#Dental College in Bhopal
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The future in the profession of dentistry lies in the best dental college in Bhopal. Since the number of established institutions is many, it is advisable to go through the options before making a final choice. The leading dental colleges in Bhopal are distinguished for the quality education provided, state-of-the-art infrastructure, experienced faculty, and comprehensive clinical training. Many colleges in the city offer BDS and MDS courses with specializations in orthodontics, periodontics, and prosthodontics. Ensure the college is approved by DCI since they assure to follow the set standards of education. Clinical exposure and research work will count much while internships in prominent hospitals will add much value to your learning experience.
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Best Dental College in India | LNCT Rishiraj - Oral Medicine & Radiology
LNCT Rishiraj is one of the best dental colleges in India, offering advanced education in Oral Medicine and Radiology with state-of-the-art facilities and expert faculty. Learn more at https://www.lnctrishiraj.ac.in/department-of-oral-medicine-radiology/
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Title: What work does UGC do?
Introduction:
UGC is headquartered in New Delhi and it has six regional centers in Bhopal, Pune, Kolkata, Hyderabad, Guwahati, and Bangalore.
The UGC has several key functions, including:
· Allocation of Funds: The UGC allocates funds to universities and colleges for various purposes, such as improving infrastructure, research, faculty development, and student welfare.
· Setting Standards: The UGC sets and monitors academic standards for universities and colleges to ensure quality education and research.
· Promoting Research: UGC promotes and supports research activities in universities and colleges through various schemes and grants.
· Grants for Higher Education Institutions: The UGC provides financial assistance to universities and colleges for specific purposes, such as improving libraries, laboratories, and other facilities.
· Maintenance of University Grants Commission (UGC) NET: The UGC conducts the National Eligibility Test (NET), which is a qualifying examination for individuals seeking to become Assistant Professors or qualify for Junior Research Fellowships (JRF) in Indian universities and colleges.
· Monitoring and Evaluation: The UGC monitors the performance of universities and colleges and takes necessary measures to maintain and enhance the quality of higher education.
· Coordination and Collaboration: The UGC facilitates collaboration among universities, colleges, and other educational institutions to share resources and best practices.
UGC regulates the following sixteen autonomous statutory institutions.
· All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE)
· Distance Education Council (DEC)
· Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)
· Bar Council of India (BCI)
· National Council for Teacher Education (NCTE)
· Rehabilitation Council of India (RCI)
· Medical Council of India (MCI)
· Pharmacy Council of India (PCI)
· Indian Nursing Council (INC)
· Dental Council of India (DCI)
· Central Council of Homoeopathy (CCH)
· Central Council of Indian Medicine (CCIM)
· Rehabilitation Council
· National Council for Rural Institutes
· State Councils of Higher Education
· Council of Architecture
Conclusion:
To conclude we can say that UGC is one of the top authorities of India that sets the rules and the regulations to mandate the body. It is one of the top regulatory bodies which mainly works in India.
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Top Colleges in Bhopal
Bhopal, the capital of Madhya Pradesh, is known for its rich cultural heritage and history. The city is also home to several prestigious educational institutions, which offer a wide range of courses and programs to students. In this blog post, we will take a look at some of the top colleges in Bhopal.
Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology (MANIT)
Established in 1960, MANIT is one of the premier technical institutes in India. The institute offers undergraduate, postgraduate, and doctoral programs in engineering, technology, and architecture. It has a well-equipped campus with modern facilities, including a library, computer center, sports complex, and auditorium.
Indian Institute of Forest Management (IIFM)
Founded in 1982, IIFM is a leading institution in the field of forest management. The institute offers postgraduate programs in forest management, environment and development, and natural resource management. The campus is situated in a peaceful and lush green environment, providing a perfect backdrop for students to pursue their academic interests.
Barkatullah University
Barkatullah University, established in 1970, is one of the largest universities in Madhya Pradesh. The university offers a wide range of undergraduate and postgraduate programs in the arts, science, and commerce streams. The campus has state-of-the-art facilities, including a library, computer center, auditorium, and sports complex.
Bhavans Bhopal College of Engineering and Technology (BBCET)
BBCET is a leading engineering college in Bhopal that was established in 1999. The college offers undergraduate programs in computer science and engineering, electrical and electronics engineering, and mechanical engineering. The campus has modern facilities, including a library, computer center, and sports complex.
People's College of Medical Sciences and Research Centre (PCMSRC)
PCMSRC is a well-known medical college in Bhopal that was established in 1995. The college offers undergraduate and postgraduate programs in medicine, nursing, and dental surgery. The campus has state-of-the-art facilities, including a library, computer center, and hospital.
