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brookstonalmanac · 4 years ago

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Events 5.22

192 – Dong Zhuo is assassinated by his adopted son Lü Bu. 760 – Fourteenth recorded perihelion passage of Halley's Comet. 853 – A Byzantine fleet sacks and destroys undefended Damietta in Egypt. 1176 – The Hashshashin (Assassins) attempt to assassinate Saladin near Aleppo. 1200 – King John of England and King Philip II of France sign the Treaty of Le Goulet. 1246 – Henry Raspe is elected anti-king of the Kingdom of Germany in opposition to Conrad IV. 1254 – Serbian King Stefan Uroš I and the Republic of Venice sign a peace treaty. 1370 – Brussels massacre: Hundreds of Jews are murdered and the rest of the Jewish community is banished from Brussels, Belgium, for allegedly desecrating consecrated Host. 1377 – Pope Gregory XI issues five papal bulls to denounce the doctrines of English theologian John Wycliffe. 1455 – Start of the Wars of the Roses: At the First Battle of St Albans, Richard, Duke of York, defeats and captures King Henry VI of England. 1520 – The massacre at the festival of Tóxcatl takes place during the Fall of Tenochtitlan, resulting in turning the Aztecs against the Spanish. 1629 – Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II and Danish King Christian IV sign the Treaty of Lübeck ending Danish intervention in the Thirty Years' War. 1762 – Sweden and Prussia sign the Treaty of Hamburg. 1762 – Trevi Fountain is officially completed and inaugurated in Rome. 1766 – A large earthquake causes heavy damage and loss of life in Istanbul and the Marmara region. 1804 – The Lewis and Clark Expedition officially begins as the Corps of Discovery departs from St. Charles, Missouri. 1807 – A grand jury indicts former Vice President of the United States Aaron Burr on a charge of treason. 1809 – On the second and last day of the Battle of Aspern-Essling (near Vienna, Austria), Napoleon I is repelled by an enemy army for the first time. 1816 – A mob in Littleport, Cambridgeshire, England, riots over high unemployment and rising grain costs, and the riots spread to Ely the next day. 1819 – SS Savannah leaves port at Savannah, Georgia, United States, on a voyage to become the first steamship to cross the Atlantic Ocean. 1826 – HMS Beagle departs on its first voyage. 1840 – The penal transportation of British convicts to the New South Wales colony is abolished. 1848 – Slavery is abolished in Martinique. 1849 – Future U.S. President Abraham Lincoln is issued a patent for an invention to lift boats, making him the only U.S. president to ever hold a patent. 1856 – Congressman Preston Brooks of South Carolina severely beats Senator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts with a cane in the hall of the United States Senate for a speech Sumner had made regarding Southerners and slavery. 1863 – American Civil War: Union forces begin the Siege of Port Hudson which lasts 48 days, the longest siege in U.S. military history. 1864 – American Civil War: After ten weeks, the Union Army's Red River Campaign ends in failure. 1866 – Oliver Winchester founded the Winchester Repeating Arms 1872 – Reconstruction Era: President Ulysses S. Grant signs the Amnesty Act into law, restoring full civil and political rights to all but about 500 Confederate sympathizers. 1900 – The Associated Press is formed in New York City as a non-profit news cooperative. 1906 – The Wright brothers are granted U.S. patent number 821,393 for their "Flying-Machine". 1915 – Lassen Peak erupts with a powerful force, the only volcano besides Mount St. Helens to erupt in the contiguous U.S. during the 20th century. 1915 – Three trains collide in the Quintinshill rail disaster near Gretna Green, Scotland, killing 227 people and injuring 246. 1926 – Chiang Kai-shek replaces the communists in Kuomintang China. 1927 – Near Xining, China, an 8.3 magnitude earthquake causes 200,000 deaths in one of the world's most destructive earthquakes. 1939 – World War II: Germany and Italy sign the Pact of Steel. 1941 – During the Anglo-Iraqi War, British troops take Fallujah. 1942 – Mexico enters the Second World War on the side of the Allies. 1943 – Joseph Stalin disbands the Comintern. 1947 – Cold War: The Truman Doctrine goes into effect, aiding Turkey and Greece. 1948 – Finnish President J. K. Paasikivi released Yrjö Leino from his duties as interior minister in 1948 after the Finnish parliament had adopted a motion of censure of Leino with connection to his illegal handing over of nineteen people to the Soviet Union in 1945. 1957 – South Africa's government approves of racial separation in universities. 1958 – The 1958 riots in Ceylon become a watershed in the race relations of various ethnic communities of Sri Lanka. The total deaths is estimated at 300, mostly Tamils. 1960 – The Great Chilean earthquake, measuring 9.5 on the moment magnitude scale, hits southern Chile, becoming the most powerful earthquake ever recorded. 1962 – Continental Airlines Flight 11 crashes in Unionville, Missouri after bombs explode on board, killing 45. 1963 – Greek left-wing politician Grigoris Lambrakis is shot in an assassination attempt, and dies five days later. 1964 – Lyndon B. Johnson launches the Great Society. 1967 – Egypt closes the Straits of Tiran to Israeli shipping. 1967 – L'Innovation department store in Brussels, Belgium, burns down, resulting in 323 dead or missing and 150 injured, the most devastating fire in Belgian history. 1968 – The nuclear-powered submarine USS Scorpion sinks with 99 men aboard, 400 miles southwest of the Azores. 1969 – Apollo 10's lunar module flies within 8.4 nautical miles (16 km) of the moon's surface. 1972 – Ceylon adopts a new constitution, becoming a republic and changing its name to Sri Lanka, and joins the Commonwealth of Nations. 1972 – Over 400 women in Derry, Northern Ireland attack the offices of Sinn Féin following the shooting by the Irish Republican Army of a young British soldier on leave. 1987 – Hashimpura massacre occurs in Meerut, India. 1987 – First ever Rugby World Cup kicks off with New Zealand playing Italy at Eden Park in Auckland, New Zealand. 1990 – North and South Yemen are unified to create the Republic of Yemen. 1992 – Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia and Slovenia join the United Nations. 1994 – A worldwide trade embargo against Haiti goes into effect to punish its military rulers for not reinstating the country's ousted elected leader, Jean-Bertrand Aristide. 1996 – The Burmese military regime jails 71 supporters of Aung San Suu Kyi in a bid to block a pro-democracy meeting. 1998 – A U.S. federal judge rules that U.S. Secret Service agents can be compelled to testify before a grand jury concerning the Lewinsky scandal involving President Bill Clinton. 2000 – In Sri Lanka, over 150 Tamil rebels are killed over two days of fighting for control in Jaffna. 2002 – Civil rights movement: A jury in Birmingham, Alabama, convicts former Ku Klux Klan member Bobby Frank Cherry of the 1963 murder of four girls in the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing. 2010 – Air India Express Boeing 737 crashes over a cliff upon landing at Mangalore, India, killing 158 of 166 people on board, becoming the deadliest crash involving a Boeing 737 until the crash of Lion Air Flight 610. 2010 – Inter Milan beat Bayern Munich 2–0 in the Uefa Champions League final in Madrid, Spain to become the first, and so far only, Italian team to win the historic treble (Serie A, Coppa Italia, Champions League). 2011 – An EF5 tornado strikes Joplin, Missouri, killing 158 people and wreaking $2.8 billion in damages, the costliest and seventh-deadliest single tornado in U.S. history. 2012 – Tokyo Skytree opens to the public. It is the tallest tower in the world (634 m), and the second tallest man-made structure on Earth after Burj Khalifa (829.8 m). 2014 – General Prayut Chan-o-cha becomes interim leader of Thailand in a military coup d'état, following six months of political turmoil. 2014 – An explosion occurs in Ürümqi, capital of China's far-western Xinjiang region, resulting in at least 43 deaths and 91 injuries. 2015 – The Republic of Ireland becomes the first nation in the world to legalize gay marriage in a public referendum. 2017 – Twenty-two people are killed at an Ariana Grande concert in the 2017 Manchester Arena bombing. 2017 – United States President Donald Trump visits the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem and becomes the first sitting U.S. president to visit the Western Wall. 2020 – Pakistan International Airlines Flight 8303 crashes in Model Colony near Jinnah International Airport in Karachi, Pakistan, killing 98 people.

#Events

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teenageread · 4 years ago

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Review: The Immortals

Synopsis:

During World War II, four chaplains were assigned to the SS Dorchester with more than 900 men on board. Alexander Goode, a Jewish rabbi; John Washington, a Catholic priest; George Fox, a Methodist minister; and Clark Poling, a Baptist minister, all offered comfort, reassurances, and prayers along with a warning from the captain that a German submarine was hunting their convoy.

Thoroughly researched and told in an engrossing nonfiction narrative, this true story alternates between accounts told from the perspective of the Nazi U-boat captain and his crew (as found in their journals and later interviews) and survivors from the Dorchester who credit the four chaplains with saving their lives after their ship was torpedoed.

The celebrated story of the men who became known as the Immortal Chaplains is now joined for the first time in print by the largely untold story of another hero: Charles Water David Jr. A young Black petty officer aboard a coast guard cutter traveling with the Dorchester, Charles bravely dived into the glacial water over and over again, even with hypothermia setting in, to try to rescue those the chaplains had inspired to never give up.

Page-turning and inspiring, The Immortals explores the power of both faith and sacrifice and powerfully narrates the lives of five heroic men who believed in something greater than themselves, giving their all for people of vastly different beliefs and backgrounds.

Plot:

Called the Immortal Chaplains, these four men were on board the SS Dorchester when it sank in the arctic waters off of Greenland on February 3, 1943, after being hit by a German U-boat. They used their own lives to save others by giving those in need their lifejackets, gloves, and shoelaces to survive. During this era members of different faiths did not associate with each other, thus the four of them working together as a team throughout their time on the SS Dorchester and while it was sinking, made these men into the memorial heroes we remember and treasure today. However, there was a fifth hero that helped out during the SS Dorchester despite it not being part of his duty because he was Black. It was not in Petty Officer Charles Water David Jr. 's duty to help, but he did anyway, being the first to step up, Charles and his team managed to save 93 men from death, before ultimately losing his own life to the sea after successfully saving his friend. Throughout this story, Steven Collis tells the life these five men lived, their time at sea, and what happened to their families afterward. These men were heroes of the World War Two era, and gave up their lives so that others could live, as when the SS Dorchester sank it killed 674 out of 904 people on board, and it would have been more without our five heroes.

Thoughts:

What a powerful and moving story that Steven Collis presents within this novel. This story documents the lives of the four Immortal Chaplains plus the life of Charles Water David Jr. who is only recently making headlines for his contribution to the effort of saving lives when the SS Dorchester sank. Collis put a lot of work and research into this novel, from documenting the early lives of our five heroes, what people said about them when they were about the sea, and how their deaths impacted their families, all the men had wives with young children waiting for their return. Where this book is about faith, as four out of the five men were chaplains, religion and faith were not a huge part of the story but did speak to the character of each of the men who did what they did out of faith as that is what their God intended them to do. Collins mentioned several times how close their four chaplains were together, and made note of how rare and odd it was seeing these men of different faith act as if best friends towards each other. The main issue with this novel is that its writing style was a bit weird sometimes, as it had the making of a history textbook but told in a narrative way, kind of like a written documentary. Divided into three parts, Collis had long chapters that were divided into paragraphs, allowing it to be easy reading, as Collis switched between each of the five men and their lives that led them to save the lives of those aboard the SS Dorchester while tragically losing their own. Overall, this novel was heartbreakingly beautiful, allowing recognition to our five heroes, and made sure that their names will forever be remembered throughout history.

Alexander Goode

John Washington

George Fox

Clark Poling

Charles Water David Jr

Thank you for your sacrifice

Read more reviews: Goodreads

Buy the book: Amazon

#The Immortals #Steven Collis #book review

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gpgcanadahousedebt-blog · 5 years ago

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Top 10 Historic Houses in Canada

When visiting another country, it's always nice to see some of the historic and beautiful places it has to offer. You should take time to visit these places not only to appreciate the country even more, but also to learn more about it. And there are no other places more historic or more colorful than houses in which history happened.

10 Historic Houses In Canada

Canada is one of the most historic and colorful countries in the world. Everywhere you go, you'll find a place worth visiting. However, there are some places that are more worth visiting than others. Here are some of the houses that you should take time to visit:

1. Lougheed House

This place was first known as "Beaulieu", which means "beautiful place" in French. It's in Calgary, Alberta's Beltline district, and is a national historic site.

The Lougheed House Conservation Society are the ones who manage the place. It is a non-profit and an independent society that devotes itself to restoring the house and allowing the public to enjoy it.

