#Encephalitis lethargica

[drummuso]

listening to the audio book of "awakenings" but oliver sacks, and i'm so taken aback by how many overlapping symptoms there are with encephalitis lethargica aka sleepy sickness and fnd, as well as pans/pandas. has anyone mentioned this before?

the fact it's likely a post viral syndrome also seems similar to pans/pandas, me/cfs, and a lot of fnd cases. obviously not all of them, and they're not perfect copies or anything, but the huge variability in them is yet another similarity.

a thing i really like about the book is how sacks treats the patients with a lot of respect. he sees the functional-like symptoms likes tics and seizures as hugely influenced by emotions and subconscious associations, but still treats them as real and disabling, and stemming from their unknown organic cause.

i'm not a doctor, i'm not an expert. i don't even have any of the conditions i've mentioned here. i'm just disabled and like to read. and i've dealt with a huge amount of medical neglect and dismissal. and i can't shake how weird it is to hear these very familiar stories and symptoms, but to hear a doctor take them seriously. to see them as part of a bigger picture. and to accept that medicine just doesn't know everything.

i'm gonna be doing a lot more reading into encephalitis lethargica and it might dismiss all the eerie similarities i see. but wow, it won't change how bittersweet it is to see a doctor, 50 years ago, admit that medicine is a work in progress. that doctors don't know everything. and that gaps in their knowledge doesn't mean they're undermined or useless, and doesn't mean they have to blame the patient for their symptoms that are unexplained.

[tweedledee-and-tweedledumb]

Was anyone going to tell me that Encephalitis Lethargica was a real thing that actually did occur between 1915 and 1926 or was I just suppose to find that out on my own??

[amaranthine-everlasting]

Huge fan of @neil-gaiman 's Sandman. Thought the concept of attributing a real life mystery illness barely anyone remembers nowadays to a fictional event was brilliant.

Well, I've been working on my family tree on an off for the last few years, and guess what? I just came across my great aunt's death certificate. She died at one and a half years, and the cause of death was encephalitis lethargica.

To recognize that illness because of the Sandman is so surreal.

Not to mention I had 80's synthwave music playing in the background when I came across it.

I don't know how to feel. Such a weird thing, to learn my great grandmother mourned a child that got taken away from due to an illness I read about in comics and thought of as "cool" in the most detached manner as possible.

[eolewyn1010]

Guys, do me a favor: reblog this and tell me in the tags which one [1] mystery you would have solved if someone offered you the complete truth on whatever you choose.

[illuminetic]

wait. wait a fucking minute. THE SLEEPY SICKNESS WAS REAL????? that was a REAL THING that happened in the 1920′s and not just something neil gaiman made up???? and apparently it’s still a thing people can get??? 

[daffydilled]

Encephalitis lethargica hit in 1916. Edwin Payne died in 1916. I suspect the way he died implies a fate to lethargica if he hadn't been snatched by Edwardian hazers first. DESPAIR TOUCHES EDWIN BEFORE DREAM COULD. It's why they're friends! This is why Despair knows him so well! She met him LONG before Death or Dream ever could

[adventuressclubamericas]

Adventuresses We Love – Muriel Thompson

Adventuress Muriel Thompson was never one to let preconceived notions about her gender stand in her way. She started driving the family motor car at an early age, sparking her passion for driving and, eventually, racing.

The UK’s Brooklands Automobile Racing Club did not allow usually allow women to race but made an exception for a “Ladies Bracelet Handicap” race on 4 July 1908. Thompson was one of seven competitors in the all-women race. Thompson outpaced the pack, winning the race by several meters over Ethel Locke King.

As the crowd gathered around her following the victory, someone cried out, “women deserve the vote now!” An ardent suffragist, Thompson readily agreed. She’d go on to become the chauffeur for suffragist leader Emmeline Pankhurst’s 1909 tour of the UK, driving an Austin painted green with purple stripes and white tires, the colors of the suffragist movement.

Thompson continued racing until the outbreak of World War I. She joined the First Aid Nursing Yeomanry as a driver. In May 1918, she and her unit were deployed to the site of an aerial bombing in Arques. While working to help the injured, a second air raid began. The women were ordered to take cover. They refused and continued to get the wounded to safety while the bombs fell all around them. Thompson was awarded the Croix de Guerre and the Military Medal for her actions that night.

Adventuress Muriel Thompson returned home in October 1919. She died in London from encephalitis lethargica on 3 March 1939. She was 63.

[covid-safer-hotties]

Reference archived on our website

ABSTRACT Background Viral induction of neurological syndromes has been a concern since parkinsonian‐like features were observed in patients diagnosed with encephalitis lethargica subsequent to the 1918 influenza pandemic. Given the similarities in the systemic responses after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infection with those observed after pandemic influenza, there is a question whether a similar syndrome of postencephalic parkinsonism could follow coronavirus disease 2019 infection.

Objective The goal of this study was to determine whether prior infection with SARS‐CoV‐2 increased sensitivity to a mitochondrial toxin known to induce parkinsonism.

Methods K18‐hACE2 mice were infected with SARS‐CoV‐2 to induce mild‐to‐moderate disease. After 38 days of recovery, mice were administered a non‐lesion‐inducing dose of the parkinsonian toxin 1‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) and euthanized 7 days later. Subsequent neuroinflammation and substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) dopaminergic (DA) neuron loss were determined and compared with SARS‐CoV‐2 or MPTP alone.

Results K18‐hACE2 mice infected with SARS‐CoV‐2 or MPTP showed no SNpc DA neuron loss after MPTP. In mice infected and recovered from SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, MPTP induced a 23% or 19% greater loss of SNpc DA neurons than SARS‐CoV‐2 or MPTP, respectively (P < 0.05). Examination of microglial activation showed a significant increase in the number of activated microglia in both the SNpc and striatum of the SARS‐CoV‐2 + MPTP group compared with SARS‐CoV‐2 or MPTP alone.

Conclusions Our observations have important implications for long‐term public health, given the number of people who have survived SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, as well as for future public policy regarding infection mitigation. However, it will be critical to determine whether other agents known to increase risk for PD also have synergistic effects with SARS‐CoV‐2 and are abrogated by vaccination.

