Cities lost to time and half-remembered civilizations, discovered deep in the mountains of the Himalayas, the Amazonian rainforest or at the bottom of the sea, are a familiar trope in steam- and dieselpunk fiction.
Drawing on the expeditions of Percy H. Fawcett and Heinrich Schliemann, the writings of James Churchward and Theodore Illion and the esotericism of Helena Blavatsky, W. Scott-Elliot and Rudolph Steiner, both genres exploit the half-real and fully imagined tales of ancient races that supposedly roamed the Earth millennia ago.
Mu
James Churchward’s map of the lost continent of Mu
James Churchward, a British-born Sri Lankan tea planter, claimed in his 1926 book The Lost Continent of Mu, Motherland of Man to have learned of an ancient Pacific civilization from an Indian priest, who taught him the language of the Naacal: a people who, according to French explorer Augustus Le Plongeon, lived in the Pacific tens of thousands of years ago.
Translating ancient tablet inscriptions, Churchward uncovered the history of Mu, the homeland of the Naacal people: a vast continent in the Pacific Ocean, stretching from the Marianas in the east to Easter Island in the west and Hawaii in the north to the Cook Islands in the south.
When volcanic eruptions sunk the once-flourishing civilization, the people of Mu spread out across the world. Ancient Egypt, Greece, Central America and India all trace their origins to Mu, according to Churchward.
Like so many lost worlds, Mu was, in Churchward’s telling, a land of plenty. Tropical weather, beautiful plains and valleys, slow-running streams and rivers, “shallow lakes bejewelled with sacred lotus flowers in emerald green settings” and “tiny hummingbirds, glistening like living jewels in the rays of the sun.”
Another trope we’ll find in later ancient-civilization myths: the white man descending from Mu’s priestly, patrician class. According to Churchward, Mu’s darker-skinned inhabitants knew their place in the racial hierarchy. I’m afraid this won’t be the last time white men glean the origins of their “master race” from ancient Asiatic wisdom.
Mu appears in several Japanese cartoons and video games, Marvel Comics and H.P. Lovecraft’s story short, “Out of the Aeons” (1935).
Lemuria
Amazing Stories (June 1945)
Thongor and the Wizard of Lemuria
Another sunken continent, this one in the Indian Ocean. Nineteenth-century zoologists postulated Lemuria’s existence to account for fossils found in India and Madagascar but not in Africa and the Middle East. Their theory has been superseded by plate tectonics. India and Madagascar were once part of the same landmass (Gondwana), but it broke apart; it did not sink into the sea.
Before it was discredited, the Lemuria theory gave credence to the Tamil myth of Kumari Kandam, a continent that allegedly connected India, Sri Lanka, Madagascar and Australia in ancient times. Helena Blavatsky and other theosophists believed it. Charles Webster claimed to have received the ancient wisdom of Lemuria from Theosophical Masters by “astral clairvoyance”. James Bramwell called the Lemurians one of the “root races” of humanity, the other two being the Atlanteans and the Aryans.
Richard Sharpe Shaver popularized the theory of Lemuria in his short stories for Amazing Stories. Lin Carter, another American fantasy author, based several of his stories in Lemuria as well, including The Wizard of Lemuria (1965). The Agent 13 novels of Flint Dille and David Marconi, which were written as a homage to 1930s pulp fiction, feature a mysterious Brotherhood founded by survivors of Lemuria plotting world events from the shadows. Lemuria is mentioned in Mike Mignola’s Hellboy. The 2014 video game Child of Light is set in a mystical land called Lemuria, but it appears to have no relation to the real-world myth.
Hyperborea and Thule
Art by Vsevolod Ivanov
Hyperborea and Thule were both mythical lands in the Far North. The former was known to the Greeks as a land were the sun never set. Thule is commonly associated with Greenland, Iceland and Norway. Occultists in interwar Germany identified it as the homeland of the Aryan master race.
They weren’t the first ones. Jean Sylvain Bailly, a French astronomer and revolutionary, pointed out that, in most ancient mythologies, races originate in the north and then migrate south. William Fairfield Warren argued in Paradise Found (1885) that humanity once inhabited the North Pole and that various mythical lands — Atlantis, Hyperborea, the Garden of Eden — are all folk memories of the same thing. Warren rejected Darwinism and believed the Great Flood had submerged mankind’s Arctic home. Bal Gangadhar Tilak, an Indian nationalist, believed the Vedic people migrated to India from the Arctic region during the last Ice Age.
In the 2009 video game Wolfenstein, the Paranormal Division of the SS (based on the real-life Ahnenerbe) is investigating ruins of the vanished Thule civilization.
Searching for images of “Hyperborea” turns up the artwork of Vsevolod Ivanov, who believed the “Vedic Rus” descended from an alien race. Weird Russia has more.
Atlantis
The ultimate lost civilization. Invented as an allegory by Plato, Atlantis has inspired too many books, movies and video games to count. Wikipedia has a complete list. I’ll focus focus on the most steam- and dieselpunky ones.
We have already met the theosophists, who believed the Atlanteans were one of several great pre-Flood civilizations. “Atlantean” became a shorthand for supreme ancient race. Ignatius L. Donnelly imagined an Atlantean Empire lording over large parts of America and Europe in his Atlantis: the Antediluvian World (1882). The Nazis traced the origins of the Aryan Nordic race in Atlantis.
Professor Aronnax and Captain Nemo visit Atlantis in Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea (1870)
Art by David Saavedra
Professor Aronnax and Captain Nemo visit the remains of Atlantis in Jules Verne’s Twenty Thousand Leagues Under The Sea (1870).
In H.P. Lovecraft’s “The Temple” (1920), a German submarine discovers Atlantis when it sinks to the bottom of the Atlantic during World War I.
In The Maracot Deep (1929), Arthur Conan Doyle, creator of Sherlock Holmes, describes Atlantis as a high-tech society that is inhabited by people who have adapted to life under the sea. In Carl Barks’ “The Secret of Atlantis” (1954), Uncle Scrooge, Donald Duck and his nephews discover a similar underwater civilization.
Donald Duck and Uncle Scrooge discover Atlantis in “The Secret of Atlantis” (1954)
Fantastic (August 1961)
In Robert A. Heinlein’s Lost Legacy (1941), Atlantis is a colony of Mu. In the 1982-83 anime The Mysterious Cities of Gold, Atlantis and Mu destroyed each other with nuclear weapons.