Senator James Alexander Lougheed built the mansion back in 1891, for his wife Isabella Hardisty Lougheed. Together with their first two sons, Clarence and Norman, they moved into the house. After their move, they had four more children: Edgar, Dorothy, Douglas, and Marjorie.

The family expanded the house in 1907, in order to accommodate their growing family, as well as their increasing amount of acquaintances and friends. They made the house according to the municipal building code, because of the Calgary Fire in 1886.

For the most part, the Lougheed House was a residential place, a military barracks for women, blood donor clinic, and a women's training centre. However, preceding the year 2000, the house was empty, yet cared for. On that year, however, new restoration of the house began.

2. Henry House

The house can be found on Halifax Regional Municipality's Barrington Street. It's a two-and-a-half-storey property, and has been appointed as a National Historic Site of Canada. Under the Heritage Property Act of the province of Nova Scotia, the property is a Municipal Registered Property and a Provincially Registered Property.

Henry House was originally built for John Metzler back in 1834. He was a wealthy landowner and Halifax stonemason. The property is originally known as a house associated with William Alexander Henry, a native of Halifax who stayed with the Metzler family from 1854-1864.

Henry was very prominent back in the day, because he was a Father of Confederation. He was also the co-author of the British North America Act, a Mayor of Halifax, a provincial Attorney General, and a Member of the Nova Scotia House of Assembly. Henry served as Supreme Court of Canada's justice, and was the first Nova Scotian to ever do so.

During the late 19th and early 20th Centuries, the property was a Sailors' Home. The Navy League of Canada operated the property during that period.

Jacques Ducau and Richard (Dick) Raymond bought the property back in 1968. In 1969, the duo renovated the property, opening a restaurant and downstairs tavern inside. Little Stone Jug was the tavern, and the restaurant was deemed The Henry House.

The restaurant is still in operation today, but is now known as The Henry House Restaurant & Pub. In 1969, the property was appointed a National Historic Site.

3. Earnscliffe

The Victorian manor that was built in the style of the Gothic Revival can be found in Ottawa, Ontario. It was the house of Sir John A. Macdonald, the first Prime Minister of Canada. However, since 1930, it has become the house of Canada's British High Commissioner.

The company of Thomas McKay were the ones who built the property. It was built in 1855 for John McKinnon, McKay's son-in-law. In 1866, however, McKinnon suddenly died, and Thomas Keefer, McKay's other son-in-law, bought the property.

After two years, Keefer sold the property to a railroad developer, Thomas Reynolds. He stayed in the property for a couple of years. During his stay, the property got the name "Earnscliffe", which means "eagle's cliff".

In 1879, Reynolds died, and in 1883, Sir John A. Macdonald bought the property from Reynolds's son. During an earlier time, Macdonald had stayed with Reynolds. According to rumors, Macdonald was the one who gave the property its name. Macdonald made renovations to the property, and even added several rooms in 1888. He got sick and died on the property in 1891.

His widow, Lady Macdonald, briefly continued to reside in the home after his death, and Queen Victoria made her Baroness Macdonald of Earnscliffe. Soon, however, Lady Macdonald and her daughter departed for England, and leased the house to Lord Treowen, commander of the militia. Over the next decades, the building was home to several local notables, including Mrs. Charles A.E. Harriss.

Afterwards, William Henry Clark, Canada's first British High Commissioner, bought the house in 1930. And ever since, the property has been the British High Commissioner's house.

4. Dundurn Castle

If you're stopping by Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, then Dundun Castle is a must-stop. It's an 18,000 sq.ft. historic neoclassical mansion. The house cost $175,000 to build, and was finished in 1835. At the time, though, the house had the latest conveniences - such as running water and gas lighting!

The City of Hamilton is now the owner of the property, who purchased it for $50,000 in 1899. In order to make the property open to the public, the City has renovated it for almost $3 million. All of the rooms have been restored to how they looked back in 1855, when Sir Allan Napier MacNab owned it. Costumed interpreters are there to guide those who visit the house. A descendant of Sir Allan MacNab, the Duchess of Cornwall, is the Dundun Castle's Royal Patron.

Robert Charles Wetherell was the architect who built the house, completing it in 1835. Richard Beasley was the original owner of the house - however, due to financial problems, he was forced to sell it. He was one of the early settlers of Hamilton. MacNab built the house's foundation on the brick home of Beasley.

Once the house was finished, it became known for its grand entertainments all over Canada. King Edward VII and Sir John A. MacDonald are just a few of the people who have been to this historic house.

When MacNab died, the property became an institution for deaf mutes. In 1872, Donald McInnes bought the property. Later on, he would sell the property to the City of Hamilton. It was renovated, restored and appointed as a National Site of Canada.

5. Sir George Etienne Cartier House Museum

Another of Canada's National Historic Sites is the house of Sir George-Étienne Cartier. The place is now a historic house museum, commemorating Cartier's life and accomplishments. Nowadays, the house also has other adjoining houses, which features the architectural heritage of 19th-Century Montreal’s middle class.

The house is made up of adjacent houses: the 'west house' and the 'east house'. These houses were separate at first, but now they form one building. The 'west house' portrays the Cartier family's way of life during the 1960s, and an exhibit can be found on the 'east house' which showcases the life of Sir George-Étienne Cartier. Sir George-Étienne Cartier was a prominent man of his time, as a politician and a middle-class Montrealer.

Sir George-Étienne Cartier House showcases the work and career of one of the Fathers of Confederation. It's also a great example of a neoclassical building that went through modifications.

The house museum can be found on the northeast edge of the Old Montreal district. It was appointed as a Canadian National Historic Site in 1964. The house was recognized because of the architectural importance and historical value.

6. Park House Museum

When you go to Amherstburg, Ontario, Canada, then you should go to Park House Museum, a historic house museum that was built in Detroit in 1796. However, in 1799, it was moved to Amherstburg.

The house has had plenty of owners, but only the Park Family is widely-recognized. The Park Family lived in this house for 102 years.

The Rotary Club of Amherstburg would buy the property in 1972. It was renovated, and became a local history museum, portraying how it was in the 1850s.

Park House Museum was built by a British loyalist near the Rouge River in 1796. The owner went to Malden when the American Revolution was over. Two years later, in 1798, it was disassembled and moved, with the help of a canoe. The property was built back up again in Amherstburg on the 17th Lot, Dalhousie St., and it would stay there for the next 173 years.

Through a draw, the lot was awarded and given to Leigh, Duff, and Shepherd. Captain Hector McLean, Fort Malden's Commanding officer, chose to give it to Nancy, a schooner, instead. Nancy's owner held the property.

In 1817, the property was bought by Alexander Mackintosh. Soon after, however, in 1823, Jean Baptists Macon bought the property. Macon, who was a famous merchant, hired the Park brothers as clerks - and in 1839, Thomas F. Park bought the house. He lent it to Theodore Jones Park, Thomas's younger brother.

After Theodore Jones Park died, John R. Park, his younger brother, bought the property. The son of Theodore, Dr. Theodore James Park, lived in the house after that. And when he died, Lizzie, his sister, owned the property.

The property changed hands multiple times afterwards. Nowadays, though, it's educating everyone about day-to-day living in the 1850s. The Park House Museum was appointed as a National Historic Site on October 4, 2018.

7. McCrae House

One of Canada's Historic Sites is the McCrae House. It can be found in the birthplace of John McCrae in Guelph, Ontario. John McCrae is a soldier, doctor, and the author of "In Flanders Fields".

McCrae House is a small limestone cottage that is owned by the McCrae family. It was first built in 1858, and the McCrae family stayed there from 1870 until 1873. The property changed hands multiple times, until a group of Guelph citizens bought it in 1966. They created the Lt. Col. John McCrae Birthplace Society, and raised money to restore the house.

Every year, the house offers a different theme. It has temporary and permanent exhibition spaces, which showcase the life of John McCrae. The house was appointed as a place of national significance by the Historic Sites and Monuments Board. John McCrae was also appointed as a person of national significance.

8. Manoir Papineau

The Papineau family stayed in the Manoir Papineau from 1850 to 1929. Manoir Papineau is now being operated by Parks Canada. In 1993, Parks Canada were appointed as its custodians, and they opened it to the public.

Manoir Papineau is considered to be one of the Ottawa River region's most important heritage locations. The property was built to remember Louis-Joseph Papineau, who was one of the leading politicians of the 19th Century, and was the first leader of the French-Canadian nationalists. Later on, he became La Petite-Nation's first seigneur.

The house was built when Papineau came back to Canada, after he had been exiled to Europe. And he and his family lived here, in the house, until he died. Generations of his family continued to live in the house until the 1920s.

9. Maison Cartier

One of the most historic houses in Montreal is Maison Cartier. In Old Montreal, you can find the Maison Cartier, which is also appointed as a Canadian National Historic Site. It was appointed as a National Historic Site back on November 19, 1982.

The Maison Cartier was built from 1812 to 1813. Amiable Amiot dit Villeneuve, a mason, and Antoine Bouteiller, a carpenter, constructed the house. The walls and the dormers on the roof are made of ashlar. They are great examples of the 19th Century's urban architecture of Quebec. Augustin Perrault and Louis Parthenais were the first owners of the Maison Cartier.

Maison Cartier can be found in one of the most colorful areas in Montreal, The Village. Its interior design is heavily inspired from Art Deco's style and elegance. Each room has its own terrace or balcony, allowing you to enjoy the view of the city. If you want to enjoy Montreal, then you should definitely visit Maison Cartier.

10. Château Dufresne

One of the most historic places in Canada is Château Dufresne, a historic house in Mercier-Hochelaga-Maisonneuve's borough. Oscar Dufresne and Marius Dufresne, two French-Canadian entrepreneurs who had huge involvements in the Maisonneuve's history, stayed at this house for a time.

Originally, the place was parted into two different houses - one for each Dufresne. The Dufresne family would later sell the property to the Congregation of the Holy Cross, who would use it as the Holy Cross College's pavilion annex.

In 1957, the City of Montreal became the new owner of the property. However, until 1961, Holy Cross College stayed as a tenant. Then, from 1965 to 1968, the Montreal Museum of Contemporary Art was the tenant. From 1976 to 1997, the mansion's tenant was the Montreal Museum of Decorative Arts. And the Château Dufresne Museum has been staying in the property from 1999 up until now. In 2014, the property was renamed “Dufresne-Nincheri Museum”.

Marius Dufresne and Jules Renard designed the property in the style of the Beaux-Arts. It was appointed as a historic monument by the provincial government in 1976.

Worth The Visit

Each of the houses on this list is worth the visit. You will not only get to experience the history of Canada, but you will also be able to enjoy the view! If you're planning to learn history, or to simply enjoy a trip or two, then why don't you hop in your car and drive out to visit!

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https://www.greaterpropertygroup.com/gpg-blog/Top-10-Historic-Houses-in-Canada

https://www.greaterpropertygroup.com/

#Canada house #real estate property #property for sale in Canada #property for sale Toronto #Canada house for sale #Canada house for rent #Canada house price #homes for sale in Canada #luxury homes for sale Toronto #cheap houses for sale in Canada #most expensive houses in Canada #iconic houses in Canada #historic houses in Canada

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propertyforsaleintoronto-blog · 5 years ago

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Top 10 Historic Houses in Canada

10 Historic Houses In Canada

1. Lougheed House

This place was first known as "Beaulieu", which means "beautiful place" in French. It's in Calgary, Alberta's Beltline district, and is a national historic site.

2. Henry House

During the late 19th and early 20th Centuries, the property was a Sailors' Home. The Navy League of Canada operated the property during that period.

The restaurant is still in operation today, but is now known as The Henry House Restaurant & Pub. In 1969, the property was appointed a National Historic Site.

3. Earnscliffe

Afterwards, William Henry Clark, Canada's first British High Commissioner, bought the house in 1930. And ever since, the property has been the British High Commissioner's house.

4. Dundurn Castle

Once the house was finished, it became known for its grand entertainments all over Canada. King Edward VII and Sir John A. MacDonald are just a few of the people who have been to this historic house.

5. Sir George Etienne Cartier House Museum

Sir George-Étienne Cartier House showcases the work and career of one of the Fathers of Confederation. It's also a great example of a neoclassical building that went through modifications.

6. Park House Museum

When you go to Amherstburg, Ontario, Canada, then you should go to Park House Museum, a historic house museum that was built in Detroit in 1796. However, in 1799, it was moved to Amherstburg.

The house has had plenty of owners, but only the Park Family is widely-recognized. The Park Family lived in this house for 102 years.

The Rotary Club of Amherstburg would buy the property in 1972. It was renovated, and became a local history museum, portraying how it was in the 1850s.