In conclusion
Bhopal is home to several prestigious educational institutions that offer a wide range of courses and programs to students. Whether you are interested in engineering, technology, management, or medicine, you will find a suitable college in Bhopal. The city also offers affordable and convenient accommodation options for students, including hostels, PG Rooms, and shared apartments. So, if you're looking for a quality education and a comfortable place to stay, consider enrolling in one of these top colleges in Bhopal.
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Admissions open for Bachelor of Dental Surgery. Enroll now! Get free career counseling with our expert career counselor. For more updates, please like and follow our page. Feel free to contact us. Please visit http://www.srku.edu.in/ #srkuniversity #admissionsopen #admission #bachelor #dental #study #education #admissions #students #university #college #studyabroad #india #leadinguniversity #topplacementcollege #career #Future #bhopal #madhyapradesh
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Bhabha Dental College Bhopal 2022-23: Admission, Course, Fees, Cutoff, Counselling & More!
Bhabha College of Dental Sciences in Bhopal is a famed private dental college. The college was incorporated in 2008-09 and is renowned Bhabha Dental College Bhopal.The college was launched to empower the weakest segment of the country, specifically the rural population. The Bhabha College of Dental Sciences in Bhopal was introduced to deliver the best dental care and oral and maxillofacial surgery to students. The college is presently known as one of the best private dental colleges in Bhopal.
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Revealing Excellence in Bhopal: Examining the Premier Courses by People's University
Apart from its great historical legacy, Bhopal, the capital of Madhya Pradesh, is well-known for its academic institutions, which have made it a bustling center of learning. Among these universities, People's University is the model of academic excellence covering many fields, including Dental Sciences, Engineering, Management (MBA), and Hotel Management. This university nurtures professionals of tomorrow with unparalleled passion and accuracy, a living monument to invention, high-quality education, and practical training.
This blog offers an interesting trip across the dynamic academic terrain of People's University in Bhopal, investigating how it supports students in four different fields using a first-rate educational approach.
Issue: Searching for the Ideal Learning Environment
Selecting a college requires more than just locating one that grants a degree. It's about making investments in an institution that shapes your future, provides useful knowledge, and prepares you for success. Many students and parents in a city full of academic possibilities find themselves wondering which college provides the ideal mix between theory, practical experience, industry ties, and an interesting campus life. In Bhopal, how one can choose between apparently similar establishments?
Furthermore, many students are unsure about which field to pursue: should they concentrate on becoming dental professionals, enter the world of technology via engineering, master business strategies via an MBA, or explore the exciting realm of hotel management? These questions complicate the choice even more.
Agitation: The Anxiety of Mediocrity
Imagine spending years of your life and a large sum of money on an institution only to find that you lack the industry exposure, hands-on experience, academic excellence required to succeed in your chosen field. Mediocre colleges might leave you feeling unprepared, cut off from industry trends, and stuck with antiquated curricula. Choosing the wrong college could mean lagging behind in an always changing environment in disciplines including Dentistry, Engineering, Business, and Hospitality, where innovation is vital.
Furthermore, it is not only about getting a degree. Professionals in the competitive scene of today demand more than just textbook knowledge. They require industry exposure, technical expertise, interpersonal skills, and ability to solve problems. Many times, students graduate feeling lost among a sea of competition and without the essential tools to stand out in a crowded employment market.
Solution: People's University – Bhopal's Aspiring Professional Haven
People's University in Bhopal breaks through this annoying convention with an innovative academic approach that goes beyond passability. It shapes top professionals in Dentistry, Engineering, Business Management, and Hospitality, not only provides courses. Let's delve closely into every faculty member and learn why People's University is a unique option.
1. Dental College in Bhopal: A Clinical Excellence and Innovative Beacon
An always changing profession, dentistry requires strong commitment to patient care, fresh knowledge, and sharp talents. Part of People's University, the People’s Dental Academy offers a curriculum combining theory with practical knowledge.
Modern labs, simulated learning environments, and fully furnished clinics let students here practice in real-world scenarios under the direction of seasoned experts rather than only learn. Emphasizing dental faculty members:
Students participate in hands-on learning, completing actual procedures on under supervision patients.
Seminars, workshops, and guest lectures by national and international professionals help students stay current with worldwide dental innovations.
Core values of community outreach programs are returning to society. Regular dental camps and community outreach guarantee students acquire experience while rendering required treatments to underprivileged areas.
Beyond conventional teaching approaches, People's University guarantees that its dental graduates enter their professional life with confidence, technical knowledge, and a whole awareness of patient care.
Reflecting its dedication to academic excellence and research-driven education, People's University is reconized as the top dental college in Bhopal.