David MacLean Parry’s The Scarlet Empire (1906) Poul Anderson’s “Goodbye, Atlantis!” (1961) both feature Atlantis as something of a communist dictatorship. In the latter, it is destroyed by vengeful gods.
The 1992 video game Indiana Jones and the Fate of Atlantis shows Nazis searching for Atlantis technology.
Scene in Atlantis: The Lost Empire (2001)
Atlantis in Journey 2: The Mysterious Island (2012)
Disney’s 2001 Atlantis: The Lost Empire featured an early-twentieth-century expedition to find Atlantis in a Nautilus-inspired submarine called the Ulysses.
Atlantis is discovered in Journey 2: The Mysterious Island (2012), which is based on Jules Verne’s The Mysterious Island.
Art by Flavio Bolla
Art by Gaius31duke
Art by Raphael Lacoste
Plenty of artists have created their own versions of Atlantis. Here are three examples by Flavio Bolla, Raphael Lacoste and “Gaius31duke“.
Agartha, Shambhala and Hollow Earth
Shambhala is a mythical kingdom in Central Asia or Tibet, supposedly the refuge of the survivors of Lemuria or Hyperborea and a center of spiritual enlightenment.
Jean-Claude Frère wrote that the survivor of Hyperborea settled in a Central Asian city called Agartha, which sunk into the Earth as a result of another catastrophe. In his telling, Shambhala was founded by dissident Hyperboreans who followed the path of the “Black Sun”.
Alexandre Saint-Yves d’Alveydre told much the same story in his Mission de l’Inde en Europe (1886), which for the first time connected the myth of Agartha with that of a Hollow Earth.
At the Earth’s Core
Hollow Earth Expedition
The idea that the Earth’s poles provide entrance to the underworld is an ancient one. Edmond Halley (who discovered Halley’s Comet) brought it into the modern world in 1692. The myth inspired Edgar Allan Poe’s The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym (1838), Jules Verne’s Journey to the Center of the Earth (1864) and Edgar Rice Burroughs’ Pellucidar novels, among others.
Iron Sky: The Coming Race concept art
More recently, it has featured in such dieselpunk fiction as the role-playing game Hollow Earth Expedition (2006) and Iron Sky: The Coming Race (2018), whose title is drawn from Edward Bulwer-Lytton’s 1871 theosophist novel.
Something these Hollow Earths have in common, aside from being popular with Nazis: dinosaurs.
Shangri-La and Xanadu
Lost Horizon
Shangri-La in Lost Horizon (1937)
Return to Xanadu (1991)
James Hilton was probably inspired by the myth of Shambhala when he invented Shangri-La in Lost Horizon (1933). It also sounds similar to the pleasure land described by Samuel Taylor Coleridge in the poem “Kubla Khan”, which was based on the old Chinese capital of Xanadu.
Lost Horizon was adapted into a movie twice, in 1937 and 1973. Shangri-La’s appearance in the first inspired the Valley of Tralla La in Carl Barks’ 1954 Uncle Scrooge comic. Keno Don Rosa later revealed Tralla La to be Xanadu in his 1991 sequel to the story.
Shangri-La in Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow (2004)
Shangri-La also appears in dieselpunk favorite Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow (2004).
El Dorado and the Seven Cities of Gold
Painting of El Dorado
There are several American city-of-gold myths, the most famous ones being El Dorado and the Seven Cities of Gold. The former was supposed to be hidden in the jungles of Colombia; the latter in New Mexico. Numerous expeditions were undertaken by adventurers and conquistadors during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries in search of both.
Scrooge McDuck and his nephews discover both lost lands: in Carl Barks’ “The Seven Cities of Cibola” (1954) and Don Rosa’s The Last Lord of Eldorado (1998). The latter makes reference to the El Dorado expeditions of Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada, Nicolaus Federmann and Sebastián de Belalcázar.
The Last Lord of Eldorado
The Lost City of Z
British adventurer Percy Fawcett searched for a similar city in the Amazon rainforest known as “Z”. His quest was turned into a book by David Grann (2009) and a movie by James Gray (2016).
In Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull (2008), El Dorado and the legendary Inca city of Paititi are revealed to be the same place, called Akator.
Lost cities and civilizations in #steampunk and #dieselpunk Cities lost to time and half-remembered civilizations, discovered deep in the mountains of the Himalayas, the Amazonian rainforest or at the bottom of the sea, are a familiar trope in steam- and dieselpunk fiction.
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The other day I got into a brief discussion of cover mentions throughout the history of the science fiction magazine.
Of course we all focus on the cover image first, but unless it is a really extraordinary sample of the genre’s art (between BEMs and brass brassieres it’s a bit tough to hit “extraordinary”) the very next thing we look at are the names of the authors to be found within.
To the first time buyer, these mean little to nothing. To the aficionado however, they can serve as an instant assessment of the expected quality of the issue. Lots of top names, stands a chance of being an excellent issue. No recognizable authors – well, either the title is on its way out (the editors are scraping the bottom of the submission barrel) or – we’re about to discover the next great thing to come down the genre pike. This latter possibility can only be found in the “vanishingly small probability” box, and represents more of a hope for the reader than a real possibility.
I decided to take a look at how the various magazine titles handled this bit of self-promotion. I then decided to use 1953 as my exemplar year.
Why 1953? Because 1953 was THE banner year for science fiction and fantasy magazines. And because the frenzy surrounding this boom year somewhat resembles what we’ve been seeing for the past several years – an explosion of electronic magazine titles, each of which carefully lists it’s available contents.
1953 was also a year in which the genre was changing; more markets meant that more authors could stretch, had a few more places they could pitch to. Many of the “old guard” were still publishing, and a lot of familiar names had become firmly established. The short story was still the dominant form for the genre and thus, it’s at least as good a year as any other to pick on.
(Wikipedia only lists 219 SF novels published in 1953. There were undoubtedly a handful of others, but this is a pretty good indicator of how few novels were published, as opposed to short fiction in the magazines.)
Here’s a gallery, displaying the magazine covers from 1953, in alphabetical order by magazine title.