7. McCrae House

One of Canada's Historic Sites is the McCrae House. It can be found in the birthplace of John McCrae in Guelph, Ontario. John McCrae is a soldier, doctor, and the author of "In Flanders Fields".

8. Manoir Papineau

9. Maison Cartier

10. Château Dufresne

Marius Dufresne and Jules Renard designed the property in the style of the Beaux-Arts. It was appointed as a historic monument by the provincial government in 1976.

Worth The Visit

https://www.greaterpropertygroup.com/gpg-blog/Top-10-Historic-Houses-in-Canada

https://www.greaterpropertygroup.com/

0 notes

canadahouseproperty-blog · 5 years ago

Text

Top 10 Historic Houses in Canada

10 Historic Houses In Canada

1. Lougheed House

This place was first known as "Beaulieu", which means "beautiful place" in French. It's in Calgary, Alberta's Beltline district, and is a national historic site.

2. Henry House

During the late 19th and early 20th Centuries, the property was a Sailors' Home. The Navy League of Canada operated the property during that period.

The restaurant is still in operation today, but is now known as The Henry House Restaurant & Pub. In 1969, the property was appointed a National Historic Site.

3. Earnscliffe

Afterwards, William Henry Clark, Canada's first British High Commissioner, bought the house in 1930. And ever since, the property has been the British High Commissioner's house.

4. Dundurn Castle

Once the house was finished, it became known for its grand entertainments all over Canada. King Edward VII and Sir John A. MacDonald are just a few of the people who have been to this historic house.

5. Sir George Etienne Cartier House Museum

Sir George-Étienne Cartier House showcases the work and career of one of the Fathers of Confederation. It's also a great example of a neoclassical building that went through modifications.

6. Park House Museum

When you go to Amherstburg, Ontario, Canada, then you should go to Park House Museum, a historic house museum that was built in Detroit in 1796. However, in 1799, it was moved to Amherstburg.

The house has had plenty of owners, but only the Park Family is widely-recognized. The Park Family lived in this house for 102 years.

The Rotary Club of Amherstburg would buy the property in 1972. It was renovated, and became a local history museum, portraying how it was in the 1850s.

7. McCrae House

One of Canada's Historic Sites is the McCrae House. It can be found in the birthplace of John McCrae in Guelph, Ontario. John McCrae is a soldier, doctor, and the author of "In Flanders Fields".

8. Manoir Papineau

9. Maison Cartier

10. Château Dufresne

Marius Dufresne and Jules Renard designed the property in the style of the Beaux-Arts. It was appointed as a historic monument by the provincial government in 1976.

Worth The Visit

https://www.greaterpropertygroup.com/gpg-blog/Top-10-Historic-Houses-in-Canada

https://www.greaterpropertygroup.com/

0 notes

greaterpropertygroup-blog · 5 years ago

Text

Top 10 Historic Houses in Canada

10 Historic Houses In Canada

1. Lougheed House

This place was first known as "Beaulieu", which means "beautiful place" in French. It's in Calgary, Alberta's Beltline district, and is a national historic site.

2. Henry House

During the late 19th and early 20th Centuries, the property was a Sailors' Home. The Navy League of Canada operated the property during that period.

The restaurant is still in operation today, but is now known as The Henry House Restaurant & Pub. In 1969, the property was appointed a National Historic Site.

3. Earnscliffe

Afterwards, William Henry Clark, Canada's first British High Commissioner, bought the house in 1930. And ever since, the property has been the British High Commissioner's house.

4. Dundurn Castle

Once the house was finished, it became known for its grand entertainments all over Canada. King Edward VII and Sir John A. MacDonald are just a few of the people who have been to this historic house.

5. Sir George Etienne Cartier House Museum

Sir George-Étienne Cartier House showcases the work and career of one of the Fathers of Confederation. It's also a great example of a neoclassical building that went through modifications.

6. Park House Museum

When you go to Amherstburg, Ontario, Canada, then you should go to Park House Museum, a historic house museum that was built in Detroit in 1796. However, in 1799, it was moved to Amherstburg.

The house has had plenty of owners, but only the Park Family is widely-recognized. The Park Family lived in this house for 102 years.

The Rotary Club of Amherstburg would buy the property in 1972. It was renovated, and became a local history museum, portraying how it was in the 1850s.

7. McCrae House

One of Canada's Historic Sites is the McCrae House. It can be found in the birthplace of John McCrae in Guelph, Ontario. John McCrae is a soldier, doctor, and the author of "In Flanders Fields".

8. Manoir Papineau

9. Maison Cartier

10. Château Dufresne

Marius Dufresne and Jules Renard designed the property in the style of the Beaux-Arts. It was appointed as a historic monument by the provincial government in 1976.

Worth The Visit

https://www.greaterpropertygroup.com/gpg-blog/Top-10-Historic-Houses-in-Canada

https://www.greaterpropertygroup.com/

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blackkudos · 8 years ago

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James Cleveland

The Reverend Dr. James Edward Cleveland (December 5, 1931 – February 9, 1991) was a gospel singer, musician, and composer. Known as the King of Gospel music, Cleveland was a driving force behind the creation of the modern gospel sound by incorporating traditional black gospel, modern soul, pop, and jazz in arrangements for mass choirs. Throughout his career, Cleveland appeared on hundreds of recordings and earned 4 grammy awards. He was the first gospel musician to earn a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.

Early life and career

Born in Chicago, Illinois, Cleveland began singing as a boy soprano at Pilgrim Baptist Church where Thomas A. Dorsey was minister of music and Roberta Martin was pianist for the choir. He strained his vocal cords as a teenager while part of a local gospel group, leaving the distinctive gravelly voice that was his hallmark in his later years. The change in his voice led him to focus on his skills as a pianist and later as a composer and arranger. For his pioneering accomplishments and contributions, he is regarded by many to be one of the greatest gospel singers that ever lived.

Musical career

Work with the Gospelaires

In 1950, Cleveland joined the Gospelaires, a trio led by Norsalus McKissick and Bessie Folk. His arrangements modernized such traditional standards as "(Give Me That) Old Time Religion" and "It's Me O Lord". After the trio disbanded, an associate of the group, Roberta Martin, hired him as a composer and arranger.

The Caravans

Cleveland subsequently went to work for Albertina Walker, popularly referred to as the "Queen of Gospel" and The Caravans as a composer, arranger, pianist, and occasional singer/narrator. In November 1954, Albertina Walker provided him the opportunity to do his very first recording. By staying out of the studio for a while, she convinced States Records to allow him to record with her group. He continued to record with The Caravans until States closed thdown in 1957.

Throughout this period, he recorded with other groups like The Gospel All-Stars and The Gospel Chimes, mixing pop ballad influences with traditional shouting.

In 1959, he recorded a version of Ray Charles' hit, "Hallelujah I Love Her So", as a solo artist.

Savoy Records

James Cleveland signed with Savoy Records in 1962, going on to release a huge catalog of black gospel recordings, many of which were recorded in a live concert setting.

The Love of God

He became known by more than just the professionals within gospel music with his version of the Soul Stirrers' song, "The Love of God", backed by the Voices of Tabernacle from Detroit, Michigan. Rev. Cleveland moved to Los Angeles, California, to become Minister of Music at Grace Memorial Church of God in Christ where he attained even greater popularity working with keyboardist Billy Preston and the Angelic Choir of Nutley, New Jersey. His 1963 recording of "Peace Be Still", an obscure 18th-century piece, sold hundreds of thousands of copies. He would then return to the touring with the newly organized James Cleveland Singers which included Odessa McCastle, Georgia White, Eugene Bryant, and Billy Preston, among others.

In 1964, Cleveland re-organized The James Cleveland Singers which included Odessa McCastle, Roger Roberts, and Gene Viale.

In 1965, Cleveland added Clyde Brown and Charles Barnett to his group which by then was traveling extensively throughout the United States and abroad into the late 1960s, performing in all major venues. This collaboration produced such recordings as "Heaven That Will Be Good Enough For Me", "Two Wings", and "The Lord Is Blessing Me Right Now".

From the 1970s until 1990, Cleveland would bring together a number of artists to back him on appearances and records. Additionally, he himself backed other acts, contributing to the recordings of such well known artists as Aretha Franklin and Elton John. He also continued to appear and record with some of the most notable gospel choirs of the time.

The documentary film "Gospel" (1983) features James Cleveland and the Southern California Community Choir, Walkter Hawkins and the Mighty Clouds of Joy, Shirley Caesar, Twinkie Clark and the Clark Sisters. The film was directed by David Leivick and Frederick A. Ritzenberg.

Gospel Workshop of America

Cleveland capitalized on his success by founding his own choir, the Southern California Community Choir, as well as Cornerstone Institutional Baptist Church which grew from ten to thousands of members throughout the remainder of his life. During this time, he taught others how to achieve the modern gospel sound through his annual Gospel Singers Workshop Convention put on by the Gospel Music Workshop of America (or, the GMWA), an organization that Cleveland co-founded with Albertina Walker and which now has over 150 chapters with 30,000 members. The GMWA has produced, among others, John P. Kee, Kirk Franklin, and Yolanda Adams.

Death

On February 9, 1991, James Cleveland died in Culver City, California. He was 59. Some reports list the cause of death as congestive heart failure stating that the singer had fallen into a coma shortly before his death, he died a legend of gospel music. He is interred at Inglewood Park Cemetery in Inglewood, California.

Controversy

Following Cleveland's death in February 1991, a number of controversies arose surrounding his estate which at the time was estimated to be worth between $4 and $6 million.

Andre M. Cleveland

In October 1991, music producer Andre M. Cleveland (then-aged 34) filed suit against James Cleveland's estate claiming to be Cleveland's adopted son.

Jean Ervin/LaShone Cleveland

Also in October 1991, Jean Ervin, a member of the Cleveland-founded Cornerstone Institutional Baptist Church, claimed that she was the mother of Cleveland's only biological child, daughter LaShone Cleveland (b. 1965). Ervin also stated that she believed that Andre M. Cleveland was not adopted as he was claiming but was merely one of the many "homeless" children that the late-singer took into his home over the years.

Christopher Harris

In February 1992, Cleveland's then-foster son, Christopher Harris (formerly Christopher Harris Cleveland), filed a lawsuit against Cleveland's estate claiming that Cleveland sexually abused him over a period of five years and infected him with the HIV virus which he claims Cleveland contracted through same-sex liaisons. The case was settled on undisclosed terms.

Awards

Grammy Award won for Best Soul Gospel Performance 1974: James Cleveland & The Southern California Community Choir: In the Ghetto

Grammy Award won for Best Soul Gospel Performance, Traditional 1977: James Cleveland: James Cleveland Live at Carnegie Hall

Grammy Award won for Best Soul Gospel Performance, Traditional 1980: James Cleveland & The Charles Fold Singers: Lord, Let Me Be an Instrument

Grammy Award won for Best Gospel Album by a Choir or Chorus 1990: The Southern California Community Choir: Having Church

Wikipedia

#James Cleveland

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mybeautifulchristianjourney · 6 years ago

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Today in Christian History

Today is Saturday, April 20th, the 110th day of 2019. There are 255 days left in the year.

Today’s Highlight in History:

1479: Death of Alexander who founded the Orthodox monastery of Oshevensk, experienced miracles, and was a notable spiritual counselor.

1529: At the Second Diet of Speyer, the term “Protestant” is first applied to participants of the Reformation. The term was taken from the Protestatio, a statement by the reformers challenging the imperial stance on religion.

1534: Execution of Elizabeth Barton, the “Nun of Kent” who had prophecied against King Henry VIII’s marriage to Anne Boleyn. She said Henry would die shortly thereafter. (He lived fifteen more years.) A staunch Roman Catholic with a reputation for holiness, she urged pilgrimmages and prayer to Mary and strongly opposed the Lutheran Reformation.

1558: Death of Johannes Bugenhagen, a leading Lutheran reformer, a professor at the University of Wittenberg, and the pastor of the city church there. Bugenhagen had helped Luther with his German Bible translation as well as translating the Bible into Low German himself.

1653: Cromwell dissolves the Rump Parliament, so-called because it consisted of only a few representatives who still remained. Cromwell lectures them on their vices and their uselessness, saying he is doing this at God’s command: “Depart, I say, and let us have done with you. Go!”

1676: Death of Baptist minister John Clarke, a founding father of Rhode Island, and the agent who obtained the colony’s charter from King Charles II in 1663.

1884: Leo XIII issues his encyclical Humanum genus against the Masonic order which, in Europe, is atheistical and anti-religious in tenor.

1898: C. H. Spurgeon’s London tabernacle burns down. Efforts to rebuild it commence at once.

