#Environmental science & Ecology Studies Open access journal

[crimsonpublishersenvironmen-blog]

Characterization of Two Oasis Luzerns (El Menea, Tamentit) at the Floral Bud and Early Flowering Stages _ Crimson Publishers

Characterization of Two Oasis Luzerns (El Menea, Tamentit) at the Floral Bud and Early Flowering Stages by Alane Farida in Environmental Analysis & Ecology Studies

Abstract Adrar’s oasis with great ingenuity knew, taking into account the harshness of pedoclimatic conditions, to adapt the means of production to Lucerne. We compared 2 oasis alfalfa cultivars through biometric and chemical parameters at two phenological floral and early flowering stages. The quality of these is correlated with the phenological stages. Indeed, the older the plant, the greater the assimilation of mineral matter; But the needs at the floral button stage are higher than at the early bloom stage. The highest value of MAT is 38.7% in El Menea at the floral bud stage and the lowest is 20.8% in the same cultivar at the same stage at the second mowing. The ratio of leaves to stems in green and dry is higher in Tamentit than in El Menea in both stages, resulting in better digestibility. At the initial flowering stage this ratio, in dry, decreases from 1.51 to 1.04. With the same planting rate, the Tamentit population has an average plant per square meter lower than El Menea, ie 15.8 at the floral bud stage, as well as lower values of the other 2 parameters, height of stems and number of stems per square meter. The summer season and the second year of operation encourage the increase in the number of stems and the spring season favors the height of the stems. The difference between the green and dry yields of the two cuts is not significant. So, alfalfa El Menea is more productive than Tamentit which has better digestibility.

For more articles in Environmental Analysis & Ecology Studies Journal,

Please click on below link: https://crimsonpublishers.com/eaes/

[orangeequinox]

Shifting the priorities of scientists to collectively address the challenges of climate change requires concerted efforts and collaboration across disciplines and borders. Just as scientists came together to combat the COVID-19 pandemic, a similar approach is needed to mitigate the impacts of climate change. Here's how scientists could shift their priorities to address this urgent global issue:

1. **Sharing of Data and Findings**: Scientists can facilitate the sharing of data, research findings, and insights related to climate change through open-access platforms, scientific journals, and international collaborations. By promoting transparency and information exchange, researchers worldwide can build upon each other's work and accelerate progress in understanding the drivers and impacts of climate change.

2. **International Collaboration and Consortia**: Forming international research consortia and collaborative networks dedicated to climate change research enables the pooling of resources, expertise, and research efforts across institutions and countries. Collaborative initiatives can focus on studying various aspects of climate change, including its ecological, social, and economic dimensions, to develop comprehensive strategies for mitigation and adaptation.

3. **Multidisciplinary Approaches**: Climate change research requires interdisciplinary approaches that involve scientists from diverse fields, such as climatology, ecology, environmental science, economics, and policy. Multidisciplinary teams can bring together experts with different perspectives and skills to address complex scientific questions and develop innovative solutions for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions, protecting ecosystems, and building resilience to climate impacts.

4. **Global Action and Policy Advocacy**: Scientists can advocate for evidence-based policies and international agreements to address climate change at local, national, and global levels. By engaging with policymakers, stakeholders, and the public, researchers can raise awareness about the urgency of climate action and the need for sustainable solutions. Scientists can also contribute to the development of climate policies by providing scientific expertise, conducting policy-relevant research, and participating in decision-making processes.

5. **Coordination of Research Funding and Resources**: Governments, philanthropic organizations, and international agencies can mobilize funding and resources to support climate change research efforts. Coordinating research funding initiatives and resource allocation can prioritize critical areas of investigation, promote collaboration, and ensure equitable access to scientific knowledge and tools. Investments in climate research can lead to the development of innovative technologies, practices, and policies for addressing climate change challenges.

Overall, shifting the priorities of scientists to address climate change requires collective action, collaboration, and advocacy at global, national, and local levels. By working together across disciplines and borders, scientists can contribute to a sustainable and resilient future for the planet and its inhabitants. Just as with the COVID-19 pandemic, the power of global cooperation and scientific innovation can help mitigate the impacts of climate change and build a more sustainable world.

[literaturepublisher10]

Journal of Medical Case Reports

Journal of Medical Case Reports accepting case reports in medical science journal, medical case reports journal, journals accepting medical case reports, journals publishing medical case reports etc. Journal publishes methods of diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases. The practice of medicine involves multidisciplinary study and application of concepts of several branches of biomedical sciences, genetics, microbiology, immunology etc. Furthermore, practice of medicine also requires a thorough knowledge of pharmaceutical sciences and surgery. It also takes the help of other therapies like physiotherapy, psychotherapy and preventive medicine. Medicine research is therefore, an intricate subject that has multiple facets, each of which needs to be addressed in great detail before a specific diagnostic or therapeutic method is standardized for large scale application.

Journal Homepage: https://www.literaturepublishers.org/

Manuscript Submission

Authors are requested to submit their manuscript by using Online Manuscript Submission Portal:

https://www.literaturepublishers.org/submit.html

(or) also invited to submit through the Journal E-mail Id: editor.cicrj@literaturepublishers.org

American Journal of Phytomedicine and Clinical Therapeutics: American Journal of Phytomedicine and Clinical Therapeutics is an open access peer reviewed and monthly published research journal that publishes articles in the field of Phytomedicine and Clinical Therapeutics. It is an international journal to encourage research publication to research scholars, academicians, professionals and students engaged in their respective field.

Related Journals: Herbal Medicine: Open Access, Natural Products Chemistry & Research, American Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics

Translational Biomedicine

Translational Biomedicine: Translational Biomedicine is an international open access, peer-reviewed academic journal. The Journal publishes original science-based research that advances communication between the scientific discovery and health improvement. Translational Biomedicine publishes Original research and/or commentary on diseases with implications for treatment Clinical translation where scientific ideas are translated into clinical trials or applications, Nutrition research: the interaction and validation between research and application Perspectives and Reviews on current basic science or clinical science research topics Survey of recent significant published findings. Journal Highlights Includes: Translational Biomedical Research, Translational Research and Clinical Intervention, Translational Stroke, Translational Neurology, Translational Oncology, Translational imaging, Translational Psychiatry, Orthopedic Translation, Stem Cell Translation Medicine, Translation Proteomics, Translational Neuroscience, Translational Cancer Research, Discovery Biology, Medical Biotechnology.

Related Journals: Translational Cancer Research, Orthopedic Translation, Translational Proteomics, Translational Biomedical Research, Translational Neuroscience, Clinical and Translational Gastroenterology, Molecular Therapy, Stem Cell Translation, Translational Biomedical Research, Translational Clinical Research

American Journal of Ethnomedicine

American Journal of Ethnomedicine: American Journal of Ethnomedicine is an open access, peer-reviewed, bimonthly, online journal that aims to promote the exchange of original knowledge and research in any area of ethnomedicine.

American Journal of Ethnomedicine invites research articles and reviews based on original interdisciplinary studies on the inextricable relationships between human cultures and nature/universe, Traditional Environmental/Ecological Knowledge (TEK), folk and traditional medical knowledge, as well as the relevance of these for environmental and public health policies.

Specifically, the journal will cover the following topics: ethnobotany, ethnomycology, ethnozoology, ethnoecology (including ethnopedology), ethnometereology/ ethnoclimatology, ethnoastronomy, ethnopharmacy, ethnomedicine, ethnoveterinary, traditional medicines, traditional healthcare in households and domestic arenas, migrant healthcare/urban ethnobiology, pluralistic healthcare in developing countries, evidence-based community health, visual ethnobiology and ethnomedicine, gender studies and ethnobiology, as well as other related areas in environmental, nutritional, medical and visual anthropology. Botanically-centered manuscripts must clearly indicate voucher specimens and herbaria.

Journal of Biomedical Sciences

Journal of Biomedical Sciences: Journal of Biomedical Sciences is an international, peer reviewed journals which publishes high quality of article and novel research contribution to scientific knowledge. The Journal of Biomedical Sciences is an open access, peer-reviewed journal that encompasses all fundamental and molecular aspects of basic medical sciences, emphasizing on providing the molecular studies of biomedical problems and molecular mechanisms. The Journal of Biomedical Sciences gives an area to share the information among the medical scientists and researchers

Journal highlights includes: Cognitive and neurosciences, Biochemical engineering, Molecular biology, Gas transport and metabolism, Cardiac assist devices, Vascular autoregulation, Protein science, Structural biology, Biomedical ultrasound, Neuroengineering, Heart mechanics, Biomedical science, Genetics

Related Journals: Biomedicine Journal, Biomedical Science and Engineering Journal, Medicine Journal, Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical sciences, Journal of Biomedical sciences and Research, Journal of Biomedical Research, Neurology Journal, Biomedical Engineering Journal, Cellular Biology Journal, Alzheimer?s Disease Journal, Clinical Immunology Journal, Genetics and Genomics Research Journal, Archives of Medicine Journal, Journal of Clinical & Biomedical Sciences, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, Neuroscience Journals, Behavioral Sciences journal, Journal of Neuroscience & Cognition,  Journal of Psychology, Journals of Gerontology 

Journal of Regenerative Medicine

Journal of Regenerative Medicine: Regenerative Medicine journal covers wide range of topics such as regenerative medicine therapies, stem cell applications, tissue engineering, gene and cell therapies, translational medicine and tissue regeneration etc. The journal provides hybrid access platform to publish the original research articles, review articles, case reports, short communications, etc and provides the rapid dissemination of significant research in various disciplines encompassing all areas of stem cells and regenerative medicine.

Journal Highlights: Cell and Organ Regeneration, Cell Engineering, Cellular Therapies, Diagnostics and Imaging, Ethical and Legal Issues, Gene Therapies, Human Pathological Conditions, Immunotherapy, Models of Regeneration, Nanoscaffolds in Regenerative Medicine, Regenerative Biology, Rejuvenation, Stem Cell Transplantation, Stem Cell Treatments, Stem Cells, Tissue Engineering, Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Translational Medicine, Translational Medicines, Translational Science, etc.

Related Journals: Journal of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Journal of Regenerative Medicine & Tissue Engineering, International Journal of Stem Cells, Stem Cell Research, Journal of Stem Cell Research & Therapy, Stem Cell Biology and Research, Biomaterials, Cardiovascular Journals, Cell Biology Journals, Hematology Journals, Liver Journals

[entomoblog]

Notre relation amour-haine avec les insectes

See on Scoop.it - EntomoScience

Topical Collection : Cultural Entomology: Our Love-hate Relationship with Insects

  A topical collection in Insects (ISSN 2075-4450). This collection belongs to the section "Role of Insects in Human Society".

  Insects, an international, peer-reviewed Open Access journal.

  [Image] Editor

Dr. Joseph R. Coelho E-Mail Website

Institute for Franciscan Environmental Studies, Biology Program, Quincy University, Quincy, IL, USA Interests: physiological ecology of insects; cultural entomology

  -------

NDÉ

Traduction

  L'entomologie culturelle est une discipline qui examine comment les humains perçoivent les insectes à travers les artefacts culturels. C'est une science jeune, qui découle principalement d'un article fondateur de Hogue (1987). Depuis lors, des travaux réalisés par des entomologistes et d'autres chercheurs ont abouti à une variété fascinante d'études, traditionnellement axées sur les médias tels que la musique, l'art et la littérature.