AMAZING STORIES
Published by: Ziff-Davids Publishing Company
Edited by: Howard Browne
Format: Pulp
Charles Creighton, Mallory Storm, Chester Geier, Guy Archette, E. K. Jarvis, Paul Lohrman (2), Jack Lait, Lee Mortimer, Ray Bradbury, Robert Heinlein, H.L. Gold (2), Theodore Sturgeon, Harriet Frank, Walter M. Miller Jr., Kendall Foster, Henry Kuttner, Algiss Budrys, R. W. Krepps, Richard Matheson, Robert Skeckley (2), Vern Fearing, William P. McGivern, Wallace West, Evan Hunter
2/26
ASTOUNDING SCIENCE FICTION
Published by: Street & Smith Publications
Edited by: John W. Campbell, Jr.
Format: Digest
Poul Anderson (3), H. Beam Piper, John J. McGuire, John Loxmith, Hal Clement, John E. Arnold, Lee Correy, Mark Clifton (2), Alex Apostildes (2), Tom Godwin, Raymond F. Jones
0/11
AVON SCIENCE FICTION AND FANTASY READER
Published by: Avon Novels Inc, & Stratford Novels Inc.
Edited by: Sol Cohen
Format: Digest
Arthur C. Clarke (2), John Jakes (2), Alfred J. Coppel Jr., John Christopher, Milton Lesser (2), Jack Vance
0/9
BEYOND FANTASY FICTION
Published by: Galaxy Publishing
Edited by: Horace L. Gold
Format: Digest
Ted Sturgeon (2), Damon Knight, T. L. Sherred, Jerome Bixby (2), Joe E. Dean, Richard Matheson (2), Roger Dee, Frank M. Robinson, James McConnell, Isaac Asimov, Robert Bloch, T. R. Cogswell, Philip K. Dick, John Wyndham, Wyman Guin, Richard Deeming, Algis Budrys, Franklin Gregory, Zenna Henderson, Ted Reynolds
1/23
COSMOS SCIENCE FICTION AND FANTASY MAGAZINE
Published by Star Publications
Edited by Laurence M. Jannifer
Format: Digest
Poul Anderson, Carl Jacobi (2), Philip K. Dick, Evan Hunter (2), Ross Rocklynne, John Jakes, Bertram Chandler (2), Robert S. Richardson (2), B. Traven, N. R., Jack Vance
0/15
DYNAMIC SCIENCE FICTION
Published by: Columbia Publications
Edited by: Robert A. W. Lowndes
Format: Pulp
Cyril Judd, Raymond Z. Gallun, James Blish, Michael Sherman, Algis Budrys
0/5*
FAMOUS FANTASTIC MYSTERIES
Published by: All Fiction Field (imprint of Popular Publications)
Edited by: Mary Gnaedinger
Format: Pulp
Talbot Mundy, H. Rider Haggard, Ayn Rand, Kafka
1/4
FANTASTIC
Published by: Ziff-Davis Publications
Edited by: Howard Browne
Format: Digest
Samuel Hopkins Adams, Joseph Shallit, Kris Neville, Edgar Allan Poe, John Collier, Billy Rose, B. Traven, Stephen Vincent Benet, William P. McGivern (3), Isaac Asimov, Alfred Bester, John Wyndham (2), Esther Carlson, Evelyn Waugh, Ralph Robin (3), Walter M. Miller Jr., Robert Sheckley (2), Richard Matheson, Frank M. Robinson, Rog Phillips, Robert Bloch
2/27
FANTASTIC ADVENTURES
Published by: Ziff-Davis Publications
Edited by: Howard Browne
Format: Pulp
Frank McGiver, Peter Dakin, E. K. Jarvis, Mallory Storm, Ivar Jorgensen, Alexander Blade
1/6
FANTASTIC STORY MAGAZINE
Published by:Best Books
Edited by: Samuel Mines
Format: Pulp
Edmond Hamilton, Murray Leinster (3), L. Sprague de Camp (4), Thomas L. McClary, Leigh Brackett, Henry Kuttner, Carl Jacobi, Horace L. Gold, Jerry Shelton, Ed Weston, Kevin Kent, Jack Townsley Rogers, Frederic Brown, Cleve Cartmill, Manly Wade Wellman, Otis Adelbert Kline, Roscoe Clark, Robert Moore Williams
1/23
FANTASTIC UNIVERSE SCIENCE FICTION
Published by: King-Sized Publications
Edited by: Sam Merwin
Format: Digest
Ray Bradbury, Arthur C. Clarke, Frank Belknap Long, E. Hoffman Price, Evan Hunter, Irving Cox, William Campbell Gault, A. Bertram Chandler (2), Walt Sheldon, Clifford D. Simak, Poul Anderson, Richard Matheson, Eric Frank Russell, Jean Jaques Ferrat, William F. Temple, Wallace West, C. M. Kornbluth, William Morrison, Philip K. Dick, Evelyn E. Smith
1/21
THE MAGAZINE OF FANTASY AND SCIENCE FICTION
Published by: Mercury Press
Edited by: Anthony Boucher
Format: Digest
Fritz Leiber, Mabel Seeley, John Wyndham, Idris Seabright (2), Robert Louis Stevenson, R. Bretnor (2), L. Sprague de Camp, Fletcher Pratt, Oliver la Farge, J. T. McIntosh, Wilson Tucker, Richard Matheson, Anthony Boucher (2), Kris Neville, Chad Oliver, Esther Carlson, Alan Nelson, William Bernard Ready, Poul Anderson, Ward Moore, John D. MacDonald, Edward W. Ludwig, Arthur Porges, Manly Wade Wellman, Winona McClintic, Tom McMorrow Jr.,
4/29
FANTASY MAGAZINE/FANTASY FICTION
Published by: Future Publications
Edited by: Lester Del Rey
Format: Digest
