#Cubana flight 455

[katchwreck]

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 10.6 (after 1930)

1939 – World War II: The Battle of Kock is the final combat of the September Campaign in Poland. 1942 – World War II: American troops force the Japanese from their positions east of the Matanikau River during the Battle of Guadalcanal. 1943 – World War II: Thirteen civilians are burnt alive by a paramilitary group in Crete during the Nazi occupation of Greece. 1944 – World War II: Units of the 1st Czechoslovak Army Corps enter Czechoslovakia during the Battle of the Dukla Pass. 1973 – Egypt and Syria launch coordinated attacks against Israel, beginning the Yom Kippur War. 1976 – Cubana de Aviación Flight 455 is destroyed by two bombs, placed on board by an anti-Castro militant group. 1976 – Premier Hua Guofeng arrests the Gang of Four, ending the Cultural Revolution in China. 1976 – Dozens are killed by Thai police and right-wing paramilitaries in the Thammasat University massacre; afterwards, the Seni Pramoj government is toppled in a military coup led by Sangad Chaloryu. 1977 – The first prototype of the Mikoyan MiG-29, designated 9-01, makes its maiden flight. 1979 – Pope John Paul II becomes the first pontiff to visit the White House. 1981 – Egyptian President Anwar Sadat is murdered by Islamic extremists. 1981 – NLM CityHopper Flight 431 crashes in Moerdijk after taking off from Rotterdam The Hague Airport in the Netherlands, killing all 17 people on board. 1985 – Police constable Keith Blakelock is murdered as riots erupt in the Broadwater Farm suburb of London. 1987 – Fiji becomes a republic. 1990 – Space Shuttle Discovery is launched on STS-41, and deploys the Ulysses space probe to study the Sun's polar regions. 1995 – The first planet orbiting another sun, 51 Pegasi b, is discovered. 2007 – Jason Lewis completes the first human-powered circumnavigation of the Earth. 2010 – Instagram, a mainstream photo-sharing application, is founded. 2018 – The United States Senate confirms Brett Kavanaugh as a Supreme Court Associate Justice, ending a contentious confirmation process. 2022 – Annie Ernaux is awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature.

[yhwhrulz]

Today's selected anniversaries: 6th October 2024

1934:

Catalonia's autonomous government, led by Lluís Companys, declared a general strike, an armed insurgency, and the establishment of the Catalan State in reaction to the inclusion of conservatives in the Spanish republican regime. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Events_of_6_October

1976:

Two bombs placed by the CIA-linked Cuban dissident group Coordination of United Revolutionary Organizations exploded on Cubana Flight 455, killing all 73 aboard. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordination_of_United_Revolutionary_Organizations

1989:

About 200 members of the San Francisco Police Department instigated a police riot in the Castro following a peaceful protest held by the political group ACT UP. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castro_Sweep

[chaosmenu]

But the fates of many fugitive citizens who were given refuge in the United States or Cuba remain in limbo. Among them are people sought back home for crimes including murder, kidnapping, bank robbery, and terrorism. Curious about such people, I recently asked an American official what prevented the U.S. government from arresting, and possibly extraditing, Luis Posada Carriles, an eighty-eight-year-old Cuban exile living in Florida, on terrorism charges. Posada, a former C.I.A. operative who spent most of the past half century involved in efforts to violently destabilize the Castro government, has been on the top of Cuba’s most-wanted list for decades. I ticked off the long list of his alleged crimes—most notably, the bombing of Cubana de Aviación Flight 455, in 1976, which killed all seventy-three passengers onboard, and a number of bombings and assassination attempts across the Western Hemisphere. As recently as 1997, Posada admitted to planning the bombing of a Havana hotel, which killed an Italian tourist. The official listened calmly, nodding his head as I spoke. Eventually, he told me, “The complication is that Cuba is also harboring people that the United States would like to see face justice back home.” He mentioned Joanne Chesimard, who goes by the name Assata Shakur, the aunt of the late rapper Tupac Shakur and a former member of the Black Liberation Army, a short-lived offshoot of the Black Panther Party that was devoted to armed struggle.