  Cependant, des approches innovantes sur le sujet incluent des études sur les jeux vidéo (Shelomi 2019), les feux d'artifice (Coelho 2018) et les tatouages (Pearson 1996). Ces contributions ont non seulement développé la discipline, mais elles nous ont également permis d'aborder le sujet sous des perspectives indépendantes.

  C'est grâce à cette diversité que des tendances générales émergent. Certaines tendances ont déjà été démontrées de manière claire ; par exemple, certains taxons sont constamment perçus de manière négative (les cafards), tandis que d'autres le sont de manière largement positive (les papillons). Bien que cette tendance particulière ne soit pas surprenante, d'autres commencent à émerger de manière plus subtile. Par exemple, des espèces chimériques avec un mélange d'anatomie humaine et d'insecte apparaissent à la fois dans l'art ancien en jade et sur des couvertures récentes (Coelho 2004).

  Avec ce volume, nous espérons étendre les limites de l'entomologie culturelle pour approfondir notre compréhension de cette discipline intéressante et importante.

  Dr. Joseph R. Coelho

Éditeur de la collection

via ChatGPT

Bernadette Cassel's insight:

    Une collection thématique dans la revue Insects (ISSN 2075-4450). Cette collection appartient à la section "Rôle des insectes dans la société humaine"

[myfeeds]

Supersized fruit eater database on climate change frontline

In this month’s open-access journal Global Ecology and Biogeography, the group introduces for the first time a hulking list of more than 45,000 traits for creatures that eat fruit. Frugivoria, named for the species called frugivores who survive mainly on fruit, supersizes existing databases by providing researchers and conservationists with one-stop listings of both critters and birds in the forests of Central and South America. Frugivoria’s data and workflow are open and accessible to all to help facilitate its use for addressing the biodiversity crisis. In a time of rapid climate change, it’s crucial to understand how the fruit eaters are doing in specific ways. “With climate change, seed dispersion is really important,” said Beth Gerstner, a PhD candidate in the MSU Department of Fisheries and Wildlife who led the development. “Fruit eaters maintain forest composition and health by pooping — which spreads seeds. Frugivoria is an important contribution because researchers can use this to understand the diversity of their roles in the ecosystem.” Knowing what is doing the fruit eating and pooping, as well as their distribution and life traits — their life expectancies, breeding habits, habitat preferences — is critical to tracking changes that climate change may bring. Yet current databases were fragmented or incomplete. Starting in 2018 at MSU, 12 undergraduate students were tasked with sleuthing through of mounds of scientific publications to flesh out existing records of fruit eaters, adding birds for a more holistic understanding of the forests. Most exciting, Gerstner said, was entering 44 new species, like the olinguito. That’s a member of the same family as racoons that lives in the cloud forests of the northern Andes, and one that Gerstner studies. The olinguito had been mistaken for the larger olingo, but upon being discovered in 2013 has been found to indeed be genetically different. “Natural history is entering the age of big data,” said Phoebe Zarnetske, associate professor in integrative biology and director, Institute for Biodiversity, Ecology, Evolution, and Macrosystems (IBEEM). “Through Frugivoria, we are contributing to increasing the accessibility of natural history information traditionally found in museums and collections. This project provided a unique opportunity to engage numerous undergraduates in research with data science and functional ecology. Zarnetske said Frugivoria can help with both basic and applied questions about species’ functions in their environment. It can be used by community scientists to learn more about species’ natural history, and it can aid in species conservation assessments “As a result,” she said, “Frugivoria is part of something bigger — we can leverage the power of its big data to help solve the biodiversity crises.” Getting Frugivoria out where it’s needed is Gerstner’s goal. “My hope,” she said, “is for the database to be used by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and people doing on-the-ground conservation.” Both Gerstner and Zarnetske are members of MSU’s Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior Program and Spatial and Community Ecology (SpaCE) Lab The work behind “Frugivoria: A trait database for birds and mammals exhibiting frugivory across contiguous Neotropical moist forests” was supported by a NASA Future Investigators in NASA Earth and Space Science and Technology, a National Science Foundation Campus Cyberinfrastructure program and computational resources and services provided by the Institute for Cyber-Enabled Research of which co-author Patrick Bills is a member. In addition to the open access paper in Global Ecology and Biogeography, the database itself is published open access with the Environmental Data Initiative.

[the-final-straw-blog]

A True(r) Measure of Renewable Energy with Dr. Alexander Dunlap

This week, I spoke with Dr. Alexander Dunlap about a range of topics, such as Degrowth, green anarchism, the violence of extractivism, questions of the conception of renewable energy and resistance to ecocide. We covered a lot in this discussion and he’s written a lot on a range of related topics. Check out his ResearchGate where many pdfs are available or searching his name on AnarchistLibrary.Net. If there's something at ResearchGate that isn't available for download, you can email Alexander and request access.

Our past interviews on resisting infrastructure projects can be found by checking out posts tagged "Environment" or "Earth and Animal Liberation"

Other accounts for Dr. Dunlap:

https://www.sum.uio.no/english/people/aca/xander/index.html

http://v-u.academia.edu/AlexanderDunlap

Suggested links:

“The Coconut Revolution” documentary

Environmental Justice Atlas

Mining Watch (London)

Exalt initiative

Books

Dunlap A and Brock A. (2022) Enforcing Ecocide: Power, Police and Planetary Militarization, Cham: Palgrave

Dunlap A and Jakobsen J. (2019) The Violent Technologies of Extraction: Political Ecology, Critical Agrarian Studies and the Capitalist Worldeater.

Dunlap, A. (2019) Renewing Destruction: Wind Energy Development, Conflict and Resistance in a Latin American Context.

Articles 

Dunlap A and Riquito M. (2023). Social warfare for lithium extraction? Open-pit lithium mining, counterinsurgency tactics and enforcing green extractivism in northern Portugal. Energy Research & Social Science 95(1): 1-21.

Dunlap A. (2023) The Green Economy as Counterinsurgency, or the Ontological Foundations for Permanent Ecological Catastrophe. Environmental Policy and Science: 39-50.

Kallianos Y, Dunlap A and Dalakoglou D. 2022. Introducing Infrastructural Harm: Rethinking moral entanglements, spatio-temporal modalities, and resistance(s). Globalizations: 1-20.

Dunlap A and Laratte L. (2022) European Green Deal necropolitics: Exploring ‘green’ energy transition, degrowth & infrastructural colonization. Political Geography 97: 1-17.

Dunlap A and Marin D. (2022) Comparing coal and ‘transition materials’? Overlooking complexity, flattening reality and ignoring capitalism. Energy research & social science 89: 1-9.

Dunlap A and Correa-Arce M. (2022) ‘Murderous Energy’ in Oaxaca, Mexico: Wind Factories, Territorial Struggle and Social Warfare. Journal of Peasant Studies 49(2): 455-480.

Next Week...

Next week, we hope to bring you a conversation with Michael Laufer of the anarchist biohacking crew, the Four Thieves Vinegar Collective talking about do it yourself medical infrastructures.

. ... . ..

Featured Tracks:

Fucked Up State by Icons of Filth

Sekasortoa by Kaaos

Marionett I Kedjor by Moderat Likvidation

Check out this episode!

[professorkishorwasan]

Global Health Investigations

Global health research is a branch of study that aims to promote the health and well-being of people all over the globe. Its goals include illness prevention, life extension, and the promotion of physical, mental, and social well-being.

Most global health research focuses on illnesses and problems affecting individuals in high-income nations. However, global health is a burgeoning field focusing on issues in low-income nations.

The global health research ecosystem, which includes academic institutions, research networks, and other organizations, is based on an ethical commitment to balancing risks and benefits. This includes preserving and improving the public scientific record's integrity, communicating justifiable concerns about publishing ethics to authorities who can investigate, and safeguarding and encouraging various perspectives within the research community.

The US government's worldwide health research funding advantages include considerable domestic economic activity and scientific innovation. NIH Director Francis Collins said before Congress that every dollar invested in global health research creates $2.21 in products and services while producing an average of seven high-quality employment each year.

Researchers and policymakers often use randomized trials to examine the success of health initiatives, which may then be used to change global health policies. The decisions that researchers make when publishing the outcomes of these studies, on the other hand, may have a significant effect on how the public views the impact of these treatments.

The International Publication of Environmental Research and Public Health is an open-access journal that covers a broad range of global health topics. This publication offers a one-of-a-kind forum for scholars to communicate their knowledge of the environment and its influence on human health.

This journal has published original articles, review pieces, and brief communications. It also includes famous academics' guest essays and reviews.

MDPI publishes it online semi-monthly and covers Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Public Health, Occupational Hygiene, Health Economics, and Global Health Research.

The International Publication of Environmental Research and Public Health (IJERPH) is a peer-reviewed scientific journal that publishes research papers, critical reviews, research notes, and brief communications in environmental health science and public health. It integrates several scientific disciplines to solve environmental and health challenges, including biology, biochemistry, chemistry, microbiology, epidemiology, ecology, engineering, pharmacology, and toxicology.

The International Journal of Medical Sciences is a monthly peer-reviewed international online journal. It encompasses all aspects of medicine and health sciences research.

The journal's primary goal is to publish research that adds considerably to scientific knowledge in medicine and health science. The International Journal of Medical Sciences seeks to encourage the speedy publishing of high-quality, influential research in all fields of Medical Science, Clinical Research, and allied disciplines.

The journal is published under the Open Access format, which ensures that all papers are freely available to the public. This implies that as long as the source is correctly mentioned, users may read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the entire contents of the articles. This is advantageous for researchers since it assures that their work will be widely accessible.

The International Journal of Environmental Health Sciences accepts submissions on significant environmental and occupational medicine elements, as well as associated toxicology and epidemiological investigations. It aims to enhance the prevention of environmental hazards to human health.

This interdisciplinary journal brings together researchers from biology, biochemistry, chemistry, cell and molecular biology, genetics, microbiology, physiology, epidemiology, environmental toxicology, pharmacology, ecology, engineering, computer science, and social sciences to address environmental quality and public health issues holistically.

The journal is open-access and adheres to a rigorous peer-review procedure. Original research pieces, critical reviews, notes, and brief messages are welcome. At least three anonymous reviewers read the manuscripts and offered feedback to the editors. This procedure enables writers to make educated choices concerning their contributions.