2. Engineering College in Bhopal: Crossing Imagination with Technology
Modern society rests on engineering. Students at the School of Research & Technology People's University, Bhopal live engineering concepts, not only learn them. SORT promotes a classroom where technological innovation and imagination coexist. This engineering college in Bhopal distinguishes itself in these ways:
Engineering fields including mechanical, civil, electrical, and computer science are complemented by practical projects encouraging students to investigate how their field interacts with others.
Modern facilities state-of- the-art: From robotics labs to artificial intelligence research centers, PCRT offers modern tools to inspire creativity and inquiry. Students are urged to create practical answers, explore, and be creative.
Industry Partnerships: Students can expose to practical engineering challenges and solutions by means of tech giants, internships, and industrial visits.
At PCRT, the emphasis goes beyond simply imparting machine or system knowledge to students. It's about stretching limits, supporting creativity, and developing an attitude that propels tomorrow's technical developments.
With top recruiters like Tata Consultancy Services (TCS), Infosys, and Wipro routinely hiring graduates from PCRT, so confirming the real-world skills and readiness of its students. The college boasts a high placement rate.
3. MBA College in Bhopal: Molding Future Business Leaders
In the hectic and competitive corporate environment, it's not only about having an MBA. It relates to having the correct MBA. With its innovative approach, which combines academics with industry knowledge, People's Institute of Management and Research (PIMR) redefines business education and also rated as the top MBA college in Bhopal.
Students at PIMR do not only study theory. They explore practical business issues, developing their ability to solve problems and learning the subtleties of management in several sectors. What distinguishes Pimr?
By means of business case studies, internships, and live projects, students encounter real-world business challenges and acquire skills in navigating them in experiential learning.
Students are exposed to international market dynamics and global management strategies by regular contacts with global business leaders.
Leadership seminars, negotiating courses, and personal development courses guarantee that graduates not only as managers but also as leaders ready to motivate groups.
PIMR has a consistent record in placements; companies including Deloitte, HDFC, and Reliance Industries are hiring its graduates. PIMR provides a strong career launching platform with a strong network of alumni in leadership roles.
4. Bhopal Hotel Management College: Creating the Hospitality Connoisseurs
Hospitality is an art; it is not only service. Capturing this core, the People's Institute of Hotel Management (PIHM) teaches students to shine in the realm of hospitality. This top Hotel Management College in Bhopal presents its students as global leaders in the hotel sector with luxury hotels, restaurants, and cruise liners seeking experienced professionals.
PIHM stands unique for what?
Students learn culinary arts, front office management, housekeeping, and event planning by means of hands-on experience in simulated hotel environments.
Strong ties to national and international hotel chains mean that through internships and employment, students are routinely exposed to actual hospitality operations.
Beyond technical knowledge, the curriculum stresses cultural awareness, communication skills, and guest relations to guarantee that students are fully qualified hospitality professionals.
PIHM's students have landed jobs with prestigious hotel companies including Marriott, Oberoi, and Taj Hotels. The institution is well-known for turning out hospitality experts who shine both here and abroad.
Ultimately, why is People's University unique?
People's University in Bhopal is a launching pad for future leaders, inventors, and professionals in a variety of fields, not only a learning venue. Whether Dental, Engineering, Management, or Hotel Management, every institution runs with a different strategy but under the same values: developing talent, encouraging creativity, and getting students ready to really influence their chosen fields.
The way People's University approaches education guarantees that every student is empowered with the appropriate mix of knowledge, practical experience, and soft skills needed to stand out in today's competitive environment. This is a place where education is entwined with activity, preparing students to lead and inspire as well as to enter the workforce.
People's University is your portal to unmatched opportunities regardless of your dream of transforming healthcare, engineering the future, running companies, or honing the craft of hospitality. People's University is the place dreams become reality and potential is turned into excellence with its modern infrastructure, committed faculty, and worldwide perspective.
In terms of your future, never settle for mediocracy. Choose People's University where knowledge meets opportunity and passion meets goal.
#Dental College in Bhopal#engineering college in bhopal#mba college in bhopal#Hotel Management College in Bhopal
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LNCT Rishiraj College of Dental Sciences is the best dental college in Bhopal, offering top-quality BDS and MDS programs. With state-of-the-art facilities and expert faculty, RCDS provides the best dental education and patient care. Explore more at https://www.lnctrishiraj.ac.in
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Protein Expression Profile of Oral Premalignant Lesions (OPLs)- Juniper Publishers
Abstract
The progression in cure, early detection and degeneration of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) remain a key factor to improve the survival rate of patients, in which an elevated proportion of patients are diagnosed at an advanced stage. Current developments in molecular biology research enhanced the understanding of molecular process in OSCC progression and led to identification and characterization of numerous biomarkers. These biomarkers are expected to facilitate the early detection of primary and relapsed tumors. In the present research, we evaluate potential biomarkers for the early detection of OSCC.