[nakeddeparture]

Today in Barbados History: Cubana Flight 455 that crashed into the sea.

https://youtu.be/BjSyBGnHglE

All passengers lost. The USA/CIA/FBI disavowed any knowledge of the plot.

[bring-it-all-down]

I am begging people to familiarize themselves with US efforts to overthrow the Cuban government in order to reinstate private corporations. 

Prior to the 1959 revolution, American businesses owned the vast majority of the country’s sugar production as well as roughly 70% of the country’s land. This land was organized into a plantation system consisting of latifundia––large privately-owned pieces of land worked by slaves. This ownership was aided by America’s support (and installation) of the brutal dictator, Fulgencio Batista, who received monetary and military support in violently silencing the poor Cubans who opposed his suspension of civil liberties, including the right to strike. During the Cuban revolution, many of these landowners and business owners escaped to America rather than cooperating with the revolution and allowing their property to be nationally controlled. JFK in 1963 admitted that Batista’s regime was the fault of the US.

After the nationalization of Cuba’s industries, like sugar plantations, oil refineries, and banks, the U.S. authorized the CIA to begin attempts to overthrow the government and re-establish American private corporations on the island.

The first such attempt was the Bay of Pigs invasion in April of 1961. The invasion was carried out by a combination of CIA-funded Cuban exiles (named the Democratic Revolutionary Front) and members of the US military. The 1,400 invaders where defeated after only three days, however, after Castro took over leadership of the Cuban troops.

Following this embarrassment, JFK announced a full trade embargo on Cuba, beginning in February 1962. This trade embargo is still in place and has denied Cuba roughly $130 billion over the past 6 decades, according to both Cuban and United Nations estimates.

In November of 1961, the US government created another project to overthrow the Cuban government, titled Operation Mongoose. This project was more secretive and sinister than the Bay of Pigs invasion, involving political, psychological, military, intelligence, and assassination components meant to destabilize the entire Castro regime and bring the island back under American control. This operation distributed anti-Castro propaganda in Cuba, the US, and worldwide; funded militias in Cuba; established guerilla bases throughout the country; carried out attacks on power plants, oil refineries, sugar mills, and other manufacturing sites; and attempted multiple times to assassinate Castro and other Communist Party members (the CIA planned at least 500 assassination attempts against Castro in his lifetime). The Operation was scaled back in late 1962 due to the Cuban Missile Crisis.

In conjunction with Operation Mongoose, the US considered implementing Operation Bounty––distributing leaflets around Cuba offering significant monetary rewards for the murder of Castro and a handful of other party members––and Operation Northwoods––committing acts of terrorism against US military and civilians in the US and Cuba and blaming them on Cuba. These projects were both allegedly ultimately rejected.

From 1960 to 1962, the US facilitated Operation Peter Pan, in which Catholic “charities” and the US government sent 14,000 unaccompanied children (mainly of upperclass families) to the US so they wouldn’t be enrolled in the government’s literacy campaign. While many children were eventually reunited with their families, others were placed in foster families as far away as Illinois and New York. They were all made to learn English and speak only in English in the orphanages in which they all lived for at least 6 months. The result was an alienation from their Cuban culture and an indoctrination into US propaganda.

On October 6, 1976, CIA-assisted Cuban exiles planted bombs on Cubana de Aviación Flight 455, departing from Barbados and heading toward Jamaica. The bombs detonated, exploding the plane and killing all 73 passengers, including the entire Cuban Olympic fencing team. Two of the terrorists, Orlando Bosch and Luis Posada Carriles eventually moved to the US, and Bosch was pardoned by George H.W. Bush in 1990.

In 2010, United States Agency for International Development (USAID) created ZunZuneo, named “Cuban Twitter.” This social media platform, designed to undermine the communist Cuban government, spammed its users with propaganda and collected private data to assist them in fomenting a revolution among Cuban youths.  