Keywords: COVID‐19, MPTP, Parkinson's disease

[thesandwomen]

“there’s a lovely young journalist here to interview me about encephalitis lethargica. i keep telling him i slept through all of it!” UNITY I LOVE YOU VERY MUCH YOU KNOW

[nicomrade]

On being lost in the Labyrinth; a Souichi Kiruma and Kaoru Yukiide joint analysis.

I've been wanting to write about Souichi for a while now, but Usogui is BIG and DENSE and goes a LOT of places and Souichi (/Hachina Naoki/Hal) has unstable memory and his role in the story varies a lot (sometimes antagonist, deuteragonist, love interest, side-kick, … ) so... To properly talk about this in one coherent, whole way I had to limit my scope by A LOT so I'm going to look at Souichi through the lense of Kaoru Yukiide, the ways they mirror each other, where they differ and what it means for the broader themes of both Souichi's story and Usogui (manga) in general. And try my hardest to stay on topic.

The full piece turned out almost 7k words long so join me for a bit of a journey under the cut! I included as many images as tumblr allowed me to and it's sectioned in 6 parts including the short prologue so it's hopefully not too hard of a read. Cheers! 🐜🐝

0. Prologue

Kaoru Yukiide is a minor antagonist for the 1st part of the Labyrinth gamble (chapters 83 to 104) of Usogui. His active participation feels almost cut abruptly short but this is indicative of the kind of character he is. He’s no Sadakuni and no Vincent Lalo, he’s just Yukkii. But in those 20 chapters he’s given a full inner world and a full character arc. He is a complete character.

He was diagnosed at 12yo with Encephalitis lethargica (“sleepy sickness”) and at 15 he went into a coma. He’s the son of a police official involved in framing innocent people for crimes the wealthy committed, all for the sake of “keeping order”. His father framed his own wife in one of these schemes, and eventually took the blame for a higher-up’s crime himself. This is a duty and fate Kaoru inherited after waking up from his 10 years coma. He’s now the one who frames innocent people and he, too, will shoulder a death penalty for something he didn’t do. This catastrophic loss to Baku not only condemns his life it also made him realize how twisted his actions and his idea of order have been and it triggers another catatonic episode in him. He’s a character who’s been deeply hurt by following along with what his parents taught him was right without questioning it, and when this worldview crumbles, so does he. But his epilogue in chapter 147 is a happy one! Kaoru wakes up, and yes he now has to come to terms with all the harm he’s done and he feels like it would’ve been better if he’d stayed functionally dead, but he has people who care about him and who will help him. You are never truly alone, things can always get better, you CAN break free from your family’s Labyrinth.

I think Kaoru’s generally an easy character to find hope in- as someone who caused immense harm, but who was still a victim of his circumstances and got to have a second chance at life. In-story we have Marco who comments on the two of them being the same and a lot of what I will discuss here will apply in some measure to him too as a mentally ill character with an abusive dad. However, I find he has striking similarities with Souichi’s story specifically, and looking at the two together can help us shine a light on the complicated fate at the heart of Souichi’s character. I realize by using Kaoru as a tool to talk about someone else- a means to an end and not his own person- I’m perpetuating the very workings of his abuse. I’m sorry Yukkii :(

I. Inheritance

Souichi and Kaoru are both successors to their fathers and they were raised to follow in those footsteps. Souichi, as a Kiruma, is a member of a “sinful bloodline” and was always going to be 21st Leader of Kakerou. His dad raised him this way and put him under Eba’s guidance all so he could stand at the top of Kakerou- the ones who make sure the rules are obeyed perfectly.

[1. Vol 37 Ch. 404 Duwang translation 2. Vol. 9 Ch. 93 Easy Going Scans translation]

Kaoru was not strictly raised as a successor in this way but he inherited this vision of order from his dad, one where the ants that step out of line must be killed. Both him and Souichi are sons who took on that very heavy duty to “keep order” after their respective fathers, and they both became orphans from it. Kaoru’s mom was sacrificed by her husband, and then he sacrificed himself too, leaving Kaoru alone when he woke up at 25. Similarly, Souichi’s mom died before he was born and he will lose his father during the course of the story. He was orphaned, too.

This is not to imply that Tatsuki Kiruma (Souichi’s father) had a personality like Yukiide senior. Kaoru’s dad is characterized as borderline abusive, he is refused any real kind of redemption as we don’t even have a first name or a face to put on him during the Paper Labyrinth chapters. He is the shadow that haunts Kaoru, and he is talked about as the origin of this specific worldview. Tatsuki was an odd father but he was not responsible for his wife’s death and he, too, inherited this fate from his own parents. He is not the root cause of Souichi’s ill. Where Kaoru was lied to and manipulated into following in his father’s footsteps, Souichi became leader willingly. This is getting to the impact a heavy family history can have on someone (whether forced onto them or embraced by them) more than any one individual father’s harm.

The impact of that family history is shown in Kaoru with his sleepy sickness that makes him literally absent from his own life at times. It is a way for him to escape from the real world and the responsibilities and ideals pushed on him. I think it’s very meaningful that his big episode was triggered at 15, that’s right into his first year of highschool, soon an adult. And this mental harm is also seen in Souichi and his chronic memory loss. His own timeline is more vague than Kaoru’s but I think it’s fair to estimate Souichi was around 15 during the 1998 flashbacks, which is when he has a significant memory loss episode and also when he receives doctor feedback on this illness. It is first said to be without cause but later confirmed this is a way for him to remain “perfect” at all times, by throwing out the memory of his flaws and resetting himself back to a clean slate. This is how he is coping with this responsibility of being (or becoming) leader of Kakerou. In Kaoru, this weight puts him in a coma and creates a 10 years gap in his memory, for Souichi it will lead to him forgetting a length of 10 years after the Tower of Karma arc. Sounds familiar?