[annieboltonworld]

Juniper Publishers-Open Access Journal of Environmental Sciences & Natural Resources

Effect of Phosphorus Regimes on Yield and Weed Infestation of Flax (Linumusitatissimum L.) Under Climatic Conditions of Peshawar

Authored by Ayub ur Rahman

Abstract

To study the response of Flax (Linumusitatissimum L.) to phosphorus levels (0, 30, 60, 90 kg ha-1), an experiment was conducted at the Agronomy Research farm, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar during Rabi season 2015-16. Flax cultivar LS 49 was sown in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) having three replications. Phosphorus was applied as soil. DAP was used as a source of phosphorus. Phosphorus has a substantial effect on all yield of flax. Phosphorus application has significantly increased weed fresh biomass (g m-2), weed dry biomass (g m-2) and grain yield of flax. Maximum weed fresh biomass (436.8 g m-2), weed dry biomass (39.8 g m-2) and grain yield (602 kg ha-1) of flax was recorded with P application of 90 kg ha-1, while weed density were not significantly affected by P application rates. The grain yield produce with 60 kg P ha-1 were statistically similar with the yield produce with 90 kg ha-1of P application. So it is suggested that flax should be cultivated under the application of phosphorus at the rate of 60 kg ha-1

Keywords: Phosphorus; Weed Density; Weed Fresh Weight; Weed Dry Weight

Theoretical Basis and Methodology

Flax, with the binomial name (Linumusitatissimum L.) is a member of the genus linum in the family lineaceae. It is cultivated in the subtropical region of the world for an oil and fiber purposes. It is an annual erect plant. It has up to 60 cm plant height, having a tender stem containing irregular green leaves which are 20 to 40mm long and 3mm broad. It has a blue color flower, 15 to 25mm diameter which contains five petals. Phosphorus is a component of the complex nucleic acid structure of plants, which regulates protein synthesis. Phosphorus is, therefore, important in cell division and development of new tissue. Phosphorus is also associated with complex energy transformations in the plant. Adding phosphorus to soil low in available phosphorus promotes root growth and winter hardiness, stimulates tillering, and often hastens maturity. For sustainable crop production weeds control is the most important. Its infestation caused serious reduction in the yield of crops due to higher competitive ability. Weeds compete for space, light, nutrients, water and other resources. It reduces the quantity and quality of crops. Weeds interfere seedling establishment, development of canopy reduce accumulation of dry matter [1]. The establishment of diseases in the field is also easy due to dense crop stand of crop as well weeds. The nutrients requirement of the crops and weeds is almost similar but they shows different manner in responses [2]. The aim of the present study is to find out suitable amount of phosphorus to reduce weeds infestation and increasing wheat productivity to fulfill

Material and Method

Field experiment on the response of flax (Linumusitatissimum L.) to different phosphorus rates was conducted at Agronomy Research Farm, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Khyber Pukhtunkhwa, Pakistan, during Rabi Season (2015-2016). The experiment was structured in randomized complete block design having three replications. A plot size of 3×2m having five rows, 40 cm row to row and 7 cm plant to plant distance were maintained in each plot. Flax cultivar, LS-49 was sown with a seed rate of 25 kg ha-1. DAP was the source of phosphorus. The effect of four levels, phosphorus (0, 30, 60 and 90 kg ha-1) on weeds infestation and yield of flax was studied in this trail.

Data Recording Procedure

Weeds density was recorded in one meter row length at three random places in each plot, uprooted weeds were count, averaged and converted in to m-2. Uprooted weeds were separated and weighed with electronic balance and then converted in to g m-2 to record data on weeds fresh biomass. For weed dry biomass (g m-2) data, the uprooted weeds from each plot were oven dried at 72 0c for 24 hours and weighed with electronic balance. Grains yield (kg ha-1) were obtained by harvesting all rows, dried and then weighted to obtained grain yield in experimental units and was converted in to kg ha-1.

Statistical Analysis

Collected data were analyzed using analysis of variance appropriate for randomized complete block design. Least significant difference (LSD) test at 5% level of probability were perform after getting significant variations [3].

Materials and Methods

Weeds Density (m-2)

Data regarding weed density (m-2) as affected by P application rates is presented in Table 1. Statistical Analysis of the data indicated that phosphorus levels have no significant (p≤0.05) effect on weeds density. The possible reason might be that the germination is the integral property of seed and cannot be altered by amendments of nitrogen and phosphorus.

Means of the same category followed by different latters are significantly different from each other using LSD test at 0.05 level of probability

NS = Non-significant, * = significant

Weed Fresh Biomass (g m-2)

Fresh biomass of weeds (gm-2) was significantly (p≤0.05) affected by phosphorus application (Table 1). The increments in P application enhanced the fresh biomass of weeds, as the P application increase the fresh biomass of weeds gradually increases. Maximum application of P at the rate of 90 kg ha-1 produces maximum dry biomass of weeds (436.8 g m-2), while minimum fresh biomass was recorded in control plots (252.8 g m-2). It is due to the fact that better utilization of available nutrient by the weeds as compare to tests crop.

Weeds Dry Biomass (g m-2)

The data regarding dry biomass of weeds (g m-2) affected by phosphorus are given in Table 1. Analysis of the data revealed that dry biomass of weeds significantly (p≤0.05) varied with changing phosphorus rates. In case of P, the maximum application of P at the rate of 90 kg ha-1 produces maximum dry biomass of weeds (39.8 g m-2). The fact behind that P is efficiently utilized by the weeds species and develop canopy which leads to efficient utilization of solar radiation, resulted maximum dry biomass accumulation.

Grain Yield (kg ha-1)

Mean value of the available data indicated that various levels of phosphorus have a promising effect on the grain yield of flax. Among different phosphorus levels, maximum (602 kg ha-1) grain yield were obtained with 90 kg p ha-1 phosphorus application, which did not vary than 60 kg ha-1 P application. Control plots showed statistically (p<0.05) minimum (322 kg ha-1) grain yield. This is due to early fortification of soil with P fertilizer improved the dry matter portioning at late development stage to the flax grains, hence resulted more protein contents of seed, and thus increased seed yield plant-1. Furthermore, P supply in early growth stage has much promising effect on grain yield as compared to P supply in the later growth stages of crops. These results are similar to those of [4].

Conclusion

From the above results it is concluded that phosphorus application enhance the weeds fresh as well as dry biomass, however phosphorus (60 kg ha-1) increased the flax yield. So it is suggested that flax should be cultivated under the application of phosphorus at the rate of 60 kg ha-1 in the agro-ecological condition of Peshawar.

To know more about Juniper Publishers please click on: https://juniperpublishers.com/manuscript-guidelines.php

For more articles in Open Access Journal of Environmental Sciences & Natural Resources please click on: https://juniperpublishers.com/ijesnr/index.php

[sciencespies]

Each human gut has a viral 'fingerprint'

https://sciencespies.com/nature/each-human-gut-has-a-viral-fingerprint/

Each human gut has a viral 'fingerprint'

Each person’s gut virus composition is as unique as a fingerprint, according to the first study to assemble a comprehensive database of viral populations in the human digestive system.

An analysis of viruses in the guts of healthy Westerners also showed that dips and peaks in the diversity of virus types between childhood and old age mirror bacterial changes over the course of the lifespan.

The Gut Virome Database developed by Ohio State University scientists identifies 33,242 unique viral populations that are present in the human gut. (A collection of viruses like those in the human gut is called a virome.) This is not cause for alarm: Most viruses don’t cause disease.

In fact, the more scientists learn about viruses, the more they see them as part of the human ecosystem — suggesting viruses have potential to represent a new class of drugs that could fight disease-causing bacteria, especially those resistant to antibiotics. Better knowledge of viruses in the gut environment could even improve understanding of the gastrointestinal symptoms experienced by some of the sickest COVID-19 patients.

The researchers plan to update the open-access database on a regular basis.

“We’ve established a robust starting point to see what the virome looks like in humans,” said study co-author Olivier Zablocki, a postdoctoral researcher in microbiology at Ohio State. “If we can characterize the viruses that are keeping us healthy, we might be able to harness that information to design future therapeutics for pathogens that can’t otherwise be treated with drugs.”

The study is published today (Aug. 24) in the journal Cell Host & Microbe.

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Talk of the good and bad bacteria in the gut microbiome is commonplace these days, but viruses in the gut — and everywhere — are hard to detect because their genomes don’t contain a common signature gene sequence that bacteria genomes do. So much of the vast sequence space of viruses remains unexplored that it is often referred to as “dark matter.”

For this work, the researchers started with data from 32 studies over about a decade that had looked at gut viruses in a total of 1,986 healthy and sick people in 16 countries. Using techniques to detect virus genomes, the team identified more than 33,000 different viral populations.

“We used machine learning on known viruses to help us identify the unknown viruses,” said first author Ann Gregory, who completed this work while she was a graduate student at Ohio State. “We were interested in how many types of viruses we could see in the gut, and we determined that by how many types of genomes we could see since we couldn’t visually see the viruses.”

Their analysis confirmed findings from smaller studies suggesting that though a few viral populations were shared within a subset of people, there is no core group of gut viruses common to all humans.

A few trends were identified, however. In healthy Western individuals, age influences the diversity of viruses in the gut, which increases significantly from childhood to adulthood, and then decreases after age 65. The pattern matches what is known about ebbs and flows of gut bacterial diversity with one exception: Infant guts with underdeveloped immune systems are teeming with a range of virus types, but few bacteria varieties.

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People living in non-Western countries had higher gut virus diversity than Westerners. Gregory said other research has shown that non-Western individuals who move to the United States or another Western country lose that microbiome diversity, suggesting diet and environment drive virome differences. (For example, the scientists found some intact plant viruses in the gut — the only way for them to get there is through the diet.) Variations in viral diversity could also be seen in healthy versus sick participants in the 32 studies analyzed.

“A general rule of thumb for ecology is that higher diversity leads to a healthier ecosystem,” Gregory said. “We know that more diversity of viruses and microbes is usually associated with a healthier individual. And we saw that healthier individuals tend to have a higher diversity of viruses, indicating that these viruses may be potentially doing something positive and having a beneficial role.”

Almost all of the populations — 97.7 percent — were phages, which are viruses that infect bacteria. Viruses have no function without a host — they drift in an environment until they infect another organism, taking advantage of its properties to make copies of themselves. The most-studied viruses kill their host cells, but scientists in the Ohio State lab in which Gregory and Zablocki worked have discovered more and more phage-type viruses that coexist with their host microbes and even produce genes that help the host cells compete and survive.

The leader of that lab, senior study author Matthew Sullivan, has his sights set on “phage therapy” — the 100-year-old idea of using phages to kill antibiotic-resistant pathogens or superbugs.

“Phages are part of a vast interconnected network of organisms that live with us and on us, and when broad-spectrum antibiotics are used to fight against infection, they also harm our natural microbiome,” Sullivan said. “We are building out a toolkit to scale our understanding and capabilities to use phages to tune disturbed microbiomes back toward a healthy state.

“Importantly, such a therapeutic should impact not only our human microbiome, but also that in other animals, plants and engineered systems to fight pathogens and superbugs. They could also provide a foundation for something we might have to consider in the world’s oceans to combat climate change.”

A professor of microbiology and civil, environmental and geodetic engineering, Sullivan has helped establish cross-disciplinary research collaborations at Ohio State. He recently founded and directs Ohio State’s new Center of Microbiome Science and co-directs the Infectious Diseases Institute’s Microbial Communities program.

Zablocki noted that there is still a lot to learn about the functions of viruses in the gut — both beneficial and harmful.

“I see it as the chicken and the egg,” he said. “We see the disease and we see the community structure. Was it because of this community structure that the disease occurred, or is the disease causing the community structure that we see? This standardized dataset will enable us to pursue those questions.”