1962: Theologian Karl Barth is featured on the cover of Time magazine.

1988: Wilson Rajil Sabiya, a Lutheran theologian, writes a letter to General Ibrahim Babangida, President and Commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, alerting him to Muslim efforts to make Nigeria an Islamic country by infiltrating the police force.

2001: A Peruvian Air Force aircraft shoots down a private airplane carrying missionaries, killing Veronica Bowers and her infant daughter, Charity.

#Today in Christian History #April 20 #Cromwell dissolves the Rump Parliament #Theologian Karl Barth is featured on the cover of Time magazine #Death of Baptist minister John Clarke #C. H. Spurgeon’s London tabernacle burns down #Leo XIII issues his encyclical Humanum genus #Death of Johannes Bugenhagen #Death of Alexander who founded the Orthodox monastery of Oshevensk #the term “Protestant” is first applied to participants of the Reformation #Execution of Elizabeth Barton

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wutbju · 2 years ago

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Ina Kay Carson Pegram, 67, passed away on Friday, October 28, 2022. The daughter of the late John and Dorothy Carson, Ina was born in Atlanta, Georgia, on January 5, 1955. Ina trusted Jesus as her personal Savior when she was 9. She graduated from Woodward Academy in Atlanta, finishing as the Salutatorian of her class. She married the late Dennis Pegram on June 5, 1976, and received a B.S. in Music Education from Bob Jones University the following year.

Dennis and Ina ministered in Virginia Beach before returning to Greenville for graduate school. Ina earned a master’s degree in Sacred Music from BJU, following which she and Dennis faithfully served together at Hampton Park Baptist Church and Christian School until the Lord called Dennis Home suddenly on July 29, 2005. For years Ina was active in the HPBC adult choir and directed the ladies’ ensemble in addition to singing solos.

Ina loved investing in her piano and voice students. She taught at home, at school, and online through Majesty Music Academy and for her favorite students-her seven grandchildren who were taking lessons. She was a member of the National Association for Music Education, the National Association of Teachers of Singing, the Music Teachers National Association, and the National Federation of Music Clubs; she dearly loved the members of her local NFMC clubs-Crescent Music Club and Greenville Woman’s Music Club.

Ina dealt with a number of health challenges over the years but always persevered, diligently doing with tremendous energy whatever God asked of her. In addition to her beloved husband and parents, Ina was preceded in death by four infant grandchildren, brother Michael Carson, father-in-law Joseph Pegram, and mother-in-law Norma Smith.

Ina’s memory will be cherished by her children Joanie Pegram of Taylors, SC; Joshua (Liz) Pegram of Charleston, SC; Audrey Beth (Daniel) Roland of Fort Sill, OK; Bryce (Chelsea) Pegram of Allen Park, MI; Alana (Isaac) Arco of Summerville, SC; Clark-Everett (Bianca) Pegram of Lyman, SC; Ethan (Caroline) Pegram of Pelzer, SC; Lorin Pegram of Greenville, SC; and Ariana (Jacob) Parker of Jacksonville, FL; and her 18 grandchildren-Gracen, Clara Jane, Joseph, Rex, Atlas, Dottie, Liliana, Maya, and Isabella Pegram; Ezra, Noah, Micah, Thaddeus, Renee, Eleanor, Luke, and Justus Roland; and Deacon Arco-as well as siblings Mark (Susan) Carson of Normandy Beach, NJ; Suellen Carson of Brookhaven, GA; Scott (Jane) Carson of Rochester, WI; sister-in-law Susan Carson of Fayetteville, GA; mother-in-law Donna Pegram of Decatur, IA; brothers-in-law Ben (Karla) Pegram of Pleasant Hill, IA; Dan (Suzanne) Pegram of Des Moines, IA; and sister-in-law Helen (Ron) Burkhart also of Des Moines, in addition to many nephews, nieces, cousins, other relatives, and friends.

A visitation will be held Monday, November 7, 2022, from 5:00 p.m. until 8:00 p.m., at Thomas McAfee Funeral Homes, Downtown Chapel, with a funeral service on Tuesday, November 8, 2022, at 12:00 p.m., in Hampton Park Baptist Church and interment to follow in Woodlawn Memorial Park.

In lieu of flowers, the family requests memorials be given to the mission work of Bill and Glenda Davis (Heidelberg, Germany) through www.gfamissions.org or to Mike and Madelaine Dodgens (Gipuzkoa, Spain) through www.faithchristianmissions.org.

#Bob Jones University #Archive #Obituary #BJU Hall of Fame #BJU Alumni Association #2022 #Ina Kay Carson Pegram #Class of 1977 #Hampton Park Baptist Church

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allbestnet · 8 years ago

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Costa Book Award — Best Novel by Costa Coffee

1. Beowulf by Unknown Beowulf is an Old English heroic epic poem of unknown authorship, dating as recorded in the Nowell Codex manuscript from between the 8th and the early 11th century, set in Denmark and Sweden. Commo... 📚 2. The Destiny Waltz by Gerda Charles 📚 3. The Bird of Night by Susan Hill The Bird of Night (ISBN 0241104092) is a novel by Susan Hill. It won the 1972 Whitbread Award, and was shortlisted for the Booker Prize. Susan Hill commented in 2006: A novel of mine was shortliste... 📚 4. The Chip Chip Gatherers by Shiva Naipaul The Chip-Chip Gatherers is a novel by Shiva Naipaul originally published in 1973 by Penguin Books. It was reprinted in a new edition as a Penguin Twentieth Century Classic in 1997. It is a comic st... 📚 5. The Sacred and Profane Love Machine by Iris Murdoch 📚 6. Docherty by William McIlvanney 📚 7. The Children of Dynmouth by William Trevor 📚 8. Injury Time by Beryl Bainbridge Injury Time is a novel by English author Beryl Bainbridge and first published in 1977 by Duckworth. It won the 1977 Whitbread Book of the Year Award. 📚 9. Picture Palace by Paul Theroux 📚 10. The Old Jest by Jennifer Johnston 📚 11. How Far Can You Go? by David Lodge 📚 12. Silver City by Maurice Leitch 📚 13. Young Shoulders by John Wain Young Shoulders is a 1982 novel by John Wain. It portrays incompatibility in a marital relationship and how such a flawed marriage affects the children born out of it. 📚 14. Fools of Fortune by William Trevor 📚 15. Kruger's Alp by Christopher Hope 📚 16. Oranges are not the only Fruit by Jeanette Winterson Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit is a novel by Jeanette Winterson published in 1985, which she subsequently adapted into a BBC television drama. It is a bildungsroman about a lesbian girl who grows u... 📚 17. Elegies by Douglas Dunn 📚 18. An Artist of the Floating World by Kazuo Ishiguro It is set in post-World War II Japan and is narrated by Masuji Ono, an aging painter, who looks back on his life and how he has lived it. He notices how his once great reputation has faltered since... 📚 19. The Child in Time by Ian McEwan The Child in Time (1987) is a novel by Ian McEwan. It won the Whitbread Novel Award for that year. It concerns Stephen, an author of children's books, and his wife two years after the kidnapping of... 📚 20. Under the Eye of the Clock by Christopher Nolan 📚 21. Satanic Verses by Salman Rushdie The character of the chief protagonist of The Satanic Verses is based on Indian film star Amitabh Bachchan and a bit of Rama Rao. The title refers to what are known as the satanic verses, a group o... 📚 22. The Comforts of Madness by Paul Sayer 📚 23. The Chymical Wedding by Lindsay Clarke The Chymical Wedding is a 1989 novel by Lindsay Clarke about the intertwined lives of six people in two different eras. The book includes themes of alchemy, the occult, fate, passion, and obsession. 📚 24. Coleridge: Early Visions by Richard Holmes 📚 25. Hopeful Monsters by Nicholas Mosley 📚 26. A Life of Picasso by John Richardson 📚 27. The Queen of the Tambourine by Jane Gardam 📚 28. Poor Things by Alasdair Gray Poor Things is a novel by Scottish writer Alasdair Gray, published in 1992. It won the Whitbread Novel Award in 1992 and the Guardian Fiction Prize for 1992. 📚 29. Swing Hammer Swing! by Jeff Torrington 📚 30. Theory of War by Joan Brady 📚 31. Felicia's Journey by William Trevor 📚 32. Behind of the Scenes at the Museum by Kate Atkinson Behind the Scenes at the Museum is the first novel of Kate Atkinson. The book covers the experiences of Ruby Lennox from a middle-class English family. 📚 33. The Moor's Last Sigh by Salman Rushdie The Moor's Last Sigh is a 1995 novel by Salman Rushdie. Set in the Indian city of Bombay (or "Mumbai") and Cochin (or "Kochi"), it is the first major work that Rushdie produced after the The Satani... 📚 34. Every Man for Himself by Beryl Bainbridge 📚 35. The Spirit Level by Seamus Heaney The Spirit Level (1996) is a collection of poems written by Irish Nobel laureate Seamus Heaney. Featuring such poems as "Two Lorries", it won the Whitbread Prize for Literature. 📚 36. Tales from Ovid by Ted Hughes Tales from Ovid is a poetical work written by the English poet Ted Hughes. Published in 1997 by Faber and Faber, it is a retelling of twenty-four tales from Ovid's Metamorphoses. It won the Whitbre... 📚 37. Quarantine by Jim Crace Quarantine is a novel by Jim Crace. It was the winner of the 1997 Whitbread Novel Award, and was shortlisted for the Booker Prize for Fiction the same year. 📚 38. Leading the Cheers by Justin Cartwright 📚 39. Birthday Letters by Ted Hughes Birthday Letters, published in 1998 (ISBN 0-374-52581-1), is a collection of poetry by English poet and children's writer Ted Hughes. Released only months before Hughes's death, the collection won ... 📚 40. Music and Silence by Rose Tremain Music and Silence is a novel written by the English author Rose Tremain. It is set in and around the court of Christian IV of Denmark in the years 1629 and 1630. 📚 41. English Passengers by Matthew Kneale 📚 42. Twelve Bar Blues by Patrick Neate Twelve Bar Blues is a 2001 novel by Patrick Neate, and the winner of that year's Whitbread novel award. 📚 43. Samuel Pepys: The Unequalled Self by Claire Tomalin 📚 44. Spies by Michael Frayn 📚 45. The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-time by Mark Haddon The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-time is a 2003 novel by British writer Mark Haddon. It won the 2003 Whitbread Book of the Year and the 2004 Commonwealth Writers' Prize for Best First B... 📚 46. Small Island by Andrea Levy Hortense Joseph arrives in London from Jamaica in 1948 with her life in her suitcase, her heart broken, her resolve intact. Her husband, Gilbert Joseph, returns from the war expecting to be receive... 📚 47. The Accidental by Ali Smith The Accidental is a 2005 novel by Scottish author Ali Smith. It follows a middle-class English family who are visited by an uninvited guest, Amber, while they are on holiday in a small village in N... 📚 48. Restless by William Boyd Restless, an espionage novel by William Boyd, was published in 2006 and won the Costa Prize for fiction. It is the story of a mother revealing to her daughter, in a series of written accounts, that... 📚 49. The Tenderness of Wolves by Stef Penney The Tenderness of Wolves is a novel by Stef Penney, which was first published in 2006. It won the 2006 Costa Prize for 'Book of the Year'. 📚 50. Day by A.L. Kennedy 📚 51. The Secret Scripture by Sebastian Barry The Secret Scripture is a 2008 novel written by Irish playwright Sebastian Barry. 📚 52. Brooklyn by Colm Tóibín 📚 53. The Hand That First Held Mine by Maggie O'Farrell Lexie Sinclair is plotting an extraordinary life for herself. Hedged in by her parents' genteel country life, she plans her escape to London. There, she takes up with Innes Kent, a magazine editor ... 📚 54. Pure by Andrew Miller Jean-Baptiste Baratte, an engineer of modest origin, arrives in the city in 1785, charged by the King’s minister with emptying the overflowing cemetery of Les Innocents, a ancient site whose stench... 📚 55. Bring Up the Bodies: A Novel by Hilary Mantel Winner of the 2012 Man Booker Prize Winner of the 2012 Costa Book of the Year Award The sequel to Hilary Mantel's 2009 Man Booker Prize winner and New York Times bestseller, Wolf Hall delves into t... 📚 56. Life After Life by Kate Atkinson What if you could live again and again, until you got it right? On a cold and snowy night in 1910, Ursula Todd is born to an English banker and his wife. She dies before she can draw her first brea... 📚

#books #lists

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the-record-obituaries · 8 years ago

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Feb. 15, 2017: Obituaries

Nannie Rhoades, 81

Mrs. Nannie Alice Brown Rhoades, age 81 widow of Don Rhoades of McGrady passed away Sunday, February 12, 2017 at her home.