[vol42 Ch 454 Duwang translation]

What they’ve inherited from their fathers is not just this responsibility towards order, it is also more literally a spot where they have to resort to playing rigged games. Kaoru’s routine with the Paper Labyrinth game is revealed in the manga to be nothing more than a well-practiced script. We see a similar resort in Souichi for the Flying Vehicles bet where he simply has Baku’s (Kakerou appointed) men betray him. This way of approaching games goes against how the Usogui manga portrays gamblers. As shown in Drop the Handkerchief when Souichi admits re-using these sort of means for this game would not give him a “perfect victory” and when Baku congratulates him on “gambling” for the first time, a gambler in Usogui is not just someone who participates in gambles. They are a kind of person who is able to cling to a low chance of victory and keep to their unlikely plan the whole way through all because they aspire to something better than they already have. They are moving forward with no certainty of what will come of it because the reward is worth the risk to them. We see it in Kaji’s character arc, first someone who is the perfect prey to various scammers but who is then able to keep to his convictions and win the Contradictions game without killing his opponent.

Souichi and Kaoru are much closer to the Kaji in that 7-Stud Poker gamble (who is totally out of his depth the second things don’t go as he thinks they should, who loses large sums of money without truly registering it’s happening) than to him in his face-off against Floyd Lee. Think of Souichi accepting and then losing the bet with Baku on the Missile Launch for a grandiose sum, or how he hides behind Yakou in the tunnel. Kaoru is a volatile character during his games, incapable of thinking on his feet (he freezes completely when Kaji interrupts him), think of his outbursts against Kaji or Kadokura that he frames as righteous. The two of them are only performing for the sake of rules and order. They aren’t gamblers because they don’t have that thirst for something better, their drives are completely extinct. They have accepted their situation despite the harm it’s causing, all for the “greater good”.

[Vol48 ch523 Duwang translation]

Their common obsession with puzzles (Kaoru’s Labyrinths and Souichi’s Rubik’s Cubes) is part of this drive for rules and keeping order. Chapter 101 gives us this narration: "Upon first glance, the bewilderment and fear of not knowing what lies ahead reminds one of disorder. But, in ancient times, people created and solved these [mazes and puzzles] to acquire the feelings of relief and order." This text is illustrated by a jigsaw puzzle, a sliding block puzzle, Picross, Tetris and, on the next panel, a Labyrinth as Kaoru knows them. This explains the symbolism behind the Labyrinth Gamble for the Police Department (“The Labyrinth [...] doesn't just solve unsolved cases, they are being solved at the hands of the police.") but also for Kaoru himself. This is a way to fulfill his own need for order, and this idea applies to Souichi too. The Rubik’s Cubes give him relief throughout the story with too many appearances to list comprehensively. We see it as a memory exercise (post-memory loss in the Hangman tunnel, chapter 64), as a motif on a childhood T-Shirt (chapter 412), it simply helps him think (he’s seen playing with one at Gakuhito’s, chapter 273), and the imaginary cubes in Drop the Handkerchief. This culminates in the Rubik’s Cube becoming a symbol of Souichi himself as made explicit in chapter 521. By seeing himself reflected in the cube he is made to be the object of his own obsession. Solving the Cube then becomes his urge to “solve himself”. It is dehumanizing and belittling of his own (very real!) mental problems to view himself as a puzzle that exists for the only purpose of being solved- and that CAN be solved at all. What’s the “true ending” of the human mind? This is not something that has any answer or exit. We know that by the end of 2008, Souichi has resetted his memory 138 times. Souichi and Kaoru are trapping themselves in their own Labyrinths here.

[1. vol10 Ch101 Easy Going Scans Translation 2. vol48 ch521 Duwang translation]

In a way, Kaoru IS the Minotaur: a son who was locked away to his Labyrinth where he is fed innocent victims regularly, both victim and executioner, all because of his father’s sins. Along with Souichi, they are two kids who were groomed into taking their father’s place and have shouldered the weight that came with it from a very young age, and this weight has formed cracks in their minds. This is their way of coping with their fate: they stop being fully present in their own lives, they stop wishing for more, and they blame themselves.

II. Worker Ant and Prince Bee

It’s made clear during Kaoru’s breakdown that ultimately, he too, was an ant. In that final moment before losing consciousness he remembers how, as a child, he did not crush the ant that had strayed out of line. He’d tried to guide it back with its peers, but it did not follow and was accidentally killed. I think both Kaoru and Souichi are acting a version of this story on themselves, both as the child and as the ant. They are forcing themselves to stay in line, hurting and killing themselves slowly for “the greater good”.

[both vol10 ch102, easy going scans translation]

Souichi is likened to an insect as well within the story, he’s Hachina (“蜂名”, 蜂 “hachi” meaning bee), the Prince Bee, the Lost Bee, etc. From that shared bug symbolism we have to remember Souichi’s super-organism speech- a kind of organism that necessitates the loss of individuality for the well-being of the hive. Tatsuki brings this concept up to say the Private Funeral Division and the police as a whole are in such an organism, which would include Kaoru too. Even only going by the definition it’s easy to interpret him as in such a place, “just a cog in a machine”, and the same can be said of Souichi. They are both included in the ones losing their individuality to keep the system alive: “Even the Queen will draw her blood or sacrifice her life for the system.”. This self-sacrifice is something Souichi takes pride in: “[He] isn’t even worth an insect”. He rationalizes his own resolve to harm himself (“being prepared to bleed”) as something he is doing right.

[both Vol 24 ch 257 Duwang translation]

This loss of individuality is seen in how Souichi’s identity has been fragmented. He is “Souichi Kiruma” when he is acting as Leader and “Naoki Hachina” for public-facing matters- disregard that the two often overlap as seen in chapter 68. He was taught not to "build too deep a relationship with anyone" (chapter 273), and his memory loss routinely erases the memory of his bonds anyway. He allows his personal history to be rewritten for the sake of Kakerou (accepting that he did not face Baku Madarame but Kaoru Yukiide on April 9th 2001) and lastly he positions himself as non-human in his introductory scene with the Alien Invasion speech. This speech will come back a 2nd time during Air Poker when he gains full control of his memory, it is iconic of Souichi’s character and it is worth looking more deeply into.