These are just the very basics of the US’s efforts to overthrow the Castro government and reinstitute Cuba as a resource for American capitalism and imperialism. If you want to talk about whatever protests may or may not be happening in Cuba right now, you cannot do so outside of this context. You cannot talk about the poverty of Cuba without placing the blame on American embargoes.

If you want to discuss America’s understanding of Cuban humanitarian need, you cannot do so without reckoning with America’s use of Guantanamo Bay on the same island which we are supposed to believe they want to liberate.

Just last week, the President submitted a budget to Congress, asking for $20,000,000 to fund support for private businesses in Cuba and $13,000,000 to find Office of Cuba Broadcasting, which transmits American propaganda in Spanish to Cuba. This office was created in the 1980s for the explicit purpose of undermining communism in Cuba.

This is not to say that every single Cuban is happy with the Cuban government at all times, but rather that the US has a vested interest in overthrowing the government and establishing a capitalist, US-friendly one in its place. Any international protest crowd that is full of American flags should be a GIANT tip-off that the CIA/US government might just be involved! Just imagine what the CIA is hiding when all of the information comes from declassified files!!!!!

[jd-aero-industry]

Cubana de Aviación Flight 455*October 6, 1976*Dangerous history symbolism till date. #airplane #boeing #aerospaceengineering #pilot #pilotlife #aviationeverywhere #aviationnews #aviationmechanic #aviationphotography #aerospace #pilots #aviationindustry #airbus #aircrafttechnician #aviationworld

[katchwreck]

Today In History | October 6, 1976 | Barbados 🇧🇧

Cubana de Aviación Flight 455, traveling from Barbados to Jamaica, was bombed by right-wing, CIA-backed Cuban terrorists. All 73 people on the flight were killed.

This history is entirely ignored by the U.S. imperialists.

https://t.co/THs5oG7cFj

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 10.6

105 BC – Cimbrian War: Defeat at the Battle of Arausio of the Roman army of the mid-Republic 69 BC – Third Mithridatic War: The military of the Roman Republic subdue Armenia. AD 23 – Rebels decapitate Wang Mang two days after his capital was sacked during a peasant rebellion. 404 – Byzantine Empress Eudoxia dies from the miscarriage of her seventh pregnancy. 618 – Transition from Sui to Tang: Wang Shichong decisively defeats Li Mi at the Battle of Yanshi. 1539 – Spain's DeSoto expedition takes over the Apalachee capital of Anhaica for their winter quarters. 1600 – Euridice, the earliest surviving opera, receives its première performance, beginning the Baroque period. 1683 – Immigrant families found Germantown, Pennsylvania in the first major immigration of German people to America. 1762 – Seven Years' War: The British capture Manila from Spain and occupy it. 1777 – American Revolutionary War: British forces capture Forts Clinton and Montgomery on the Hudson River. 1789 – French Revolution: King Louis XVI is forced to change his residence from Versailles to the Tuileries Palace. 1810 – A large fire destroys a third of all the buildings in the town of Raahe in the Grand Duchy of Finland. 1849 – The execution of the 13 Martyrs of Arad after the Hungarian war of independence. 1854 – In England the Great fire of Newcastle and Gateshead leads to 53 deaths and hundreds injured. 1884 – The Naval War College of the United States is founded in Rhode Island. 1898 – Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia, the largest American music fraternity, is founded at the New England Conservatory of Music. 1903 – The High Court of Australia sits for the first time. 1908 – The Bosnian crisis erupts when Austria-Hungary formally annexes Bosnia and Herzegovina. 1910 – Eleftherios Venizelos is elected Prime Minister of Greece for the first of seven times. 1915 – Combined Austro-Hungarian and German Central Powers, reinforced by the recently joined Bulgaria launched a new offensive against Serbia under command of August von Mackensen. 1915 – Entente forces land in Thessaloniki, to open the Macedonian front against the Central Powers. 1920 – Ukrainian War of Independence: The Starobilsk agreement is signed by representatives of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic and the Makhnovshchina. 1923 – The Turkish National Movement enters Constantinople. 1927 – Opening of The Jazz Singer, the first prominent "talkie" movie. 1939 – World War II: The Battle of Kock is the final combat of the September Campaign in Poland. 1942 – World War II: American troops force the Japanese from their positions east of the Matanikau River during the Battle of Guadalcanal. 1943 – World War II: Thirteen civilians are burnt alive by a paramilitary group in Crete during the Nazi occupation of Greece. 1944 – World War II: Units of the 1st Czechoslovak Army Corps enter Czechoslovakia during the Battle of the Dukla Pass. 1973 – Egypt and Syria launch coordinated attacks against Israel, beginning the Yom Kippur War. 1976 – Cubana de Aviación Flight 455 is destroyed by two bombs, placed on board by an anti-Castro militant group. 1976 – Premier Hua Guofeng arrests the Gang of Four, ending the Cultural Revolution in China. 1976 – Dozens are killed by the Thai army in the Thammasat University massacre. 1977 – The first prototype of the Mikoyan MiG-29, designated 9-01, makes its maiden flight. 1979 – Pope John Paul II becomes the first pontiff to visit the White House. 1981 – Egyptian President Anwar Sadat is murdered by Islamic extremists. 1987 – Fiji becomes a republic. 1995 – The first planet orbiting another sun, 51 Pegasi b, is discovered. 2007 – Jason Lewis completes the first human-powered circumnavigation of the Earth. 2010 – Instagram, a mainstream photo-sharing application, is founded. 2018 – The United States Senate confirms Brett Kavanaugh as a Supreme Court Associate Justice, ending a contentious confirmation process.