Keywords: Carcinoma; Biomarkers; Protein; Serum; Cancer; Tumor
Introduction
Oral cancer is a subgroup of head and neck cancer which affects various regions within oral cavity i.e., lips, tongue, salivary glands, and gums. It is the sixth most common cancer, approximately 3% of the total cancer burden and results in 128,000 annual deaths globally [1,2]. The most common type of oral cancer is oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), which accounts 90% of all oral cancer cases. Patients with OSCC are often diagnosed at a late stage, thus high recurrence rate occurs after treatment, especially in those with neck lymph node metastasis [3]. Despite clinical and treatment advances, the overall 5-year survival rates for oral cancer remains low and stagnant during past few decades [4,5]. Although OSCC is commonly diagnosed through oral examination followed by histopathology and computed tomography/positron emission tomography scanning, there has been continuous interest in developing serum protein biomarkers to aid the diagnosis. Tumor antigens are promising diagnostic biomarkers for human cancers showing the clinical utility of tumor antigens, such as carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), CA-50, CA19-9 and squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCCA) for OSCC detection [6-9].
Serum SCCA appeared to be more sensitive than the other tumor antigens and positive in 38.1% and 41.4% of OSCC patients under testing [8,10]. Studies also revealed other potential serum protein biomarkers i.e., CYFRA 21-1 (cytokeratin 19-fragments), tumor polypeptide antigen (TPA) and insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 [9,11]. CYFRA 21-1 has been demonstrated as biomarker for other solid tumors, whereas TPA is a serine protease found in rapidly growing tissue due to its role in forming intermediate filaments of the cellular cytoskeleton, making it a promising candidate for cancer detection. Both CYFRA 21-1 and TPA levels were found to be significantly higher in OSCC patients compared to healthy controls and benign tumor patients, and both reduced in 2–3 weeks after surgical resection of their OSCC lesions [11]. Although the testing serum protein biomarkers as a simple diagnostic tool for oral/head and neck cancer has been well demonstrated but still needs to be further validated in large clinical trials. In this study, proteomics analysis of serum for early detection, evaluation, aggressiveness and occurrence of OSCC were summarized. The emphasis was placed on early detection by serum with histological defined oral carcinoma patients. Protein in tissues, saliva and serum may more accurately reflect the progression of OSCC, so novel approach for the depth research strategy and the sample choice for proteomics are of importance in OSCC biomarker discovery.
Material and Methods
Sample collection
Information about chewing habits and other characteristics of the study participants was acquired. Those with the habit were questioned for the frequency of the habit in number per day and duration of the habit in years. The type of lesion in the cases was decided on the basis of careful observation of the oral cavity and then blood samples were collected from People’s College of Dental Science and Research Centre, Bhanpur Bhopal, over a period of one month. 2-3ml of blood were taken as samples from the patients having oral premalignant lesions (OPL) (leukoplakia and/or erythroplakia) and stored in sterile vials containing 1.5mg/ml EDTA and stored at -20 °C. Individuals who were not addicted to smoking, tobacco or not habitual areca nut consumer and were not having any prior history of cancer and who had never smoked before in his or her lifetime are defined as a never smoker and were considered as control.
Determination of Protein Content
Lowry method
The protein content of serum was determined 1mg/mL stock solution of Bovine serum albumin (BSA) was prepared. BSA was dissolved in 0.1 N NaOH and used as standard [12]. For preparation of standard curve of BSA different concentration that is 100μg/mL to 1000μg/mL of BSA was prepared in clean glass tubes and volume was made up to 1mL using Millipore water. To each tube, 5mL of alkaline solution was added and the tubes were incubated at room temperature for 10min. After incubation, 0.5mL of Folin’s reagent was added and was incubated at room temperature in dark for 30 minutes. Violet to blue colour was developed. The intenity of colour was propotional to protein concentration. After incubation the absorbance was measured at 660nm. Standard curve was prepared by plotting protein (BSA) concentration on X-axis and O.D on Y-axis. A blank was prepared by taking 1mL of Millipore water in tube in which 5mL of alkaline solution and 0.5mL of Folin’s reagent were added. All the procedures were carried out in triplets. Estimation of protein contents was done in a same manner as BSA standard curve.
Sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page)
Poly acrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate was performed according to LaemmLi [13]. The SDS-PAGE was performed using a 12% separating gel and 4% stacking gel. The samples were heated for 5min at 100 °C in capped vials with 1% (w/v) SDS in the presence of β-mercaptoethanol. Electrophoresis was performed at a 125 V for 4h in Tris- HCl buffer of pH 8.3. After electrophoresis, proteins in the separating gel were made visible by staining with Coomassie Brilliant Blue R-250. The standards were used to make a plot of log molecular weight versus mobility of the protein band were myosin (200kDa), β-galactosidase (120kDa), bovine serum albumin (91kDa), glutamate (62kDa), ovalbumin (43kDa), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (36kDa), carbonic anhydrase (29kDa), myoglobin (26kDa), and lysozyme (14kDa) as markers [6] (Table 1).