Funeral services were February 15, at Dehart Baptist Church with Rev. Michael Golden officiating. Burial was in the church cemetery. Mrs. Rhoades was born December 23, 1935 in Wilkes County to Quincy Monroe and Alice Dillard Brown. She was a homemaker and of the Baptist Faith.

In addition to her parents, she was preceded in death by her husband; Don Rhoades, one great grandson, several brothers and sisters.

She is survived by nine daughters; Linda Prevette of Roaring River, Kathy Brown of North Wilkesboro, Vicky Billings of North Wilkesboro, Mary Patrick and husband Doug of North Wilkesboro, Ruth Myers and husband Richard of Walnut Cove, Tammy Reavis and husband Rodney of Millers Creek, Donna Rhoades of McGrady, Karen Dowell and husband Tracy of Wilkesboro, Peggy Rhoades of Hays, six sons; John Rhoades of North Wilkesboro, Robert C. Rhoades, Sr. of North Wilkesboro, Tim Rhoades and wife Patti of Hays, Gary Rhoades of North Wilkesboro, Steve Rhoades and wife Deanna of North Wilkesboro, David Rhoades and wife Pam of Hays, twenty-nine grandchildren, eighteen great grandchildren, two great-great grandchildren, one sister; Shirley Carter of Roaring River, and two brothers; Iredell "Art" Brown and John D. Brown both of McGrady.

Flowers will be accepted or memorials may be made Mtn. Valley Hospice, 688 North Bridge Street, Elkin, NC 28621 or Gideon's International North Camp, PO Box 1791, North Wilkesboro, NC 28659.

William Maddry, 74

William Christopher Maddry, 74, of North Wilkesboro, died February 11, 2017 at Forsyth Medical Center after a lengthy illness.

The son of the late Rev. Charles A. Maddry and Kate Chenault Maddry Crouch, Mr. Maddry was born in Richmond, VA, April 12, 1942. His wife of forty-three years Celia Ann Caldwell of Lincoln County survives. Other surviving family members include a brother, Charles A. Maddry, Jr., and his wife Taylor of Winston-Salem; a sister Mary Maddry Strauss of Durham; nieces and nephews Andrea Maddry Wensley of Advance, Charles Edward Maddry of Winston-Salem, Alexandra Strauss Preheim of Browns Summit, Stephanie Strauss Konrad of Raleigh, and Albert John Knies Strauss III of Brooklyn, NY.

Mr. Maddry graduated from Durham High School in 1959. He attended Mars Hill College and received a B.A. from the University of Richmond and a Master of Theology from the Baptist Theological Seminary in Louisville, Ky. He was an ordained Baptist minister. Along with his wife, Mr. Maddry has been an active member of the First Baptist Church of North Wilkesboro.

A scholar, an avid reader, pianist, musician and writer, for many years Mr. Maddry enjoyed sending birthday cards and personal notes to all the members of his church congregation. He was known for his ability to "say a great deal in a few words".

Under the direction of Reins-Sturdivant Funeral Home, Mr. Maddry's service was held February 13, at First Baptist Church of North Wilkesboro, the Rev. Bert Young, pastor, officiating.

Mr. Maddry will be buried in the Maddry family plot, Maplewood Cemetery, 1621 Duke University Road, Durham NC 27701, at noon on Tuesday, February 15, 2017.

In lieu of flowers memorials may be made to First Baptist Church of North Wilkesboro, P.O. Box 458, North Wilkesboro NC 28659.

Robert McNiel, 80

Robert Wade McNiel, age 80, of North Wilkesboro, died Saturday, February 11, 2017 at Westwood Hills Nursing and Rehab Center. He was born May 5, 1936 in Ashe County to Clyde and Dora Eller McNiel. He was a member of Central Baptist Church. Mr. McNiel was preceded in death by his parents; his first wife, Carol Dean Handy McNiel; and brother, Joe Wayne McNiel.

Surviving are his wife Ruth Clark McNiel; son, Robert Earl McNiel and wife Jennifer of Oakwood, Virginia; step sons, William Edward Hall and wife Pamela of Hays, Michael Hall and wife Amanda of Hays; step daughter, Deanna Roberts and husband Jamie of Millers Creek; grandchildren, Robert Wayne McNiel, Lisa Marie McNiel, Eli Luke McNiel, Zach Hall, Tyler Hall, Noah Hall; and great grandchildren, Isabella McNiel, Brayton Hall and Colston Hall.

Funeral service was, February 14, at Miller Funeral Chapel with Rev. Ronnie Millsaps officiating. Burial will in New River Cemetery in Ashe County. Flowers will be accepted.

Miller Funeral Service is in charge of the arrangements.

Andy Poarch, 72

Andy Junior Poarch, age 72, of Moravian Falls, died Friday, February 10, 2017 at Wilkes Regional Medical Center. He was born March 22, 1944 in Caldwell County to Andy N. and Ruth Craig Poarch. Andy had a three year battle with Lupus. During his battle Andy was hospitalized several times. He fought a hard battle over the years, till his body just gave up. He was a fighter from his first breath till his last. Most people would say he lived a hard life, but everybody that knew Andy says he was a great and caring person. Everybody that knew him would tell you that he was a down to earth person, and would do anything to help you. He loved to go camping, horseback riding and sharing funny stories around the campfire. Although Andy is gone he still remains in our hearts. We know he is waiting up in heaven looking down on us, and watching after us. See you in a little while my friend. He was a member of Oakwoods Baptist Church and Wilkes Cowboy Church. Mr. Poarch was preceded in death by his parents; brother, Johnny Monroe Poarch; sister, Imogene Mitchell; eight half brothers and sisters.

Surviving are his wife, Fran Moore-Poarch; son, Paul Junior Poarch of Wilkesboro; daughter, Lisa Ann Poarch and fiancé, David Church of Wilkesboro; step-son, Steve Moore and wife Sharon of Moravian Falls; grandchildren, Derek Triplett, Matthew Moore and finance Delana Hutchens all of Wilkesboro, Michael Moore, Rebecca Moore both of Moravian Falls; sisters, Linda Haynes and husband Wesley of Lexington, Joy Bell Watson and husband Charlie of Kings Creek, Irene Mattingly of Statesville; brothers, Floyd Poarch of Lenoir, Tommy Poarch of Lexington; good buddy, Juanita Goad of Woodlawn, Virginia; and his dog, a faithful companion Sammy.

Funeral service was February 13, at Oakwoods Baptist Church with Rev. Robert Duncan and Rev. Michael Church officiating. The body will be placed in the church at 12:30. Burial will follow in Scenic Memorial Gardens. Flowers will be accepted or memorials may be made to Wilkes Cowboy Church, 1526 West D Street, North Wilkesboro, NC 28659. Miller Funeral Service is in charge of the arrangements.

Florine Foster, 95

Mrs. Florine Craven Foster, age 95 of Wilkesboro, widow of Olin Foster, passed away Thursday, February 09, 2017 at Wilkes Senior Village.

Funeral services were February 11th, at Reins Sturdivant Chapel with Rev. Frank Cooper officiating. Burial was in Pilgrim Baptist Church cemetery.

Florine was born October 22, 1921 in Wilkes County to Joshua Samuel and Myrtle Sloop Craven. She was a homemaker and a member of Pilgrim Baptist Church where she served as church secretary/clerk for over 30 years.

She was preceded in death by her parents, husband and brothers; William Atlee Craven, Paul Aaron Craven, Samuel Jefferson Craven, Henry Edward Craven, Ted B. Craven, Joseph Allen Craven, Donald Wilson Craven, Ralph Lindbergh Craven and three infant brothers, sisters; Mary Louise Elizabeth Craven, Marion Elmina Craven Miller, Marie Ella Mae Craven Patterson and two infant sisters.

Mrs. Foster is survived by two sisters; Edith Craven Mathis and Agnes Virginia Craven Brock, niece; Barbara Cooper and husband Rev. Frank Cooper, and several other nieces and nephews.

George Miller, 92

Mr. George Edward Miller, age 92, passed away Thursday, February 9, 2017 at Brookridge Baptist Retirement Community in Winston Salem, NC.

Funeral services were February 12, at First Baptist Church in Taylorsville, NC with The Reverend Dan Redding officiating. Burial was in Mountlawn Memorial Park in North Wilkesboro, NC.

Mr. Miller was born December 7, 1924 in Wilkes County to Carl Presley and Electa Holland Miller. As a veteran of WWII, he served in the Navy as a Fireman 1st Class on the USS Hoel. On October 25, 1944, in the Leyte Gulf (Battle of Samar), the USS Hoel was sunk with George being one of only 86 survivors. Among his many medals were the Presidential Unit Citation w/1 Star Task Unit 77.4.3, the Purple Heart and the World War II Victory. After discharge he earned a 4 year accounting degree from Clevenger Business College. He then served as an Airman 1st Class in the Air Force during the Korean War. Discharged from the Air Force in 1954 , he began a successful accounting career spanning fifty years. Mr. Miller was a dedicated member of the First Baptist of Taylorsville.

In addition to his parents, Mr. Miller was preceded in death by his loving wife of 69 years, Mildred Campbell Miller, his infant sons Earl Michael and Carl Matthew, brothers David, Ralph and James Miller and sisters Margaret Stroud and Opal Miller.

He is survived by daughter Lynne Miller Givens and husband David Givens of Winston Salem, NC and son Ronald Edward Miller and wife Frankie Watts Miller of Lewisville, NC, six grandchildren and their spouses, seventeen great grandchildren and his sisters-in-law Reba Campbell Vannoy of Charleston, SC and Bernice Miller of Granite Falls, N.C.

The family wishes to thank the staff of Brookridge Baptist Retirement Community for their loving and supportive care during his stay there.

Memorials may be made to First Baptist Church, PO Box 305, Taylorsville NC 28681.

Lillie Ingool, 76

Lillie McCrary Ingool, age 76, of North Wilkesboro, died Tuesday, February 7, 2017 at Wilkes Regional Medical Center. She was born March 28, 1940 in Wilkes County to Ben Seldon and Mable Ann Tonia Flinchum McCrary. She was a member of Oak Grove Baptist Church on 268 East. Mrs. Ingool was preceded in death by her parents.

Surviving are her husband, George Ingool; daughters, Sharon Townsend of Lenoir, Karen Keesee and husband Ben of Millers Creek, Crystal Brank and husband Joe of North Wilkesboro; sisters, Lola Mae Caudill and husband Johnny of North Wilkesboro, Lunia Call and husband Shade of North Wilkesboro, Violet Johnson and husband Randy of Biloxi, Mississippi; grandchildren, Matt Caudill, Jake Caudill and wife Sara all of North Wilkesboro; and great grandchildren, Jaylee Caudill and Lilly Caudill both of North Wilkesboro.

Graveside service was February 9, 2017 at Round Hill Baptist Church Cemetery with Rev. Joel Blevins officiating. Flowers will be accepted or memorials may be made to the donor's choice.

Miller Funeral Service is in charge of the arrangements.

Pallbearers will be Jake Caudill, Matt Caudill, Joe Brank, Ben Kessee and Shade Call.

Eileen Tedder, 95

Mrs. Eileen Elizabeth Sizemore Tedder, age 95 widow of Eli Jefferson Tedder of Wilkesboro passed away Tuesday, February 7, 2017.

Funeral services were February 9, at Cub Creek Baptist Church with Rev. Brian Sampson and Rev. Darrell Poole officiating. Burial was in Scenic Memorial Gardens.

Mrs. Tedder was born June 17, 1921 in Pierpoint, West Virginia to Wiley Jack and Florence Lee Foley Sizemore. She was a loving mother and housekeeper, she loved being at home cooking, crocheting and spending time with her beloved husband of 68 years. She was a member of Cub Creek Baptist Church.

In addition to her parents, she was preceded in death by her husband; Eli Jefferson Tedder, her daughter; Judy Eller, sister; Helen Burton, grandson; Tracy Tedder and an infant brother.

She is survived by three daughters; Catherine Phillips and husband Gridy of Gastonia, Helen Church and husband Hohn of Wilkesboro, Rachel Poole and husband Darrell of Wilkesboro, two sons; Junior Tedder and wife Brenda of Wilkesboro, Earl Tedder and wife Gail of Wilkesboro, ten grandchildren; Summer, Melissa, Debby, Hohn Jr., Duane, Jay, Tim, Tammy, Tina and Regina, twenty-two great grandchildren and two great great grandchildren, one sister; Maxine Canada of Roanoke, VA., son-in-law; Steve Eller and loving sister-in-law; Rouie Mae Bentley whom she loved very much and several nieces and nephews.

