#Difference between calcite and dolomite

[blogpediaa]

Learn about the Difference between calcite and dolomite at pediaa.com. Calcite, a calcium carbonate mineral, differs from dolomite, which contains both calcium and magnesium carbonates. While calcite exhibits single refraction, dolomite is doubly refractive. Additionally, calcite effervesces in dilute hydrochloric acid, unlike dolomite. Their distinct chemical compositions and properties make them valuable in various industrial and geological applications. Explore more at pediaa.com.

[mineralsrocksandfossiltalks]

Science Saturday: How to make Limestone

Limestone is a type of sedimentary rock made by chemical processes (dare I say, a chemical sedimentary rock) rather than physical processes (what we call a clastic sedimentary rock).

Limestone in Big Cottonwood Canyon, Utah with my hammer for scale.

Limestone is primarily composed of the mineral calcite or aragonite which precipitate out of water containing dissolved calcium ions.

(CaCO3) Calcite and aragonite chemical formula

This can happen through both biologic and non-biologic processes. About 20-25% of all sedimentary rocks are carbonates and most of those carbonates are limestone. The remaining carbonates are mostly dolomite (or dolostone to avoid confusion with the mineral dolomite) which differs from limestone due to it's high magnesium content.

Dolomite Peaks, Italy

In fact, physically, you can't tell dolomite and limestone apart (at least not to my knowledge, I work in clastic sedimentary rocks so if you're reading this and you work in carbonates, feel free to chip in), usually just lump all carbonates I see as limestone. Technically, there are few things you can test physically but you absolutely need the right tools. Dolomite is slightly harder than limestone and does not as readily dissolve in HCl (fizzes less). Sometimes you can see a change but often they are just too similar to tell in my experience.

Limestone is commonly gray to white though iron or managnese can make it yellow, or red and high organic content can make it almost black.

Gray limestone in Provo Canyon, Utah

Red stained yellow limestone in Timpanogos Canyon, Utah

But how is limestone formed? One way is through biochemical processes. Many marine organisms have learned to precipitate a calcium carbonate shell. When these organisms die, they fall to the sea floor. Eventually, they are turned into bioclastic limestone with chemically precipitated calcite cement between them.

bioclastic limestone, Provo Canyon. Brachiopod shells with my hand for comparison.

One type of bioclastic limestone is finely-grained chalk like the White Cliffs of Dover which formed from coccoliths. Chalk can be formed from algae, foraminifera and plankton. It is very soft, porous version of limestone.

Limestone can also form chemically, precipitating straight out of the water as such: H2O + 3CO2 -> CaCO3.

And now you know the basic ways to make limestone.

[admireddisorder]

I felt I wanted to put the collections of messages from the replies because VERY INTERESTING.

@starzii Apr 16

How do springs form? This is so interesting!

@youreverydaydaly

starzii it depends on the rock in the area but many springs occur in karstic limestone rock. Limestone is formed in shallow marine environments that are rich in calcium. That calcium will bind with carbon dioxide and oxygen in the water and form little crystals of calcite. That calcite can either settle down and collect to form a mud, get incorporated into all kinds of animal life structures (shells, exoskeleton, corals, etc), act as a binding agent etc Cont.

Part 2: when those creatures (a lot of them will form shells that aren't necessarily calcite but are kindof like cousin minerals - a common one is called aragonite) die and are buried by more calcite and more lime mud or larger calcite crystals, they build up and form limestone rock. Sometimes the calcite interacts with magnesium rich water and becomes another mineral with a different density called dolomite. All those forms and variations have different characteristics

Part 3: that impact how well they hold up as a rock later down the line. Now let's presume that we have burial and compaction and our limey material becomes a rock (limestone). Then we'll presume that that compacted material is uplifted by tectonic forces (can provide more info on that upon request)

Now all those different traits of things that could be in limestone come into play. They all have different porosity and permeability (how much water can fit between Cont

Part 4: the pieces and how easily does that water flow through the rock. They also have different surface areas which changes the way they would be affected by an acting agent - think of butter a handful of popcorn vs one giant piece of popcorn, the handful has more butter because there's more surface for the butter to coat. Now, we've established that limestone is variable, porous, and permeable. There's one more thing we have to know about it before we talk about

Part 5: Karst and springs. Limestone and calcite is vulnerable to acid damage. Acids will break that bond between our CO2 and O2 that formed so many years ago. Rainwater and ground water (the water that flows through that porous and permeable rock under us) are slightly acidic [that depends a lot on where you are and mineral and industrial factors that I can go into upon request].

Part 6: The acid in the groundwater will dissolve away at the limestone underground, in the spots with higher porosity and permeability and more surface area, the calcite dissolves faster. Then that hole that opens up provides more surface area and it increases over time because water likes to flow toward empty space - more room to wet, I expect. This process will form little tubes and tunnels like pipes all through the limestone. This is how we get caves. Cont.

Part 7: those tubes and tunnels can go up and down through the ground and occasionally breach the surface. If the source of water (the groundwater) is higher than the breach or the pressure is really high (the source being higher will increase pressure), it can form a spring where the water in the ground bubbles up and escapes- remember water likes to be in empty space, more room for wet.

That's how you get springs! They can be seasonal or all year round, they almost never freeze because groundwater is the average temperature of whatever climate you're in, and they provide an easy source of clean (naturally, if you're in an area with a lot of mining or drilling, it may be contaminated) fresh water.

Source: I'm a geologist and I literally teach a class with this in the curriculum

[bloguadalupe]

Day 2: September 29th, 2024

Site(s) visited: Carlsbad Caverns, Walnut Canyon, White’s City, Camp Washington Ranch, Parks Ranch Cave

Carlsbad Caverns

The beginning of day two in New Mexico was a bit of hands-on geology, immediately followed by hands-off geology in the Carlsbad Caverns National Park. We first stopped in the parking lot and walked to check out a teepee, which is a secondary deformational structure. This is caused by water flowing upwards and forcing established layers of rock to buckle and break down the middle. We also saw pisoids, which are sedimentary grains that are layered around a nucleus.

After discussing the teepee, we went down 750 feet to the entrance of the cave. Unfortunately, we were unable to explore the natural entrance or walk the trail down to the main cave due to increased bat activity, so we had to take the elevator. While we took a long walk around the caverns, we discussed how the entire cave was formed as well as smaller features. The cave was created through the large scale pores in limestone that occur due to hydrogen sulfide interactions. These result in the caverns as well as the replacement of limestone with gypsum.

Smaller features were also discussed, such as the small flat areas of calcite (resembling mushrooms) in some of the cave ponds. These are, according to the information display boards around the site, called shelfstone. We talked about how they form from calcite precipitation during degassing while water levels lower, which results in these flat areas that can track water levels and calcite deposition. Another feature, seen on the walls and on specific areas (such as the Lion's Tail in the third photo below), is called cave popcorn. These are nodular calcium carbonate deposits. The Lion's Tail feature is interesting due to the seemingly random but definitive line that separated the smoother section with the popcorn area. We discussed how this is actually due to the differences in air temperature within the cave. Due to the density differences between cold and warm air, with cold air being denser, warm air will rise as well as shift towards the walls of the cave. This warm air will dissolve the upper level of calcium carbonate, leaving the smooth sections you can see in the third photo below. The line that separates these two textures isn't random, but is instead the line of warm and cold air saturation.

Walnut Canyon

We had a brief stop at Walnut Canyon, which was a back-reef lagoon during the Permian. We were able to see pisolites and chert nodules, as well as able to discuss how the Capitan pisolite facies show reverse grading, where smaller grains are found below the larger grains in rocks. The third image is an example of this reverse grading from the New Mexico Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources, and the example clearly shows how the pisolitic dolomite is composed of larger pisoids at the top of the rock, and smaller pisoids further towards the bottom. This is uncommon, as it would be more natural for larger objects to sink and form the bottom layer in a bed. The chert nodules we saw, such as the one in the second photo, occur when the dynamic of the lagoon undergoes changes, and silica is able to build up in the limestone through diagenetic replacement. These nodules are able to be distinguished in the field through their rounded shape, as well as their hardness of 7.

White's City (Neptunian Dike)

We took a stop to go check out this neptunian dike near White's City. We discussed how it was formed by the injection of new sedimentary material, rather than the igneous material of magma dikes. We also explored this area in order to find past biological material, with fossils of algae and bryozoans being fairly common. I also found an ammonite fossil during this stop.

Camp Washington Ranch (mudcracks)

On our penultimate stop, we went to Camp Washington Ranch to go view mudcracks and some terrestrial carbonate structures called travertine. This was the location of flash flooding, and the mudcracks were formed by the rapid drying of the area, which caused the water-expanded sediment to shrink, forming cracks and curling up at the edges during contraction. Travertine forms from freshwater carbonate precipitation, and this stop showed the inclusions of plant remains in this carbonate rock. We discussed the relatively young age of these traverines, as they were formed during the Holocene when the region was supersaturated with calcium carbonate. Another aspect of this stop that I thought was interesting was the large conglomerates. These contained clasts that were well rounded and fairly large, although poorly sorted. These conglomerates are evidence of the flash flooding events attributed to this area, as the roundness of grains and size implies they were transported over a long length and by a high energy flow.

Parks Ranch Cave

Our last stop of the second day was a wild gypsum cave. We went into two of the natural entrances, and were able to walk for a few minutes before turning back due to water. We had to be aware of the local fauna when entering the cave, but luckily all we came across were crickets and a bat.