[aviationhistory]

Cubana de Aviacion Flight 455, a Douglas DC-8, is bombed by anti-Castro militants and crashes near Bridgetown, Barbados, killing all 73 people on board.

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 10.6

105 BC – Cimbrian War: Defeat at the Battle of Arausio accelerates the Marian reforms of the Roman army of the mid-Republic. 69 BC – Third Mithridatic War: The military of the Roman Republic subdue Armenia. AD 23 – Rebels decapitate Wang Mang two days after his capital was sacked during a peasant rebellion. 404 – Byzantine Empress Eudoxia dies from the miscarriage of her seventh pregnancy. 618 – Transition from Sui to Tang: Wang Shichong decisively defeats Li Mi at the Battle of Yanshi. 1539 – Spain's DeSoto expedition takes over the Apalachee capital of Anhaica for their winter quarters. 1600 – Euridice, the earliest surviving opera, receives its première performance, beginning the Baroque period. 1683 – Immigrant families found Germantown, Pennsylvania in the first major immigration of German people to America. 1762 – Seven Years' War: The British capture Manila from Spain and occupy it. 1777 – American Revolutionary War: British forces capture Forts Clinton and Montgomery on the Hudson River. 1789 – French Revolution: King Louis XVI is forced to change his residence from Versailles to the Tuileries Palace. 1810 – A large fire destroys a third of all the buildings in the town of Raahe in the Grand Duchy of Finland. 1849 – The execution of the 13 Martyrs of Arad after the Hungarian war of independence. 1854 – In England the Great fire of Newcastle and Gateshead leads to 53 deaths and hundreds injured. 1884 – The Naval War College of the United States is founded in Rhode Island. 1898 – Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia, the largest American music fraternity, is founded at the New England Conservatory of Music. 1903 – The High Court of Australia sits for the first time. 1908 – The Bosnian crisis erupts when Austria-Hungary formally annexes Bosnia and Herzegovina. 1910 – Eleftherios Venizelos is elected Prime Minister of Greece for the first of seven times. 1915 – Combined Austro-Hungarian and German Central Powers, reinforced by the recently joined Bulgaria launched a new offensive against Serbia under command of August von Mackensen. 1915 – Entente forces land in Thessaloniki, to open the Macedonian front against the Central Powers. 1923 – The Turkish National Movement enters Constantinople. 1927 – Opening of The Jazz Singer, the first prominent "talkie" movie. 1939 – World War II: The Battle of Kock is the final combat of the September Campaign in Poland. 1942 – World War II: American troops force the Japanese from their positions east of the Matanikau River during the Battle of Guadalcanal. 1943 – World War II: Thirteen civilians are burnt alive by a paramilitary group in Crete during the Nazi occupation of Greece. 1944 – World War II: Units of the 1st Czechoslovak Army Corps enter Czechoslovakia during the Battle of the Dukla Pass. 1973 – Egypt and Syria launch coordinated attacks against Israel, beginning the Yom Kippur War. 1976 – Cubana de Aviación Flight 455 is destroyed by two bombs, placed on board by an anti-Castro militant group. 1976 – Premier Hua Guofeng arrests the Gang of Four, ending the Cultural Revolution in China. 1976 – Dozens are killed by the Thai army in the Thammasat University massacre. 1977 – The first prototype of the Mikoyan MiG-29, designated 9-01, makes its maiden flight. 1979 – Pope John Paul II becomes the first pontiff to visit the White House. 1981 – Egyptian President Anwar Sadat is murdered by Islamic extremists. 1981 – NLM CityHopper Flight 431 crashes in Moerdijk after taking off from Rotterdam The Hague Airport in the Netherlands, killing all 17 people on board. 1985 – Police constable Keith Blakelock is murdered as riots erupt in the Broadwater Farm suburb of London. 1987 – Fiji becomes a republic. 1995 – The first planet orbiting another sun, 51 Pegasi b, is discovered. 2007 – Jason Lewis completes the first human-powered circumnavigation of the Earth. 2010 – Instagram, a mainstream photo-sharing application, is founded. 2018 – President Donald Trump appoints Brett Kavanaugh as Supreme Court Associate Justice, ending a contentious confirmation process.