This work was supported by the Ohio Supercomputer Center and funded by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, the National Institutes of Health and Ohio State’s Center of Microbiome Science.

#Nature

[lupinepublishers]

Lupine Publishers| Influence of Globalization on Environment

Lupine Publishers| Journal of Oceanography and petrochemical sciences

Background

Globalization is a process of interaction and integration among the people, Companies and governments of different nations, a process driven by international trade and investment and Aided by information technology. Globalization has also contributed more in environmental degradation as well. It has led to increase in the consumption of products, affected the ecological cycle, increased consumption leads to an increase in the production of goods, which also creates or puts more stress on the environment. Globalization also causes rise in pollution level in the environment. It has also led to an increase in transportation of raw materials and food from one place to another. Transportation has also put a strain on the non renewable sources of energy such as gasoline. Due to globalization depletion of ozone layer, increasement of green house gases enhancement of deforestation, killing of many underwater organism due to overproduction of industrial wastes and ultimately deposition of harmful chemicals in oceans take place.

Some learned person's definitions are presented here with reference to environment as- Girberts "Environment is anything immediately surrounding an object and exerting direct influence on it." Douglas and Holland "the term environment is used to describe in the aggregate all the external factors, influence and conditions which and effect the life, nature, behavior growth development and maturation of living organism." Ross "Environment is any external force which influence.com" Woodworth "Environment cover all the outside factors that have acted on the individual since he began his life". Herskovits "Environment is the sum total of all those external conditions and influences which affect the lives and development of living or organic thing."

a) Aim: This study will give some measures to bring harmony between development and environment Sustainability in this globalization world.

b) Result: We thoroughly studied and analyzed the process of globalization and their challenging impacts on our healthy ecosystem and environment. We have to develop some effective mechanism and also support to building a better structure that can check the extent to which it can impact the environment and certainly it would economically feasible and ecofriendly too.

Conclusion

Due to globalization pollution level will become reduce.

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Crimson Publishers High Impact Journals

All our scientific journals are open access and constantly updated to keep the knowledge flowing. Our articles are also met with the highest standards of publishing and go through a peer review before being considered for publishing. Crimson Publishing Group provides Journal publishing services in the diversified academic disciplines such as Science, Technology and Medicine available Online via Open Access ensuring the quality by reputed editors and high quality peer-reviewing. We strive towards betterment of societal conditions benefitting global humanity by advancing innovations in the fields of scientific research. We inspire upcoming researchers and scientists nurturing the essential temper and we are motivated to be significant role players for offering due recognition and rewards for their works.Our global Open Access platform makes sure that there are no barriers in sharing the knowledge and evolving through it.High Impact Journals

Journal of Materials Science

Research & Development in Material Science provides an international media for the publication of experimental and theoretical studies related to the load-bearing capacity of materials as influenced by their basic properties, processing history, microstructure and operating environment. RDMS is a relatively new scientific field which involves studying materials through the materials paradigm (synthesis, structure, properties and performance). It incorporates elements of physics and chemistry and is at the forefront of nanoscience and nanotechnology research. RDMS focuses on scientific and/or engineering factors affecting the relationships of materials, particularly appropriate for research and development in material science. RDMS is primarily interested in those contributions which bring new insights. Papers will be selected on the basis of the importance of the new knowledge they provide. The main theme of this journal is to spread the advanced research technologies in Materials Science and Engineering. RDMS journal cordially accepts all research papers, review articles, short communications, mini- reviews, opinions, letter to editors etc.

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Orthopedic Research journal

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Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine

Research & Investigations in Sports Medicine is a practical review of current research and current practice in sports medicine and exercise physiology. Sports Medicine bridges the gap between science and practice by promoting exercise, health, scientific assessment, study and understanding of sports performance. RISM mainly focuses on sports injury prevention and treatment, exercise for health, drugs in sport and recommendations for training and nutrition. RISM Journal harnesses the tremendous scientific and clinical resources of sports medicine to develop articles reviewing recent and important advances in the field that have clinical relevance. The journal’s goal is to translate the latest research and advances in the field into information physicians can use in caring for their patients. RISM Journal cordially accepts all original research papers, review articles, short communications, mini- reviews, opinions, letter to editors, commentary, etc.

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International Journal of Forensic Sciences

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Textile Science Engineering Journal

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Gerontology & Geriatrics studies is a multidisciplinary journal for the publication of work from all areas of bio gerontology, with an emphasis on studies focused at the systems level of investigation, such as whole organisms, immune, endocrine and cellular systems, as well as whole population studies. GGS welcomes researchers to publish their research work and wide variety of reviews, case reports, mini reviews, short communication, opinions etc. GGS publishes articles on the biological aspects of aging which covers biochemistry, biodemography, comparative and evolutionary biology, endocrinology, cellular and molecular biology, exercise sciences, genetics, immunology, morphology, neuroscience, nutrition, pathology, physiology and biological underpinnings of late life diseases. Basic aspects of regeneration in diverse investigatory biological systems as well as in the context of medical applications, which dealt with a special section that also contains information on technological advances for the elderly. GGS publishes international forum for the information that has clear and immediate applicability to health, care, and quality of life of the aged.

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Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine

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International Journal of Agronomy

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Novel Techniques in Nutrition and Food Science (NTNF) is an international, double blind peer-reviewed journal offering accessible and comprehensive knowledge of food and beverage along with nutritional research, clinical nutrition, animal nutrition and the basic science of nutrition. The nutritional information is gathered by performing well-controlled clinical studies that describe scientific mechanisms, efficacy and safety of dietary interventions in the context of disease prevention or a health benefit. The Journal recognizes the multidisciplinary nature of nutritional science and includes material from all of the specialties involved in nutrition research, including microbiology and cell biology and the emerging area of nutritional genomics and interactions between nutrients and non-nutrient food components on cells, organs, and body functions. Nutrition Journal aims to encourage scientists and physicians of all fields to publish results that challenge current models, lifestyle or dogmas. The journal welcomes various content like, research papers, review articles, mini reviews, opinions, short communications, conceptual papers etc., for the recent, ongoing and future research.

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Dentistry Open Access Journals | Crimson Publishers

Modern Research in Dentistry is an international, open access journal that publishes original papers, reviews, clinical studies, editorials, in all fields of dentistry, which include periodontal diseases, oral pathology, dental implants, oral and maxillofacial surgery.Studies that bring new techniques and knowledge on advanced health of individual or public health, also including the interactions between oral health and ill-health. The journal is committed to promoting the switch over and discussions of all the research areas that are relevant to dentistry in the form of invited reviews or systematic literature, prospective and clinical studies. MRD is a platform where researchers can access the content online due to our open access policy from any corner of the world without any charges. MRD publishes research work that is related to dentistry and which aids researchers to follow the current trend in dentistry.

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American Journal of Archaeology | Anthropology

Archaeology & anthropology is an international open access journal and forum for the publication of peer-reviewed original articles that synthesize the prehistory of an area of a time-horizon within a larger region, or describe technical advances of wide and general applications. AAOA provides in-depth, thoughtful development of data and concepts that are accessible to all archaeologists. The journal primarily focuses on prehistory, including the beginnings and early development of complex societies. AAOA is dedicated to publishing papers on humankind, encompassing the full range of anthropological consequences on human cultures and on other primate species. AAOA presents the results of research that include methodological and theoretical interface between archaeology and the anthropology. AAOA includes works that focus on understanding archaeological sites, their environmental context and particularly site formation processes about the analysis of sedimentary records that enhance our understanding of human activity in quaternary environments within its scope.

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[crimsonpublishersenvironmen-blog]

Hemp, Overproduction in Agriculture, and How to Control it_Crimson Publishers

Hemp, Overproduction in Agriculture, and How to Control it by Chad Hellwinckel in Environmental Analysis & Ecology Studies

Opinion Hemp has the potential to support a decent living for small farmers in the US, but it depends on what will happen in the coming years after hemp is fully legalized. Hemp is no different than any other crop; if fully legalized, industry would quickly employ methods commonly used on other crops. The industrial system stands at the ready with machines, inputs, universities, transportation systems, markets, and capital, to plant hemp on large acreages, process it, market it, and bring it to consumers. If unleashed, the vast majority of the crop will be grown on large acreages under industrial management, mechanized, and with few people on the land. Organic hemp will be another option offered by the industrial model, but equally as mechanized. Any profit advantage of hemp to farmers would, within 5 to 10 years, diminish to roughly equal the market returns of other industrial crops like corn or beans.

Today new hemp farmers are able to do what they love and make a living doing it. These new farmers are truly building an ideal agrarian life; often producing organically on small acreages, while integrating other crops on the farm, raising families on the land, improving the local ecology, being good neighbors, and seeing their work as an art form - caring for the earth, the soil, and all the inhabitants of their unique corner of the universe. I want this to persist. I want to see more farmers tending to small acreages. Yet after studying the history and nature of agriculture, I believe this bright future will only be attainable if we insist upon parity in prices and a cooperative system that assures that the small hemp farmer will always receive a fair price for their crop.

The tobacco quota system that supported small scale rural farmers from the 1930’s to around 2000 provides a good model for hemp growers. The tobacco system functioned by the government granting the sole right to sell tobacco to farmer cooperatives. Cooperative members voted every 3 years to determine if they wanted price-support. If so (they always voted yes) they were subject to a quota system limiting their level of production to that which would return a living wage to tobacco farmers. Members of the cooperatives received ‘quotas’, or rights to bring a certain amount of crop to market. The program worked by limiting supply and thereby raising the market price above what the price would be under all-out free market production. The program was mostly self-funded with minimal cost to taxpayers [1]. Consumers of tobacco paid a slightly higher price, and this higher price allowed farmers to make a living on small plots of land. For example in Kentucky, tobacco made up only 1% of cropland but tobacco equaled about 50% of total crop income in the state [2]. It kept small farmers in business and, in turn, small town economies healthy.

In 2004 the program ended through a ‘buyout’ by the tobacco industry due to the decrease in domestic tobacco demand and tobacco companies importing greater amounts from other countries. Since the buyout, farmers are ‘free’ to produce as much as they want. Not surprisingly, tobacco farmers in hilly forested rural areas of Appalachia where the geography is not conducive to massive machinery could not compete. Production now happens in the flat country on the coastal plain. Instead of 1 to 5 acres of production supporting a farm family, you now see thousand acre fields under mechanization. Small Appalachian rural economies have collapsed. It may be no coincidence that the opioid epidemic has exploded in old tobacco country since the quota system ‘buyout’ in 2004.

I’ve heard some hemp farms say that the market is growing big enough for everybody and that they do not want to see any prohibitions on the growing or selling of hemp. I think we need to pause and take a deep look at the problem of overproduction in agriculture that has been a constant occurrence for the past century, and not let these boom times cloud our view of reality. Technology, mechanization, and the inability of any one farmer to control market supply has consistently driven the market price of crops below the cost of production, leading to cycles of farmer bankruptcies and consolidations. Overproduction is in the nature of agriculture and it cannot be solved without an agreed upon system of production controls [3].

Hemp is a new crop not yet in the hands of industry. New farmers and conscientious consumers should take steps now to devise a cooperative run quota system that would assure fair prices for small hemp farmers now and into the future. If full legalization occurs without a quota system, prices will likely fall within a decade, the vast majority of production will be in the hands of corporate entities, and the potential of the crop to support agrarian life and rural prosperity will have been missed [4].