Sources:

Scholle, P. (2020, June 29). Permian Reef Complex virtual field trip. New Mexico Bureau of Geology & Mineral Resources. https://geoinfo.nmt.edu/tour/federal/parks/permianreef/home.html

[stonehubindia]

Why We use Bianco Marfil Marble Mostly in Our Home

Everyone dreams to own a house and finish each corner of it with unique furnishings and materials. Nobody wants to compromise rather they cater towards the top-notch quality and brands for the house. For every new house development, necessities are required like selecting marbles, tiles for floors, designs for rooms, color to match with the interior, and much more to count on.

For once people can live without storage facilities but not flooring as they are the base of the entire home. There are various materials used for different purposes and here are these materials you should know.

Marbles Tiles Carpet Lime concrete Wood Mud and murram Bricks Glass, etc. The numbers are not limited in flooring option but the two majorly used materials are marble and tiles. Before beginning with the benefits of marble over tiles, it is necessary to understand what they are exactly.

Marble - In History, we have studied marble is a metamorphic rock formed by years of physical and chemical transformations due to heat and pressure. A sound definition of marble has gone through various processes before the final result and due to such extraordinary features, emperors and artisans loved using it. One of the most beautiful and sought after stones for centuries when used at home, add an undeniable touch of luxury and opulence.

Tiles - Tiles, on the other hand, is a thin square or rectangular shaped object created from different materials like ceramic, stone, metal, baked clay, or glass at a high temperature. These tiles can be used on rooftops, walls, floors, counter toppings, and many more depending on creativity. The solid differentiation between marble and tiles is, marbles are natural designs of nature whereas tiles are man-made structures.

After flooring comprehensions, let’s go through the benefits of choosing marble over tiles with the specified reason for your right choice.

High water absorption rate - Marbles are the gift of nature formed from calcite, dolomite, or limestone with dense and porous characteristics to absorb water. The unique vein patterns and swirls on the surface bring aesthetic and luxurious touch in the house with durability as the first characteristics.

Durability - The high absorption rate of water makes marble durable and long-lasting without any risk of heavy loads. Marbles are available in slabs, blocks, tiles, and detain the power to hold heavy loads that tiles lack. It’s your choice either to buy shiny marble, rustic marble, glossy finished marble, and all comes with durability.

Cost - Budget is another significant factor before the purchase and the naturally occurring materials are available at an affordable price with varied colors and rarity of designs. The typical cost of marbles is measured per square feet including Italian marbles.

Aesthetic Value - Tiles have eye-catching color and art but marbles hold the symbol of luxury and opulence. Marble is a choice for the home that will add a unique, aesthetic, and beautiful authentic view in the room.

Best for indoors - Tiles can be used inside and outside both but they can’t bear much load and have the risk of breaking. Whereas marbles hold an intensive bearing power thus, making best choice for indoor areas like foyers, halls, and bathrooms. You have to choose wisely based on the judgment of budget, design requirement, space location, and utility, marble offers durability at an affordable price.

Favorable for climates - Marble flooring in the house produces a cooling atmosphere during hot climates. You can favorably feel cold underfoot due to the presence of marble and it's a wise choice based on climate as you can fit a heater too for winters.

Moisture resistant - The presence of moisture-resistant characteristics makes it easier for cleaning daily. You can even find sealing protection for the shiny look if going up with the budget, hence reducing pressure.

Scratch-free - The durability feature is connected with smoothness as it can withstand high load and eradicate any problem related to scratch throughout the home.

No allergies - One of the prominent reasons for choosing marble over tile is, it’s allergy-free. People with allergies are safe at home as it doesn’t allow dust particles to stay and dander around, allowing an easy way to wipe off whenever visible.

Eco-friendly - Marbles are eco-friendly and there is no use of chemical - all-natural during the process of manufacturing. Additionally, it is degradable at the end of life, making it a fine choice for a healthy environment.

So, here are the benefits of choosing marble over tiles, and with the above-mentioned information, you can easily make a wise choice. You are a designer of your home and with the little guidance, it can help you choose eco-friendly and healthy marble for life.

Contact Us Khasra No 450, Kali Dungari, Makrana Road , Madanganj- Kishangarh, Rajasthan, India - 305801 Phone: +91-91161-33209 +91-91161-33210 Email: info@stonehubindia.com

[krishinternational]

Everything to Know About Quartzite marble

In recent years, quartzite has become an increasingly popular natural stone for interior design. Quartzite is gaining popularity among New York homeowners as a stunning and practical substitute for marble. It's challenging to distinguish between quartzite and marble as superior stones because of their similarities. Let’s learn the difference between the two. Also talk about one of the best Quartzite marble distributors in New York.

What qualifies as quartzite? 

The metamorphic rock known as quartzite is hard and lacks foliation, having originated as pure quartz sandstone. Quartzite is formed from sandstone by heating and pressure, which is typically caused by tectonic compression in orogenic belts. Although quartzites frequently come in different colors of pink and red due to differing quantities of hematite, pure quartzites are typically white to gray in color. Other minerals are responsible for the hues of yellow, green, blue, and orange.

Why Natural Stones like Quartzite Are Becoming More Popular

Many reasons have contributed to quartzite's recent growth in popularity as a natural stone among interior designers and homeowners. They consist of:

Similar in appearance to marble is quartzite, another natural stone.

It is more resilient than marble.

It is harder to harm and wears incredibly well over time due to its increased toughness.

Its color spectrum is as wide as that of marble.

Origin and Chemical Disparities between Marble and Quartzite

Quartzite and marble are examples of metamorphic rocks. The stones do not melt, but their composition does change in response to heat and pressure. Dolomite or limestone is the source of marble, a mineral, whereas quartzite, an inorganic substance, arises from quartz sandstone. It is produced when heat and pressure work together to fuse the sandstone's quartz grains. In addition, quartzite is robust and long-lasting while marble is fragile.

In terms of composition, quartzite is not made of calcite, but marble is. This is important because any liquid that has a high acid content that accidentally spills over marble, like tomato sauce or lemon juice, will change the surface by leaving behind areas called etches.

Where Can I Find the Best New York Quartzite Marble Distributors?

One of the top Quartzite marble distributors for rehabilitation projects in New York is Krish International. Their crew is committed to helping you locate the ideal natural stone for your house, and they provide competitive prices and a large selection of quartzite slabs. To find the ideal Quartz marble importers for your remodel, get in touch with them right now!

Find Largest Marble Stone Wholesale

You may get one of the largestmarble stone wholesale in New York at Krish International. They provide a range of hues and textures suitable for both commercial and residential settings. You can discover the ideal stone for your kitchen or bathroom renovation, ranging from traditional white marble to striking gray and black quartzite.

Orginal Source:- https://medium.com/@thekrishinternational/everything-to-know-about-quartzite-marble-486383d1b17e

[chemanalyst]

From Quarry to Everyday: Calcium Carbonate's Journey and Utility

Have you ever stopped to think about the hidden ingredients that make up the world around you? From the sturdy walls of your house to the brightness of your favorite paint color, there's a good chance a common mineral called calcium carbonate plays a role. Today, we're diving deep into the fascinating world of calcium carbonate and exploring its surprising applications across various industries. From construction and papermaking to pharmaceuticals and plastics, get ready to discover how this versatile material silently shapes our everyday lives!

Introduction

Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) makes up a significant portion of the Earth's crust in the form of rocks like limestone, chalk, and marble. Limestone and chalk consist of calcium carbonate, while dolomite comprises a blend of calcium and magnesium carbonates. Though they contain impurities like clay, certain specimens are remarkably pure, surpassing 97%. Widely utilized in construction and for countering acidity, limestone and its derivatives serve various purposes across industries. It's a popular and versatile filler used in plastics because it improves both stiffness and impact resistance, making the final product tougher. It also helps maintain a consistent color and appearance. These calcium carbonate filled plastics are often used in construction and industrial applications where durability is key. Calcium carbonate has many other uses beyond plastics.  It's found in paper, rubber, adhesives, and coatings. In paints, it acts as a filler, extender, and pH buffer. Concrete gets its strength and color stability from calcium carbonate fillers. It's even used in environmental cleanup, fertilizers, animal feed, and various cosmetic and hygiene products.

Interestingly, calcium carbonate exists in three different natural forms called polymorphs.

Calcite is the most common and stable form at normal temperatures and pressures.

Aragonite is less stable and slowly changes into calcite over millions of years.

Vaterite is the rarest and least stable form, quickly transforming into one of the other two polymorphs.

Each polymorph has a distinct crystal structure and appearance.

Manufacturing Process

The production process of Calcium Carbonate powder includes multiple stages, such as:

Raw Material Preparation:

The initial step in the production process of calcium carbonate comprises preparing the raw materials. The principal raw material utilized is limestone, a sedimentary rock primarily composed of calcium carbonate. Limestone is typically sourced from quarries or mines, after which it undergoes crushing and screening to achieve the desired particle size. The quality and attributes of the limestone utilized can significantly influence the properties of the resultant calcium carbonate product.

Calcination:

The subsequent stage in the manufacturing process is calcination, a process involving the heating of crushed limestone at elevated temperatures to transform it into lime (calcium oxide) and carbon dioxide. This procedure occurs within a kiln, which may take the form of a vertical shaft kiln or a rotary kiln. The limestone is subjected to temperatures of approximately 900-1000°C, prompting the decomposition of calcium carbonate and the liberation of carbon dioxide. The resultant product is known as quicklime or burnt lime.