[Vol6 Ch55 Duwang translation]

The image evoked here is that of an alien leader, “we” means the alien society as a whole- in this case it’d be Kakerou. Just like in the super-organism speech, he views himself as only one element in something much bigger than himself. This really puts the dehumanization into perspective. He’s a bee, he’s a super-organism, he’s an alien. He’s just barely a name, and not even a face. It takes the manga until the very end of chapter 68- the conclusion of the Hangman gamble- to show us Souichi’s face properly. It is completely obscured during the Alien Invasion scene and the referees do not call him by name. He’s just a faceless leader. He’s so little of a person already, and digging into the alien analogy only furthers this idea.

Alien Invasions as a trope also come with the “take me to your leader” shtick, that IS reflected in the story if we look at who Souichi has directly interacted with in the manga. He’s first introduced outside of flashbacks when he personally comes to the Hangman gamble to see Sadakuni, the leader of a terrorist organization. He gambles with Commissioner Sasaoka during the Tower of Karma arc. He invites Vincent Lalo, leader of Ideal, to meet him. He seeks out and shadows Nobuko during Protoporos, who will be crowned King and is shown as the strongest player on the island. Only then does he seek out a meeting with Baku, after he’s won the Ban and has earned that right. The point is, he only really interacts as a Leader and with other Leaders- it’s from one super-organism to another. He only deals with other people as parts of their own collective, this is the same world view as Kaoru’s with his ants that cannot exist outside of the collective. They both dehumanize others and themselves and this is something they’ve inherited from their fathers (the super-organism speech being started by Tatsuki Kiruma).

The dehumanization inherent to their places is also seen in the shadowy figures that haunt Kaoru and Souichi. Kaoru’s represents the memory of his dad, it tells him what to do and what to think, he looks to it for reassurance. Souichi’s takes the shape of a stretched version of himself that act upon him (as an alien does the human it kidnapped, and like Kaoru does to his ants.) These are two strikingly similar manifestations of the inner workings of their suffering minds. More than that, Souichi and Kaoru’s goal, here, is to fully BECOME that shadowy figure that haunts their psyche. That faceless, nameless existence is representative of what’s already succumbed to the super-organism. It’s something that takes over Kaoru when he gives in to the idea that anything can be justified for the sake of order and it’s the part of Souichi that dictates the memory resets. Their shadow is the part of them that’s “prepared to bleed”. It is the ideal ant. Let it be noted, then, that Kaoru becoming one with his is drawn in the same way as Souichi is when we first see him.

[the shadowy figures. Vol10 Ch98 Easy Going Scans Translation + Vol42 Ch454 Duwang Translation]

[Vol 10 ch98 Easy Going Scans translation + Vol 2 Ch 14 Duwang translation]

This is where the comparison takes its full meaning. It is obvious from Kaoru’s story that he is a victim of his situation; that he was manipulated into taking his father’s place by someone he trusted during his most vulnerable moment. He had just lost all that remained of his family, of course he’ll chase after the only thing he has left of it (his father’s spot in the Labyrinth game). Telling him not to is only making him believe that he had more agency in this decision than he really had. Can we say the same for Souichi?

Compared to Kaoru’s worker ant, Souichi holds much more power and freedom. This is reflected in his family situation being healthier and in him willingly stepping to the Leader role instead of being manipulated into it, as discussed previously. It then begs the question, since Souichi realizes that this is harmful to him, that his very humanity is being taken apart, why doesn’t he leave? Being Leader of Kakerou is not a lifelong duty, his dad retired and became referee almost 10 years before he died. Even without an heir to succeed him, couldn’t Souichi find a way? Is the system really worth all this harm?

III. November 23rd 1998

In 1998 Souichi has a memory loss episode and wonders around, following the instructions Eba gave him to find his way back. During this period he meets Baku Madarame and as per the Prince Bee narration they filled the hole in each others hearts.

[Vol30 Ch323 Duwang Translation]

Baku also gave him a new name- Hal- and generally showed him another way of living. One that is much more chaotic, dangerous, but also much more free. This is his alternative to Kakerou and being assimilated into the super-organism. After some time he gets his hands on the clue that will allow him to meet up with Eba, but before that there is a gamble he decides to take. That is the Russian Roulette Poker game against Fukurou on November 23rd. Souichi- Hal- usurped Baku’s place and decided to take the gamble himself. Despite the common in-story interpretation, this was not a sacrifice he made for Baku (see chapter 455). It is something he did for himself.

The reason he takes that gamble is because he’s a man of rules. He wants to stay by Baku’s side but he can’t just abandon his duty at Kakerou like this, and most importantly, he doesn’t want to make the choice himself. To decide for himself has consequences, it’d mean he, on purpose, betrayed his bloodline. It’d mean he broke the unwritten rule that it is his duty, as a Kiruma, to lead Kakerou. So instead, he turns to leaving his fate to a gamble. If he wins, it would be his sign to forsake his Souichi Kiruma life and stay by Baku’s side, but if he loses Hal would die.

There is a suicidal drive in this. We know Souichi did survive his loss and that the gamble took place in the building owned by Eba; there were preparations in place to facilitate his survival. Despite this, it is my reading that he was truly, fully, prepared to lose his life if he couldn’t keep being Hal- if he had to go back to being Souichi. Regardless of his intent at the time (if he did bet on his survival or not) there is weight to that symbol. Hal- Souichi- put a gun to his head because he yearned for something else, and in chapter 321 as Souichi in 2001 explains that he’ll kill himself if Baku wins Surpassing the Leader, we are then shown a scene from November 23rd of a black-suited man laying on the floor, presumably dead. This was suicide, if not on a literal level, on a symbolic one. It really did “kill Hal”- the only part of him that didn’t belong to Kakerou.

[Vol 30 ch321 Duwang translation. Notice the date on the clock.]