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 10.6

105 BC – Cimbrian War: Defeat at the Battle of Arausio accelerates the Marian reforms of the Roman army. 69 BC – Third Mithridatic War: Forces of the Roman Republic subdue Armenia. AD 23 – Rebels decapitate Wang Mang two days after his capital was sacked during a peasant rebellion. 404 – Byzantine Empress Eudoxia dies from the miscarriage of her seventh pregnancy. 618 – Transition from Sui to Tang: Wang Shichong decisively defeats Li Mi at the Battle of Yanshi. 1539 – Spain's DeSoto expedition takes over the Apalachee capital of Anhaica for their winter quarters. 1600 – Euridice, the earliest surviving opera, receives its première performance, beginning the Baroque period. 1683 – Immigrant families found Germantown, Pennsylvania in the first major immigration of German people to America. 1762 – Seven Years' War: The British capture Manila from Spain and occupy it. 1777 – American Revolutionary War: British forces capture Forts Clinton and Montgomery on the Hudson River. 1789 – French Revolution: King Louis XVI is forced to change his residence from Versailles to the Tuileries Palace. 1849 – The execution of the 13 Martyrs of Arad after the Hungarian war of independence. 1854 – In England the Great fire of Newcastle and Gateshead leads to 53 deaths and hundreds injured. 1884 – The Naval War College of the United States is founded in Rhode Island. 1898 – Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia, the largest American music fraternity, is founded at the New England Conservatory of Music. 1903 – The High Court of Australia sits for the first time. 1908 – The Bosnian crisis erupts when Austria-Hungary formally annexes Bosnia and Herzegovina. 1910 – Eleftherios Venizelos is elected prime minister of Greece for the first of seven times. 1923 – The Turkish National Movement enters Constantinople. 1927 – Opening of The Jazz Singer, the first prominent "talkie" movie. 1939 – World War II: The Battle of Kock is the final combat of the September Campaign in Poland. 1942 – World War II: American troops force the Japanese from their positions east of the Matanikau River on Guadalcanal. 1943 – World War II: Thirteen civilians are burnt alive by a paramilitary group in Crete. 1944 – World War II: Units of the 1st Czechoslovak Army Corps enter Czechoslovakia during the Battle of the Dukla Pass. 1973 – Egypt and Syria launch coordinated attacks against Israel, beginning the Yom Kippur War. 1976 – Cubana de Aviación Flight 455 is destroyed by two bombs, placed on board by an anti-Castro militant group. 1976 – Premier Hua Guofeng arrests the Gang of Four, ending the Cultural Revolution in China. 1976 – Dozens are killed by the Thai army in the Thammasat University massacre. 1977 – The first prototype of the Mikoyan MiG-29, designated 9-01, makes its maiden flight. 1979 – Pope John Paul II becomes the first pontiff to visit the White House. 1981 – Egyptian President Anwar Sadat is murdered by Islamic extremists. 1981 – NLM CityHopper Flight 431 crashes in Moerdijk after taking off from Rotterdam The Hague Airport in the Netherlands, killing all 17 people on board. 1985 – Police constable Keith Blakelock is murdered as riots erupt in the Broadwater Farm suburb of London. 1987 – Fiji becomes a republic. 1995 – The first planet orbiting another sun, 51 Pegasi b, is discovered. 2007 – Jason Lewis completes the first human-powered circumnavigation of the Earth. 2010 – Instagram, a mainstream photo-sharing application, is founded.