Robert E. Howard (2), John Wyndham, (Philip K) Dick, Elliot, Fritch, (H.B.) Fyfe, H. Harrison, MacLean, L. Sprague de Camp, Pletcher Pratt
0/10
FUTURE SCIENCE FICTION
Published by: Standard Publications
Edited by: Robert A. W. Lowndes
Format: Pulp
John Wyndham, Poul Anderson, William Tenn, Gordon R. Dickson, Kriss Neville, Robert Sheckley
0/6
GALAXY SCIENCE FICTION
Published by: Galaxy Publishing
Edited by: Horace L. Gold
Format: Digest
Philip K. Dick, Damon Knight, H. L. Gold, Willy Ley (3)*, F, L. Wallace, J. T. McIntosh, Theodore Sturgeon, Isaac Asimov
0/10
GALAXY SCIENCE FICTION NOVELS
Published by: Galaxy Publishing
Edited by: Horace L. Gold
Format: Digest
This “magazine” Doesn’t really count as these are single novel publications. However, for completeness’ sake: John Taine, Isaac Asimov, J. Leslie Mitchell, James Blish (2), Lewis Padgett*, Edmond Hamilton
0/7
IF WORLDS OF SCIENCE FICTION
Published by: Digest Publications
Edited by: Larry Shaw
Format: Digest
Walter M. Miller Jr., Ivar Jorgenson, Arthur C. Clarke, Jack Vance, Walt Sheldon, H. B. Fyfe, James Blish, William Tenn, Mark Wolf
0/9
ORBIT SCIENCE FICTION
Published by: Hanro Corporation
Edited by: Donald A. Wollheim
Format: Digest
Richard English, August Derleth (2), Mack Reynolds, Charles Beaumont (2), Paul Brandts, H. B. Fyfe, John Christopher, James Causey
0/10
OTHER WORLDS
Published by: Clark Publications, later Bell Publications
Edited by: Raymond A. Plamer & Bea Mahaffey
Format: Digest
H. B. Fyfe, Richard S. Shaver (2), L Sprague de Camp (3), Eric Frank Russell, (William F.) Temple, (Robert Moore) Williams, Edward L. Smith, (Joe) Gibson, (Raymond A.) Palmer, S. J. Byrne, Robert Bloch, James McConne
0/15
PLANET STORIES
Published by: Love Romances
Edited by: Jack O’Sullivan
Format: Pulp
Bryan Berry (4*), Roger Dee, Gardner F. Fox, Robert Moore Williams, Ross Rocklynne, William Tenn, Ray Gallun, B. Curtis, Gordon R. Dickson, Hayden Howard, Stanley Mullen, Leigh Brackett, Ray Bradbury, Fox B. Holden
1/17
ROCKET STORIES
Published by: Space Publications
Edited by: Lester Del Rey, Harry Harrison
Format: Digest
(?) Bernard, (Henry) De Rosso, (John) Jakes, (Milton) Lesser (2), (Poul) Anderson, (Algis) Budrys, (?) Cox, (James) Gunn, (A. F. ?) Loomis, (?) Mullen
0/12
SCIENCE FICTION ADVENTURES
Published by: Space Fiction/Future Publications
Edited by: Lester Del Rey, Harry Harrison
Format: Digest
(William) Morrison (2, (Alan E.) Nourse, (George O.) Smith, (Erik) Van Lhin* (5), (Chad) Oliver, (Algis) Budrys, (Raymond Z.) Gallun, (Theodore R.) Cogswell, (Robert) Sheckley, (Poul) Anderson, (Irving E.) Cox (Jr.) (2), (Samuel) Moskowitz, (Richard) Snodgrass, C. M. Kornbluth
0/20
SCIENCE FICTION PLUS
Published by: Gernsback Publications
Edited by: Sam Moskowitz
Format: Slick
Eando Binder (2), Hugo Gernsback (2), Philip Jose Farmer (2), John Scott Campbell, Dr. Donald H. Menzel, Richard Tooker, Clifford D. Simak (2), Raymond Z. Gallun, Frank Belknap Long, F. L. Wallace, Robert Bloch, Harry Walton, Murray Leinster (2), Pierre Devaux, H. G. Viet, Gustav Albrecht, Frank R. Paul, Chad Oliver, Thomas Calvert McClary, Jack Williamson, Eric Frank Russell (2), Harry Bates, James H. Schmitz
0/29
SCIENCE FICTION QUARTERLY
Published by: Double-Action Magazines
Edited by: Charles D. Hornig, Robert A. W. Lowndes
Format: Pulp
Poul Anderson, Philip K. Dick, Randall Garrett, Milton Lesser
0/4
SCIENCE FICTION STORIES
Published by: Columbia Publications
Edited by: Robert A. W. Lowndes
Format: Digest
Poul Anderson, Raymond Z. Gallun, Robert Sheckley, Algis Budrys, Philip K. Dick, Noel Loomis, M.C. Pease
0/7
SCIENCE STORIES
Published by: Clark Publishing, Bell Publishing
Edited by: Raymond A. Palmer, Bea Mahaffey
Format: Digest
Jack Williamson, John Bloodstone, S. J. Byrne, T. P. Caravan, Mack Reynolds, Edward Wellen, Richard Dorot
0/7
SPACE SCIENCE FICTION
Published by: Space Publications
Edited by: Lester Del Rey
Format: Digest
H. Beam Piper, (John) Christopher, (William) Morrison (2), Damon Knight, T. L. Sherred, Lester Del Rey, Poul Anderson
0/8
SPACE STORIES
Published by: Standard Magazines
Edited by: Samuel Mines
Format: Pulp
Leigh Brackett, William Morrison, Sam Merwin Jr.
1/3
SPACEWAY STORIES OF THE FUTURE
Published by: Fantasy Publishing Co
Edited by: ?
Format: Digest
Only a movie title is listed.