Hydration:

Following calcination, the quicklime acquired undergoes hydration to yield slaked lime (calcium hydroxide). Hydration is accomplished by introducing water to the quicklime, a process known as slaking. This reaction between quicklime and water is notably exothermic, generating a significant amount of heat. The resulting slaked lime can manifest as either a fine powder or a water suspension, contingent upon the intended application.

Carbonation:

The subsequent step involves subjecting the slaked lime to carbonation, where it interacts with carbon dioxide to produce calcium carbonate. This procedure, also referred to as precipitation or carbonation, utilizes carbon dioxide sourced from diverse outlets, including industrial flue gases, the atmosphere, or combustion of fossil fuels. The reaction between calcium hydroxide and carbon dioxide is represented as follows:

Separation and Drying:

Following the carbonation process, the calcium carbonate precipitate requires separation from the liquid phase. This can be accomplished using different techniques like filtration, centrifugation, or sedimentation, selected based on the desired particle size and purity. The separated calcium carbonate undergoes washing to eliminate impurities or residual chemicals. Upon separation, the calcium carbonate is subjected to drying to eliminate moisture and yield a free-flowing powder. Drying techniques, including air drying, spray drying, or employment of rotary dryers, are utilized for this purpose. Ensuring proper drying is essential to maintain the stability and usability of the final product.

Surface Modification:

In certain instances, the produced calcium carbonate might undergo surface alteration to enhance its characteristics. This process entails applying coatings to the particles with different substances, like stearic acid, to augment dispersion, mitigate agglomeration, or enhance compatibility with particular applications. Surface modification techniques, such as dry or wet surface modification, are employed based on the intended objectives.

Packaging and Distribution:

The ultimate phase in the manufacturing process involves packaging and distributing calcium carbonate. The product is commonly packaged in bags or bulk containers, tailored to meet customer specifications. Adequate packaging safeguards the calcium carbonate, ensuring its integrity during storage and transit. Subsequently, the product is distributed to diverse industries for utilization across a broad spectrum of applications, encompassing paper production, plastics, paints, adhesives, rubber, and construction materials.

Applications of Calcium Carbonate

Calcium carbonate is a widely used mineral with applications in various sectors. Its unique properties, like controlled particle size and low water absorption, make it valuable in many products.

Construction: Calcium carbonate plays a vital role in construction. It acts as a binding agent in mortar and concrete, and as a filler in building materials like marble. It also helps neutralize acidic soil and water. To produce cement, limestone is blended with clays containing silica, alumina, and Iron (III) Oxide to create a fine powder.

Paper: The paper industry is a major consumer of calcium carbonate. It's primarily used as a filler to improve paper strength, whiteness, and opacity, while reducing production costs. The shift towards alkaline papermaking processes further boosts its demand.

Paints & Coatings: Calcium carbonate is a key ingredient in paints. Its white color and cost-effectiveness make it a popular extender pigment. It also improves paint properties like flow and filling. Calcium carbonate serves as an extender pigment in paint due to its white color, cost-effectiveness compared to latex and solvent, and its finely dispersed particles. Additionally, its incorporation enhances the primer's permeability and deposition onto the base surface. Moreover, calcium carbonate can thicken paste paint while also fulfilling filling and leveling roles.

Pharmaceuticals: This mineral plays a crucial role in drug production. It acts as a source of calcium and a buffer to maintain stable pH during fermentation. It's also used as a filler in tablets and as an antacid ingredient.

Plastics & Polymers: Calcium carbonate is commonly employed in filling polymers such as polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, and polypropylene. Its addition aims to enhance specific qualities of plastic products and expand their applications.

Market Outlook

Calcium carbonate, exists as an odorless white powder, commonly recognized as chalk, with non-toxic properties. Widely vital in construction, it serves as a cement component and standalone building material, facilitating the production of mortar, rubber products, roofing tiles, and more. In the paper industry, it brightens paper, improves ink retention, and enhances smoothness. Its demand, largely fueled by the Paper and Pulp sector due to its paper-brightening and light-scattering attributes, continues to surge globally. Moreover, its utility as a filler in concrete and refining metals in construction applications further propels its demand, with the construction sector consuming approximately 54% of the market share in 2023.

Calcium Carbonate Major Global Producers

Significant players in the Global Calcium Carbonate market are Minerals Technologies Inc., United States Lime & Minerals, Inc., Omya, Imerys S.A., Saudi Carbonate Co. Ltd., Manaseer Group., Global Group of Companies (GGC), Arabian Calcium Carbonate Co., National Carbonate Companies, Emirates Calcium Carbonate factory, Golden Lime Public Company Limited, United Compounding Industrial Company, Ascom Carbonate and Chemical Manufacturing (ACCM), and Fujian Sanmu Nano calcium Carbonate Co., Ltd.,  and Others.

Calcium Carbonate Market Challenges

Competitive Market: The calcium carbonate market is saturated with numerous suppliers globally, ranging from large multinational corporations to smaller regional players. This high level of competition can result in pricing pressures as companies strive to gain market share. Additionally, intense competition may lead to commoditization, where products are perceived as interchangeable, further squeezing profit margins.

Environmental Concerns: The extraction and processing of calcium carbonate, typically from limestone or marble, can have significant environmental impacts. Mining operations may result in habitat destruction, soil erosion, and water pollution. Furthermore, the energy-intensive processes involved in calcium carbonate production contribute to carbon emissions and exacerbate climate change.

Substitution Threats: Calcium carbonate competes with various alternatives, including talc, silica, and titanium dioxide, in a range of applications such as plastics, paints, and paper. The threat of substitution arises from factors such as performance characteristics, availability, and price competitiveness. Manufacturers must continuously innovate to differentiate their calcium carbonate products and demonstrate superior value compared to substitutes.

Conclusion:

Ultimately, calcium carbonate is a very important and multipurpose compound used by industries all over the world. It can be found in rocks as calcite and aragonite minerals, as well as in the form of a chemical product or through mining. There are many different uses for calcium carbonate, and it is a vital ingredient in many different products and processes. Its non-toxic characteristics and variety of roles make it a possible choice for applications from cement and mortar materials in construction to the whitening of paper and ink retention in the paper industry. Also, its demand, which is usually led by the Paper and Pulp sector, is still on the rise across the world, which demonstrates its core role in modern industrial activities. Being the central element that improves the function and quality of products, this compound is one of the most important raw materials in the multiple industries.

[rajasthanlime]

Comparing Different Types of Limestone for Various Uses

Limestone is a diverse mineral with various varieties that offer distinctive properties suitable for multiple applications. Knowing the distinctions between these kinds is vital in determining the most appropriate limestone for the specific purpose. This article will examine the attributes, functions, and benefits of various limestone types, focusing on the options of Jodhpur's most reliable limestone suppliers.

Introduction:

Limestone, a sedimentary rock composed mainly of calcium carbonate, is extensively employed in industries due to its various applications. The selection of the appropriate kind of limestone is based on factors like its physical and chemical properties, chemical composition, and the purpose for which it is used. The best limestone suppliers in jodhpur provide various limestone types designed to meet the needs of different industries.

Calcitic Limestone:

Calcitic limestone, which is rich in calcium carbonate, is among the most popular limestone. It is used extensively in agriculture as a soil conditioner to neutralize soil acidity and supply essential calcium-rich nutrition to plant life. In addition, calcitic limestone has applications in producing lime-based cement and other merchandise due to its rich calcium content and purity.

Dolomitic Limestone:

Dolomitic limestone, which contains magnesium and calcium carbonate, has distinct advantages over calcitic limestone. Its magnesium content offers additional benefits for agriculture, improving the fertility of soils and yields of crops. Additionally, dolomitic limestone is employed to refine steel and manufacture magnesium-based materials.

Hydrated Lime:

Hydrated lime, sometimes called slaked lime, is created by a quicklime reaction with water. This limestone type has excellent chemical reactivity. It is frequently used for water purification processes that adjust pH and eliminate impurities. Furthermore, hydrated limestone has applications in agriculture, construction, and chemical manufacturing because of its flexibility and efficiency.

Quicklime:

Calcium oxide, also known as quicklime, is made by heating limestone to high temperatures. This results in the breakdown of calcium carbonate. It is essential in various industrial processes like steel production, sugar refining, steel manufacturing, and treatment. Quicklime is admired because of its high reactivity and capacity to interact with acidic compounds and form neutralizing agents.

Granular Limestone:

It is also referred to as agricultural lime, or aglime, which is transformed into smaller granules, making it easier to use in agriculture. It can be used in soil amending that helps neutralize acidity, enhance soil structure, and improve the amount of nutrients available to plants. The most popular type of limestone is Granular Limestone due to its uniform distribution of particle sizes and ease of spreading.

Comparison of Properties:

When comparing different varieties of limestone, elements like magnesium and calcium content, particle size, and reactivity are crucial factors to consider. Calcitic limestone is sought-after due to its high calcium content, while dolomitic limestone equates magnesium and calcium. Quicklime and hydrated lime offer excellent reactivity, making them suitable for various chemical processes.

Conclusion:

Ultimately, the appropriate type of limestone will depend on the specific needs of the particular application. The best Lime powder suppliers in Rajasthan offer a broad selection of limestone options specifically designed to meet the needs of different industries. Regarding construction, agriculture, or manufacturing applications, selecting the correct limestone is vital to achieving the best outcomes. By understanding the distinct characteristics and benefits of various types of limestone, businesses can make educated decisions to improve efficiency and productivity in their work.