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 10.6

105 BC – Cimbrian War: Defeat at the Battle of Arausio accelerates the Marian reforms of the Roman army. 69 BC – Third Mithridatic War: Forces of the Roman Republic subdue Armenia. AD 23 – Rebels decapitate Wang Mang two days after his capital was sacked during a peasant rebellion. 404 – Byzantine Empress Eudoxia dies from the miscarriage of her seventh and last pregnancy. 618 – Transition from Sui to Tang: Wang Shichong decisively defeats Li Mi at the Battle of Yanshi. 1539 – Spain's DeSoto expedition takes over the Apalachee capital of Anhaica for their winter quarters. 1600 – Euridice, the earliest surviving opera, receives its première performance, beginning the Baroque period. 1683 – Immigrant families found Germantown, Pennsylvania in the first major immigration of German people to America. 1762 – Seven Years' War: The British Capture Manila from Spain and occupy it. 1777 – American Revolutionary War: British forces capture Forts Clinton and Montgomery on the Hudson River. 1789 – French Revolution: King Louis XVI is forced to change his residence from Versailles to the Tuileries Palace. 1849 – The execution of the 13 Martyrs of Arad after the Hungarian war of independence. 1854 – In England the Great fire of Newcastle and Gateshead leads to 53 deaths and hundreds injured. 1884 – The Naval War College of the United States is founded in Rhode Island. 1898 – Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia, the largest American music fraternity, is founded at the New England Conservatory of Music. 1903 – The High Court of Australia sits for the first time. 1908 – The Bosnian crisis erupts when Austria-Hungary formally annexes Bosnia and Herzegovina. 1910 – Eleftherios Venizelos is elected prime minister of Greece for the first of seven times. 1923 – The Turkish National Movement enters Constantinople. 1927 – Opening of The Jazz Singer, the first prominent "talkie" movie. 1939 – World War II: The Battle of Kock is the final combat of the September Campaign in Poland. 1942 – World War II: American troops force the Japanese from their positions east of the Matanikau River on Guadalcanal. 1943 – World War II: Thirteen civilians are burnt alive by a paramilitary group in Crete. 1944 – World War II: Units of the 1st Czechoslovak Army Corps enter Czechoslovakia during the Battle of the Dukla Pass. 1973 – Egypt and Syria launch coordinated attacks against Israel, beginning the Yom Kippur War. 1976 – Cubana de Aviación Flight 455 is destroyed by two bombs, placed on board by an anti-Castro militant group. 1976 – Premier Hua Guofeng arrests the Gang of Four, ending the Cultural Revolution in China. 1976 – Dozens are killed by the Thai army in the Thammasat University massacre. 1977 – The first prototype of the Mikoyan MiG-29, designated 9-01, makes its maiden flight. 1979 – Pope John Paul II becomes the first pontiff to visit the White House. 1981 – Egyptian President Anwar Sadat is murdered by Islamic extremists. 1985 – Police constable Keith Blakelock is murdered as riots erupt in the Broadwater Farm suburb of London. 1987 – Fiji becomes a republic. 1995 – The first planet orbiting another sun, 51 Pegasi b, is discovered. 2007 – Jason Lewis completes the first human-powered circumnavigation of the Earth. 2010 – Instagram, a mainstream photo-sharing application, is founded.