STARTLING STORIES
Published by: Better Publications
Edited by: Samuel Mines
Format: Pulp
Damon Knight, Murray Leinster (2), George O. Smith, Sam Merwin Jr (3)., Chad Oliver, Kendall Foster Crossen, Willy Ley, Fletcher Pratt, Noel Loomis, Philip Jose Farmer, Theodore Sturgeon, Edmond Hamilton
0/15
THRILLING WONDER STORIES
Published by: Beacon/Better/Standard Magazines
Edited by: Samuel Mines
Format: Pulp
L. Sprague de Camp, Kendall Foster Crossen (3), Damon Knight, Katherine MacLean, Wallace West, R. J. McGregor, George O. Smith, Dwight V. Swain
1/10
TOPS IN SCIENCE FICTION
Published by: Love Romances
Edited by: Jack O’Sullivan, Malcolm Reiss
Format: Pulp
(Ray) Bradbury, Leigh Brackett (2), (Robert) Abernathy, (Hugh Frazier) Parker
TWO COMPLETE SCIENCE-ADVENTURE BOOKS
Published by:Wings Publishing
Edited by: Katherine Daffron
Format: Pulp
Like The Galaxy SF Novel, these “magazines” only published two full length novels, so it doesn’t really fit the standard pulp magazine cover listings thing. However –
James Blish, Vargo Statten, Killian Houston Brunner, Bryan Berry, Poul Anderson, John D. MacDonald
0/6
UNIVERSE SCIENCE FICTION
Published by: Bell Publications, Palmer Publications
Edited by: Raymond A. Plamer, Bea Mahaffey
Format: Digest
Theodore Sturgeon, Murray Leinster, Nelson Bond, Robert Bloch, William T. Powers (2), William Campbell Gault, Gordon R. Dickson (2), Mark Clifton, Sylvia Jacobs, Roger Flint Young, Poul Anderson, (Isaac Asimov, (L. Sprague) de Camp, (Eando) Binder, F. L. Wallace, George H. Smith
1/18
VORTEX SCIENCE FICTION
Published by: Specific Fiction
Edited by: Chester Whitehorn
Format: Digest
(Nobody listed on the cover, probably owing to the fact that this was a terrible magazine.)
WEIRD TALES
Published by: Weird Tales Inc
Edited by: Dorothy McIllwraith
Format: Digest
Everil Worrell, Joseph Payne Brennan, Leah Bodine Drake, August Derleth (2), (Manly Wade) Wellman, C.(lark) A.(shton) Smith
2/6
WONDER STORY ANNUAL
Published by: Best Books
Edited by: ?
Format: Pulp
Jack Williamson, Ray Bradbury, Robert Heinlein, Henry Kuttner, Isaac Asimov
0/5
***
Text markup key: A bolded name is an author who still resonates today (at least in my estimation); italics indicate a pseudonym – sometimes a house name, sometimes not; a number in ellipses indicated that the author was cover mentioned more than once during the year’s run.
The numbers following the names related the ration of female/male mentions for the year’s run. The best that can be said about this is that Space Stories managed to achieve 33%, while the majority of the magazines featured no female authors.
***
Thirty Eight different titles, if we include serious name changes:
Amazing Stories, Astounding Science Fiction, Avon Science Fiction and Fantasy Reader, Beyond Fantasy Fiction, Cosmos Science Fiction and Fantasy Magazine, Dynamic Science Fiction, Famous Fantastic Mysteries,Fantastic Adventures, Fantastic*, Fantastic Story, Fantastic Universe, The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction, Fantasy, Fantasy Fiction*, Future Science Fiction, Galaxy Science Fiction, Galaxy Science Fiction Novels, If Worlds of Science Fiction, Orbit Science Fiction, Other Worlds, Planet Stories, Rocket Stories, Science Fiction Adventures, Science Fiction Plus, Science Fiction Quarterly, Science Fiction Stories, Science Stories*, Space Science Fiction, Space Stories, Spaceway, Startling Stories, Thrilling Wonder Stories, Tops in Science Fiction, Two Complete Science-Adventure Books, Universe Science Fiction, Vortex Science Fiction, Weird Tales, Wonder Story Annual.
(*This was a title change) (and I’ve got 32 of the 38 first issues in my personal collection!)
Phew!
Incidentally, if you’d purchased all of these at the newsstand back in the day, it would have set you back a grand total of $55.80. Adjusted for inflation, it would be a bit over $500 bucks today. That’s a bit low. There are 176 issues in question and current asking price for a digest magazine on the stands these days is $7.99. At that price, these issues would have set you back about $1400.00. This suggests that things really were cheaper back then! (It’s also a lot easier to scrape up 25 cents looking for pennies on the street than it is to find $7.99….)
Beyond anything else, I simply can not imagine what it must have been like to be standing in front of the racks of a 1953 news shop. During they heyday of my purchasing magazines from news shops, I had Amazing, F&SF, Fantastic, Galaxy, If, Analog, Odyssey, Galileo, and a handful of reprint mags to choose from, as well as a number of “graphic” magazines like Heavy Metal and “media” magazines like Star Warp. I’d have been overwhelmed and terribly frustrated to find 38 different titles – I wouldn’t be able to choose which ones to spend my nickles on!
Truth be told, though, the regularity of these magazines was anything but regular. If you averaged out their production over twelve months, there’d only be 15 titles to choose from at any given time.
No doubt quality suffered to some degree, but the chances of finding good stories was also increased.
Note, interestingly, that only 45 percent of these titles include the identifier “science fiction” in their name. Among those that don’t include “science fiction”, seven consist of a descriptor and the word “stories”: Amazing, Planet, Rocket, Science, Space, Startling, Thrilling Wonder, and two a descriptor plus “story” – Fantastic and Wonder.
I think it safe to say that the majority of magazines back in 1953 still felt the need to be very specific about what they were offering readers. The cover image was apparently not quite enough, though I’m sure they worked hand-in-hand: the outre image would catch your eye and the properly worded title would confirm your suspicions: rocketships plus “Amazing” equals “science fiction”. (Anyone seeing a scantily clad “space babe” and hoping for titillation was going to be sorely disappointed, and unlikely to be interested in anything “science stories”.)
Those two elements were probably believed to be sufficient come-ons to new customers, none of whom had a computer or databases to consult. (In fact, whether or not you ever even saw a particular title on the newsstands was often hit or miss: if the magazine distributor didn’t cover a particular territory (or deliver to that territory that month), you’d never see the issue(s).
But then, most of the magazines also went ahead and put two other items on their covers. Frequently a statement about the contents was made -All New Stories!- and the title and author of at least one story listed on the table of contents.
I find it interesting that they felt a need to proclaim “All Stories Complete!” “All New Fiction!” and even “A Selection of the Best Stories of Fantasy and Science Fiction, new and old.” This was of course due to the fact that there were numerous reprint magazines on the stands (Famous Fantastic Mysteries among them) and woe to the reader who spent that hard-earned quarter, only to discover contents they’d already read!
Another thing regularly stuck on the cover of these ‘zines was a sort of sub-title: Strange Adventures on Other Worlds…Preview of the Future…Stories of the Future…Science Fiction…Best in Fantasy….