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[diptyrai]

What Is JBES Journal?

JBES Journal

JBES is the short name of the Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences, an open-access scholarly research journal on Environmental Sciences and Biodiversity. Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences |JBES is a fast and peer-reviewed journal and is scheduled to publish 12 issues in a year. It publishes original research papers, short communications, and review papers on the main aspects of Environmental Sciences, Biology, Atmospheric Sciences, Environmental chemistry, Earth science, Ecology, Forestry, Agroforestry, Biodiversity, Taxonomy, Ethnobotany, Vegetation survey, Bioremediation, Geosciences, Organisms, and Conservation of Natural sciences.

ISSN: 2220-6663 (Print)

ISSN: 2222-3045 (Online)

Issue: 12 in a year

Publication Speed: Fast and Continuous

Scope:

It covers all areas of Environmental science and Biodiversity including Forestry, Geography, Geosciences, Ecology, Zoology, Botany, Mineralogy, Oceanology, Oceanography, Hydrology, Limnology, Soil science, Geology & Mining, Atmospheric science, Natural history, Taxonomy, Ethno biology, Medicine, Environmental studies & Engineering, Natural resource management, Global climate change, Global warming, Environmental pollution & restoration, Bioremediation, Natural landscape, Urban planning, Sustainable development, Environmental monitoring & planning.

Editor in-Chief

Dr. M. Anowar Razvy

Email: jbes@innspub.net

[laceyspencer]

Pillars of Sustainable Development- Juniper Publishers

Opinion

As the octopus of business is spreading its long and powerful legs all over the world, hesitations are growing around the nature and functions of human organizations. During the last decades a widespread feeling has emerged for an urgent need for essential transformation in the ways of management of today. Several seminars have been held offering a great variety of business consultants and ideas in this regard. However, with corporations thriving to be more powerful than ever, and the business, which is obviously dominating politics, why should have all these efforts be done to impose a change in fundamentals of such a prosper management?

Approaching the issue from another angle, a different picture is coming to the sight. Top executives are under enormous and constant stress today. Working very long hours and not being able to maintain a personal and rather healthy relationship exhausts them gradually. Despite significant material prosperity, they take little joy and satisfaction in their lives. They feel entirely powerless, insecure and even miserable encountering the global market that constantly pushes them around the corner, the market that often its spirals are neither predictable nor even comprehendible.

Rapidly changing regulations in market, increasingly merging of little companies into gigantic corporations and stunning cultural and structural changes imposed continuously in the mood of running the business, go beyond learning and adapting capabilities of even the strongest and most talented individuals. The consequences emerge as a deep and disappointing feeling among managers. They conclude that no matter how hard they work; things will never come under control [1].

The complexity that has become one of most dominant characteristics of our industrial society seems to be the root cause of this deep misery among business executives of today. At the beginning of the 21th century, we find ourselves surrounded by massively complex systems. These systems interfere with almost every aspect of our lives and directly or indirectly order us what to do or what not to do. The complexities such as immediate worldwide communication through sophisticated electronic networks and automated factories that people face in amazement, and yet cannot comprehend the role they play in running the giant multinational organizations and the worldwide global trading maintains them in an enduring state of confusion all the time [2].

Despite hailing these complex systems for their incredible sophistication, there is an increasing recognition that the present business and organizational environment are very different from traditional management both in theory and practice. If even not everybody accepts it as an alarming sign, there has been an increasing concern that the present organizational and technological systems can be the primary driving force of global environmental destruction, and a serious threat to the long-term survival of humanity. Considering environmental, social, and economic or trade factors as three distinct and yet interconnected pillars of sustainable development, we need to initiate a planning of different nature in many of our technologies and social organizations to fill the wide gap between the human needs which are in harmony with the ecologically sustainable systems of nature and the trend of the business of the era.

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[joshbaxterbct]

Context

Technology has become one of the defining features of humanity. Never before has there been a time where technology has been so influential in our day to day lives (Surry, Baker, 2016). It has changed the way by which we communicate and relate to the world around us in ways once never perceived possible (Boutellier, Heinzen, 2014). Our lives no longer only existing in the physical realm but also in the digital (Willis, 2015).

 This has begun to raise concern around how we consume technology. Our over use of technology creating an unhealthy obsession with the digital world (Friedman, 2018). There being countless studies on the implications of technology use directly affecting human health (Mary Ivy Deepa, Mithra, Dr.Savithri, 2017). However, this obsession also has a physical presence, maintained by our need to own the latest and greatest in technology (Julius, Nganji, Brayshaw, 2015).

 One of the by-products of this culture being electronic waste, more commonly known as e-waste. This is generated by the ever-evolving world of technology we find ourselves surrounded by today. Electronics we once perceived to be new, sooner rather than later becoming waste a direct physical by-product of our consumer culture (Tansel, 2017).

 E-waste is one of the largest growing global waste issues, meaning it is necessary that we start thinking about how as a global community we are going to tackle our e-waste problem (Borthakur, Govind, 2017). Last year alone we globally produced around 44.7 million metric tonnes of e-waste and it is estimated as little as 20 percent of which was recycled (Tom, 2017). This leaves us responsible for the opposing 80 percent that goes unaccounted for.

 The various hazardous materials and precious metals found within e-waste pose a very real threat to our surrounding environment and safety. Through the harmful toxins many electronics contain contaminating ground water and soil (E-waste & the environment, 2001), emissions produced in creation of each product contributing to rising carbon dioxide levels and other harmful gasses (Cameron, 2009), to the act of mining the precious metals that go into the multitude of electronic components (step, 2014). This has been put down to rapid advancements in technology in unison with consumer mind-sets driven by strong incentives for consumption. Tech companies further adding to this by reducing the life expectancy of their products. Hence this is a problem caused by a combination of things consumption, disposal behaviours/culture, public awareness and economic development (Borthakur, Govind, 2017). Each of which are underlying factors that fuel our obsessive relationship with technology.

 But what does all this mean? Where does all this fit next to other current global issues? There is no doubt that humans are changing the shape of our planet in unprecedented and unforeseen ways (Ellis, 2018). We are now living in the era called the Anthropocene. The term refers to time of human-domination over our planets geosphere and biosphere. The defining characteristic of the Anthropocene being the impact of man’s actions on the earths geological and ecological systems, the most well-known example being climate change. Rapid enhancement and innovative technologies being at the forefront of humanities take over, the Anthropocene’s rise coinciding with the beginning of the industrial revolution in the late 18th century (Paul, 2002). This comes as a direct result of our fascination with enhancing the human condition and the resources required to do so (Pichler, Schaffartzik, Haberl, Görg, 2017). We can define this under the theory of Transhumanism, a derivative of the term Post-human. Essentially embodying anything to do with human enhancement or anything that allows us to extend past our natural human ability (Fernando, 2017). E-waste being one of the many new age by-products to come out of this revolution.

 When you begin to holistically look at the driving forces behind e-waste you start to realize this is a problem that no singular person, product, company or industry can solve alone. Meaning we need to work towards new transdisciplinary approach’s that combine all relevant theories and knowledge surrounding the Anthropocene (Bostic, Howey, 2017).

 Therefore, unconventional practices need be applied in making the world conscious of such problems. Take for instance the works of poet Hans van de Braak. His work blatantly addressing the fact that while technology has led to much of what we call humanities evolutionary success, it now risks becoming an evolutionary error should we not recognise its impacts on the natural world (Solnick, 2016). Then a more subjective example of the works shared at an exhibition held in New York’s Lower East Side Ecology Centre’s e-waste warehouse in Gowanus. Artists transformed outdated and damaged devices into interactive installations and sculptures. Each of which spoke in their own way to an issue associated with the materials used (Waste360, 2017). “Anthropocene”, an exhibition also held in New York at Safe Harbors Ann Street Gallery in Newburgh took a similar approach. Twenty-four artists from multiple disciplinary backgrounds displaying their works each related to an issue found within or surrounding the Anthropocene. Each doing so using their own individual methodologies (“ANTHROPOCENE”, 2018).

 It is in these unconventional practices that deeply problematic issues are able to be highlighted and presented in evident and powerful ways. In many cases to audiences that would otherwise be unaware of such problems. They re-contextualise the boundaries of what we know to broaden our understanding of the world around us, concepts very much ground in the theory of New Materialism (Sydney College of the Arts, 2016).

 Obsession the digital skin, stands as a physical embodiment of the issues and themes addressed here. Its aim to provide a critical commentary on humanity’s relationship with technology and show how our digital obsession has physical real-world implications that are not currently sustainable. Its intention is not to frame technology in a negative light, but promote reflection on what in our relationship with technology needs to change to help us move towards a sustainable future.

 References:

 Surry, D. W., & Baker III, F. W. (2016). The co-dependent relationship of technology and communities. British Journal Of Educational Technology, 47(1), 13. doi:10.1111/bjet.12349

 Boutellier, R., & Heinzen, M. (2014). Technology Changes Our Life. In Growth Through Innovation (pp. 1-13). Springer, Cham.

 Willis, P. (2015). Digital disruption: Our life-changing experience. Access, (3), 22-24.

 Friedman, D. (2018). DO YOU NEED A DIGITAL DETOX? Spoiler Alert: Definitely YES!. Health, 32(3), 102-105.

 Mary Ivy Deepa I.S., Mithra, & Dr.Savithri. (2017). OBSESSION AND ADVERSE EFFECTS OVER TECHNOLOGY. International Journal of Research - Granthaalayah, 5(6), 247–254. http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.820880

 Julius T. Nganji & Mike Brayshaw (2015) Is Green IT an Antidote to E-Waste Problems?, Innovation in Teaching and Learning in Information and Computer Sciences, 9:2, 1-9, DOI: 10.11120/ital.2010.09020006

 Tansel, B. (2017). Review article: From electronic consumer products to e-wastes: Global outlook, waste quantities, recycling challenges. Environment International, 9835-45. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2016.10.002

 Borthakur, A., & Govind, M. (2017). Review: Emerging trends in consumers’ E-waste disposal behaviour and awareness: A worldwide overview with special focus on India. Resources, Conservation & Recycling, 117(Part B), 102-113. doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2016.11.011

 TOM, P. (2017, December 16). Report singles out NZ as e-waste laggard. Southland Times, The. p. A12.

 E-waste & the environment. (2001). Waste Age, 32(9), 62.

 Cameron, C. (2009). Fuji Xerox leading on e-waste --- CLIMATE CHANGE - SPECIAL REPORT. Australian, The, 6.

 One Global Definition of E-waste. Solving the E-Waste Problem (Step) White Paper Series. United Nations University/Step Initiative 2014 http://www.step-initiative.org/files/step/_documents/StEP_WP_One%20Global%20Definition%20of%20E-waste_20140603_amended.pdf

 Ellis, E. C. (2018). Anthropocene: a very short introduction. New York: Oxford University Press, 2018.

 Paul J., C. (2002). Geology of mankind. Nature, (6867), 23.