[amit0707]

What are the factors determining the alkalinity of water?

Water is the essence of life, and its quality is a critical concern for both human health and the environment. One important aspect of water quality is its alkalinity, which plays a significant role in aquatic ecosystems and human consumption. In this blog post, we will explore what contributes to the alkalinity of water and its implications.

Alkalinity vs. pH:

Before we delve into the factors that affect water alkalinity, let’s clarify the difference between alkalinity and pH. While pH measures the acidity or basicity of water on a scale from 0 to 14, alkalinity is the water’s capacity to resist changes in pH. Essentially, alkalinity acts as a buffer, preventing rapid shifts in pH levels.

Natural Sources of Alkalinity:

Carbonate Minerals: Certain minerals, such as calcite and dolomite, contain carbonate ions. When these minerals dissolve in water, they release carbonate ions, which increase alkalinity. This is a common natural source of alkalinity in groundwater.

Bicarbonate Ions: Bicarbonate ions are formed when carbon dioxide (CO2) dissolves in water. This interaction is essential for maintaining alkalinity in many natural water bodies.

Hydroxide Ions: Hydroxide ions (OH-) occur naturally in water and can contribute to alkalinity, particularly in areas with high concentrations of hydroxide-producing minerals.

Anthropogenic Factors:

Pollution and Industrial Discharges: Industrial processes can release chemicals into water bodies, increasing alkalinity. This is often seen in regions with significant industrial activity.

Agricultural Runoff: The use of fertilizers and soil erosion in agriculture can elevate water alkalinity levels, impacting nearby water sources.

Acid Rain: Acid rain, which results from the combustion of fossil fuels, can decrease water alkalinity when it falls into limestone-rich regions.

Seasonal and Geographic Variations:

Seasonal Fluctuations: Water alkalinity can vary seasonally due to factors such as temperature changes, vegetation growth, and runoff.

Regional Differences: Different geological formations in various regions can lead to significant variations in water alkalinity. For instance, limestone-rich areas often have higher alkalinity levels.

Measurement and Testing:

To understand and manage water alkalinity, scientists use various methods for measurement. This includes titration, colorimetry, and electronic meters. Regular testing is crucial for environmental monitoring and ensuring safe drinking water.

Environmental Significance:

Water alkalinity is of utmost importance in aquatic ecosystems. It affects the health of aquatic life, including fish and other organisms. Alkalinity also plays a role in the management and treatment of water resources, ensuring they remain suitable for various uses.

Human Health Considerations:

High alkalinity levels in drinking water can have health implications. It’s important for regulatory bodies to establish guidelines and standards to maintain safe drinking water quality.

Understanding the factors that contribute to the alkalinity of water is essential for preserving both the environment and human health. Alkalinity acts as a natural buffer, preventing sudden changes in pH that can be detrimental to aquatic ecosystems and water treatment processes. By monitoring and managing water alkalinity, we can ensure the availability of clean and safe water for future generations. Azoic’s https://azoicwater.com/product/vesi-natural-mineral-water/ is the best quality water with health benefits.

[svshinesolution]

Preserve and Protect: The Ultimate Guide to Marble Polishing Techniques

Marble has been admired for centuries due to its elegant appearance and luxurious feel. However, maintaining the pristine condition of marble surfaces requires proper care and polishing techniques. In this comprehensive guide, we will walk you through the ultimate methods for preserving and protecting your marble, ensuring its longevity and exquisite appeal.

The Importance of Marble Polishing

Marble surfaces are susceptible to stains, scratches, and dullness over time. Polishing not only enhances their shine and beauty but also creates a protective layer that safeguards against damage. Marble polish Service in Delhi can restore the brilliance of your marble, making it look as good as new for years to come.

Understanding Marble Composition and Types

Marble is a metamorphic rock composed primarily of calcite or dolomite minerals. It comes in various types and colors, each with its unique characteristics. Understanding the composition and types of marble is crucial before diving into the polishing process.

Essential Tools and Equipment for Marble Polishing

Before embarking on your marble polishing journey, gather the necessary tools and equipment. From polishing pads to sealants, we'll provide a detailed list of everything you'll need to achieve professional results.

Step-by-Step Guide to Marble Polishing

Follow our step-by-step guide to master the art of marble polishing. From surface preparation to the final polish, we'll cover each stage in detail, ensuring you achieve a flawless finish.

Wet vs. Dry Polishing Techniques

Learn about the key differences between wet and dry polishing methods. We'll discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each technique to help you decide which one suits your specific marble polishing needs.

Common Mistakes to Avoid During Marble Polishing

Even the most well-intentioned DIY enthusiasts can make mistakes during Marble polishing Services in Delhi. Avoid costly blunders by familiarizing yourself with the common pitfalls and how to steer clear of them.

Understanding the Importance of Sealing Marble

Sealing marble surfaces is a crucial step in the preservation process. We'll delve into the reasons why sealing is necessary and guide you on selecting the right sealant for your marble.

DIY Marble Polishing vs. Professional Services

Deciding whether to polish your marble yourself or hire professional services can be challenging. We'll present the pros and cons of each option, allowing you to make an informed decision that best suits your preferences and budget.

Eco-Friendly Marble Polishing Solutions

For environmentally-conscious individuals, we'll explore eco-friendly marble polishing solutions that effectively clean and protect marble without harming the planet.

Maintaining Polished Marble Surfaces

Keeping your marble surfaces gleaming requires regular maintenance. Discover expert tips and tricks to ensure your polished marble remains immaculate over time.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

How often should I polish my marble surfaces?

Regular polishing every 6-12 months is recommended to maintain the shine and protect the marble.

Can I use household cleaners on marble surfaces?

No, using acidic or abrasive cleaners can damage marble; always use pH-neutral cleaners.

What should I do if my marble gets chipped or scratched?

Minor chips and scratches can be repaired with marble repair kits available in the market.

Are there any alternatives to polishing marble manually?

Yes, there are electric polishers and buffers designed for marble polishing that can make the task easier.

Can I use wax on marble for protection?

It is not recommended to use wax on marble, as it can lead to a buildup of residue and damage the surface.

Should I seal the marble immediately after installation?

Yes, sealing marble soon after installation provides an initial layer of protection.

Conclusion

Marble surfaces exude timeless elegance, but they require proper care and polishing to preserve their allure. With the ultimate guide to Marble polishing Services in Delhi techniques, you now possess the knowledge and expertise to maintain your marble's beauty and protect it from wear and tear. Whether you're a seasoned pro or a beginner, these techniques will empower you to achieve stunning results that will leave your marble surfaces gleaming for years to come.

[bestmarbleworld-blog]

White Marble Manufacturer Suppliers and Exporter

WHITE MARBLE Your first choice might be a delicate and regal marble for floors and kitchen tops. Marble is available in a variety of unique colors and often comes with flecks or veins which change the look of the stone. One common misconception about marble is that it’s expensive. You’d be surprised how affordable a well-places statement piece can be in your home, and what a difference it makes. There are many places you can use this stone to add an instant splash of luxury. If you want to upgrade your home, we’ve collated our favorite places to use marble to add glamour to your everyday life.

Staircases The White marble staircase makes a statement in your home and is the perfect way to renovate any room. The feature is surprisingly easier to maintain than you think. With some simple care tips, you can utilize this stone to give your home a dramatic edge.

Flooring The effect the floor has on a room can sometimes be overlooked. Marble flooring is perfect for bathrooms and gives that room a beautiful edge, particularly in a lighter colour. Light shades are reflective and can make space look bigger and airier. Stone floors also work well with underfloor heating. If you want to step out of the shower onto warm tiles, white marble is the greatest choice.

Marble effect If you want the aesthetic of marble with a lower price tag and maintenance, there are several other stones that are popular for use when making marble. Marble is a great choice as it’s extremely hard-wearing, doesn’t need sealing and has a non-porous texture which makes it easy to clean. White marble is available in a range of different shades which makes it perfect for a worktop.

Why Choose Bhandari Marble World Your home is such a significant part of your life and you spend so much of your time there that investing in making it truly essential. Having space that you can be proud of can completely change your mindset and allow you to further enjoy free time spent inside. Making changes in your living space can be the difference between a house and a home. Our team at Bhandari Marble World is able to provide a complete service range to our clients. We are work in templating, manufacturing and fitting your products. We go above and beyond to ensure a completed from start to finish. With years of industry expertise, we can truly understand what it takes to provide an outstanding service that you won’t find anywhere else.

Marble Marble exudes indulgence. It’s a classic choice which homeowners everywhere choose. Marble is loved for its aesthetic qualities and we can utilize it at the home. From marble kitchen worktops to a luxurious marble bathroom, we can incorporate this incredible stone into the home.

What makes us different? Bhandari Marble World is different from the rest because we combine the two most vital aspects of our service. Impeccable client management and craftsmanship. We go above and beyond with every client to ensure that they are receiving a complete solution that provides them happiness with our service. Our fantastic reviews and a 5.00 rating on Google for itself, and you can trust every member of our team to provide the ultimate service. Our experienced fitters are precise from measurement through to installation to ensure you have the perfect finish. If you are interested in our services but aren’t sure where to begin, our experts can guide you. We can advise on material, colour and placement to ensure our services leave you with your dream home.