If you stand back and take a look at all of the covers shown previously, you may notice that there seem to be two general format layouts – “framed” and “unframed”, and further that the unframed titles break down into two sub-groups – boxes or no boxes.
Framed layouts present the cover image, untouched, and surround it with (usually) an inverted ‘L’ shaped border (Galaxy, Space Stories), while unframed titles print a full-sized cover image and slap text directly over the image. Some of these restrict the listing of contents or highlighted story in an opaque box (which is printed over the image).
It seems that two different schools of design thought were expressing themselves. Both have advantages: unframed present a larger image, framed present one that lets you see everything, no textual interruptions, please, but are small in area.
Also note that 1953 was a year of transition for magazine format: some of the titles shown were published in “pulp” format (about 9 inches tall), such as Two Complete Science-Adventure Tales and Fantastic Adventures, while most had or were switching to the familiar digest (about 7 inches tall) format – such as Fantastic Universe and Galaxy.
The larger format almost exclusively utilized an unframed layout, while many of the digests went with the framed format, though not exclusively. Notably, Amazing Stories seems to be all over the place.
Now, with all that being said…why’d they put those names on the cover?
These magazines had three basic markets they were trying to reach – the educated fan, the fan who didn’t know they were a fan, the casual reader.
The publishers didn’t really have to worry about the educated fan too much; chances were they were a subscriber, or belonged to a club that subscribed, or had fellow fans who shared issues around. Fan readers of SF&F were always hungry for more and needed no other motivation than “the new issue is on the stands” to go and seek it out.
Further, this kind of consumer had already developed their tastes and would have been pretty familiar with the regularly published authors and those who were considered to be headliners. Any given name on the cover stood a 50-50 chance of attracting or deterring that reader. You could get a lot for a quarter and a dime back then – almost a beer, almost a movie ticket; Mark Watney would probably like to know that ten pounds of potatoes cost the same as a magazine.
I ponder the wisdom of a promotional campaign that runs the risk of turning your potential customer off, up to fifty percent of the time.
On the other hand, publishers, at least in regards to this demographic, were probably counting on a few other things as well: most fans were rabid fans by necessity. Even if every single author in a given issue was disliked, there was still the editorial and the letter column (often worth the price of admission alone), whatever other features might be included and, of course, the cover, along with the interior illustrations. (Remember those?) Having probably already been through the demise of many prior titles, the experienced fan back then probably had a well-honed sense of historical preservation. All of which would tend to encourage them to ignore front cover unpleasantness.
One thing is for sure though: this segment of the market didn’t have to be sold. They were already bought and paid for. The only competition a magazine faced with this particular buyer was whether or not a competing title was more “attractive” this month. Which suggests that one purpose of the names on the cover was to play one-ups-manship with the other titles.
This then leaves us with two segments – the unrealized fan and the casual reader.
The only difference between these two market segments is that the unrealized fan reader might have heard of an author or two. I stress might, since the novels they might have been exposed to were few and far between and no one was advertising SF magazines on television or radio, nor even in the mass-circulation magazines of the day. You weren’t going to see Isaac Asimov on a Wheaties box (though this might not be a bad idea…), Jack Parr wasn’t interviewing Ray Bradbury and the movies they might have caught rarely, if ever, mentioned the origin of their script.
Space Patrol, Tom Corbett, Tales of Tomorrow (ended this year), some fans might have caught Atom Squad, some kids were maybe watching Johnny Jupiter, Rod Brown was competing with Tom, and it would be several years before Science Fiction Theater, The Twighlight Zone and Men Into Space would grace the small screen; these 1953 television shows did little to elevate the profile of the science fiction author.
Likewise, radio (still a popular medium) wasn’t producing much of serious fan interest either: Dimension X had been off the air for a couple of years, and it would be a couple more before X Minus One would air (both prominently featured stories largely drawn from Astounding Science Fiction). The radio companion for Space Patrol was airing, but, again, any author involved probably tried to keep as low a profile as possible.
The only real benefit any of the magazines might have derived from these other media might have been creating the initial interest in the subject matter. Given the right circumstances, it is entirely possible that a consumer walking past a newsstand would make the connection between a television show featuring outer space and the image of a rocketship on the cover of one of the magazines.
This works, potentially, for the unrealized fan, though it begs a question: why didn’t any of the magazines attempt to capture this television show audience with various forms of tie-in? (Tom Corbett Isn’t the ONLY Space Cadet. We’ve got space cadets in every issue! A New Short Story by the author of the latest Tales of Tomorrow episode!) It could be suggested that most of SF on television back in the day was focused on “kids”, and that the magazines were going after an older audience, but most of the magazines on sale were perceived, at least by the general public, as being kid-stuff too. I can imagine a well-meaning parent, noting their child’s interest in Space Cadets, picking up a copy of Universe, or Science Fiction Plus, or Science Fiction Adventures (check out the cover art) as an attempt to support the kid’s interest. But then again, we’re talking about an era that generally despised science fiction, so it’s more likely that mom or dad would be scheduling homework time during Corbett’s 15 minute episodes….
The casual reader…the only thing I can imagine that would attract them to an SF pulp (or digest) would be the cover art, perhaps reinforced by one of the come-ons. But certainly not the names.
This of course brings us back full circle. It’s pretty well established that the names on the cover did little to help market these titles. Existing fans knew the titles and would pick them up regardless of who was featured; unrealized fans could make no informed judgement about the content, and the casual reader would be attracted by art and possibly blurbs.
So why? Why go to the trouble to select the names, why the belief that doing so was beneficial? There’s probably only two reasons: tradition (magazines had been printing the contents on the cover from the beginning) and ego boo: ego boo for the authors (who were getting paid very little and had only two sources of fan interaction – letters and conventions. Not to mention wanting to keep valued authors on the submission hook. And ego boo for the editors and publishers who got to brag among themselves and play a game of one upsmanship.
So what have we got? Here’s the list, most cover mentions to least, in alphabetical order. There are quite a few names we still engage with these days…and quite as many we have forgotten.