 Pichler, M., Schaffartzik, A., Haberl, H., & Görg, C. (2017). Drivers of society-nature relations in the Anthropocene and their implications for sustainability transformations. Current Opinion In Environmental Sustainability, 26-27(Open issue, part II), 32-36. doi:10.1016/j.cosust.2017.01.017

 Fernando, F. (December 7, 2017). 2. What is TRANSHUMANISM? Dr. Ferrando (NYU) - Course "The Posthuman" Lesson n. 2. [Video file]. Retrieved from: https://youtu.be/X0m0siwI4i8?list=PLAXeXR1DbC1rvnBtdo2-ol-3V8ePmr7jp

 Bostic, H., & Howey, M. (2017). Viewpoint: To address the Anthropocene, engage the liberal arts. Anthropocene, 18105-110. doi:10.1016/j.ancene.2017.06.002

 Solnick, S. (2016). Poetry and the anthropocene: ecology, biology and technology in contemporary british and irish poetry. Retrieved from https://ebookcentral.proquest.com

 Artists Transform E-Waste into Interactive Installations, Sculptures for Exhibition in NYC. (2017). Waste360, 1.

 ANTHROPOCENE. (2018). Issues in Science & Technology, 34(3), 64-73.

 Sydney College of the Arts (2016). NEW MATERIALISM. Retrieved May 25, 2018 from:

http://sydney.edu.au/sca/research/new-materialisms/index.shtml

[biogenericpublishers]

A Review on Homogeneity across Hydrological Regions by Safieh Javadinejad * in Open Access Journal of Biogeneric Science and Research

Abstract

Hydrologic classification is the method of scientifically arranging streams, rivers or catchments into groups with the most similarity of flow regime features and use it to recognize hydrologically homogenous areas. Previous homogeneous attempts were depended on overabundance of hydrologic metrics that considers features of variability of flows that are supposed to be meaningful in modelling physical progressions in the basins. This research explains the techniques of hydrological homogeneity through comparing past and existing methods; in addition, it provides a practical framework for hydrological homogeneity that illustrates serious elements of the classification process.

Keywords: Classification process; homogeneous; hydrologic classification; physical processes; modeling.

Introduction

Hydrologists have applied hydrological homogeneity in order to assign specific streams and rivers into a larger spatial setting aimed at expanding transferability between rivers in a similar hydrologic class [1]. This process has frequently been used in order to expand visions from well-gauged areas to ungauged or thinly gauged areas or rivers [2]. Normally, only particular elements of the flow regime are involved (e.g. flood series). Regionalisation examinations to forecast streamflow treatment in ungauged basins often contain a number of models of regression established on various categories of particular hydrologic information at gauged stations [3]. Therefore, by separating surveying areas into homogeneous classes which can display alike hydrologic features records can be implied with more accuracy, and models of regionalisation are established based on basin features with higher assurance [4].

Evaluating hydrological homogeneity can be applied in environmental flow valuation with respect to improvement ecological sustainability for water organization. Because recent attention concentrated on the preservation arrangement of ecosystems of freshwater for biodiversity and hydrological homogeneity analysis at regional scale can be a valuable tool to guide organization of streams, rivers or whole basins through characteristic of flow regimes, and biological groups [5]. There are the extensive groups of hydrologic category that assist to define regime of flow likenesses between rivers: those conferring to contiguity of features of hydrologic condition, geographic or environmental elements [6]. Geographical regions are recognized as established upon political, managerial, river and climate boundaries [7]. The defined areas have been placed in near geographic contiguity to one alternative, but this regularly cannot guarantee that the areas would be hydrological homogenous.

Another method which is described is grouping areas based on elements of environment that are supposed to make alike hydrological reactions largely. This shows a reasonable method for grouping hydrological features that has regular individual geographical features and illustrated through a mosaic outline of hydrologic categories of the landscape [8]. Several physical-established (or geomorphic) categorization of rivers carried out, containing some features of climate, geology, topography [9], and also mixed hydro-geomorphic typologies [10-12]. The categorizations are popular, however cannot reveal single hydrological difference since they contain further broad values regarding the origins of spatial difference in environmental features of rivers and streams [13]. To resolve these problems, defining patterns in hydrologic character are recognised directly via methods that are established on empirically features that can apply hydrologic metrics explaining several elements of the flow regime [14]. Therefore, hydrologic categorization systems attempt to make instruction to integrally compound flow data through recognizing and distinguishing likenesses between rivers. These are corresponding to a set of analytic hydrologic characteristics that can change spatially through the topography [15]. The empirical techniques for hydrologic categorization attempt to focus on this sector.

Numerous hydrologic features are in the natural flow regime. The hydrologic features involve the timing of severe flows, seasonal patterning of flows, and irregular flows. Also, seasonal flow in daily time step, and yearly flow changeability, the frequency, probability and period of floods/droughts and rates of alteration is considered [16]. Therefore, the efforts in previous classification depended on excess of hydrologic metrics which were used for flow variability features which are very important in forming ecological and physical progressions in ecosystems [17]. A lot of these metrics verified in order to greatly be appropriate for grouping hydrologic features. Furthermore, the features of the hydrologic regimes can normally affected through human actions for instance river regulation through weirs, and also it is too sensitive to global climate alteration [18,19] Researchers employed numerous statistical methods and applied several hydrologic metrics in efforts to improve categorizations of hydrologic features at different spatial scales [20]. For instance, at scales of universal or continental the efforts, principally concentrated on particular characteristics of the hydrograph like seasonality, flood conduct or low flow features, although local categorizations applied a larger group of hydrologic metrics [21].

Since there is a requirement for measuring flow similarities amongst rivers and to record their dispersal across hydrologic circumstances [2], ecologists should focus on a lot of proper statistical methods by applying various set of protocols to manage their hydrologic categorisation [20]. Significant efforts have been carried out to examine and improve proper methods to hydrologic categorization throughout the last two decades. Therefore, various techniques should be applied and single method cannot determine conventional outcome, universally. Subsequently, most researchers should develop new statistical approach to tackle unexpected classification problems [22]. Various hydrological homogeneity methods are used in the past in order to attain hydrological categorisation and regionalisation. The methods contain: “hierarchical and flat clustering algorithms, self-organising maps (SOM), multivariate ordination and hard and soft categorisation algorithms for instance fuzzy clustering and Bayesian categorization” [23].

This study reviewed the past and present several techniques available and the necessary information and essential progressions in order to fulfil several statistical hypothesis and requirements. Also, this paper employed a protocol for categorisation that can solve troubles of data quality and commensurability and selection of categorisation method and assessment of consequences. In addition, this research concentrated on run off quantities (or flood occurrences) in order to examine regional hydrological homogeneity, since the changeability in the run off data are fewer in contrast with other hydrological factors (like precipitation quantities). This can happen since:

The changeability in precipitation quantities mostly related to time-spatial features

The alterations in skewness of precipitation quantities are more than run off quantities

The influences of climate alteration on precipitation is higher than the impact ofclimate alteration on run off quantities (for instance the influence of winds are fewer on run off in contrast with the influence of winds on precipitation).

Material and Methods Applied for Hydrologic Categorization

The scheme of hydrologic categorization is based on allocated parameters (i.e., rivers, streams basins) and used empirical method to categorize hydrological features in order to rise the likeness amongst members of each class and decline the likeness amongst classes [24]. Subsequently, there are several paths to distinguish magnitude and changeability of flow, thus examining hydrologic metrics applying several techniques which have applicable processes in order to identify likenesses or alterations amongst given streams and rivers [2]. There are various methods in order to distinguish classes of river and arrange them into a categorization of hydrologic features [25]. The methods are also differ in output possessions like understanding the groups are hierarchical or flat, recognizing boundaries amongst groups are difficult (i.e., defined) or soft (i.e., fuzzy), and understanding the ability of rivers that may fit to one or extra classes (explained in detail below).

A significant trouble met when applying cluster examination for hydrologic categorisation is the plethora of numerous connection algorithms and distance processes accessible [26]. Unfortunately, several clustering methods used to the similar groups of data can regularly make configurations that are considerably dissimilar [27]. This happen as a result of the selection of a clustering technique indirectly inflicts a configuration on the population and is often equal to describing a configuration [28]. Thus, the selection of statistical method used in hydrologic classification is significant. So, this paper makes a review of various approaches that can apply to improve classifications of hydrologic features in the past, and also explains alterations among difficult versus soft categorizations.

Hierarchical and Flat Clustering Algorithms

Both hierarchical and flat clustering algorithms can apply to improve hydrologic categorizations. Hierarchical clustering progresses repeating through either mixing minor clusters into greater ones (agglomerative), or through severe greater clusters to minor ones (divisive) to make a categorization of groups normally displayed as a “dendrogram” of clusters (a dendrogram is a tree diagram regularly can apply to explain the organization of the clusters created through hierarchical clustering). Flat clustering methods recognize clusters of equal distinction, and therefore cannot be characterized in a hierarchy. Particular algorithms can be adjusted to make hierarchical or flat categorizations.

Latt et al. [3] presents a great overview from a statistical viewpoint. Chuan et al. [29] define eight popular algorithms in order to make suitable hierarchical clustering of rivers in regards to their flow regimes:

single connection or adjacent neighbor

comprehensive connection or farthest away neighbor

average connection (UPGMA)

biased average connection

centroid

median or biased pair-group centroid

density or k-connection

Ward’s algorithm.

The k-means algorithm can be used in discordant clustering method for non-hierarchical categorization. The algorithm categorizes cases regarding to Euclidian distance from preliminary, arbitrarily selected cluster centres of a prearranged number. Hence, it repeatedly re-describes cluster centres by way of the averages of the items in the newest cluster, until cases no lengthier alter membership. The technique can be proficient for countless datasets, and usually outcomes are sufficient, even though bias of the primary cluster centroids should examine. Hierarchical and flat clustering techniques may apply together to develop hydrologic categorisation (called hybrid clustering). For instance, Chuan et al. [29] employed a partitioned clustering progression in order to distinguish groups of alike catchments through improving the clusters obtained from “agglomerative hierarchical clustering algorithms” applying the k-means algorithm. Also, Belletti et al. [30] examined outputs of a hierarchical, average-connection algorithm to assist distinguish an ideal number of clusters for succeeding flat classification applying k-means. Describing the number of clusters is a trouble characteristic for the whole predictable clustering methods.

The amount of clusters for flat algorithms, should organise beforehand the arrangements of input data has been assessed. Selection of the grade of cluster difference among level is very difficult. Many techniques for developing the number of clusters considered in the previous studies.

Self-Organizing Maps

Lin and Wang [31] applied SOM as a basis to perform cluster assessment and bias investigation of hydrological elements in one step as a novel and capable technique for hydrologic categorisation. SOM which is related to cluster and discrimination examination (SOMCD) can create three maps in one case in order to apply in a categorisation. The mass and distinction maps might be used in order to allocate unidentified basins to categorizes at one period, removing the step of post-clustering diacritical investigation for individual unidentified basin. In addition, the potential to explain the number of clusters with various resolutions from the aspect and mass maps can deliberate like the best benefit for the technique.