Results and Discussion
The OPLs (leukoplakia/erythroplakia) case sample was collected from OPLs patients of PCDS&RC, People’s University, Bhopal the sample size was 20 in which 3 were females and 17 were males under the age group of 18 to 60. Taking into consideration the addictions, 11 of them were habitual of smoking either bidi or cigarette, 6 were betel nut consumers whereas most of them were pouch/gutkha consumers. Among the sample population, female: male ratio observed was 3:17, where females account for 30% and males 70%. Total population (OPLs cases) age range varies from 18 to 68 years, of which 18- 68 and 25-54 was age range of males and females respectively. Among the observed population 38% were smokers, 21% were betel nut consumers and majority i.e., 41% were pouch and gutkha consumers. Biomarkers have been wide accepted in other disciplines but there is no consensus for their use in oral malignancies. Despite recent advances in surgical, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy treatment protocols, the survival of patients with OSCC still lacks significant improvement. This unsatisfactory treatment may be explained by the fact that OSCCs frequently present with extensive local invasion and advanced stages [14,15]. That makes necessary the development of new tools for the diagnosis and prognosis.
Protein Profiling
Total protein
From the known concentration of protein, the standard curve was plotted, and protein content of the clinical isolates were observed. The total proteins were estimated which revealed the difference in Oral premalignant lesions. The protein concentration ranged from 3.2-11.8mg/mL. Control group the protein concentration ranged from 2.87-8.35 (Figure 1). Oxidation of protein plays an important role in pathogenesis of cancer and studies have demonstrated decreased protein levels in cases of OPMD’s and oral malignancy [16,17]. In oral cancer, tobacco and areca nut related habit leading to tissue damage and resultant free radicals play a major role as an aetiologic factor. These habits are seen commonly in all the ages and both the sex. The serum protein levels were decreased in OSMF, OL and NS but increased in OM. This difference was statistically significant. These findings are fill agreement of with the findings of Patidar et al. [18] and Rajendran et al. [19] in OSMF participants and Dawood et al. [20] in OM participants. In contrast our results did not simulate with the finding of Chandran et al. [16] in OM group where the plasma protein levels were found to be decreased. The increase in serum protein levels may be explained in terms of inflammatory reaction associated with oral malignancy.
Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
SDS-PAGE analysis of various samples revealed at least 06 types of banding patterns, with the number of bands ranging from 25 to 40. The maximum number of sample 26.6%) had a banding pattern with 04 bands. Proteins with molecular weights 66kDa, 75.0kDa, 95,110 and 140kDa were consistently present in the in the pattern. The pattern 2 showed number of 16.6 % sample had a banding pattern with 03 proteins bands with molecular weights 11.5,23, and 90.5kDa. The pattern 3 (10% sample) showed 04 proteins bands with molecular weights 118.5, 23, 66 and 97kDa. Pattern 4 showed number of 23.3 % sample had a banding pattern with 04 proteins bands with molecular weights 14, 18, 42 and130kDa. Pattern 05 also showed number of 10 % sample with 04 proteins bands with molecular weights 67.5,75,95 and110kDa. Pattern 6 revealed 03banding pattern with molecular weights14.5, 38.5, 55.5kDa. Feng et al. [21] measured the level of some biomarkers (SCCA, Cyfra 21-1, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and Cyclin D1) in an attempt to determine the usefulness of their combined determination in the diagnosis of OSCC. They concluded that Cyclin D1, the product of the CCND1 gene located on chromosome 11q13, had the highest diagnostic specificity. Moreover, the combined detection of EGFR and Cyclin D1 (36kDa) had the highest sensitivity, specificity and accuracy. A previous study Capaccio et al. [22] demonstrates that Cyclin D1expression was significantly associated with the presence of occult lymph node metastases. These data suggest that the immunohistochemical analysis of Cyclin D1 expression in diagnostic biopsy samples may be an additional tool for selecting patients to be treated with elective neck dissection.
The dendrogram showed that the samples [12] were grouped in two closely related clusters. The clusters of Oral Premalignant lesions were significantly different from an unrelated to that of the control. It was also seen that sample from control tended to fall close together on cluster analysis. In our study, the SDSPAGE pattern revealed several characteristic bands common to all samples.