What Is Indian Marble? Indian white marble primarily comes from the quarries of the Indian states name Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, and Andhra Pradesh. All states are known to produce one of the best quality marbles in the world. In addition, India is home to the widest varieties of marble stones. You get the elegant natural stone in different colour combinations and textures, and hence, Bhandari Marble suppliers cater to the high demand for marble in the global market.

What are the Types of Indian White Marble? 1. Makrana White Marble 2. Ambaji White Marble 3. Banswara White Marble 4. Dungari Marble 5. Albeta White Marble 6. Pure White Marble 7. Indian White Statuario Marble

MAKRANA WHITE MARBLE Makrana White Marble is widely used for flooring due to its striking white appearance. It has a smooth and shiny finish. It can be also used for wall cladding. Makrana Marbles are long-lasting and highly durable.

AMBAJI WHITE MARBLE Ambaji Superior White Marble is an Indian marble stone of pure white Colour with light grey veins. This rock is quarried in marble mines of Gujarat (India). This marble is commonly used for exterior and interior flooring and wall decoration.

BANSWARA WHITE MARBLE Banswara Marble comes in pure white colour with grey veins on a white base with purple veins. Banswara White marble is one of the best and first choice for flooring, wall cladding, and another area.

DUNGARI WHITE MARBLE Dungari White Makrana Marble adds beauty to the flooring and is a well-known name in the market. All these types of marbles is accepted for their unique attributes like heat resistance and stylish appearance.

ALBETA WHITE MARBLE Albeta white Marble is the premium quality of Makrana Marble. It has white as the primary colour with a light brown colour pattern on it. Albeta white Marble is quarried in the marble ranges of Rajasthan.

PURE WHITE MARBLE Pure White marble pure white is a famous white marble from India. Indian marbles are used widely, such as marble tile for flooding and wall, marble slab, marble counter top, marble vanity top, marble sink, marble fireplace, marble carvings etc. The surface of marble products can be polished, honed, acid-washed etc.

INDIAN WHITE STATUARIO MARBLE White Statuario Marbles are used for flooring and wall in interiors as well as exteriors. Generally, comes with natural textures and white colour and it has nice durability and strength.

What Is Italian Marble? Italian marble is produced in Northern Italy and exported to different parts of the world. From the Renaissance statues in museums to the modern-day luxury homes, Italian marble has its impression. Carrara city in Italy is one of the highest producers of Italian marble such as Carrara, Bottochino and Calacatta.

What are the types of Italian White Marble? 1. Statuario White Marble 2. Calacatta White Marble 3. Carrara White Marble 4. Opal White Marble 5. Michael Angelo Marble 6. Vietnam White Marble

STATUARIO WHITE MARBLE White Statuario Marbles are used for flooring and wall in interiors as well as exteriors. Generally, comes with natural textures and white colour and it has nice durability and strength.

CALACATTA WHITE MARBLE Calacatta is a white marble of incredible beauty that appears to have been naturally decorated with special grey veins. A spectacular material that will place the spotlight on floors, walls or counter tops. If there is one Natural Stone cladding that attracts us with its beauty and magic, it is white marble.

CARRARA WHITE MARBLE Carrara marble is a type of white or blue-grey marble popular for use in sculpture and building decor. It is quarried in the city of Carrara in the province of Massa and Carrara in the Laingian, the northernmost tip of modern-day Tuscany, Italy.

OPAL WHITE MARBLE Opal White is quarried from a bedrock quarry about 135 miles from Hanoi, Vietnam. This white marble has a consistent structure and the slab sizes are large. Because this is very pure calcite it can be backlit like onyx. Opal White has an elegant, clean look that lends itself to the modern contemporary kitchen.

MICHAEL ANGELO MARBLE Michael Angelo Marble is a bold material featuring dramatic variations of black with striking patterns of orange and white throughout.

VIETNAM WHITE MARBLE Vietnam white marble is a natural stone that resulted from metamorphism sedimentary carbonate rocks, most commonly limestone or dolomite rock. When choosing a kitchen counter top material, many homeowners would go-to natural stone for its durability and classic look, especially white marble for an elegant presence.

Difference in Properties Availability All types of Italian marble stones are available only in slab form. On the other hand, Indian marble comes in the form of marble tiles, slabs, and blocks.

Thickness Marble slabs from Italy are typically available in thickness ranging from 18 mm to 20 mm. Whereas the thickness of the Indian stones goes up to 30 mm.

Colour Italian marble stones come in different colors and textures. But the varieties are limited to white, light grey, beige, brown and golden. Whereas Indian marble comes in all colour spectrum that reside in a rainbow. From white, yellow, green, to blue, red, golden and black.

Polish The polish on Italian marble is only on one side of the slab. The case with Indian marble is completely different. The natural stone is available as both sides polished, or both sides unpolished depending on customer requirement.

ADDED BY EXPERT AND EXPORT TEAM OF BHANDARI MARBLE WORLD RAJASTHAN KISHANGARH 305801

[bhandarimarblekishangarh]

We assure you of excellence in quality

From the shimmering aura of the Taj Mahal to the humble floor of your home’s bathroom, marble is one of the world’s most revered and useful natural materials. Marble is Michelangelo’s David, the Washington Monument, and the Duomo of Florence. It is also the primary ingredient in Tums antacid.

Tune into any kitchen design message board and you’ll encounter a sharp divide over the utility of marble. Some people wouldn’t dream of designing a kitchen without marble. Others decry that choice, citing marble’s imperfections and fragility. Many are caught somewhere in the middle: in love with marble’s irresistible appeal, but uncertain if it’s the right choice for their circumstance. In an attempt to create the “perfect” material, legions of synthetic products claim to look “just like marble,” but marble enthusiasts aren’t swayed. Few stones can match the warm glow, the softly flowing colors, the timelessness, and the authenticity of marble. There’s good reason this stone has been used for over 5,000 years.

A seabed, transformed

Marble is a metamorphic rock; it once was a different kind of rock, and was then transformed by a change of circumstance. Before marble becomes marble, it is first limestone, which forms on the shores and floors of tropical seas. Limestone is an accumulation of shells, shelly fragments, microscopically tiny shells, and dissolved shells. Depending on the conditions at a particular beach or sea, limestone’s shelly sediment may be punctuated with occasional layers of clay or lenses of sand. But by and large, limestone is an assortment of shell-remnants, which are made of the mineral calcite.

The tropical shoals that give rise to limestone do not stay peaceful indefinitely. Oceans are basically geologic conveyor belts. The ocean floor slowly spreads apart from the centre and slips underneath continents at the edges, gradually rearranging the map of the world.

When a limestone seabed gets dragged down into the Earth’s crust, the additional heat transforms the calcite grains and fuses them together tightly. The dynamic action of rock layers as they become buried, twisted, and shoved around causes the original flat-lying layers to bend, buckle, and swirl together. A rock in this heated state doesn’t melt. It’s simply warm and flexible, much like a chocolate bar left in your pocket. This process of heating and warping is responsible for marble’s trademark aesthetic of gracefully flowing bands of color. The grey swirls in marble are simply clay layers that got folded, smeared, and re-folded into the marble like a ribbon of chocolate infused throughout fudge ripple ice cream.

Patterns and color-ways give marble versatility and character

Part of what makes natural stone so appealing is the huge range of colors and variations expressed in solid rock. On one hand, these patterns tug on our heartstrings and offer aesthetic possibilities. On the other hand, each of these variations has its root in some sort of geologic process.

Most marble is white. The classic, white marble is pure calcite, without intervening minerals to lend it color. Yule and Thassos marbles are well-known examples of pristine white marbles. Marble can take on a delightful range of hues and textures. Pink marble is tinted by iron oxide, as is golden marble. Green marble and deep red marble contain serpentine, rich in magnesium. Fossil-rich limestone becomes graphite-infused marble, as the carbon in fish, algae, or seaweed reverts back to the elemental carbon in graphite when the rock is heated. Graphite-rich marble is steely grey with a metallic glimmer.

A marble breccia is formed when the stone fractures underground, which can happen if a stone lives in a fault zone. Mineral-laden groundwater comes to the rescue, filling in the voids and patching the fragments back into a solid mass, while creating a spectacular pattern at the same time. Arabescato is a beautiful example of a marble breccia.

It’s important to understand the properties of marble

The mineral content of marble is the same as the limestone it came from, and both of these stones are made of calcite, AKA calcium carbonate, AKA CaCO3. Calcite is one of the more common minerals on Earth’s surface; in addition to limestone and marble, calcite is the primary ingredient in travertine and onyx.

Calcite has a few properties that you should know about before you fall head over heels in love with a stunning marble slab. Calcite is 3 on Mohs hardness scale, which means it will get scratched by knife blades, ceramics, and a cast iron skillet accidentally slid across the kitchen island.

Calcite is also chemically reactive with common acids, such as those found in lemonade, wine, and colas. When acidic liquids land on a marble slab, a tiny amount of the stone is dissolved, or “etched.” This doesn’t affect the integrity of the stone, but it does leave a slight change in the color and/or lustre of the stone. On a polished stone, an etch looks like an unpolished area.

Etches can be polished out, or they can be left alone and considered part of the natural patina that marble will acquire over time.

Marble is ground up into antacid tablets because calcite neutralizes acid, which makes your stomach feel better. That also explains why acid makes a mark on marble. The marble reacts with the acid, neutralizing the acid, but damaging your countertop in the meantime. Ironically, when your teenager dribbles pickle juice on a brand-new countertop, you may find yourself reaching for the antacid, triggering the same chemical reaction both on the countertop and in your digestive tract.