14 Anderson Poul
11 de Camp L. Sprague
8 Leinster Murray
7 Dick Philip K., 7 Sheckley Robert
6 Asimov Isaac, Budrys Algis, Matheson Richard, Morrison William, Sturgeon Theodore, Wyndham John
5 Berry Bryan, Blish James, Bloch Robert, Brackett Leigh, Bradbury Ray, Crossen Kendall Foster, Gallun Raymond Z., Knight Damon, Lesser Milton, Lhin Erik Van,
4 Chandler A. Bertram, Clarke Arthur C., Derleth August, Dickson Gordon R., Gold Horace L., Hunter Evan, Jakes John, Ley Willy, McGivern William P., Merwin Jr Sam, Oliver Chad, Russell Eric Frank
3 Binder Eando, Christopher John, Clifton Mark, Cox Irving, Farmer Philip Jose, Fyfe H. B., Hamilton Edmond, Jacobi Carl, Kuttner Henry, Miller Jr. Walter M., Neville Kris, Robin Ralph, Simak Clifford D., Smith George O., Tenn William, Vance Jack, Wallace F L., Wellman Manly Wade, West Wallace, Williams Robert Moore, Williamson Jack,
2 Apostildes Alex, Beaumont Charles, Bixby Jerome, Boucher Anthony, Bretnor R., Byrne S. J., Carlson Esther, Cogswell Theodore R., Dee Roger, Gault William Campbell, Gernsback Hugo, Heinlein Robert, Howard Robert E., Jarvis E. K., Jorgensen Ivar, Kornbluth C. M., Lohrman Paul, Long Frank Belknap, Loomis Noel, MacDonald John D., McIntosh J. T., Mullen Stanley, Piper H. Beam, Powers William T., Pratt Fletcher, Reynolds Mack, Richardson Robert S., Robinson Frank M., Rocklynne Ross, Seabright Idris, Shaver Richard S., Sheldon Walt, Sherred T. L., Storm Mallory, Temple William F., Traven B.,
1 Abernathy Robert, Adams Samuel Hopkins, Albrecht Gustav, Archette Guy, Arnold John E., Bates Harry, Benet Stephen Vincent, Bernard (?), Bester Alfred, Blade Alexander, Bloodstone John, Bond Nelson, Brandts Paul, Brennan Joseph Payne, Brown Frederic, Brunner Killian Houston, Campbell John Scott, Caravan T. P., Cartmill Cleve, Causey James, Clark Roscoe, Clement, Hal, Collier John, Coppel Jr. Alfred J., Correy Lee, Cox (?), Creighton Charles, Curtis B., Dakin Peter, De Rosso Henry, Dean Joe E., Deeming Richard, Del Rey Lester, Devaux Pierre, Dorot Richard, Drake Leah Bodine, English Richard, Fearing Vern, Ferrat Jean Jaques, Fox Gardner F., Frank Harriet, Fritch Elliot, Fyfe H.B., Garrett Randall, Geier Chester, Gibson Joe, Godwin Tom, Gregory Franklin, Guin Wyman, Gunn James, Haggard H. Rider, Harrison H., Henderson Zenna, Holden Fox B., Howard Hayden, Jacobs Sylvia, Jones Raymond F., Judd Cyril, Kafka , Kent Kevin, Kline Otis Adelbert, Krepps R. W., la Farge Oliver, Lait Jack, Leiber Fritz, Loomis (A. F. ?), Loxmith John, Ludwig Edward W., MacLean Katherine, MacLean Mabel Seeley, McClary Thomas Calvert, McClary Thomas L., McClintic Winona, McConne James, McConnell James, McGiver Frank, McGregor R. J., McMorrow Jr. Tom, McGuire John J, Menzel Donald H., Mitchell J. Leslie, Moore Ward, Mortimer Lee, Moskowitz Samuel, Mundy Talbot, Nelson Alan, Nourse Alan E., Padgett Lewis, Palmer Raymond A., Parker Hugh Frazier, Paul Frank R., Pease M.C., Phillips Rog, Poe Edgar Allan, Porges Arthur, Pratt Pletcher, Price E. Hoffman, R. N., Rand Ayn, Ready William Bernard, Reynolds Ted, Rogers Jack Townsley, Rose Billy, Schmitz James H., Shallit Joseph, Shelton Jerry, Sherman Michael, Smith Clark Ashton, Smith Evelyn E., Smith George H., Smith Edward L., Snodgrass Richard, Statten Vargo, Stevenson Robert Louis, Swain Dwight V., Taine John, Tooker Richard, Tucker Wilson, Viet H. G., Walton Harry, Waugh Evelyn, Wellen Edward, Weston Ed, Wolf Mark, Worrell Everil, Young Roger Flint
Resources for this article were obtained from Galactic Central and the Internet Science Fiction Database.
On Cover Mentions The other day I got into a brief discussion of cover mentions throughout the history of the science fiction magazine.