The sample under study was divided in to 2 clusters with cluster 1 having 12 sample and cluster 2 with 18 samples having a similarity 82.5% and dissimilarity of 17.5% in the jaccard’s coefficient scale ion the dendogram (Figure 2). The cluster 1 was further divided into 1a and 1b with 3(OPLs-18, OPLs-08 OPLs-14,) and 9 (Control-10, Control-07, Control-6, Control-3, OPLs-16, OPLs-13, OPLs-07, OPLs-03, OPLs-05) sample respectively. The cluster 2 was also divided in to two sub-cluster 2a (1) (Control-1) and 2b (17) (OPLs-17, OPLs-04, OPLs-12, OPLs-20, OPLs-02, OPLs-10, Control-09, Control-08, Control-04, Control-02, OPLs-06, OPLs-15, Control-5, OPLs- 19, OPLs-11, OPLs-01, OPLs-09). Cluster 2a having 1 sample showed similarity 88.7% and dissimilarity of 10.5%. 2b showed similarity 87.3% and dissimilarity of 12.3% (Figure 2).
The sub-cluster 2(b) was also sub divided into sub sub cluster as 2b1 (OPLs-17, OPLs-04, OPLs-12) showed similarity 87.9% and dissimilarity of 12.1%. Cluster as 2bII (OPLs-20, OPLs-02, OPLs-10, Control-09, Control-08, Control-04, Control-02, OPLs- 06, OPLs-15, Control-5, OPLs-19, OPLs-11, OPLs-01) showed similarity 86.1% and dissimilarity of 13.9%. These differences between the samples are due to the difference in their protein profile which can be mediated due to the difference in the oral premalignant lesions therapy. The study clearly indicates that the profile of total protein from Oral Premalignant lesions can be used for developing classification pattern. The cluster 2bII was also sub divided into sub cluster as 2b1Ia and 2b1Ib (Control-09, Control-08, Control-04, Control-02, OPLs-06, OPLs- 15, Control-5, OPLs-19, OPLs-11, OPLs-01) showed similarity 87.9% and dissimilarity of 12.1% (Figure 2). Cluster analysis has been used, allowing one to make a more objective interpretation of immunoprofiles, based on staining with multiple antibodies, and holding great promise for the immunohistochemical classification of tumors [23].
Ideally, a good clinical test requires high sensitivity and specificity. The oral cavity is commonly subject to inflammation from a variety of causes, including trauma, dental plaque, infection and certain mucocutaneous inflammatory diseases. Whether such oral inflammation (non-neoplastic conditions) affects the levels of the potential OSCC serum biomarkers is essentially unknown, because most studies investigated the potential biomarker levels only in OSCC and non-OSCC, without regard to other inflammatory conditions present [24]. If any OSCC biomarkers levels increases in the presence of oral inflammation to the level of OSCC patients, it would result in a high false positive rate and greatly reduce the value of that biomarker in clinical use for detection. Many of reported potential OSCC biomarkers, such as IL-6 [25], IL-8, IL-1 β [26], basic fibroblast growth factor [27] and molecules related to oxidative stress [27] are known to be important factors involved in inflammation and/or wound healing [28]. Indeed, the levels of some of these constituents have been reported to be significantly higher or lower in periodontitis or OLP patients who did not have OSCC [29]. Therefore, research that validates any potential OSCC biomarker with individuals having common non-neoplastic oral inflammatory diseases is necessary in order to establish the reliability of that salivary OSCC biomarker
Conclusion
Serum biomarkers obtained represent a promising approach for oral cancer detection, and an area of strong research interest. However, some issues/challenges needs to be determined in order to establish this approach as a reliable, highly sensitive and specific for clinical use, including lack of consistency of serum sample collection, processing and storage; wide variability in the levels of potential oral carcinoma serum biomarkers in both non-cancerous individuals and oral carcinoma patients; and further validation of oral carcinoma serum biomarkers with individuals either a chronic oral inflammatory disease or other types of cancers, but do not have oral carcinoma. Research for eventual standardization especially biological and physiological variance affecting the potential biomarkers gained importance in serum diagnostics. This approach can be useful in monitoring non-cancerous disease activity applying serum biomarkers for other forms of cancer.
Acknowledgement
The authors are thankful to People’s University, Peoples Group, Bhopal, for laboratory facilities, to carry out this research work.
For more Open access journals please visit our site: Juniper Publishers
For more articles please click on Journal of Cell Science & Molecular Biology
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The Vyapam Scam - What Was Dr. Anbumani Ramadoss Doing?
Madhya Pradesh. This central Indian state is currently under the rule of the BJP under three time CM Shivraj Singh Chouhan and heading for a fourth consecutive win with the house of the opposition party Congress divided into warring factions.
Shivraj Chouhan of the BJP became CM of Madhya Pradesh on 11/29/2005 while the Congress was in power at the center.
But what plagues this state? The massive Vyapam scam that is roughly estimated to be INR 65 billion or $1 billion (conservative). Now what is the Vyapam scam? It’s a scam involving admissions into medical colleges.
