that employs ethoxylate as a wetting and dyeing agent. Fatty acid ethoxylates are exclusively used in the textile industry.

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The cosmetic & personal care end-user industry is another major driving factor that is expected to influence the demand for ethoxylates in the near future. Ethoxylates are incorporated as solvents during preparation of cosmetic products, as they provide high water solubility and emulsifying characteristics. Ethoxylates are non-ionic in nature and offer high chemical stability; hence, these are preferred over other ionic surfactants that do not dissolve in water. Various personal care products that are manufactured by incorporating ethoxylates include hand lotions, hair dyes and some oral application products. Alcohol and castor oil ethoxylates are some of the commonly used ethoxylate product types used in the cosmetic & personal care industry.