This leaving of things to fate brings us back to the Alien Invasion speech again, but in a flipped perspective of it. Another big part of alien stories is the alien abduction. Its appeal as a trope is the fantasy of being forcefully taken away and changed forever. Now, Souichi would no longer be the alien but the human the aliens act on. It’s an inversion of our original reading of it and it does position Hal in the picture instead. In a way, he has already been “taken away and changed forever” in 1998. His thread to return home was intercepted by Baku (the Prince Bee picture book) and he had to follow him into this new lifestyle. He feels like he “will never be able to become [himself] again” (chapter 321). But the aliens always bring the person back home in the end, and they have to carry on with that memory (and alien abduction stories also come with their share of memory loss, another one of Souichi’s motifs). What I really want to get to here is this duality of the invasion speech. On one hand, Souichi is the Aliens and a part of something greater, and on the other, Hal is the individual being taken away.

[Vol30 Ch321 Duwang translation.]

Souichi will try to escape his fate of being the alien again. During the Lost Bee arc, he has another major memory loss incident and he flees so he can meet with Eba secretly (having forgotten that Eba is now dead). During that escape he meets Baku again and from there the Protoporos arc starts, an arc where Souichi willingly takes on the name of Hal again. He will cling to this identity, seeking out his missing memories (chapter 449 for one exemple), looking for that place outside of Kakerou’s reach once more. Just for a little while, he is indulging in this special permission he is given to be Hal until the Ban ends. Then, the game is over and he has to be Souichi Kiruma again. Hal goes back to the dead, reburied, it’s over, it’s gone.

[vol43 ch469 Duwang translation]

This is also relevant to the end of Air Poker. During the game, he realizes that his systemic erasure of memories under stress will make him lose, that this aim to be perfect has rotted his brain, and that it’s nothing but a pipe dream (chapter 455). He finally accepts the fact that every person is flawed- only to then turn around and decide that therefor he has to try even harder to be perfect. He views his newfound control over his memory, of what he forgets and what he keeps, as proof of his extraordinary being. He thinks that even though no human can, HE can get close to perfection. It’s Icarus building himself a 2nd pair of wax-wings and giving the sun another try. The mythological comparison applies a bit further than that too. Icarus is the son of the architect of the Labyrinth. His father warned him not to fly too low or too high, which is to say not to want too little or too much. Tatsuki taught Souichi that “to be able to enjoy a delicious meal, to feel pain when you see blood, or wanting to avoid being hurt and hurting others" that is the default state of being he should seek. Instead, Souichi embraced his hubris, as discussed this role where he is “prepared to bleed” is something he takes pride in. He is no longer flying to escape the Labyrinth he was put in but to reach the sun itself despite having already fallen into the sea once before. It’s a fool’s errand.

[1. vol42 ch455 Duwang translation and 2.vol46 ch496 Duwang translation]

This contradiction arises from the fact that he did try being human and flawed before! He is not naively refusing to change. He already tried being Hal and he died for it! He died. He has no other option: “A dead person cannot be revived." (chapter 496). There is no alternative for Souichi, yes he is the Prince Bee, yes he is the ruler of the mind-breaking machine, son of the Architect, but he cannot escape his bloodline on his own. No matter his place in the system he cannot win against it. He is powerless to change things for the better as long as he is navigating within its rules.

IV. The Place That You Belong

There is a recurring idea in Usogui (manga) of the place that people belong to. It’s presented as something everyone has, and that as long as they’re there everything will turn out right for them. It’s “the stage that you shine on” (chapter 539), etc. Souichi explains this idea himself in the epilogue. Are you where you’re meant to be? Are you betraying yourself by refusing to stand in the right place?

[vol49 ch539 Duwang translation]

This concept is relevant to every character in Usogui but it’s best illustrated by Baku and Kyara. In Kyara’s fight against Jonglyo it is his bond with Baku that makes him win, the place that he belongs is by Baku’s side (chapter 384). This is why he lost against Marco during the Hangman arc, and never lost again. Baku’s only ever lost the Flying Vehicles bet, which he lost on purpose: he is already at the place that he belongs. This why they are the two characters who “keep on winning” no matter what, because they are following their “correct path”. It is why you want to be where you belong and why you belong there in the first place, because as long as you keep to it you will keep on “winning”.

For Kaoru I think it’s obvious the Labyrinth gamble is NOT where he belongs. As mentioned, he’s gambling while not being a gambler himself and he’s completely out of his depth when things are out of his script. He’s not even fulfilling his wish to “keep order”- he’s never solved a single labyrinth, he’s never saved a single person.

After his failure against Fukurou, Souichi resigns himself to accepting Kakerou as the place he belongs. But is that really true? As discussed, you know you’re on the right path because you keep on winning. In Hangman he had this to say: "A life in which I continue to win forever... I guess that's just my destiny?" (chapter 56) but it’s demonstrably not true! Souichi does lose! He lost his bet for the book in 1998, he lost against Fukurou, he didn’t manage to take over Tipa, and he lost Drop the Handkerchief. If it was his place to be Leader of Kakerou at that time he wouldn't have lost Surpassing the Leader. He isn’t Baku or Kyara. He is not where he belongs.

So if it’s not by Baku’s side and it’s not at the head of Kakerou either, where does Souichi belong, then? There are times that Souichi miraculously “wins”. We see it in Air Poker where he overcomes his memory loss and regains ALL discarded memories, and we see it when he wakes up in the hospital during the epilogue. These miraculous recoveries, I think, are indicative that he was doing something right at those times. The common thread between the two is that Souichi (or Hal) was acting in Baku’s interest without totally disowning his ties with Kakerou. He invites Fukurou to become a referee at the end of Air Poker and he steps up to being Leader again during the epilogue, but in the 1998 flashbacks he was hiding his bloodline and denied knowing what Kakerou was. This blatant lie is the narrative reason that made him lose against Fukurou, and his rejection of ever having been changed by Baku is what made Kakerou wrong for him afterwards. He does not belong anywhere until he stops living these lies. He cannot abandon Kakerou OR Baku, he needs both.

This is the reason Souichi and Kaoru became prey to the Lie-Eater. They were living their respective lies, and so Usogui came and ate them up. “It all began with a small lie” (chapter 535).