Vyapam (Vyavsayik Pariksha Mandal) or Professional Examination Board is an autonomous body in the state which conducts exams to enter professional courses such as medicine and engineering and also get MP government jobs. There were scams in all professional courses/degrees, but in the case of medicine, it was exceptional as each seat was literally auctioned for INR 1 to 7 million! This will be covered soon.
Unlike us in Tamil Nadu, who (till traitor OPS and his criminal gang sold out our interests late last year) write our board exams alone to get admissions to top medical institutes like Stanley’s / MMC, in other states, they need to write an entrance exam. India wide, medical seats are coveted and so the cost for each seat goes into millions. Even in our case, getting a medical seat without an entrance exam in Ramachandra’s Medical College or SRM would cost us minimum 5 to 6 million. In other parts of India, it’s much more valuable.
What were the highlights of the Vyapam scam? 1 A middleman arranged for bright students to impersonate applicants during exams while invigilators looked the other way. Invigilators were bribed to allow applicants to cheat by copying impersonators. In such cases, applicants apparently left their answer sheets blank to be filled up later based on the marks they were given. 2 Question papers were leaked before exams so students could prepare the answers in advance. 3 OMR sheets were left blank to be filled in later based on the marks given to applicants. 4 Final results and medical seats were influenced by money power. Each medical seat was auctioned from INR 1 million to 7 million. 5 In other words, truly meritorious students were short-charged and had to pursue other courses. In some extreme cases, it led to suicides.
Irregularities in medical test results were detected in 2009 and hundreds of arrests were made in 2011 after an investigation. It was only in 2013 that the gravity of the scam came to light, with information about the involvement of different officials at different hierarchical levels in the government.
DMAT scam: http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/Dental-and-Medical-Admission-Test-Scamsters-operated-in-cyber-cafes-colleges/articleshow/23920256.cms Dental & Medical Admission Test scam. DMAT is an exam in MP written for admission to private medical colleges in MP. Massive money power came into play. Applicants, based on money, were given the DMAT scores they paid for and were instructed to leave their OMR sheets blank to be filled up later. The middlemen were medical college owners who wanted to sell their medical seats to kids of rich parents. They mediated between the parents and the officials who conducted DMAT. MBBS seats were sold in the range of INR 5 to 10 million.
MP PMT scam: 1 http://www.hindustantimes.com/bhopal/mp-pmt-scam-racketeers-targeted-quota-candidates/story-4H7QHa4n8xbSgY9Kc5ClJJ.html 2 http://www.news18.com/videos/india/mp-scam-splits-mp-students-arrested-phoner-696333.html 3 http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/100-fake-doctors-MP-hit-by-Munnabhai-scam/articleshow/11285266.cms This was yet another scam wherein impersonators, usually bright students from UP & Bihar, were paid around 50k to 100k to write exams for applicants, once again rich kids. At least 6 private medical colleges were involved in this scam. Plenty of arrests were made in 2013 regarding this issue.
This scam started way back in the 1990s itself, but became chronic after BJP took over in 2005. This puts the reliability of MP’s hospitals and its doctors in the dumps. There were irregularities in the MP PMT (Madhya Pradesh Pre Medical Tests) in the years 2008, 2009 and 2011 as far as we know.
Till date, there have been at least 48 known deaths of people who went to investigate the matter.
Now on to the next part of my titular question.
Who was the health minister during UPA 1 from 2004 to 2009 around the same time BJP took over MP? It was none other than PMK’s Dr. Anbumani Ramadoss.
Dr. Anbumani Ramadoss has a case in CBI pending against him. 1 http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Anbumani-illegally-allowed-admission-in-medical-college-CBI/article12138428.ece 2 http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/cbi-chargesheets-anbumani-for-abuse-of-office/article3360845.ece
This is for illicit admissions to 2 colleges: One in Uttar Pradesh (Rohilkhand Medical College and Hospital in Bareilly) and the other in Madhya Pradesh. The IMCHRC (Index Medical College, Hospital & Research Center at Bhopal, MP) was founded by Suresh Singh Bhadoriya in 2006. This college didn’t have enough infrastructure, facilities nor eligible faculty to be even deemed an eligible medical college. The MCI (Medical Council of India) had warned Dr. Anbumani against giving clearance to IMCHRC. Even after MCI inspectors said admissions may not be permitted due to its deficiencies, Bhadoriya and Anbumani formed a central team to obtain a favorable report and issue permission to renew admissions for the 2008-09 batch. https://www.pressreader.com/oman/oman-daily-observer/20150820/281895886984543
The other prominent people in CBI’s charge-sheet are: 1 K. V. Rao, a director in the Cabinet Secretariat 2 Sudarshan Kumar, section officer in the Health and Family Welfare Ministry 3 Dr. J. S. Dhupia and Dr. D. K. Gupta, two senior faculty members at Delhi's Safdarjung Hospital 4 S.K. Tongia, ex-Dean of IMCHRC, K.K. Saxena, Medical Director of IMCHRC, Nitin Gothwal, HR manager, Pawan Bhambani, director of administration, medical director Dr. K.V. Saxena and some other people under various provisions of the Prevention of Corruption Act.