Flowers will be accepted or memorials may be made to Cub Creek Baptist Church Youth Ministry, PO 86, Wilkesboro, NC 28697.

Lois Hayes, 86

Mrs. Lois Dobbins Hayes, age 86 formerly of Ferguson passed away Monday, February 6, 2017 at Forsyth Medical Center.

Memorial service was February 11, 2017 at Reins-Sturdivant Chapel.

Mrs. Hayes was born November 16, 1930 in Caldwell County to Oscar and Ruby Grubbs Dobbins.

She was a member of Beaver Creek Baptist Church.

In addition to her parents she was preceded in death by her husband, Earl Hayes, infant daughter; Patricia Carol Hayes, brother; Wayne Dobbins and sister; Lucille Greer.

She is survived by one daughter; Linda Hayes Gilbert and husband David of Winston Salem, Henry Earl Hayes and wife Mary Beth of Sparta, four grandchildren; Keith Pierce and wife Rassell, Renee Cecil and husband Jeremy, Steven Hayes and wife, Ashley, Mark Hayes and wife Lacy Jaye, three great grandchildren; Lindsay Cecil, David Tanner Cecil, Brianna Pierce and one sister; Lynn Hennessee of Lenoir.

In lieu of flowers, memorials may be made to Beaver Creek Baptist Church Cemetery Fund, PO Box 26, Ferguson, NC 28624 or to Donor's Choice.

Tammie Luffman, 48

Tammie Annette Luffman, also known as "Skeeter", age 48, of North Wilkesboro, died Monday, February 6, 2017 at her home. She was born May 7, 1968 in Surry County to Janette Wood and Johnny Colbert. Tammie was preceded in death by her parents; and a brother, Randy Luffman.

Surviving are her sons, Sean Williams, Brandon Luffman both of North Wilkesboro; her fiance, Max Adams of North Wilkesboro; five grandchildren, Alexxia Jada-Marie Williams, Gavin Xavier Williams, Mordecai Aiden Luffman, Mythyus Cole Luffman, Autumn-Zora Edie Williams; siblings, Sandra Luffman of Wilkesboro, Kimberly Luffman Cain of Florida; brother, Daryl Colbert and wife Jennifer, Robert "Shorty" Colbert, and Ronnie Wood and wife Molly all of North Wilkesboro.

Memorial service was, February 9, at Rose of Sharon Baptist Church with Rev. Travis Brown officiating. Miller Funeral Service is in charge of the arrangements.

Carol Wyatt, 61

Ms. Carol Huffman Wyatt, age 61 of Purlear passed away Sunday, February 5, 2017 at the home of her brother; Michael.

Funeral services were February 8, at Stony Hill Baptist Church with Rev. Jay Johnson and Rev. David Testerman officiating

Ms. Wyatt was born January 8, 1956 in Wilkes County to Fred E. and Eva Spears Huffman. She was a member of Stoney Hill Baptist Church.

In addition to her parents, she was preceded in death by one sister; Dorthie Huffman.

She is survived by two sons; Jody Huffman and wife Debbie of Purlear, Scottie Blankenship and wife Barbie of Hays, two grandchildren; Devin York, Autumn Blankenship, beloved companion; David Eller, four sisters; Lucille Holloway of Hays, Mae Roten and husband Ken of Millers Creek, Pauline Blankenship of Hays, Diane Huffman of Ronda, nine brothers; Carl Huffman and wife Barbara of North Wilkesboro, Ray Huffman and wife Pearl of Purlear, David Huffman and wife Katie of Fleetwood, Robert Huffman and wife Rebecca of Millers Creek, Billy Huffman of Greensboro, Lloyd Huffman and wife Becky of Purlear, Ronnie Huffman and wife Brenda of Purlear, Roger Huffman and wife Jan of Roaring River, Michael Huffman of North Wilkesboro, and several nieces and nephews.

Flowers will be accepted or memorials may be made to Mt. Valley Hospice, 688 North Bridge Street, Elkin, NC 28621.

Cinda Brown, 74

Cinda Lou Brown, age 74, of Key West, Florida, formerly of Wilkes County, died Sunday, February 5, 2017 at Lower Keys Medical Center in Florida. She was born June 19, 1942 in Wilkes County to Ralph and Callie Hayes Brown. She attended Center Baptist Church, while living in Wilkes County. Ms. Brown was preceded in death by her parents; and a brother, Jack Brown.

Surviving are her sister, Shelia Lombard and fiancé, Michael Sapp of North Wilkesboro; brothers, Michael Brown of Stone Mountain, Georgia, Matthew Brown of Tucker, Georgia; several nieces and nephews.

Funeral service was February 10, at Miller Funeral Chapel with Rev. Leon Church officiating. Burial will follow in Center Baptist Church Cemetery. The family will receive friends at Miller Funeral Service from 7:00 until 9:00 Thursday night. Flowers will be accepted. Special thanks to the MARC Program, Emma and Staff and Roy Spaulding. Miller Funeral Service is in charge of the arrangements.

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blackkudos · 8 years ago

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Rosa Parks

Rosa Louise McCauley Parks (February 4, 1913 – October 24, 2005) was an African American civil rights activist, whom the United States Congress called "the first lady of civil rights" and "the mother of the freedom movement". Her birthday, February 4, and the day she was arrested, December 1, have both become Rosa Parks Day, commemorated in California and Missouri (February 4), and Ohio and Oregon (December 1).

On December 1, 1955, in Montgomery, Alabama, Parks refused to obey bus driver James F. Blake's order to give up her seat in the colored section to a white passenger, after the white section was filled. Parks was not the first person to resist bus segregation. Others had taken similar steps, including Bayard Rustin in 1942, Irene Morgan in 1946, Sarah Louise Keys in 1952, and the members of the ultimately successful Browder v. Gayle 1956 lawsuit (Claudette Colvin, Aurelia Browder, Susie McDonald, and Mary Louise Smith) who were arrested in Montgomery for not giving up their bus seats months before Parks. NAACP organizers believed that Parks was the best candidate for seeing through a court challenge after her arrest for civil disobedience in violating Alabama segregation laws, although eventually her case became bogged down in the state courts while the Browder v. Gayle case succeeded.

Parks' act of defiance and the Montgomery Bus Boycott became important symbols of the modern Civil Rights Movement. She became an international icon of resistance to racial segregation. She organized and collaborated with civil rights leaders, including Edgar Nixon, president of the local chapter of the NAACP; and Martin Luther King, Jr., a new minister in town who gained national prominence in the civil rights movement.

At the time, Parks was secretary of the Montgomery chapter of the NAACP. She had recently attended the Highlander Folk School, a Tennessee center for training activists for workers' rights and racial equality. She acted as a private citizen "tired of giving in". Although widely honored in later years, she also suffered for her act; she was fired from her job as a seamstress in a local department store, and received death threats for years afterwards. Her situation also opened doors.

Shortly after the boycott, she moved to Detroit, where she briefly found similar work. From 1965 to 1988 she served as secretary and receptionist to John Conyers, an African-American US Representative. She was also active in the Black Power movement and the support of political prisoners in the US.

After retirement, Parks wrote her autobiography and continued to insist that the struggle for justice was not over and there was more work to be done. In her final years, she suffered from dementia. Parks received national recognition, including the NAACP's 1979 Spingarn Medal, the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the Congressional Gold Medal, and a posthumous statue in the United States Capitol's National Statuary Hall. Upon her death in 2005, she was the first woman and third non-US government official to lie in honor at the Capitol Rotunda.

Early years

Rosa Parks was born Rosa Louise McCauley in Tuskegee, Alabama, on February 4, 1913, to Leona (née Edwards), a teacher, and James McCauley, a carpenter. She was of African ancestry, though one of her great-grandfathers was Scots-Irish and one of her great-grandmothers was a slave of Native American descent. She was small as a child and suffered poor health with chronic tonsillitis. When her parents separated, she moved with her mother to Pine Level, just outside the state capital, Montgomery. She grew up on a farm with her maternal grandparents, mother, and younger brother Sylvester. They all were members of the African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME), a century-old independent black denomination founded by free blacks in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in the early nineteenth century.

McCauley attended rural schools until the age of eleven. As a student at the Industrial School for Girls in Montgomery, she took academic and vocational courses. Parks went on to a laboratory school set up by the Alabama State Teachers College for Negroes for secondary education, but dropped out in order to care for her grandmother and later her mother, after they became ill.

Around the turn of the 20th century, the former Confederate states had adopted new constitutions and electoral laws that effectively disfranchised black voters and, in Alabama, many poor white voters as well. Under the white-established Jim Crow laws, passed after Democrats regained control of southern legislatures, racial segregation was imposed in public facilities and retail stores in the South, including public transportation. Bus and train companies enforced seating policies with separate sections for blacks and whites. School bus transportation was unavailable in any form for black schoolchildren in the South, and black education was always underfunded.

Parks recalled going to elementary school in Pine Level, where school buses took white students to their new school and black students had to walk to theirs:

I'd see the bus pass every day... But to me, that was a way of life; we had no choice but to accept what was the custom. The bus was among the first ways I realized there was a black world and a white world.

Although Parks' autobiography recounts early memories of the kindness of white strangers, she could not ignore the racism of her society. When the Ku Klux Klan marched down the street in front of their house, Parks recalls her grandfather guarding the front door with a shotgun. The Montgomery Industrial School, founded and staffed by white northerners for black children, was burned twice by arsonists. Its faculty was ostracized by the white community.

Repeatedly bullied by white children in her neighborhood, Parks often fought back physically. She later said that "As far back as I remember, I could never think in terms of accepting physical abuse without some form of retaliation if possible."

In 1932, Rosa married Raymond Parks, a barber from Montgomery. He was a member of the NAACP, which at the time was collecting money to support the defense of the Scottsboro Boys, a group of black men falsely accused of raping two white women. Rosa took numerous jobs, ranging from domestic worker to hospital aide. At her husband's urging, she finished her high school studies in 1933, at a time when less than 7% of African Americans had a high school diploma. Despite the Jim Crow laws and discrimination by registrars, she succeeded in registering to vote on her third try.

In December 1943, Parks became active in the Civil Rights Movement, joined the Montgomery chapter of the NAACP, and was elected secretary. She later said, "I was the only woman there, and they needed a secretary, and I was too timid to say no." She continued as secretary until 1957. She worked for the local NAACP leader Edgar Nixon, even though he maintained that "Women don't need to be nowhere but in the kitchen." When Parks asked "Well, what about me?", he replied "I need a secretary and you are a good one."

In 1944, in her capacity as secretary, she investigated the gang-rape of Recy Taylor, a black woman from Abbeville, Alabama. Parks and other civil rights activists organized the "Committee for Equal Justice for Mrs. Recy Taylor", launching what the Chicago Defendercalled "the strongest campaign for equal justice to be seen in a decade."

Although never a member of the Communist Party, she attended meetings with her husband. The notorious Scottsboro case had been brought to prominence by the Communist Party.

In the 1940s, Parks and her husband were members of the Voters' League. Sometime soon after 1944, she held a brief job at Maxwell Air Force Base, which, despite its location in Montgomery, Alabama, did not permit racial segregation because it was federal property. She rode on its integrated trolley. Speaking to her biographer, Parks noted, "You might just say Maxwell opened my eyes up." Parks worked as a housekeeper and seamstress for Clifford and Virginia Durr, a white couple. Politically liberal, the Durrs became her friends. They encouraged—and eventually helped sponsor—Parks in the summer of 1955 to attend the Highlander Folk School, an education center for activism in workers' rights and racial equality in Monteagle, Tennessee. There Parks was mentored by the veteran organizer Septima Clark.

In August 1955, black teenager Emmett Till was brutally murdered after reportedly flirting with a young white woman while visiting relatives in Mississippi. On November 27, 1955, four days before she would make her stand on the bus, Rosa Parks attended a mass meeting at Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery that addressed this case as well as the recent murders of the activists George W. Lee and Lamar Smith. The featured speaker was T. R. M. Howard, a black civil rights leader from Mississippi who headed the Regional Council of Negro Leadership. Howard brought news of the recent acquittal of the two men who had murdered Till. Parks was deeply saddened and angry at the news, particularly because Till's case had garnered much more attention than any of the cases she and the Montgomery NAACP had worked on—and yet, the two men still walked free.

Parks and the Montgomery bus boycott

Montgomery buses: law and prevailing customs

In 1900, Montgomery had passed a city ordinance to segregate bus passengers by race. Conductors were empowered to assign seats to achieve that goal. According to the law, no passenger would be required to move or give up his seat and stand if the bus was crowded and no other seats were available. Over time and by custom, however, Montgomery bus drivers adopted the practice of requiring black riders to move when there were no white-only seats left.