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 10.6

105 BC – Cimbrian War: Defeat at the Battle of Arausio accelerates the Marian reforms of the Roman army. 69 BC – Third Mithridatic War: Forces of the Roman Republic subdue Armenia. AD 23 – Rebels decapitate Wang Mang two days after his capital was sacked during a peasant rebellion. 404 – Byzantine Empress Eudoxia dies from the miscarriage of her seventh and last pregnancy. 618 – Transition from Sui to Tang: Wang Shichong decisively defeats Li Mi at the Battle of Yanshi. 1539 – Spain's DeSoto expedition takes over the Apalachee capital of Anhaica for their winter quarters. 1600 – Euridice, the earliest surviving opera, receives its première performance, beginning the Baroque period. 1683 – Immigrant families found Germantown, Pennsylvania in the first major immigration of German people to America. 1762 – Seven Years' War: The British Capture Manila from Spain and occupy it. 1777 – American Revolutionary War: British forces capture Forts Clinton and Montgomery on the Hudson River. 1789 – French Revolution: King Louis XVI is forced to change his residence from Versailles to the Tuileries Palace. 1849 – The execution of the 13 Martyrs of Arad after the Hungarian war of independence. 1854 – In England the Great fire of Newcastle and Gateshead leads to 53 deaths and hundreds injured. 1884 – The Naval War College of the United States is founded in Rhode Island. 1898 – Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia, the largest American music fraternity, is founded at the New England Conservatory of Music. 1903 – The High Court of Australia sits for the first time. 1908 – The Bosnian crisis erupts when Austria-Hungary formally annexes Bosnia and Herzegovina. 1910 – Eleftherios Venizelos is elected prime minister of Greece for the first of seven times. 1923 – The Turkish National Movement enters Constantinople. 1927 – Opening of The Jazz Singer, the first prominent "talkie" movie. 1939 – World War II: The Battle of Kock is the final combat of the September Campaign in Poland. 1942 – World War II: American troops force the Japanese from their positions east of the Matanikau River on Guadalcanal. 1943 – World War II: Thirteen civilians are burnt alive by a paramilitary group in Crete. 1944 – World War II: Units of the 1st Czechoslovak Army Corps enter Czechoslovakia during the Battle of the Dukla Pass. 1973 – Egypt and Syria launch coordinated attacks against Israel, beginning the Yom Kippur War. 1976 – Cubana de Aviación Flight 455 is destroyed by two bombs, placed on board by an anti-Castro militant group. 1976 – Premier Hua Guofeng arrests the Gang of Four, ending the Cultural Revolution in China. 1976 – Dozens are killed by the Thai army in the Thammasat University massacre. 1977 – The first prototype of the Mikoyan MiG-29, designated 9-01, makes its maiden flight. 1979 – Pope John Paul II becomes the first pontiff to visit the White House. 1981 – Egyptian President Anwar Sadat is murdered by Islamic extremists. 1985 – Police constable Keith Blakelock is murdered as riots erupt in the Broadwater Farm suburb of London. 1987 – Fiji becomes a republic. 1995 – The first planet orbiting another sun, 51 Pegasi b, is discovered. 2007 – Jason Lewis completes the first human-powered circumnavigation of the Earth. 2010 – Instagram, a mainstream photo-sharing application, is founded.