[vol6 ch 64 Duwang translation]

Kaoru should’ve died from this defeat after he was made to shoulder Baku’s loss at Surpassing the Leader, but he was saved in extremis by his own mental illness. He fell unconscious and this was judged as “collection on his life” enough for Kadokura so he was spared. He got to wake up in a hospital post-canon, free of this place he did not belong to, and still living. This is also the pattern Souichi follows. It is his mental illness that makes him lose Drop the Handkerchief, his memory loss episode that made him forget about the leap second and that Baku exploited. This defeat at Surpassing the Leader means he is now free of his duty to be Leader, and it allows him to later wake up in the hospital like Kaoru did. He can now be his own person, without any lies, without killing his mind to stay perfect- the very thing he’d tried to do on his own and failed. In a way, wasn’t he saved by his illness, too? And isn’t it their respective flaws that let them become their own person again, that re-humanized them?

In a lesser way this is also reflected in the Referee who presides over the Labyrinth gambles, Yuudai Kadokura. He’s characterized as a man of restraint during the arc. He, too, is obsessed with carrying out his job perfectly and tries his best to contain his emotions. “Please excuse me... Momentarily, I, Kadokura Yuudai, have unintentionally made a face that was a little indiscreet." (chapter 91) and this self-restraint will be lifted after he suffers (and recovers from) brain damage. It’s their mental ill that saved Souichi and Kaoru and that lifted Kadokura’s chains.

Usogui (manga) as a whole has more to say about this idea that it is our flaws that make us human. We see it in the Hangman gamble, when Sadakuni is hanged. He first claims he’s not afraid of death but in his final moments he thrashes and struggles and admits he doesn’t want to die here. Baku comments: “I won't let you die as a monster. You should at least die as a human.” (chapter 66). This explicitly conflates someone’s humanity with this display of desperation. It asks the question, can you accept your own death gracefully and remain human? What is being human but to fight tooth and nails for more out of life? Isn’t being alive inherently grotesque? This is also reflected in the ending of Air Poker in Vincent Lalo’s final, ugly, moment, just to name one other example. We are back to Tatsuki’s definition of what being “normal” is like, and it is this human fear of death and blood that makes the gamble against Commissioner Sasaoka work. Generally, it is the thirst for things that you don’t have and the willingness to fight for them no matter how unsightly you get that makes us truly alive- like a gambler is. This is reflected in the Protoporos arc when Champ chooses to stay on the island because he feels alive for the first time after having gambled with Baku as well as in Kaji’s character arc more broadly.

[Vol7 ch66 Duwang translation + vol38 ch 412 Duwang translation]

For all that Souichi tried to erase his failures and reach perfection he was only making himself less and less human. It’s only when he let his true desires show in Drop the Handkerchief and that he truly fought to “one up” Baku that he started to approach something that rings true. To be human is to be flawed and to accept and remember this, and grow stronger from having tasted defeat. And it is this defeat, that honest and bitter defeat, of Souichi at Drop the Handkerchief that leads to the realization of the Prince Bee story’s happy ending- the Prince Bee Duo rising up.

On a surface level, if Baku had lost again there was no way for him NOT to die this time with how weak we know his body to be (see, the Labyrinth Minotaur game and the Dotty game). But more than that, Souichi had to lose and stop being Leader so he could be himself, so he could stop lying about who he is. He cannot change his bloodline, he cannot stop being a Kiruma, but he cannot stop yearning for something more either. He’s a flawed, weird little guy and he will always be changed from Baku’s presence in his life. This defeat returns his humanity to him and it allows him to reconcile the contradictory positions he was in. He can then embrace that he IS Baku’s ally, and he IS Kakerou, too, and come back as his full self and no longer forced to keep people at arm’s length. That is the true place he belongs, both Leader of Kakerou and Baku’s friend.

[all three are vol49 ch 539, Duwang translation]

Both Souichi and Kaoru had to bear the weight of their fathers’ inheritance so much so that they hurt themselves and lost their very humanity, all to stay somewhere they shouldn’t be. It is their flaws that free them, but it is also the people around them who saved them. It’s Baku speaking up that Kaoru is “pretty much already dead”, it is the summon for Hal to wake up because “if it’s you, it will be alright.”. They woke up knowing people cared for them and sincerely wished for their recoveries. They were accepted fully for who they are, sinful bloodline and flaws and all, and with their curse lifted they can now return that care, too.

→ You are never truly alone, things can always get better, you CAN break free from your family’s Labyrinth. If it is forcing you to harm yourself and is keeping you isolated, then it is not the place that you belong.

[vol 14 ch147 Duwang translation + vol49 ch538 Duwang translation]

V. Conclusion

We see this loose pattern ripple in other characters. Kaji and Marco are grappling with what they’ve inherited from their parents too (namely, abuse) and it is through Baku’s support and help that they could set their minds free from this influence. As symbolic of the turning point where they can truly start to heal is their stay in a hospital (Marco post-Labyrinth gamble, Kaji on bed rest during Protoporos). To truly break free comes with being hurt deeply before becoming anew. It will be different but it will be okay.

The motif of dysfunctional or fragmented families generally runs rampant, most characters with known backstories have some sort of family troubles from our main characters to one-off antagonists (Marco and Kaji as mentioned but also Kyara, Satoru Suteguma, the Yakou twins, Voja, Jonglyo, Mitaka, and so on). Usogui (manga) features a lot of parents who suck absolute ass, yes, but it also more generally touches on the way parents shape their children even in healthier families- think Ranko taking over her dad’s mafia, the sons who’ve never faced consequences because their fathers are powerful, etc.

In light of this, the fact that our protagonist is someone who is seemingly completely devoid of family starts to stand out. We do not get to know anything about Baku’s parents, his childhood, how he was raised, etc, anything from before he was already a well-established gambler within Kakerou. This is very significant in a main protagonist, who we’d usually know a lot more about. It separates him from the weight of inheritance, only he is free of those bonds that tie someone to their family (or lack of it)- for better or for worse.