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GB Commonwealth Team announced
Well Done Everyone! Here is the team:
Men
Adam Gemili - 100m + relay - Club: Blackheath & Bromley Harriers AC, Coach: Rana Reider
Adam Hague - Pole Vault - Club: Sheffield & Dearne AC, Coach: Trevor Fox
Andrew Osagie - 800m - Club: Harlow AC, Coach: Mark Rowland
Andy Pozzi - 110m Hurdles - Club: Stratford-upon-Avon AC, Coach: Benke Blomkvist
Andy Vernon - 10,000m - Club: Aldershot, Farnham & District AC, Coach: Nic Bideau
Ashley Bryant - Decathlon - Club: Windsor Slough Eton & Hounslow AC, Coach: Aston Moore
Ben Williams - Triple Jump - Club: Sale Harriers Manchester, Coach: John Crotty
Callum Wilkinson - 20k Race Walk - Club: Enfield & Haringey
Charlie Grice - 1500m - Club: Brighton Phoenix, Coach: Jon Bigg
Chris Baker - High Jump - Club: Sale Harriers Manchester, Coach: Sharon Heveran
Dan Bramble - Long Jump - Club: Shaftesbury Barnet Harriers, Coach: Frank Attoh
Danny Talbot - 200m + relay - Club: Birchfield Harriers, Coach: Benke Blomkvist
Dave King - 110m Hurdles - Club: City of Plymouth AC, Coach: James Hillier
Dwayne Cowan - 4x400 relay - Club: Hercules Wimbledon AC, Coach: Lloyd Cowan
Elliot Giles - 800m - Club: Birchfield Harriers, Coach: Jon Bigg
George Caddick - 4x400 relay - Club: Sale Harriers Manchester, Coach: Clyde Hart
Greg Rutherford - Long Jump - Club: Marshall Milton Keynes AC, Coach: Dan Pfaff
Harry Aikines-Aryeetey - 4x100 relay - Club: Sutton & District AC, Coach: Benke Blomkvist
Jack Green - 400m Hurdles - Club: Kent AC, Coach: Self
James Dasaolu - 100m + relay - Club: Croydon Harriers, Coach: Lloyd Cowan
John Lane - Decathlon - Club: Sheffield & Dearne AC, Coach: Antonio Minichiello
Kyle Langford - 800m - Club: Shaftesbury Barnet Harriers, Coach: Jon Bigg
Luke Cutts - Pole Vault - Club: Sheffield & Dearne AC, Coach: Trevor Fox
Martyn Rooney - 4x400 relay - Club: Croydon Harriers, Coach: Graham Hedman
Matthew Hudson-Smith - 400m + relay - Club: Birchfield Harriers, Coach: Lance Brauman
Nathan Douglas - Triple Jump - Club: Oxford City AC, Coach: Aston Moore
Nathan Fox - Triple Jump - Club: Shaftesbury Barnet Harriers, Coach: Tosin Oke
Nathaneel Mitchell-Blake - 200m + relay - Club: Newham & Essex Beagles AC, Coach: Dennis Shaver
Nick Miller - Hammer - Club: Border Harriers, Coach: Tore Gustafsson
Rabah Yousif - 4x400 relay - Club: Newham & Essex Beagles AC, Coach: Carol Williams
Robbie Grabarz - High Jump - Club: Newham & Essex Beagles AC, Coach: Fuzz Caan
Taylor Campbell - Hammer - Club: Sheffield & Dearne AC, Coach: John Pearson
Tom Bosworth - 20k Race Walk - Club: Tonbridge AC, Coach: Andi Drake
Tom Gale - High Jump - Club: Team Bath AC, Coach: Denis Doyle
Zharnel Hughes - 200m + relay - Club: Shaftesbury Barnet Harriers, Coach: Patrick Dawson
Women
Adelle Tracey - 800m - Club: Guildford & Godalming , Coach: Craig Winrow
Alyson Dixon - Marathon - Club: Sunderland Strollers, Coach: Self
Amelia Strickler - Shotput - Club: Thames Valley Harriers
Anyika Onuora - 4x400 relay - Club: Liverpool Harriers, Coach: Rana Reider
Asha Philip - 100m + relay - Club: Newham & Essex Beagles, Coach: Steve Fudge
Ashleigh Nelson - 4x100 relay - Club: City of Stoke AC, Coach: Michael Afilaka
Bethan Partridge - High Jump - Club: Birchfield Harriers, Coach: Fuzz Caan
Bianca Williams - 200m + relay - Club: Enfield & Haringey, Coach: Lloyd Cowan
Cheriece Hylton - 4x400 relay - Club: Blackheath & Bromley Harriers AC, Coach: Ryan Freckleton
Corinne Humphreys - 4x100 relay - Club: Orion Harriers, Coach: Darren Braithwaite
Desiree Henry - 100m + relay - Club: Enfield & Haringey AC, Coach: Rana Reider
Dina Asher-Smith - 200m + relay - Club: Blackheath & Bromley Harriers AC, Coach: John Blackie
Emily Diamond - 4x400 relay - Club: Bristol & West AC, Coach: Jared Deacon
Finette Agyapong - 4x400 relay - Club: Newham & Essex Beagles AC, Coach: Coral Nourrice
Gemma Bridge - 20k Race Walk - Club: Oxford City AC, Coach: Mark Wall
Holly Bradshaw - Pole Vault - Club: Blackburn Harriers & AC, Coach: Scott Simpson
Iona Lake - 3,000m Steeple - Club: City of Norwich AC, Coach: Pauline Ash
Jade Lally - Discus - Club: Shaftesbury Barnet Harriers, Coach: Andrew Neal
Jazmin Sawyers - Long Jump - Club: City of Stoke AC
Jessica Judd - 1500m - Club: Chelmsford AC, Coach: Mick Judd
Katarina Johnson-Thompson - Heptathlon - Club: Liverpool Harriers
Katie Snowden - 1500m - Club: Herne Hill Harriers, Coach: Rob Denmark
Katie Stainton - Heptathlon - Club: Birchfield Harriers, Coach: Kelly Sotherton
Laura Weightman - 5,000m - Club: Morpeth Harriers
Lorraine Ugen - Long Jump - Club: Thames Valley Harriers, Coach: Shawn Jackson
Lucy Bryan - Pole Vault - Club: Bristol & West AC, Coach: Alan Richardson
Margaret Adeoye - 4x400 relay - Club: Enfield & Haringey, Coach: Linford Christie
Meghan Beesley - 400m Hurdles - Club: Birchfield Harriers, Coach: Michael Baker
Molly Caudery - Pole Vault - Club: Cornwall AC, Coach: Stuart Caudery
Morgan Lake - High Jump - Club: Windsor Slough Eton & Hounslow AC, Coach: Aston Moore
Niamh Emerson - Heptathlon - Club: Amber Valley & Erewash AC, Coach: David Feeney
Perri Shakes-Drayton - 4x400 relay - Club: Victoria Park & Tower Hamlets AC, Coach: Chris Zah
Rachel Wallader - Shotput - Club: Windsor Slough Eton & Hounslow AC, Coach: Richard Woodhall
Rosie Clarke - 3,000m - Club: Epsom & Ewell Harriers, Coach: David Harmer
Sarah McDonald - 1500m - Club: Birchfield Harriers, Coach: David Harmer
Shara Proctor - Long Jump - Club: Birchfield Harriers, Coach: Rana Reider
Shelayna Oskan-Clarke - 800m - Club: Windsor Slough Eton & Hounslow AC, Coach: Jon Bigg
Sonia Samuels - Marathon - Club: Sale Harriers Manchester, Coach: Self
Sophie Hitchon - Hammer - Club: Blackburn Harriers & AC, Coach: Tore Gustafsson
Tiffany Porter - 100m Hurdles - Club: Woodford Green AC with Essex Ladies
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