Multivariate Ordination

Multivariate ordination approaches, comprising principal components analysis (PCA) and main coordinate investigation, can apply to develop hydrologic categorisation. PCA can comprise a mathematical progression which can alter an number of associated parameters into a (minor) amount of non-associated parameters known as “principal components”. The initial principal component can be used on behalf of understanding changeability in the data and individual subsequent element can be used for the remaining changeability [32]. In several functions, the arrangement scores from a minor number of principal components can hold and afterward can cluster in order to distinguish rivers with parallel flow regimes.

Hard Versus Soft Classification

Clustering algorithms are used for both hard and soft (i.e., fuzzy) categorizations. A hard clustering technique can establish for the supposition of characteristic of vectors which may separate into non-overlapping clusters through distinct borders amongst them. Individual characteristic of vector can assign to single cluster with a grade of membership equivalent to union. Also, a basin can categorise as a fitting to a cluster on the centre of distance (difference) amongst the basin and the cluster centroid in the various dimensional area of features demonstrating the flood reaction of basins.

Chuan et al. [29] have provided clear description of hard clustering algorithms in regionalization. The most basins can be similar to various basins and thus, assigning a basin to one area (cluster) or another possibly cannot be justified. Thus, distinguishing areas with ambiguous boundaries amongst them are appropriate, contrasted to hard districts with clear boundaries like in the condition of hard clustering. The fuzzy principle which comprises investiture categorisation and clustering examination is a normal approach to indicate such as statuses.

“Fuzzy partitional clustering” permits a basin to fit to whole areas concurrently with a particular grade of membership. The dispersal of basin membership among the fuzzy clusters states the power with which the basin fit to given area. The information of this dispersal is specifically valuable to recognize unclear basins. A level to highest membership principles may use in order to develop crisp, vector-established depictions from raster, fuzzy categorizations. Goyal and Gupta [33] showed the complicated procedure connections operating morphology of channel and the insufficiencies of standard stream categorization approaches, fuzzy depictions of in-stream environment display an attractive substitute.

Additional fuzzy subdivided technique is “Bayesian combination modelling”. The observed distribution of data is simulated by means of a combination of a limited amount of element distributions in this method, so as to distinguish the quantity of distributions, their elements, and target memberships [34]. The method based on completely probabilistic and uncertainty that may obviously described in regards to characteristic of data, group arrangement and the last categorization selected. Various reasonable categorizations has been made, which subsequently have been graded on their assessed borderline probabilities in order to choose the most economical classification which is certified to take the maximum subsequent probability; the probability of the model take place accurate assumed the data [34].

(Table 1) shows some samples of hydrologic categorization of flow regimes . Flow regime assigns: “magnitude (M), frequency (F), duration (D), timing (T), rate of change (R). Temporal scale includes daily (D), monthly (M), annual (A)”. The table indicates the outcomes of the previous studies.

Results

A Structure and Protocol for Hydrological Classification

A quantitative progression should include in hydrologic categorization, clear, easy to use for indecision and for changeability at several scales of temporal and spatial, and has ability to explain class boundaries and has fair class membership and enough data on the analytic hydrologic features of each group. Significant parameters for making the hydrological classification is shown in the (Figure 1).

Unique strategies for attaining this purpose are displayed in below:

Illustrate the research ‘aim, topographical district of concentration and aim of hydrologic categorization.

Attain and calculate data of hydrologic features

declining the approval standards

assessing absent data in the time series of discharge through applying linear interpolation for small episodes, and general linear regression used for lengthier episodes, or some additional suitable method.

Estimation of available discharge data (gauged against modelled data, temporal scale in terms of daily, monthly or annual, time episode, and physical exposure).

Choose applicant which has established for gauges (for the data of gauged discharge).

If goal is to group regimes of natural flow, so choice of gauges which did not affect by anthropogenic aspects (for example dams, withdrawal of water, land use) applying best accessible knowledge (for example spatial outlines of land use, storage and dam site and aspects, proficient awareness and contribution from water administrators, etc.) can be helpful.

Assess feature of discharge data (such as lost data, weak quality calculation recordings that can display by quality codes) and remove gauges with lost data and inadequate gauge recordings.

Prove reliability of units of discharge determination between gauges

Assess accessible discharge data for temporal episode and period for individually gauge.

Create standards for gauges approval (i.e., smallest against fixed record duration, entirely overlapping against moderately overlapping episode of record, episode of historical data to comprise specific periods, like periods comprising considerable alterations in climate).

Assess features of topographical places of gauges to certify acceptable spatial exposure (in order to show better climate characteristics).

Evaluation possible for comprising supplementary gauges can do through the items in below, if the spatial analysis do not appear acceptability:

Also, reducing the approval standards will decline the commensurability of gauges, and assessing absent data can raise the amount indecision of data of flow. All the items will affect on correctness of categorization outcomes (while some hydrologic metrics are very vulnerable to record interval and period overlay than others).

Select hydrologic metrics to involve in the categorization of hydrologic and the choice of metrics based on research objectives. Choosing various metrics to distinguish whole aspects of the flow regimes, or specific metrics of recognized/assumed environmental significance [2]

usual environmental basis: group of metrics in order to distinguish the whole flow regime

particular environmental basis: individual metrics of recognized environmental significance for particular species, society, population or environment possessions

driver basis: metrics that can delicate to an ecological or human provider of importance (e.g., climate alteration, change stream/river regulation, urban development).

Choice based on time-based particle of flow data.

Choice based on proposed software that can be applied for measuring metrics and feasible ability of the investigator. Software preferences contain dedicated hydrologic software.

Choice depends on measuring statistical dismissal between metrics via single variable and multivariate methods. The outcomes can notify inconstant choice and dimensionality decrease if multi-collinearity between metrics need to be analyzed.

Without choice. Hydrologic categorization can progress using the raw discharge time series.

Calculate hydrologic metrics

Estimate the hydrologic metrics for individual record of flow regarding to results explained in previous step.

Analyzing data records for outlet of hydrologic gauges which influenced through human actions via:

Considering analytical maps and expressive statistics

performing indirect investiture, mapping “ordination scores of gauges” in 2D space and examining results of natural flows, adjusted flows, or amount of errors

Calculating average daily flow in contradiction with basin region (it means stations with minor water release than anticipated for a particular size of basin can be analyzed through water withdrawal).

Remove stations in compulsory condition.

Reduce scale-reliance of discharge greatness metrics (if necessitated, established on goals of the study) through normalising metrics via basin area or average of flow in daily scale.

Implement the hydrologic categorization

Select method for statistical analysis reliant on goals of categorisation, software and skill of an investigator.

Determine which hydrologic metrics can comprise in categorisation examination:

entirely metrics of flow

subclass of metrics explaining individual elements of flow regime (this determination relates to the purpose for categorisation

consider the whole quantity of flow metrics to a minor group of great-data, non-surplus flow metrics

choice of metrics can relate to statistical hypothesis/necessities (type of data, ordinariness, etc.) of categorisation method.

Determine the necessity of metric conversions/normalisations.

Decide on proper distance/likeness calculation.

Considering assessment of categorisation.

Explain clusters, and select some of the groups (i.e., clusters) of hydrological features, group participation, and likelihoods of group participation.

Investigate categorisation consequences for deviation and abolish stations if it is essential.

Explain the hydrologic categorization

Illustrate hydrologic features of hydrologic groups, mathematically, statistically, explicitly, and orally.

Assess geographic dispersal of station group participation (e.g., applying GIS).

Justify the categorisation simulation with applying an objective dataset comprising stations which not comprised in the categorisation or established on a group of factors for environmental that can illustrate individually station that can deliberate the greatest significant for modelling the features of flow regime (specifically the consequences of a physical-established categorisation). According to the previous explanations and methods that mentioned above, hydrological classification for global is shown in (Figure 2).

The Development and Application of Hydrological Categorization in Australia

Previous works studied hydrological categorisation of Australian rivers at diversity of spatial scales [35]. These performances are essential because for analysing data of hydrological feature for non-station districts to support water organisation and water engineering projects (like dam and bridge structures). A number of others previous researches did not contemplate data of real daily flow, however deliberated data for environmental features that perform as representations for discharge and regularly simulate a restricted subclass of hydrological factors (specifically series for maximum and minimum flows). Applying factors for hydrological features which did not apply normally through environmentalists or which did not instantly distinguish for processes of ecological application [35]. A few works considered the ecological aspects. Some efforts mentioned to regionalisation instead of categorisations as the basic goal for the origin of mathematical associations which can illustrate conduct of feature of hydrological to specify region in Australia.

Categorization at Basin Scale

At first, a few previous studies which have assessed eco-hydrological difference inside a stream and in a catchment are explained a below.

Koch et al. [36] analysed a categorisation of data of discharge for different sites inside a specific river which creates a main water supply of a specific river in downstream. In their research, modelled daily flow data for two water supplies improvement scenarios for 73 years is used. The scenarios were:

no improvement scenario

existing water supply improvement scenario to compute flow statistics and focus on the most significant aspects of the flow regime for three time-based scales.

A specific matrix can use for categorization which known as “UPGMA” and ordination assessed with applying the Gower index which has normalises units through each parameter.

Previous normalisation for magnitude parameters (which depends on catchment area and median daily flow) was not really suitable.

Additional correlation examination is not done earlier than multivariate evaluations in previous works, however all factors need to be analysed individually as well. The correlation usually is among purposes and characteristics in consecration area. Some classes of places (with modelled stations) designed through the categorisation associated with the downstream point in an arrangement regarding to geographical alterations in hydrological features categorisation succession for the research region.

Though this consecutive association of flow regime and physical features can rise for the reason that magnitude variables have not scaled to develop fundamentally dimensionless earlier than insertion in the multivariate investigations.The collaboration amongst streamflow and waterway geology can obtain the system principally through regard to space alteration in time of the regime. The several sets of temporal factors relate to the time scales in several geomorphic zones which can effect on flow regime and hydrology categorisations.

In another example, the spatial alteration in the hydrologic system of a specific river in Australia evaluated by Jarihani et al. [37]. Nineteen years episode of daily flow information for 26 gauges in the river basin are assessed in the study. Gauges which have been categorised a priori, established on physical features (such as geographic characteristics, sub-drainage membership and type of the river) and a fairly concordant outline of spatial alteration in freshwater structure. Also, the study concentrated on spatial alteration in hydrological changeability and the choice of metrics which can apply. In addition, the study used some specific statistics parameters such as CV of daily, monthly and yearly flows, threshold of “yearly exceedance frequency of a minimum flow”, metrics calculating expectedness (of monthly maximum, minimum, monthly sums and ratio of up to down flows (in daily scale) in order to understand changeability of flows through several time episodes. Mean yearly flows did not contain in the analysis since this parameter was not normalised. Average annual and daily flows could involve however the metrics did not normalized preceding to examination.

Individual proper investigation of termination did not perform, however a survey of the association amongst the region of catchment and metrics for hydrological feature proved that among whole stations, just average yearly and daily streamflow depended to the region of catchment. Nevertheless, inside some of the initial modelled groups, catchment area related with up to six factors (especially with mean of annual flow). Discriminant performs analysis (stepwise) applied to assess alteration in discharge regime for the catchment. Twelve of the 16 factors, (such as mean annual flow), fluctuated considerably among groups and so great similarity was observed amongst flow regime and position in the catchment (100% effective categorisation). Spatial alteration in flow regime depended on different gradients. In addition, the changeability in minimum, maximum and mean daily flows depended on spatial alteration in rainfall and geology. The hydrological categorisation was analysed with regard to the limitations in changeability in flow systems examinations.