The first four rows of seats on each Montgomery bus were reserved for whites. Buses had "colored" sections for black people generally in the rear of the bus, although blacks composed more than 75% of the ridership. The sections were not fixed but were determined by placement of a movable sign. Black people could sit in the middle rows until the white section filled; if more whites needed seats, blacks were to move to seats in the rear, stand, or, if there was no room, leave the bus. Black people could not sit across the aisle in the same row as white people. The driver could move the "colored" section sign, or remove it altogether. If white people were already sitting in the front, black people had to board at the front to pay the fare, then disembark and reenter through the rear door.

For years, the black community had complained that the situation was unfair. Parks said, "My resisting being mistreated on the bus did not begin with that particular arrest...I did a lot of walking in Montgomery."

One day in 1943, Parks boarded the bus and paid the fare. She then moved to her seat but driver James F. Blake told her to follow city rules and enter the bus again from the back door. Parks exited the vehicle and waited for the next bus, determined never to ride with Blake again.

Her refusal to move

After working all day, Parks boarded the Cleveland Avenue bus, a General Motors Old Look bus belonging to the Montgomery City Lines, around 6 p.m., Thursday, December 1, 1955, in downtown Montgomery. She paid her fare and sat in an empty seat in the first row of back seats reserved for blacks in the "colored" section. Near the middle of the bus, her row was directly behind the ten seats reserved for white passengers. Initially, she did not notice that the bus driver was the same man, James F. Blake, who had left her in the rain in 1943. As the bus traveled along its regular route, all of the white-only seats in the bus filled up. The bus reached the third stop in front of the Empire Theater, and several white passengers boarded. Blake noted that two or three white passengers were standing, as the front of the bus had filled to capacity. He moved the "colored" section sign behind Parks and demanded that four black people give up their seats in the middle section so that the white passengers could sit. Years later, in recalling the events of the day, Parks said, "When that white driver stepped back toward us, when he waved his hand and ordered us up and out of our seats, I felt a determination to cover my body like a quilt on a winter night."

By Parks' account, Blake said, "Y'all better make it light on yourselves and let me have those seats." Three of them complied. Parks said, "The driver wanted us to stand up, the four of us. We didn't move at the beginning, but he says, 'Let me have these seats.' And the other three people moved, but I didn't." The black man sitting next to her gave up his seat.

Parks moved, but toward the window seat; she did not get up to move to the redesignated colored section. Parks later said about being asked to move to the rear of the bus, "I thought of Emmett Till and I just couldn't go back." Blake said, "Why don't you stand up?" Parks responded, "I don't think I should have to stand up." Blake called the police to arrest Parks. When recalling the incident forEyes on the Prize, a 1987 public television series on the Civil Rights Movement, Parks said, "When he saw me still sitting, he asked if I was going to stand up, and I said, 'No, I'm not.' And he said, 'Well, if you don't stand up, I'm going to have to call the police and have you arrested.' I said, 'You may do that.'"

During a 1956 radio interview with Sydney Rogers in West Oakland several months after her arrest, Parks said she had decided, "I would have to know for once and for all what rights I had as a human being and a citizen."

In her autobiography, My Story she said:

People always say that I didn't give up my seat because I was tired, but that isn't true. I was not tired physically, or no more tired than I usually was at the end of a working day. I was not old, although some people have an image of me as being old then. I was forty-two. No, the only tired I was, was tired of giving in.

When Parks refused to give up her seat, a police officer arrested her. As the officer took her away, she recalled that she asked, "Why do you push us around?" She remembered him saying, "I don't know, but the law's the law, and you're under arrest." She later said, "I only knew that, as I was being arrested, that it was the very last time that I would ever ride in humiliation of this kind..."

Parks was charged with a violation of Chapter 6, Section 11 segregation law of the Montgomery City code, although technically she had not taken a white-only seat; she had been in a colored section. Edgar Nixon, president of the Montgomery chapter of the NAACP and leader of the Pullman Porters Union, and her friend Clifford Durr bailed Parks out of jail the next evening.

The boycott

Nixon conferred with Jo Ann Robinson, an Alabama State College professor and member of the Women's Political Council (WPC), about the Parks case. Robinson believed it important to seize the opportunity and stayed up all night mimeographing over 35,000 handbills announcing a bus boycott. The Women's Political Council was the first group to officially endorse the boycott.

On Sunday, December 4, 1955, plans for the Montgomery Bus Boycott were announced at black churches in the area, and a front-page article in the Montgomery Advertiser helped spread the word. At a church rally that night, those attending agreed unanimously to continue the boycott until they were treated with the level of courtesy they expected, until black drivers were hired, and until seating in the middle of the bus was handled on a first-come basis.

The next day, Parks was tried on charges of disorderly conduct and violating a local ordinance. The trial lasted 30 minutes. After being found guilty and fined $10, plus $4 in court costs, Parks appealed her conviction and formally challenged the legality of racial segregation. In a 1992 interview with National Public Radio's Lynn Neary, Parks recalled:

I did not want to be mistreated, I did not want to be deprived of a seat that I had paid for. It was just time... there was opportunity for me to take a stand to express the way I felt about being treated in that manner. I had not planned to get arrested. I had plenty to do without having to end up in jail. But when I had to face that decision, I didn't hesitate to do so because I felt that we had endured that too long. The more we gave in, the more we complied with that kind of treatment, the more oppressive it became.

On the day of Parks' trial — December 5, 1955 — the WPC distributed the 35,000 leaflets. The handbill read,

We are...asking every Negro to stay off the buses Monday in protest of the arrest and trial ... You can afford to stay out of school for one day. If you work, take a cab, or walk. But please, children and grown-ups, don't ride the bus at all on Monday. Please stay off the buses Monday.

It rained that day, but the black community persevered in their boycott. Some rode in carpools, while others traveled in black-operated cabs that charged the same fare as the bus, 10 cents. Most of the remainder of the 40,000 black commuters walked, some as far as 20 miles (30 km).

That evening after the success of the one-day boycott, a group of 16 to 18 people gathered at the Mt. Zion AME Zion Church to discuss boycott strategies. At that time Parks was introduced but not asked to speak, despite a standing ovation and calls from the crowd for her to speak; when she asked if she should say something, the reply was, "Why, you've said enough."

The group agreed that a new organization was needed to lead the boycott effort if it were to continue. Rev. Ralph Abernathy suggested the name "Montgomery Improvement Association" (MIA). The name was adopted, and the MIA was formed. Its members elected as their president Martin Luther King, Jr., a relative newcomer to Montgomery, who was a young and mostly unknown minister of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church.

That Monday night, 50 leaders of the African-American community gathered to discuss actions to respond to Parks' arrest. Edgar Nixon, the president of the NAACP, said, "My God, look what segregation has put in my hands!" Parks was considered the ideal plaintiff for a test case against city and state segregation laws, as she was seen as a responsible, mature woman with a good reputation. She was securely married and employed, was regarded as possessing a quiet and dignified demeanor, and was politically savvy. King said that Parks was regarded as "one of the finest citizens of Montgomery—not one of the finest Negro citizens, but one of the finest citizens of Montgomery."

Parks' court case was being slowed down in appeals through the Alabama courts on their way to a Federal appeal and the process could have taken years. Holding together a boycott for that length of time would have been a great strain. In the end, black residents of Montgomery continued the boycott for 381 days. Dozens of public buses stood idle for months, severely damaging the bus transit company's finances, until the city repealed its law requiring segregation on public buses following the US Supreme Court ruling inBrowder v. Gayle that it was unconstitutional. Parks was not included as a plaintiff in the Browder decision because the attorney Fred Gray concluded the courts would perceive they were attempting to circumvent her prosecution on her charges working their way through the Alabama state court system.

Parks played an important part in raising international awareness of the plight of African Americans and the civil rights struggle. King wrote in his 1958 book Stride Toward Freedom that Parks' arrest was the catalyst rather than the cause of the protest: "The cause lay deep in the record of similar injustices." He wrote, "Actually, no one can understand the action of Mrs. Parks unless he realizes that eventually the cup of endurance runs over, and the human personality cries out, 'I can take it no longer.'"

Detroit years

1960s

After her arrest, Parks became an icon of the Civil Rights Movement but suffered hardships as a result. Due to economic sanctions used against activists, she lost her job at the department store. Her husband quit his job after his boss forbade him to talk about his wife or the legal case. Parks traveled and spoke extensively about the issues.

In 1957, Raymond and Rosa Parks left Montgomery for Hampton, Virginia; mostly because she was unable to find work. She also disagreed with King and other leaders of Montgomery's struggling civil rights movement about how to proceed, and was constantly receiving death threats. In Hampton, she found a job as a hostess in an inn at Hampton Institute, a historically black college.

Later that year, at the urging of her brother and sister-in-law in Detroit, Sylvester and Daisy McCauley, Rosa and Raymond Parks and her mother moved north to join them. The City of Detroit attempted to cultivate a progressive reputation, but Parks encountered numerous signs of discrimination against African-Americans. Schools were effectively segregated, and services in black neighborhoods substandard. In 1964, Mrs. Parks told an interviewer that, "I don't feel a great deal of difference here...Housing segregation is just as bad, and it seems more noticeable in the larger cities." She regularly participated in the movement for open and fair housing.

Parks rendered crucial assistance in the first campaign for Congress by John Conyers. She persuaded Martin Luther King (who was generally reluctant to endorse local candidates) to appear with Conyers, thereby boosting the novice candidate's profile. When Conyers was elected, he hired her as a secretary and receptionist for his congressional office in Detroit. She held this position until she retired in 1988. In a telephone interview with CNN on October 24, 2005, Conyers recalled, "You treated her with deference because she was so quiet, so serene — just a very special person ... There was only one Rosa Parks." Doing much of the daily constituent work for Conyers, Parks often focused on socio-economic issues including welfare, education, job discrimination, and affordable housing. She visited schools, hospitals, senior citizen facilities, and other community meetings and kept Conyers grounded in community concerns and activism.

Parks participated in activism nationally during the mid-1960s, traveling to support the Selma-to-Montgomery Marches, the Freedom Now Party, and the Lowndes County Freedom Organization. She also befriended Malcolm X, who she regarded as a personal hero.

Like many Detroit blacks, Mrs. Parks remained particularly concerned about housing issues. She herself lived in a neighborhood, Virginia Park, which had been compromised by highway construction and urban renewal. By 1962, these policies had destroyed 10,000 structures in Detroit, displacing 43,096 people, 70 percent of them African-American. Parks lived just a mile from the epicenter of the riot that took place in Detroit in 1967, and she considered housing discrimination a major factor that provoked the disorder.

In the aftermath Mrs. Parks collaborated with members of the League of Revolutionary Black Workers and the Republic of New Afrika in raising awareness of police abuse during the conflict. She served on a "people's tribunal" on August 30, 1967 investigating the killing of three young men by police during the 1967 Detroit uprising, in what came to be known as the Algiers Hotel Incident. She also helped form the Virginia Park district council to help rebuild the area. The council facilitated the building of the only black-owned shopping center in the country. Parks took part in the black power movement, attending the Philadelphia Black Power conference, and the Black Political Convention in Gary, Indiana. She also supported and visited the Black Panther school in Oakland.

1970s

In the 1970s, Parks organized for the freedom of political prisoners in the United States, particularly cases involving issues of self-defense. She helped found the Detroit chapter of the Joann Little Defense Committee, and also worked in support of the Wilmington 10, the RNA-11, and Gary Tyler. Following national outcry around her case, Little succeeded in her defense that she used deadly force to resist sexual assault and was acquitted. Gary Tyler was finally released in April 2016 after 41 years in prison.

The 1970s were a decade of loss for Parks in her personal life. Her family was plagued with illness; she and her husband had suffered stomach ulcers for years and both required hospitalization. In spite of her fame and constant speaking engagements, Parks was not a wealthy woman. She donated most of the money from speaking to civil rights causes, and lived on her staff salary and her husband's pension. Medical bills and time missed from work caused financial strain that required her to accept assistance from church groups and admirers.

Her husband died of throat cancer on August 19, 1977 and her brother, her only sibling, died of cancer that November. Her personal ordeals caused her to become removed from the civil rights movement. She learned from a newspaper of the death of Fannie Lou Hamer, once a close friend. Parks suffered two broken bones in a fall on an icy sidewalk, an injury which caused considerable and recurring pain. She decided to move with her mother into an apartment for senior citizens. There she nursed her mother Leona through the final stages of cancer and geriatric dementia until she died in 1979 at the age of 92.