The last piece of potentially bad news is that marble can form “star cracks” or “stun marks” if a heavy, hard object falls on it. Star cracks look like small, light-colored areas where the impact occurred. This is usually an aesthetic issue, not a structural one, but if an impact occurs at the edge of the stone, it can chip or flake.

A common misconception is that marble stains easily. However, this is actually quite rare. The metamorphism that bakes the stone also knits the minerals together tightly. Porosity for marble is similar for that of granite. That said, the porosity of all stones varies, so check the stone specs and do your own tests with a sample of stone. Marbles are typically sealed to reduce the likelihood of staining. Alas, sealing does not make marble any less prone to etching, I’m sorry to say.

Now you can see why some people love marble while others think that marble-lovers are crazy. To some, the nicks and etches on a marble surface add character and mark the passage of time in a busy household. To others, each blemish resonates as a personal loss. Which way do you see it? This is an important question to consider before you head to the slab yard. [Check your stone personality to see what stone suits your temperament.]

Marble with magnesium = Dolomite

Dolomitic marble is a close relative of regular marble. Standard marble is made of calcite (CaCO3), and dolomitic marble has a little magnesium in the mix (CaMgCO3). There is not a huge difference between the two variations, except that dolomitic marble is a little bit slower to etch. You’ll have a moment to wipe up a spill before the chemical reaction takes place.

Marble with quartz = Confusing

While marble is primarily made of calcite, it’s possible for the original limestone to have occasional layers of sand or chert (chert is a marine rock made of pure silica). These interlopers turn into areas of quartz as marble undergoes metamorphism. The end result is a stone that is mostly calcite with some quartz. This combination of ingredients has kicked off industry-wide confusion, because calcite and quartz have distinctly different properties but they look alike.

Unfortunately, marble that contains minor amounts of quartz is sometimes labelled “soft quartzite,” which is both an oxymoron and a misnomer.  There is no such thing as soft quartzite, and that term should be avoided by dealers, designers, and customers alike. Marble that contains small areas of quartz is still marble and should just be called marble. Super White is one well-known example of a mislabelled stone. Super White is a dolomitic marble with occasional bits of quartz. Super White is neither quartzite nor “soft quartzite.” It’s marble, and a gorgeous one at that. [Learn more about the quartzite/marble labelling problem in The Definitive Guide to Quartzite,

Limestone is sometimes classified as marble

The term “marble” is often applied broadly rather than literally. Many stone restoration professionals categorize marbles, limestones, and travertines together as a family of stone because they require similar maintenance and refinishing techniques. Polished limestone is sometimes called marble. While there’s not a huge difference between the two, marble is much denser and therefore is resistant to staining. If a slab has fossils, shell fragments, or has open pockets within the stone, it is limestone.

Many stones classified as black marble are actually black limestones. This is particularly true for dark colored stones with stark white veins, like China Black, Dynasty Brown, or Nero Portoro. Because marble has origins as a fluid, heated rock, its stripes and veins are usually soft, flowing, and curved rather than angular.

Many ways to bring marble into our lives

Marble remains a popular choice for countertops, backsplashes, bathrooms, tabletops, flooring, and cladding. Marble’s versatility makes it at home in an ancient Greek sculpture, in a lavish hotel lobby, or on a hardworking kitchen island. Marble also finds its way into our lives as household objects like cheese boards, rolling pins, vases, and lamps.

Despite the emergence of marble lookalikes, there’s nothing quite like the real thing. Real marble has qualities that cannot be replicated in a lab. I recently visited the 9/11 Memorial, a sobering space of monument, museum, and reflection. Next to the footprint of the fallen towers, rises the one part of the site that inspires optimism. Called the Oculus, it is part transit center, part shopping mall, and its soaring white ribs beckon investigation.

Visitors who step inside are rewarded with a vast, cathedral-like space, covered in pure white marble. The combination of natural light, natural stone, and creative architecture transform the sombre mood into a hopeful one. Wandering around the expansive structure, I finally put my finger on my favourite quality of real marble. Light penetrates into the white stone, then radiates back out in heavenly luminosity, filling the room with a warm, soft glow. Leave it to a stone like marble to completely alter the mood of a building. Marble has been a metaphor for worship, reverence, and beauty for millennia. Its ability to do that is all the more appreciated

Add by expert and Export team of Bhandari Marble World, India, Rajasthan, Kishangarh -305801

[earthstory]

Brecciated

Breccia is the name of a kind of rock that can be igneous, metamorphic or various kinds of sedimentary. Varying from the shattered rock in kimberlite pipes that bring diamonds up from the mantle through to the fossilised remnants of the landslides at the front of old coral reefs as one finds in the Dolomites (see https://bit.ly/2K2SnVA) or pulverised rock in the depths of fault zones. Examples brought back from the moon were created from the debris resulting after large impacts such as the ray visible with the naked eye around Tycho crater. Whatever their origin they are composed of angular fragments of rock that have been recemented together by some kind of matrix and precipitated mineral (often quartz or calcite), though the degree of lithification can vary widely from very friable to rock hard...

The most common source is mass wasting, or landslides in plain English, wherever debris accucmulates at the bottom of the slope, once buried and lithified is a recipe for a sedimentary breccia. Igneous ones come from the exsolution of gases as the magma rises through the crust into areas of lower pressure, a bit like champagne after you pop the cork. As the rock rises and the gases emerge they break and shatter it, resulting in eruptions but leaving a breccia behind in the pipe after the lava has frozen. Fluids opening veins in the depths of the Earth can also shatter rocks into breccis and then precipitate a cement to complete the oeuvre. Other kinds are listed in the links below.

Their angular shape tells us the clasts have not travelled far, rounded ones are called conglomerates, and the clasts have usually been transported and eroded by rivers. Both kinds of rock can be matrix supported (larger gaps between clasts) or clast supported (the clasts touch each other and form a framework within which the matrix and cement have formed). Many different types of rock can form breccias, which are more to do with processes affecting the rock rather than the particles that form it.

Their name is often qualified by the nature of the chunks of rock within, eg basalt breccia or limestone. Those with multiple types of rock chunks are called polymict. They can be either well sorted (similar sized clasts) or poorly. The name comes from the Italian for loose gravel, and there is also a town of that name.

The beautiful example in the photo measures 8.5x6.5cm, and the clasts are made of the microcrystalline form of silica known as agate.

Loz

Image credit: Tom Shearer

https://geology.com/rocks/breccia.shtml https://bit.ly/1NnDf5j

[constructionmtm12]

Keep in mind Agri Gypsum's Influence:

Excellent character Agri-Gypsum is a 100 percent natural mineral that works well as compost for natural gardening. Agri-Gypsum is a good source of sulfur for the soil, and it improves soil design and increases crop yields. Gypsum is a CE compost-grade gypsum made from natural minerals. It is used in a variety of agricultural applications, including as a transporter for agricultural dressings, as a fungus that treats the soil, as a dirt improver, and in the recovery of land following saltwater floods.

Gypsum:

Gypsum is an evaporite mineral that is frequently found in layered sedimentary deposits in association with halite, anhydrite, sulfur, calcite, and dolomite. Gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O) is quite similar to Anhydrite (CaSO4). The difference between the two is that gypsum contains two fluids while anhydrite does not. Gypsum is the most well-known sulfate mineral; its pure structure contains roughly 21-23 percent calcium and 17-19 percent sulfur. Between 80-99 percent calcium sulfate dehydrate

Benefits of soil:

·         Reduces soil crusting.

·         Reduces soil crusting.

·         Increases soil supplement maintenance.

·         Reduces soil disintegration.

·         Aids soil microorganisms in thriving.

·         Increases soil water maintenance.

·         Reduces another compost measurement.

·         Recovers sodic soil.

Benefits of yields and cultivating:

·         Upgrades crop creation by permitting water and supplements into the soil.

·         Advantages such yields as horse feed, corn, cotton, wheat, and peanuts and where significant measures of sulfate sulfur are required (1.5tons/section of land).

·         100 percent normal mineral which is reasonable manure for natural cultivating.

·         Helps seed germination.

·         Further develops water invasion.

·         Settles soil natural matter.

·         Diminishes nitrogen misfortune in the air.

·         Keeps earth off of tubers and roots.

·         Assists worms with prospering.

Benefits of the climate:

Gypsum items are widely reusable and retain their original qualities when repeated in murky water, particularly lakes, to settle soil and dirt particles without damaging aquatic life.

Benefits of plant nourishment:

Sulfur (18.6%) and Calcium (18.6%) are both abundant (23.3 percent). Plants may absorb sulfur of any kind, and gypsum does not affect soil pH.

Portrayals:

Gypsum is said to be the oldest type of compost. It's been used on rural soils for more than 250 years. Gypsum is a somewhat soluble source of the essential plant nutrients calcium and sulfur, and it can help plants develop more broadly. Changes in gypsum can also affect the physical and synthetic qualities of soils, reducing soil disintegration issues and supplement concentrations (especially phosphorus) in surface water overflow.

Gypsum is a solvent source of the essential plant nutrients calcium and sulfur, and it can help plants flourish more generally. Changes in gypsum can also affect the characteristics of some soils (particularly weighty earth soils). Such alterations promote soil aggregation, which can help to

(1) Prevent soil particle scattering.

(2) Reduce surface hull growth.

(3) Accelerate seedling development.