A method based on GIS maps applied in Iran in order to categorise stream-aquifer connectivity with different spatial characteristics Naghibi et al. [38]. In their work, classification analysis for stream-aquifer connectivity examined with respect to two important aspects:

economically parameters and water allocation

ecologically factors such as environmental flow and organisation of water quality.

In addition, they obtained four important parameters which effect on hydrological categorisation which includes:

Water table depth: The data generated from current borehole and also relevant agencies.

Sediments of stream bed: The main data generated from natural dataset for hydraulic conductivity for soil flooded.

Geology: The dataset generated from current lithology maps from relevant agencies.

Geomorphology: The data generated from multi maps especially DEM maps.

The results of all the four parameters showed the connectivity index and the values categorised in low, medium and high level. The categorisation was helpful for ecological organisation (although it did not significantly improve), and also the classification was useful for understanding groundwater/surface water interfaces [39]. Available information and the resolution (grain) of the data are the most significant parameter which can affect the development of the method. For example, in Northern Australia where geology has not recorded greatly, so using the method will be difficult. In the Lake Eyre basin, in order to examine hydrological classifications (include groundwater flow regimes and characteristics), map-based GIS technique is used [40]. While several data did not mix to generate a formal categorisation for flow regimes in the catchment, however, improvement of a simulation in order to illuminate space alteration in total water stability was done to analyse hydrology similarities in the basin.

In Macleay Valley basin in New South Wales, a hydrological categorisation examined with using map-based GIS technique (which combined with examinations improved for numerical taxonomy). Also, associations among basin characteristics and stream flow analysed in order to extend the basin (from neighbours basins) Lawson et al. [41]. The hypothesis for making the categorisation was that hydrologic similarity depended on geography likeness and rainfall likeness significantly (however it is also depended on all available information).

In another study [42], similarity in hydrological categorisation analysed with applying a mixture of the “Gower and Bray Curtis” processes and the algorithm of “NEWCLAS”, so different analytical approaches compared. They discovered that there is considerable associations between the mixed landscape (landscape categorised into five groups: lithology, topography, land cover, lithology and wetland type) and rainfall patterns and several features of hydrology for some gauged stations in the catchment, so it could validate the connection between all these features and stream flow.

Categorization at Regional Scale

In the districts of South-Eastern Australia, various categorisation performed. Multivariate techniques applied in order to spatially simulated stream flow and categorise similarity in flow regime at the regional scale of Tasmanian Rivers. In addition, daily flow data applied to categorised hydrological similarity for 77 gauges inside 69 basins for duration of 15–81 years In their work, greatness variables did not create dimensionless earlier than examination and proper investigation of redundancy did not perform. Also, principal component’s examination and regression investigation applied to estimate the correlations between many parameters and mean of annual stream flow. Four main groups obtained through categorisation. In addition, spatial characteristics which effect on the categorisation related to topography and climate. The four groups include:

Group one showed streams that placed on the north-western coastline area of Tasmania with average runoff values of 410 mm, and with mild of CV for annual runoff 0.52 and with skewness of yearly flow of 0.75 and with value of 0.75 in great CVs for monthly scale. The highest and lowest variability in low runoff was 0.66 and 1.19 and the highest and lowest variability in peak runoff was 0.66 and 0.29.

Group two represented streams that placed on the south-east place of the island with small runoff values of 142 mm, and with great of CV for annual runoff 0.87and with skewness of yearly flow of 1.04 and with value of 0.87 in great CVs for monthly scale. The highest and lowest variability in low runoff was 0.67 and 1.14.

Group three displayed streams that placed on the south-western place of the island with great runoff values of 1,347 mm, and with small of CV for annual runoff 0.23 and with skewness of yearly flow of 0.46 and with value of 0.49 in small CVs for monthly scale. The highest and lowest variability in low runoff was 0.67 and 0.44.

Group four represented streams that placed on the northern coast of Tasmania with great runoff values of 762 mm, and with small of CV for annual runoff 0.36 and with skewness of yearly flow of 0.15 and with value of 0.65 in small CVs for monthly scale. The highest and lowest variability in low runoff was 0.91 and 0.54. Also (Brown, 2015) improved the method in order to categorise run-off in ungauged places of Victoria region and applied the results for analysing ecological classifications. The analysis performed for 117 sub-basins in the area for daily time

series for 15 years. The results of the study also understood the effect of great climate alteration on run-off and ecological aspects. In their work, the categorisation of run-off depended on two main factors include:

The full flow records

Low flow.

The categorisation related to entire flow generated five groups which had homogeneous distribution which depended on topography and climate features. However, the categorisation related to low flow generated four groups which had significant heterogeneous distribution [43].

In addition, in order to explain the relationship between hydrological categorisation and ecological aspects Mackay in 2014 applied multivariate techniques. Furthermore, Mackay et al. [35] with using multivariate techniques understood the connections between physical catchment features (include morphometric, vegetative cover, catchment area and underlying geology) and low discharge in ungauged places of South-Eastern Australia. The study area was small (with 250 km2) with 19 sub-catchments and the analysis performed for 17 years.

In another study, for analysing similarity in hydrological categorisation, several clustering techniques and several variable weightings applied [44]. However, another work applied Andrew’s curves for recognising different groups. The study did not analyse the effect of spatial characteristics on the categorisation.

Another work performed for examining flow regime variation and making the similarity categorisation for South-Eastern Australian (Victoria to Southern Queensland). The work applied for 107 gauging sites for 20 years (in daily scale) [45]. The work used Gower metric of similarity to understand alterations within the regimes of controlled and uncontrolled streams. The results displayed that unregulated streams showed less similarity. Also, Hydrological classification used for analyzing spatial alteration in hydrology and relationship with ecological factors in some streamflows of the Australia [4]. The study used 15 gauges (daily data) and redundancy analysis for the hydrological categorisation for 20 years period. The work standardised all variables before the examination the study which was done by McManamay et al. [46] a matrix used the Euclidean distance measure to categorise discharge. The matrix reached through “non-metric multidimensional scaling” and class mean assembling, correspondingly. The outcomes from the study showed several categorisations to understand differences in flashing discharge. The results represented that flashing discharge depended on seasonal discharge in wet and dry conditions.

In the Flinders River in Northern Australia, categorisation for flow regimes established on classification mean association cluster performed. The results showed that two main categorisations of flow found; natural and possibly modified regimes [47]. The research used the daily discharge data from 13 gauges for 20 years. In Fitzroy River basin in Australia, categorisation for flow regimes also established on Euclidean distance and group mean linkage cluster performed. Also, two statistical factors (CV of yearly streamflow and CV of the frequency of non-flow days could lead the spatial variation and hydrological categorisation. Four landscape parameters include, elevation, average slope of the catchment, average precipitation and drainage density.

could affect on spatial alteration in CV and zero flow days was. Therefore, four hydrological categorises found in the study:

permanent flow (the CV for this group was 0.80 and frequency of zero flow days was 0.06)

seasonal flow (the CV for this group was 0.82 and frequency of zero flow days was 0.46)

dry seasonal flow (the CV for this group was 1.24 and frequency of zero flow days was 0.68)

seasonal periodic flow (the CV for this group was 1.74 and frequency of zero flow days was 0.86).

The study mentioned that if in one of the specific hydrologic group, two or more river gauges allocated, so the gauges identified as anomalous without similarity in climate and geology and flood forecasting or processes could not do properly in this condition because flood generation progressions usually related to large-scale meteorological progressions through the whole district.

Discussion

Various hydrological homogeneity method applied previously, in order to recognise hydrological categorization and regionalisation. The techniques comprise SOM, multivariate ordination, hard and soft categorization algorithms for example Bayesian and fuzzy clustering categorization and hierarchical and flat clustering algorithms. This paper is the first work that reviewed all the previous and present various techniques accessible and the data requirements and progressions necessary to fulfill different techniques. This research applied a procedure for categorization which states problems concerning feature of information and coincidence, selection of categorization technique and estimation of outcomes.

However previous works only focused on one method. For instance, Alam et al. [48] in order to understand hydrological homogeneous zones and the relationship between the hydrological groups with regard to the water regime and its cooperation in land use planning, like the decline in climatic hazard in agriculture, livestock and forestry production. Their results showed that in the groups with a minor water balance decrease agricultural yield significantly, however in the groups with water surplus can raise the mass of crop yields and therefore can decrease the appearance of pests and illnesses which can affect the quality of the crops, considerably. Another research performed to categorise homogeneity of run off [49]. The study used cluster analysis (established on the monthly run off dispersal) and recognised 25 homogeneous run off zones. The research mentioned that run-off is the significant element that can affect on the greatest threat to agriculture, and the results of these analyses can help to establish proper agricultural organisation for growing crops in a particular district.

In order to examine the difference among homogeneous categorisations with regard to the stream flow regime in the Brazil (where usually average annual stream flow is higher than 2,750 mm), so Pappadà et al., [50] applied cluster examination, with Ward’s hierarchical technique and the Euclidean distance. Their research recognised eight homogeneous categories with alike temporal stream flow dispersal aspects and emphasised the effect of orography and oceanic parameters for the maximum stream flow happening on the coastal area of the region.

Bharath and Srinivas [51] applied cluster analysis in order to categorise hydrologic parameter and recognise the highest run off regimes in Brazil. They found three different groups include:

The first group showed great decline in run off especially in the winter months in the northern part of the region

The second group represented the highest annual run off with great homogeneity in monthly dispersal in the south-central and eastern parts of the region

The third group displayed lower annual run off (especially low run off concentration in the summer) south-eastern and northern parts of the region.

Conclusion

In this study, different techniques of hydrological homogeneity are explained and utilized in small and greater scale categorisations of flow regime however, the whole methods related to metric termination, extensiveness of hydrologic metrics applied, normalization of metrics and climatological techniques. Therefore, it can show the originality in this paper. Previously, hydrologists only focused on one method for hydrological categorisation and analysed the effect of the categorisation on environmental aspects. For example, the previous works performed hydrological categorisation (based on similarities in hydrologic metrics) in ungauged basin to recognise the effect of hydrology homogeneity on ecology of an area [52-60].

However, this paper reviewed and compared various techniques for hydrology homogeneity. Also this study showed that in large-scale area, only small group of landscape and climatic aspects (as regionalisation parameters) can significantly effect on hydrology parameter (such as flow regime). So, only this small group can use for predicting changeability in a hydrologic parameter of an extreme event.

Establishing homogeneous groups for each region can allow to understand hydrological changeability and to realise the relationship among the parameters of stream flow fluctuation, oceanic influence, the orographic action of the region, and the regional atmospheric dynamics given the pluviometric spatial structure of the study area. This paper allowed acceptable application of various hydrological classification examination for understanding the interaction among the geographic elements of climate, emphasising the character played through the further parameters which can influence the maximum run off (or flooding) totals (especially in the coastal watershed) and the interference of regional atmospheric dynamics in the monthly run off dispersal [60-65].

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