This feeds into the repeated use in the story of Surpassing the Leader as a way to lose your “bonds”. It’s stated Baku lost that 1st STL bet to get rid of this past that tied him to Hal, when Souichi loses Drop the Handkerchief he escapes his bloodline, and it’s the thing that’s pinned on Yukkii and frees him of his Labyrinth. This is the big “reset” button featured in the story but its point is not to go on with life devoid of relationships and ties to other people. No, Baku does rebuild his bond with Hal, Souichi comes back to Kakerou a healthier man, and the last scene Kaoru sees before falling unconscious is himself as a child holding both his parents’ hands. Loss is always painful but it often cannot be avoided (may it be to break free of an abusive family or a toxic job, or because a loved one dies, etc) and bonds are what shape us. The two ideas coexist. You cannot go on without any attachment to anyone. This is seen in the “planting seeds” imagery of chapter 320, all lives are interwoven and ripple against each other to grow and become something else.

Bonds are also the strength and support you gain from other people, it is how Kyara wins against Jonglyo, and it is Souichi’s parting words in Handkerchief: “It is you who made us stronger.” (chapter 530). Who can ever hope to leave the Labyrinth without Ariadne’s gift of yarn to guide them out? It is the two Bees’ friendship that’s at the core of the picture book, and it is also those relationships between people (good or bad), and love, that’s at the core of Usogui, too. To be loved and to love someone is to be changed.

[Vol 35, ch384, Duwang translation]

[freeuselandonorris]

5 & 18 for the song asks! <3

tyty!! 💖

5. a song that needs to be played LOUD

basically any song by big black, but especially l dopa and jordan, minnesota. l dopa is a 100-second song about a medication for encephalitis lethargica which can cause horrific side effects (and has some of the best drum machine i’ve ever heard) and jordan, minnesota is a song about a child abuse ring in the town of the same name which was later completely debunked. so cheerful stuff! but my god it sounds good in headphones turned up so loud you can feel your eardrums disintegrating.

18. a song from the year you were born

omg this was hard 1989 was apparently not a great year for music?? but then i remembered pretty hate machine came out in 1989! sin was actually released in a single in 1990 but fuck it, the album came out the year before and it’s one of my favourite nine inch nails songs. “if i can’t have everything well then just give me a taste” mhmmm trent u were so right and correct for that. also if you’ve not seen the (very nsfw) uncensored video then do yourself a favour 🫡

[unhingedhearties]

Vast Amounts of Copium

I see Lucas fans are already getting triggered about this shirtless Kevin scene.

Disturbed... FFS

Is there anyone on this show Erin isn't friends with? Also, maybe, JUST MAYBE, the reason Erin and Ben go on trips with Kevin and Kayla is because none of them have kids. Am I wrong, or are almost all the other cast members parents and have responsibilities to their kids and can't just hop a plane to Europe?

Is that too big brained of a take for some of you or do you just want to keep seething about dumb shit?

"Emotional cheating doesn't fit Hallmark". You're either lying or you've never watch a Hallmark movie. Almost very Hallmark lady leaves her BIG CITY BUSINESS™ boyfriend for the rugged guy in flannel because he works to much and doesn't love Christmas or dogs.

A HISTORICAL INACCURACY IN WCTH!?

You know what, I agree with Sherisa. They need to make When Calls The Heart more period accurate. Let's start with more racism and wife beating. Rosemary has no place being that bossy and running a business. Kill off some of the kids to. That Spanish Flu never made it's way around, it might be time to rectify that. Hey, the Encephalitis Lethargica epidemic should be starting up to. Let's have a scene of Little Jack losing control of his hands before going into a blank faced coma for 60 years. Erin can really put her acting skills to use in a scene where they take her son away to live in an asylum for the rest of his life. World War 1 never really happened. Maybe they can retcon that and have it happen a few years later. All the men can be sent away for a few episodes before coming back with their limbs blown off and their faces half gone. Maybe while Fiona's gone she can send a letter to Faith telling her she got a job painting radium on watch dials. When she gets back she can have Faith check her oddly sore teeth right before her jaw detaches from her face.

Oh wait, you just want the cutesy, fluffy parts of history to be accurate, not the harsh reality. Not the actual history that shaped the modern day rights we take for granted. Ew, gross. Icky.

Guys! One of the actors is going to sing. On When Calls The Heart. Literally never been done before. Disgusting nepotism is what it is.

I bet it's totally going to be a real show stopping scene. The whole town will stop what they're doing to stare at Kevin while he sings for 10 minutes Disney Princess style and makes it all about him. It's totally not going to be some minor, brief scene that's over in 20 seconds.

So you just pulled that out of your ass? Hush child, the adults will do the talking now.

"Different lifestyles"

And there's the dogwhistle. So was it the Gays, the interracial couples or the Hanukkah celebrating Jewish families that raised your blood pressure?

They really have a bug up their ass about Nathan singing. Almost everyone on that show sings. I really doubt they're going to make this a big deal like when Mei was self conscious about singing.

And I'm just going to say it. If Lucas was going to have a shirtless scene these same people wouldn't be shutting up about how excited they were. If Lucas spilled tea on his clothes and went to his office to clean it up and Elizabeth accidentally walked in on him topless scrubbing his clothes they'd be going ~*~UWU SOOOOOO CUTE ~*~ and making 20 different gifs of it.

"Disturbed" again. They really do just latch on to one word and drive it into the ground.

Life Rivers asking the real questions. Of course no one responds because then they might have to walk it back and admit "mention in a few interviews" ≠ "promote".

What the hell does Lucas owning a saloon have to do with Nathan not wearing a shirt? These two things have nothing to do with each other.

They're acting like Nathan's going to rip his shirt off and sell himself or go skinny dipping in front of the tourists and not like it's going to be some mundane action.

Personally I'm hoping he wrestles a grizzly bear and uses his shirt as a tourniquet.

Say the people who get in heat over their hoarded stash of photos of a grown man drinking from a china tea cup.