Final years

In 1980, Parks—widowed and without immediate family—rededicated herself to civil rights and educational organizations. She co-founded the Rosa L. Parks Scholarship Foundation for college-bound high school seniors, to which she donated most of her speaker fees. In February 1987 she co-founded, with Elaine Eason Steele, the Rosa and Raymond Parks Institute for Self Development, an institute that runs the "Pathways to Freedom" bus tours which introduce young people to important civil rights and Underground Railroad sites throughout the country. Parks also served on the Board of Advocates of Planned Parenthood. Though her health declined as she entered her seventies, Parks continued to make many appearances and devoted considerable energy to these causes.

In 1992, Parks published Rosa Parks: My Story, an autobiography aimed at younger readers, which recounts her life leading to her decision to keep her seat on the bus. A few years later, she published Quiet Strength (1995), her memoir, which focuses on her faith. On August 30, 1994, Joseph Skipper, an African-American drug addict, entered her home to rob it and attacked the 81-year-old Parks. The incident sparked outrage throughout the United States. After his arrest, Skipper said that he had not known he was in Parks' home but recognized her after entering. Skipper asked, "Hey, aren't you Rosa Parks?" to which she replied, "Yes." She handed him $3 when he demanded money and an additional $50 when he demanded more. Before fleeing, Skipper struck Parks in the face. Skipper was arrested and charged with various breaking and entering offenses against Parks and other neighborhood victims. He admitted guilt and, on August 8, 1995, was sentenced to eight to 15 years in prison. Suffering anxiety upon returning to her small central Detroit house following the ordeal, Parks moved into Riverfront Towers, a secure high-rise apartment building where she lived for the rest of her life.

In 1994 the Ku Klux Klan applied to sponsor a portion of United States Interstate 55 in St. Louis County and Jefferson County, Missouri, near St. Louis, for cleanup (which allowed them to have signs stating that this section of highway was maintained by the organization). Since the state could not refuse the KKK's sponsorship, the Missouri legislature voted to name the highway section the "Rosa Parks Highway". When asked how she felt about this honor, she is reported to have commented, "It is always nice to be thought of."

In 1999 Parks filmed a cameo appearance for the television series Touched by an Angel. It was her last appearance on film; health problems made her increasingly an invalid.

In 2002 Parks received an eviction notice from her $1800 per month apartment due to non-payment of rent. Parks was incapable of managing her own financial affairs by this time due to age-related physical and mental decline. Her rent was paid from a collection taken by Hartford Memorial Baptist Church in Detroit. When her rent became delinquent and her impending eviction was highly publicized in 2004, executives of the ownership company announced they had forgiven the back rent and would allow Parks, by then 91 and in extremely poor health, to live rent free in the building for the remainder of her life. Her heirs and various interest organizations alleged at the time that her financial affairs had been mismanaged.

In popular culture

In 1979, the Supersisters trading card set was produced and distributed; one of the cards featured Parks's name and picture.

The Neville Brothers recorded a song about Parks called "Sister Rosa" on their 1989 album Yellow Moon. A music video for the song was also made.

The song "Daybreak" from The Stone Roses' 1994 album Second Coming pays tribute to Parks with the line "Sister Rosa Lee Parks / Love forever her name in your heart".

In March 1999, Parks filed a lawsuit (Rosa Parks v. LaFace Records) against American hip-hop duo OutKast and their record company, claiming that the duo's song "Rosa Parks", the most successful radio single of their 1998 album Aquemini, had used her name without permission. The lawsuit was settled on April 15, 2005 (six months and nine days before Parks' death); OutKast, their producer and record labels paid Parks an undisclosed cash settlement. They also agreed to work with the Rosa and Raymond Parks Institute to create educational programs about the life of Rosa Parks. The record label and OutKast admitted to no wrongdoing. Responsibility for the payment of legal fees was not disclosed.

The documentary Mighty Times: The Legacy of Rosa Parks (2001) received a 2002 nomination for Academy Award for Documentary Short Subject. She collaborated on a TV movie of her life, The Rosa Parks Story (2002), starring Angela Bassett.

The film Barbershop (2002) featured a barber, played by Cedric the Entertainer, arguing with others that other African Americans before Parks had been active in bus integration, but she was renowned as an NAACP secretary. The activists Jesse Jackson and Al Sharpton launched a boycott against the film, contending it was "disrespectful", but NAACP president Kweisi Mfume stated he thought the controversy was "overblown." Parks was offended and boycotted the NAACP 2003 Image Awards ceremony, which Cedric hosted.

Grime musician Skepta's track "Shutdown" includes the lyrics "Sittin' at the front, just like Rosa Parks".

Death and funeral

Parks resided in Detroit until she died of natural causes at the age of 92 on October 24, 2005, in her apartment on the east side of the city. She and her husband never had children and she outlived her only sibling. She was survived by her sister-in-law (Raymond's sister), 13 nieces and nephews and their families, and several cousins, most of them residents of Michigan or Alabama.

City officials in Montgomery and Detroit announced on October 27, 2005, that the front seats of their city buses would be reserved with black ribbons in honor of Parks until her funeral. Parks' coffin was flown to Montgomery and taken in a horse-drawn hearse to the St. Paul African Methodist Episcopal (AME) church, where she lay in repose at the altar on October 29, 2005, dressed in the uniform of a church deaconess. A memorial service was held there the following morning. One of the speakers, United States Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice, said that if it had not been for Parks, she would probably have never become the Secretary of State. In the evening the casket was transported to Washington, D.C. and transported by a bus similar to the one in which she made her protest, to lie in honor in the rotunda of the U.S. Capitol.

Since the founding in 1852 of the practice of lying in state in the rotunda, Parks was the 31st person, the first American who had not been a U.S. government official, and the second private person (after the French planner Pierre L'Enfant) to be honored in this way. She was the first woman and the second black person to lie in state in the Capitol. An estimated 50,000 people viewed the casket there, and the event was broadcast on television on October 31, 2005. A memorial service was held that afternoon at Metropolitan AME Church in Washington, DC.

With her body and casket returned to Detroit, for two days, Parks lay in repose at the Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History. Her funeral service was seven hours long and was held on November 2, 2005, at the Greater Grace Temple Church in Detroit. After the service, an honor guard from the Michigan National Guard laid the U.S. flag over the casket and carried it to a horse-drawn hearse, which was intended to carry it, in daylight, to the cemetery. As the hearse passed the thousands of people who were viewing the procession, many clapped, cheered loudly and released white balloons. Parks was interred between her husband and mother at Detroit's Woodlawn Cemetery in the chapel's mausoleum. The chapel was renamed the Rosa L. Parks Freedom Chapel in her honor. Parks had previously prepared and placed a headstone on the selected location with the inscription "Rosa L. Parks, wife, 1913–."

Legacy and honors

1976, Detroit renamed 12th Street "Rosa Parks Boulevard."

1979, the NAACP awarded Parks the Spingarn Medal, its highest honor,

1980, she received the Martin Luther King Jr. Award.

1983, she was inducted into Michigan Women's Hall of Fame for her achievements in civil rights.

1984, she received a Candace Award from the National Coalition of 100 Black Women.

1990,

1992, she received the Peace Abbey Courage of Conscience Award along with Dr. Benjamin Spock and others at the Kennedy Library and Museum in Boston, Massachusetts.

1994, she received an honorary doctorate from Soka University in Tokyo, Japan.

1995, she received the Academy of Achievement's Golden Plate Award in Williamsburg, Virginia.

1996, she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest honor given by the US executive branch.

1998, she was the first to receive the International Freedom Conductor Award given by the National Underground Railroad Freedom Center.

1999,

2000,

2002,

2003, Bus No. 2857 on which Parks was riding is restored and placed on display in The Henry Ford

2004, In the Los Angeles County MetroRail system, the Imperial Highway/Wilmington station, where the Blue Line connects with the Green Line, has been officially named the "Rosa Parks Station".

2005,

Parks was invited to be part of the group welcoming Nelson Mandela upon his release from prison in South Africa.

Parks was in attendance as part of Interstate 475 outside of Toledo, Ohio is named after Parks.

she received the Congressional Gold Medal, the highest award given by the US legislative branch, the medal bears the legend "Mother of the Modern Day Civil Rights Movement"

she receives the Windsor–Detroit International Freedom Festival Freedom Award.

Time named Parks one of the 20 most influential and iconic figures of the 20th century.

President Bill Clinton honored her in his State of the Union address, saying, "She's sitting down with the first lady tonight, and she may get up or not as she chooses."

her home state awarded her the Alabama Academy of Honor,

she receives the first Governor's Medal of Honor for Extraordinary Courage.

She was awarded two dozen honorary doctorates from universities worldwide

She is made an honorary member of the Alpha Kappa Alpha sorority.

the Rosa Parks Library and Museum on the campus of Troy University in Montgomery was dedicated to her.

scholar Molefi Kete Asante listed Parks on his list of 100 Greatest African Americans.

A portion of the Interstate 10 freeway in Los Angeles is named in her honor.

On October 30, 2005 President George W. Bush issued a proclamation ordering that all flags on U.S. public areas both within the country and abroad be flown at half-staff on the day of Parks' funeral.

Metro Transit in King County, Washington placed posters and stickers dedicating the first forward-facing seat of all its buses in Parks' memory shortly after her death,

the American Public Transportation Association declared December 1, 2005, the 50th anniversary of her arrest, to be a "National Transit Tribute to Rosa Parks Day".

On that anniversary, President George W. Bush signed Pub.L. 109–116, directing that a statue of Parks be placed in the United States Capitol's National Statuary Hall. In signing the resolution directing the Joint Commission on the Library to do so, the President stated:

By placing her statue in the heart of the nation's Capitol, we commemorate her work for a more perfect union, and we commit ourselves to continue to struggle for justice for every American.

2006,

2007, Nashville, Tennessee, renamed MetroCenter Boulevard (8th Avenue North) (US 41A and SR 12) in September 2007 as Rosa L. Parks Boulevard.

2009, On July 14, 2009, the Rosa Parks Transit Center opened in Detroit at the corner of Michigan and Cass Avenues.

2010, In Grand Rapids, Michigan, a plaza in the heart of the city is named Rosa Parks Circle.

2012, President Barack Obama visited the famous Rosa Parks bus at the Henry Ford Museum after an event in Dearborn, Michigan, April 18, 2012.

2012, A street in West Valley City, Utah (the state's second largest city), leading to the Utah Cultural Celebration Center was renamed Rosa Parks Drive.

2013,

2014, the asteroid (284996) Rosaparks was named after Rosa Parks.

2015,

Portion of Interstate 96 in Detroit was renamed by the state legislature as the Rosa Parks Memorial Highway in December 2005.

At Super Bowl XL, played at Detroit's Ford Field, long-time Detroit residents Coretta Scott King and Parks were remembered and honored by a moment of silence. The Super Bowl was dedicated to their memory. Parks' nieces and nephews and Martin Luther King III joined the coin toss ceremonies, standing alongside former University of Michigan star Tom Brady who flipped the coin.

On February 14, Nassau County, New York Executive, Thomas Suozzi announced that the Hempstead Transit Center would be renamed the Rosa Parks Hempstead Transit Center in her honor.

On February 1, President Barack Obama proclaimed February 4, 2013, as the "100th Anniversary of the Birth of Rosa Parks." He called "upon all Americans to observe this day with appropriate service, community, and education programs to honor Rosa Parks's enduring legacy."

On February 4, to celebrate Rosa Parks' 100th birthday, the Henry Ford Museum declared the day a "National Day of Courage" with 12 hours of virtual and on-site activities featuring nationally recognized speakers, musical and dramatic interpretative performances, a panel presentation of Rosa's Story and a reading of the tale Quiet Strength. The actual bus on which Rosa Parks sat was made available for the public to board and sit in the seat that Rosa Parks refused to give up.

On February 4, 2,000 birthday wishes gathered from people throughout the United States were transformed into 200 graphics messages at a celebration held on her 100th Birthday at the Davis Theater for the Performing Arts in Montgomery, Alabama. This was the 100th Birthday Wishes Project managed by the Rosa Parks Museum at Troy University and the Mobile Studio and was also a declared event by the Senate.

During both events the USPS unveiled a postage stamp in her honor.

On February 27, Parks became the first African American woman to have her likeness depicted in National Statuary Hall. The monument, created by sculptor Eugene Daub, is a part of the Capitol Art Collection among nine other females featured in the National Statuary Hall Collection.

the papers of Rosa Parks were cataloged into the Library of Congress, after years of a legal battle.

On December 13, the new Rosa Parks Railway Station opened in Paris.

Wikipedia

#Rosa Parks

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