(4) Increase water invasion rates and development through the dirt profile.

It can also reduce soil and supplement disintegration issues, as well as dissolvable phosphorus convergences in surface water overflow. The use of gypsum improves substance qualities such as dirt acridity and aluminum toxicity. This increases deep establishment and the ability of plants to absorb adequate amounts of water and nutrients during dry spells. Gypsum is the most commonly used corrective for sodic soil recovery, and it may also be found in produced soils for nursery, nursery, and scene use.

Agri Gypsum powder:

Gypsum is a common mineral that can be found in both surface and subsurface locations. It could be a substantial source of calcium (Ca) and sulfur (S) for plants, and it could benefit specific soil qualities in some circumstances.

CaSO42H2O is the most common component of farming gypsum (dihydrate). Under high temperature and strain on land, gypsum transforms fully into anhydrite (CaSO4with no water).

Gypsum with side effects arises from petroleum-derived power plants, where S is cleansed from fumes gas. Gypsum is a byproduct of processing phosphate rock into phosphoric corrosive. Gypsum from recycled wallboard is finely ground and used as compost in the soil.

Ranchers frequently add gypsum (also known as land cement) to soils to feed plants or to change and improve soil qualities. Gypsum is fairly soluble in water, but in nonpartisan pH soils, it requires many times more solvent than limestone. Its solvency in the soil is determined by several factors, including molecule size, soil moisture, and soil characteristics. Gypsum dissolves in water to release Ca2+ and SO42-, with no significant impact on soil pH. In low-pH soils, limestone, interestingly, kills sharpness.

Conclusion:

Gypsum has a long history of being used in agriculture; nevertheless, in real-world situations, it typically fails due to a lack of a suitable client manual. Gypsum is a useful tool for creating soil substance and states of being, and the production of gypsum as a byproduct is also increasing. A small meta-investigation-based guidebook that ranchers can use is a time-consuming requirement.

[geotourism]

The Mysterious Minevre Karst Feature: Know 10 things About This natural wonder

The Minevre karst

The Minevre karst feature is an unusual geological formation located in the south-central Pyrenees mountain range of southern France. The feature is a result of the dissolution of limestone by groundwater, forming a landscape of hills and valleys with caves, sinkholes, and underground rivers. The karst feature has been inhabited since prehistoric times and is now a popular tourist destination. The karst feature is named after the Roman goddess of wisdom, Minerva, who was also associated with knowledge and craftsmanship. Minerve is also reputed for its great wines. The first vineyards were implanted by the Romans, and for centuries the Minervois area has produced strong fruity and mellow wines.

Geology of the Minevre Karst

Karst developed in the Cambrian dolomite as well as in the tertiary carbonate formations. The Karst systems are Cambrian dolomite are local and independent from those developed in the tertiary limestones. the most extended cave systems develop in the tertiary formations and constitute the Minervois regional Karst system which can be divided into several subsystems. From west to east three Karstic subsystems may be considered- the first located in the  Alveoline limestones the second in the Ventenac limestones and assignan formation and the third within the Aigne limestone. They seem hydraulically connected despite the impermeable formations between them. The Aigne impermeable formation constitutes the roof of this regional karst.

Minerve and the Canyon of the Cesse river are very famous for the natural bridges, remains of Karst Conduits. The Minerve Cave is another famous Karst feature known for its phosphate sediments and Prehistorical remains. The walls of the canyons of Cesse and Briant Rivers show Several levels of Karst conduits. The Minerve cave, the most important one, develops on several stories corresponding to Successive Karst stages. It Contains thick sediments Partly originating from Paleozoic rocks carried by surface rivers.

Also read- Whitsunday Islands Australia, A sand Beach in Silicic volcanic terrain

The Karst is Present at the Bottom of the tertiary limestone series in the Alveoline limestone. These small to medium size conduits are organized like a Maze. These conduits look randomly distributed all along the canyon walls and on the sides at the bottom of the Aleoline Limestone. The Karst terrain is of fluvial sediments while some of them are uniformly coated with calcite on their walls. The Minervois Karst plateaus with the Canyon entrenchments offer an interesting opportunity for observing different stages of Karst development.

How Minevre Karst form?

The minevre karst feature is a natural landform that is created by the dissolution of soluble rocks, such as limestone, dolomite, and gypsum. This process, known as karstification, can result in the formation of caves, sinkholes, and underground drainage systems. The most common minevre karst feature is a sinkhole, which is a depression in the ground that can be caused by the collapse of an underground cave or the sudden release of water from an underground stream or river.

Features of the Minevre karst?

A key feature of a minevre karst feature is its sinkholes. Sinkholes are formed when the roof of a cave or a soluble rock layer collapses in Carbonate rock terrain. They can vary in size from just a few feet across to several thousand acres. Another key feature of the Minevre karst feature is its underground drainage system. This system is responsible for transporting water away from the sinkholes and into other parts of the karst feature. A minevre karst feature is a geological formation resulting from the dissolution of soluble rocks, such as limestone, dolomite, and gypsum. Other features include caves, dolines, and poljes.

Minerve is a small village and an exceptional historical site, Located between the Cévennes and Montagne Noire areas. It is accessible via the D10 road, it is located 46 km east of Carcassonne and 33 km west of Narbonne.

[duskfloret]

All the crystals for Kyr!!

「 ♔ cae is getting in on this too ❞ @therapcn / accepting. 」

abalone: what kind of situations compromise my muse emotionally

Not being able to protect someone or something he cares about. He gets angry easily, but as for actually upsetting him, that’s about the only thing that would do it.

aegerine: my muse’s opinion of the supernatural

He’s never really thought about it? Like, if he saw proof of it, he’d believe it, but he also wouldn’t believe it without proof. And it has to be good proof too, since he’s a little skeptical (but reasonably so).

agate: how my muse calms down

Deep breaths and count to ten are what he learned in anger management, and they work reasonably well. Petting animals is also a good way, and releasing pent up frustration via hitting dummies with a stick also works.

blue lace agate: my muse’s favorite form of communication (verbal, letters, texting, etc.)

Verbal. He’s never been great at picking up social cues, so he often feels like he’s missing something important if he isn’t face to face with the person he’s talking to.

fire agate: if my muse is brave or cowardly

Brave. He has no real sense of fear, which is… questionable at best. At a certain point, he just got so used to being “lucky” that he thinks almost nothing can actually hurt him, so he’s not afraid to be reckless. This can cause quite a bit of stress for some of those who know him, whereas others just accept that he’ll be fine.

moss agate: if my muse has a high or low opinion of themself

He sees himself as rather average–not bad, but nothing special. If not for his anger issues, his opinion of himself would probably be a little higher, but oh well.

amazonite: what kind of situations call for my muse to be dishonest

Kyr is too straightforward and blunt to be dishonest. Even if he tried to lie, he’d be terrible at it. He doesn’t see any reason for dishonesty in the first place. If he has something to say, hell if anyone tries to stop him. He doesn’t care about the consequences of telling the truth, and yes, it has gotten him in trouble before.

amethyst: what my muse would most like to be able to shape-shift into

A cat. Cat, cat, cat, cat, cat cat cat. Cats all the way, man.

ammolite: how lucky or unlucky my use is

Lucky, very lucky. He has no idea why he has such a strong constitution and recovers from wounds so quickly, but he certainly appreciates it. He’s also lucky in that he’s only been to jail once for a few months when his sentence could have been much worse, and that there were people willing to hire him even with his criminal record.

angel aura quartz: my muse’s opinion of LGBT+ issues

Why Can’t Everyone Just Get Along™.

apache tears: a sadness headcanon

There’s not much Kyr ever gets sad about? He’ll be disappointed if things don’t turn out the way he wanted them to, but he’s not the type to dwell on anything long enough to be sad about it.

apatite: a headcanon about my muse’s intuition

Terrible. He has a pretty decent sense of danger, but other than that, his intuition is awful. No one should ever even consider relying on his intuition. It’s a bad idea.

apophyllite: my muse’s religious/spiritual beliefs

Agnostic. Like with the supernatural stuff, he’d believe it if presented with solid evidence, but he doesn’t think much of it otherwise.

aquamarine: where my muse feels most calm/relaxed

Either with his mo or with animals! Both calm him down pretty quickly, no matter how angry he is. Recently, he’s discovered that a certain friend of his is also very relaxing to be around.

biotite: the biggest problems my muse is currently dealing with

Controlling his temper and not getting into any fights. It’s going pretty well so far.

bloodstone: how my muse sees themself as part of the world at large

Probably as a rather small part of it, but he doesn’t really care one way or another. That’s too philosophical for him.

calcite: my muse’s social tendencies (introverted vs extroverted, parties vs one-on-one conversations, etc.)