[abbenai]

encephalitis lethargica is wilddddd. read awakenings by oliver sacks

[thenightling]

Characters in The Sandman you might not have realized were real people

Here are some of the characters in The Sandman that were real historic figures that some fans did not realize were real people. Don't feel ashamed if you thought any of these were fiction. If you are curious about any of them, just ask. My connection is weak so I'm going to keep this vague in case my Internet drops. Emperor Norton = He was sort of a local celebrity in San Francisco. And most couldn't tell if he genuinely believed he was the emperor of the US or if it was an act. And for some it didn't matter. In general the locals loved him and apparently he was very friendly. Samuel Clemens = Friend of Emperor Norton and better known as Mark Twain. Lushing Lou = Real Victorian era prostitute whose story was shared. Kit Marlowe = Christopher Marlowe, author of Doctor Faustus and possible spy. He was a contemporary of William Shakespeare. Aleister Crowley = Mentioned by Roderick Burgess as a rival. Crowley was a real late nineteenth century / early twentieth century occultist. He was infamous for his claims in regard to the use of black magick. Caliph Haroun Al Raschid = The ruler from the story Ramadan in The Sandman Fables and Reflections. His reign was believed to be the start of the Islamic golden age. Lycius the Dwarf = From the Story August. Yes, he was real too. The Sleeping Sickness = Encephalitis Lethargica Actual epidemic that started in 1916 or 1917 without explanation. Maximilien Robespierre = A major figure of the French revolution who ironically met his end at the guillotine when views about him shifted. He appears in the story where Johanna Constantine saves Orpheus.

The rest are probably more obvious like Augustus Caesar, William Shakespeare, Chaucer, Stephen King, J. K. Rowling (mentioned in the show), etc...

[ihatecoconut]

Miranda

Also available on AO3!

To say that there was outcry when Unity Kincaid was discovered to be pregnant would be… untrue. There was horror, definitely, and whispered fears among the female staff on the Encephalitis lethargica ward and there was a quickly created divide between them and the men who did rounds. But outcry? Not so much, it was covered up, very fast, hidden even from Unity’s aging parents who did not need to know that the hospital they had placed their trust in had failed to keep their daughter safe.

Desire watched it all go down. They had assumed the form of a female nurse and sat, in the break room, listening to some of the others sob, and didn’t quite regret their actions.

“We have to do tests on the other female patients.” One of the nurses whispered, once. Her name was Emma and she had been on the ward for as long as the sickness had been around, originally as a visitor to her brother and later as a trained nurse.

Quiet vials of blood were taken, sent to the labs, and checked.

All came back negative.

The women on the ward sighed a collective sigh of relief. Desire curled up next to Unity’s bed and watched her stomach slowly swell.

(Desire sat next to their wife and listened to her excitedly talk about names for their baby, watched as she tried and failed at knitting little boots, laughed with her and secretly went out to buy some from a woman in the waking world.)

The mistrust on the ward never settled, especially not after several of the men asked to ‘help’ when Unity went into labour.

Using to power of the nurses that wanted those men to be hurt, to regret their choices, Desire sent them miserable things. If they called in one or two favours to their twin, well that was between the two of them.

They sat at Unity’s side, held her hand, pushed her shoulders back down when she tried to move, to writhe away from the pain, and wiped the sweat away from her brow.

(Desire held their wife’s hand, stroked her hair, whispered encouragement and jokes to help her, promised that they would get through it together.

“If we’re doing this together,” Unity gasped out at one point, “you can carry the next one.”

Desire pressed a kiss to her forehead and ignored the aching want inside them. “Whatever you want, my love.”)

Imbued with the power of an Endless, the baby girl came out shockingly healthy and with an incredible set of lungs. The women gathered around Unity cried, laughed, whispered promises that she was done.

Desire ached with the need to reach out and hold their child.

(Desire leaned in to their wife, peering down at the tiny baby that blinked up at the two of them, so unaware of how angry her waking counterpart was.

“Oh, she’s beautiful,” Unity whispered, stroking over the tiny fingers that stretched, confused.

“Looks just like you.” Desire replied, reaching around to cradle them both close.

Unity laughed, “Flatterer.”

“What do you want to call her?”)

“It’s a girl,” the nurse said, wrapping her efficiently in swaddling cloth.

“She needs a name.” One of the others said.

“Oh, don’t be ridiculous, the orphanage can name her.”

(“Miranda,” Unity said, thoughtful. “I’ve always liked that name.”

Despite everything, Desire smiles, “Hello Miranda.”)

“What about Miranda?” They say, before they can stop themself. “Just a basic name.”

One of the nurses – Desire never bothered to learn her name – softens slightly, as if she can see straight through Desire. “Sure, we can suggest Miranda.”

Another squeezes their shoulder. “She’ll be in good hands at the orphanage, she’ll find a nice family.”

Desire doesn’t say that she has a nice family, just nods, rises, and walks away. They can leave this place now, they’ve done what they needed to do and set the downfall of their brother into motion.

Still, they stay three more weeks to make sure Unity recovers.

[meta-plastic]

just curious, but do you know which strain of covid your friend and their housemate got? could you go into more detail about their symptoms post-covid? i’m intrigued

(This is in regards to a reply I left on an obit post for @kontextmaschine.)

Very unclear but it was one of the early ones - I don't recall for sure if it was late 2020 or early 2021. Pre-vaccination, notably.

I'm being vague about the situation because it's not properly my story to tell, but I'll give what I remember. My friend had some health issues afterward but I noticed that his writing improved both in quality and quantity, and I brought this up and he was like "... yeah, I've had a stronger impulse to write since then." So like... mild hypergraphia, cool beans.

His roommate, on the other hand, went from being... regular autistic, I think?... to extreme incoherence and complicated support needs. At some point in this medical mystery it became apparent that they weren't able to sleep deeply or for more than brief intervals at all. The symptom pattern my friend described was congruent with what I know of fatal insomnia, which is a prion disease that takes 1-2 years to kill its victims via sleep deprivation, very rare even for a prion disease. Etiology of how these symptoms arose from covid is unclear, but if protein misfolding can knock out that part of the autonomic system, a virus can too. Eventually the roommate became violent and had to go elsewhere. A rough situation for sure.

I wish Oliver Sacks was still around to comment on these things. He had a lot of experience with weird neurological sequelae of novel pandemic viruses, specifically (see 'Awakenings' re: the patients who developed encephalitis lethargica/atypical Parkinsonism from the 1918 flu!)