What are the charges against Dr. Anbumani Ramadoss regarding this matter? A sitting MP, Ramadoss has been accused of criminal conspiracy, cheating, forgery, using forged documents as genuine under the Indian Penal Code and under the Prevention of Corruption Act. http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/ramadoss-to-be-charged-with-corruption-in-medical-college-admissions/142887.html
Here’s something very interesting: http://www.advocatekhoj.com/library/judgments/announcement.php?WID=3880 If you love reading meticulous articles, I suggest reading the above!
These dysfunctional money grabbing dungeons were given clearance by Dr. Anbumani Ramadoss who also aided admissions to the same! Imagine the plight of future patients who might have to be treated by these fraud MBBS ‘doctors’!
So it’s becoming increasingly clear that Ramadoss knew what was brewing in Madhya Pradesh under Shivraj Singh Chouhan. My question is: Why was he silent over the matter (and still is)? Is this the action of a responsible doctor? The same way, he never opposed NEET despite its blatant discrepancies. In fact, the only party in TN to oppose NEET is DMK. Everybody else has yielded with no resistance.
Here is some circumstantial evidence regarding irregularities in the PMT exam (Pre Medical Tests, which have been around since the late 1990s/early 2000s) in India over the years. http://www.universityworldnews.com/article.php?story=20140828171239580 If you read the article, the highlight lies here: “Hundreds of students have been suspended in recent months for allegedly using “unfair means” to clear the Pre Medical Test, or PMT, conducted between 2006 and 2013 and secure admission to undergraduate medical courses.” Who was the health minister during UPA 1? Dr. Anbumani Ramadoss. Who was the health minister during UPA 2? Ghulam Nabi Azad. If, and IF, the above allegation is true, both should be investigated over irregularities in PMT over the years.
Now the question essentially becomes this: Are RMC in UP and IMCHRC in MP the only colleges Anbumani was involved in, or are there more colleges in India affected by Anbumani’s lapses? Only a thorough investigation can bring further matters to light.
That for Dr. Anbumani Ramadoss.
Now on to the final and the most crucial part of it all - my warning to DMK regarding this man.
This is something I discussed within closed circles, but it seems the time to release this for public reading has come.
We’re all witness to the serial murders around late JJ’s Kodanad Estate and the death of MLA Vijayabhaskar’s friend. It eerily resembled the Vyapam murders. Of course, for the well informed, it’s the handiwork of BJP. However what has Anbumani got to do with this?
CBI halted the investigation against Anbumani earlier this year. Around the same time, political circles in Tamil Nadu are well aware of the fact that Modi/BJP paid PMK a sum of INR 20 billion to attack DMK and keep public attention off BJP’s failures and deceit.
Sounds plausible? In a way yes, that was how Vaiko played JJ’s B-team in the name of People’s Welfare Front. But what’s the difference in the case of PMK playing BJP’s/Modi’s B-team?
Dear DMK friends, remember Rajiv Gandhi? Most of us know the REAL man behind his assassination. However DMK had to bear the blame for the crime of LTTE which was funded by MGR & LTTE sympathizers in the USA and aided logistically by Subramanian Swamy. More on that episode here: http://www.noolaham.org/wiki/index.php/Lanka_Guardian_1991.10.15 Read pages 2 to 6 to know more of it.
Any response to PMK by DMK would most possibly be used by BJP to ensnare DMK. Just like Subramanian Swamy and Natarajan setup the LTTE & Rajiv Gandhi to ensnare DMK, Modi & Amit Shah are setting up Anbumani Ramadoss. In other words, Modi & Shah are most probably attempting a Subramanian Swamy / Rajiv Gandhi Mark-II on DMK. This is something Modi & Shah are highly capable of carrying out. I am personally happy that MK Stalin & DMK are keeping their distance from PMK. DMK should maintain this and ignore PMK till the end. Given the power BJP has over the media, it’s best never to fall into this BJP trap. Ignore PMK and engage the common public over the pressing issues they face in everyday life due to the inefficiency of the ADMK administration and the insanity of the central Modi administration.
I’m NOT alleging BJP are doing this yet, but I believe they are highly capable of it, given their greed for power.
With that, I conclude this post. More details will be added as and when I get them.
Thank you all for reading. Have a great day.
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