He’s more introverted than extroverted, and he prefers one-on-one conversation and small groups to parties or anywhere with a crowd. The more people there are, the more likely one of them will piss him off.

carnelian: an art-related headcanon

He’s not artistically inclined (unless you consider petting cats to be an art form), but it’s something he respects in others! Going to the occasional art museum is fun too, even though he doesn’t know who any of these people are.

celestite: how my muse deals with anxiety

He doesn’t really get anxious, so…?

chalcedony: the saddest my muse has ever been

Probably just any time his mom is sad. He does his best to comfort her and make sure she’s okay at all times, and it really does break his heart when she’s upset.

chalcopyrite: how my muse deals with ending relationships

He’s never had to before, but he’d probably be a little too blunt about it and have no idea how to let the other person down gently. Tact is not one of his strong suits, to say the least.

charoite: who my muse looks up to

His adoptive mother! Absolutely! She’s The Best™ in the world, in his humble opinion. She’d had a biological son that dies a few years prior to when she met Kyr, and she’d originally never considered adopting another child, but when she met Kyr, she wanted to help him because she no one else seemed too keen on taking on that responsibility. She changed everything for him: it was the first time he’d been placed in a loving home free of judgement.

chrysocolla: a money-making headcanon

Between his two jobs, he makes enough money to live comfortably. There’s not a lot of leeway in his budget, but he’s not broke either. He’s satisfied. Currently, he’s working on building up a nice savings account.

copper: how I think my muse will end up when they’re older

More or less the same as he is now! He’ll grow up more, definitely, get his temper in check, maybe become a little less dense, but overall not too terribly different!

coral: how my muse views the natural world

It’s much more pleasant than the hustle and bustle of city life. The air is so fresh and so clean, and he doesn’t have to worry about getting into fights (unless he has to fight a bear for food or something). Overall, nice.

diamond: a sex headcanon

All of his experience has been in the form of either one night stands or short flings, and he’s slept with a total of four or five people! He doesn’t have any gender preference, but has more experience with women simply because he’s known far more straight people than those under the LGBT+ umbrella.

dolomite: a sleep headcanon

He sleeps well. Nothing too exciting there. While he has dreams, he barely ever remembers them, and they’re usually about odd or trivial things.

emerald: how my muse tells someone they love them without words

Any type of physical affection! Kyr loves affection, but is rather touch-starved because a) he doesn’t have many friends to begin with due to him being a little intimidating, and b) many of the friends he does have aren’t really the touchy-feely types (this mostly includes his kendo pals). If Kyr likes a person and knows they’re comfy with it, he’s very affectionate and will give all the hugs, head pats, etc.

fluorite: what my muse’s room looks like

Super plain. He doesn’t do anything in there besides sleep. The only exciting things are a few pictures on his nightstand and a punching bag in one corner of the room.

fossil: what my muse’s dream job is

Professional Cat Cuddler. Apparently, that’s a real thing, and he wants it. It’s sort of like what he does at the animal shelter already, but with only cats and only cuddling them.

galena: what it’s like to be in a relationship with my muse

Be prepared for lots of cuddles! Kyr is very affectionate, to say the least. He’s just an overgrown cat, really. He’d also offer to Destroy™ anything that bothers his partner. Since he’s never been in a relationship before, it would take him a bit to figure out, but he’s not the type to worry too much about that either.

garnet: what my muse’s perfect partner would be

He’s not picky. There’s only one thing that he would absolutely not like in a partner and that’d be if they were too dominant. He can stand having someone like that as a friend, but in a romantic relationship, he’d just end up butting heads with them too much and getting irritated. It wouldn’t work out. Otherwise, his only preference is that the person doesn’t annoy him.

gold: my muse’s financial situation

He makes enough money to support himself, but doesn’t have much extra in his pocket. That’s fine, though. Plus, his mom says that if he’s ever in a situation where he needs some extra cash, she’s willing to help him out. But he doesn’t want to be too reliant on her, so he’d rather avoid that.

hematite: how squeamish my muse is

Not at all. He’ll be worried (but not squeamish) if someone he cares about is hurt, but when he gets hurt, he’s alarmingly nonchalant about it. Even when he broke his ankle and it hurt like heck, he didn’t seem too concerned.

hiddenite: how much of an “inner child” my muse has

A little bit of one? His mindset and viewpoints can be a tad childish, at least, and he’ll get excited over small things.

iolite: my muse’s drinking habits

He’ll drink if it’s offered to him, but won’t drink much, nor does he otherwise seek alcohol out. He doesn’t like getting more than a slight buzz because it makes it too difficult to control his emotions (especially his temper), which he’d rather avoid.

jade: if my muse would ever cheat on a partner

No. Ew.

jasper: what my muse would be like as a parent

He’d be the kind of guy that’s dumb but loves his child to the ends of the earth and would do anything to help them succeed.

kyanite: an anger headcanon

Though he’s only required to take anger management classes for another year or so (when he’s set to “graduate”), he’s planning to continue with it beyond that because it really does help him a lot, and the lady who gives him the classes is nice. Still, though he’s learning to control his temper, it hasn’t gone away–and probably won’t.

lapis lazuli: where ‘home’ is to my muse

With his friends and family! There’s no specific place that’s important to him, as long as the people he loves are there with him.

lodestone: what kind of people gravitate towards my muse

Those that are good at looking past what’s on the surface and seeing his personality for what it actually is. His tendencies towards aggressive behaviour and being abrasive often drive people to avoid him, but he’s a good guy beneath all that–it’s just that not everyone sees it. The people who do see him for who he is, however, tend to stay by his side.

malachite: what my muse as a child thought they would be when they grew up

As a child, he thought he’d always be alone, that no one would want to deal with him and his anger issues, and that he’d always end up getting abandoned because of that; however, meeting his adopted mother changed everything, and now settling down and making friends and being happy is a very real possibility for him.

mica: what my muse views as their worst personality trait

His temper. He knows it’s his temper that’s caused him the most problems, and he’s working on it, he really is. It’s tough, but he’s trying his best!

moonstone: my muse’s opinions on outer space

It’s cool, but not something he knows much about! Listening to Pyrrha ramble on about space is always pleasant, though.

mother of pearl: if my muse tends to lift people up or bring them down

When it comes to people he cares about, he tries to lift them up (most often figuratively, but sometimes literally). Anyone else and, well, it doesn’t matter one bit to him if he makes them happy or not.

nebula stone: how good my muse’s memory is

Either average or a little worse than. He’s not especially forgetful, but he’s not great at remembering everything either.

obsidian: which of the seven deadly sins my muse would be

Wrath. Is there any question about it?

opal: how creative my muse is

Not very! He’s not artistic, nor is he particularly skilled when it comes to problem-solving or thinking outside the box. Need something punched? He’s your guy, but otherwise…

pearl: a mental health headcanon

Aside from his anger issues, he doesn’t have any particular mental health problems. No depression, anxiety, anything like that. For a guy that prefers solving problems with his fists, he’s surprisingly stable.

petalite: what my muse would do if they found a wallet on the street

Spend an unnecessary amount of time looking around nearby to see if the person who dropped it is still there. It’d take him an hour or two to decide they aren’t, and another twenty minutes before it occurs to him that the best thing to do would be to take it to the nearest police station.

pyrite: a physical health headcanon

His physical health is Top Notch™. He’s in shape and always has been. There’ve been times he’s gone without eating as well as he should’ve depending on which foster home he was in, but he doesn’t particularly like unhealthy / junk food, so he avoids it as much as he can.

quartz: how my muse thinks other people see them

He’s not sure and doesn’t really think about it much! Because he’s terrible at seeing things from other people’s perspectives, but he thinks of himself as rather average, so that’s how he’d assume other people view him as well. Except for people who don’t know him too well, who’d probably view him just as some guy with a problematic temper.

rhodonite: if my muse prefers elegance or convenience

Convenience. He can’t figure out how elegant stuff even works, so he’d rather not bother with it.

rubellite: if my muse has any ‘triggers’ that inspire painful memories

No. All things considered, he doesn’t really have any painful memories? Nothing’s really traumatised him, so…

ruby: a happiness headcanon

He’s pretty content with his life as it is now! He has a good mom, makes enough money to support himself, has made some great friends (especially in recent months), and gets to play with cats almost every day! If some people weren’t so annoying and insistent on trying his patience, life would be perfect.

sapphire: if everyone my muse knew was hanging off a cliff and they could only choose three to save, the rest certainly dying, who they would choose

He’d do something very stupid that somehow leads to no one dying. No one understands this, but it happens.

serpentine: how my muse would seduce another [alt: how my muse makes their money]

If he’s interested in someone, he’ll just flat out say it, no subtly or preamble. His interest is usually just physical, in which case he has no hesitation about saying it, but if his interest is romantic, he may take a little longer to say something about it (somewhat due to the fact that it’d take awhile to realise he has feelings for someone in the first place).

silver: if my muse prefers masculinity or femininity

Masculinity, probably, but he also isn’t opposed to doing things that are stereotypically feminine either. Gender roles are for the weak anyway.

tsavorite: if my muse believes in destiny or fate

Not really, no. It seems kind of ridiculous that everything could be so meticulously planned out. Like, who even cares enough? He certainly wouldn’t.

ulexite: how empathetic/sympathetic/compassionate my muse is

To strangers? Not really, but that doesn’t mean he won’t help them if the situation calls for it. To his friends? Very. He wants his friends to be happy, and will volunteer to put anyone who makes them unhappy into a body bag for them. In general, he’s just rather protective of those he cares about.

unakite: what my muse’s ideal pet would be

Literally give him any animal at all and he’ll be happy. He likes cats the best, though.

verdite: my muse’s ethnicity/family history

He knows that his birth father was Greek, and his birth mother had generally-European heritage, but not much beyond that, and he doesn’t care enough to find out.

zebra stone: what gets my muse excited

He’s a simple guy. He gets excited about animals and spending time with the people he cares about! Listening to his friends get excited about stuff also gets him excited.

zoisite: does my muse believe everything’s going to work out for them in the end or not?

He thinks it probably will. Everything seems to be going pretty well so far, all things considered, so why not?