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 10.6

105 BC – Battle of Arausio: The Cimbri inflict the heaviest defeat on the Roman army of Gnaeus Mallius Maximus. 69 BC – Battle of Tigranocerta: Forces of the Roman Republic led by Lucullus defeat the army of the Kingdom of Armenia led by King Tigranes the Great. AD 23 – Rebels kill and decapitate the Xin dynasty emperor Wang Mang two days after the capital Chang'an is sacked during a peasant rebellion. 404 – Byzantine Empress Eudoxia has her seventh and last pregnancy which ends in a miscarriage. She is left bleeding and dies of an infection shortly after. 618– Wang Shichong decisively defeats Li Mi at the Battle of Yanshi, during the transition from Sui to Tang civil war. 1539 – Spanish conquistador Hernando de Soto and his army enter the Apalachee capital of Anhaica (present-day Tallahassee, Florida) by force. 1582 – Because of the implementation of the Gregorian calendar, this day is skipped in Italy, Poland, Portugal and Spain. 1600 – Jacopo Peri's Euridice, the earliest surviving opera, receives its première performance in Florence, signifying the beginning of the Baroque period 1683 – German immigrant families found Germantown in the colony of Pennsylvania, marking the first major immigration of German people to America. 1723 – Benjamin Franklin arrives in Philadelphia at the age of 17. 1762 – Seven Years' War: Conclusion of the Battle of Manila between Britain and Spain, which resulted in the British occupation of Manila for the rest of the war. 1777 – American Revolutionary War: General Sir Henry Clinton leads British forces in the capture of Continental Army Hudson River defenses in the Battle of Forts Clinton and Montgomery. 1789 – French Revolution: Louis XVI returns to Paris from Versailles after being confronted by the Parisian women on October 5. 1849 – The execution of The 13 Martyrs of Arad after the Hungarian war of independence. 1854 – In England the Great fire of Newcastle and Gateshead starts shortly after midnight, leading to 53 deaths and hundreds injured. 1876 – The American Library Association was founded. 1884 – The Naval War College of the United States Navy is founded in Newport, Rhode Island. 1898 – Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia, the largest American music fraternity, is founded at the New England Conservatory of Music by Ossian Everett Mills. 1903 – The High Court of Australia sits for the first time. 1908 – Austria-Hungary annexes Bosnia-Herzegovina, sparking a crisis. 1910 – Eleftherios Venizelos is elected Prime Minister of Greece for the first time (seven times in total). 1923 – The Turkish National Movement enters Constantinople. 1927 – Opening of The Jazz Singer, the first prominent "talkie" movie. 1939 – World War II: Germany's invasion of Poland ends with the surrender of Independent Operational Group Polesie after the Battle of Kock 1942 – World War II: The October Matanikau action on Guadalcanal begins as United States Marine Corps forces attack Imperial Japanese Army units along the Matanikau River. 1943 – World War II: 13 civilians are burnt alive by Friedrich Schubert's paramilitary group in Kali Sykia, Crete. 1944 – World War II: Units of 1st Czechoslovak Army Corps crossed Czechoslovak borders during Battle of the Dukla Pass. 1973 – Egypt launches a coordinated attack with Syria against Israel leading to the Yom Kippur War. 1976 – Cubana de Aviación Flight 455 crashes into the Atlantic Ocean shortly after taking off from Bridgetown, Barbados, after two bombs, placed on board by terrorists with connections to the CIA, exploded. All 73 people on board are killed. 1976 – New Premier Hua Guofeng orders the arrest of the Gang of Four and associates and ends the Cultural Revolution in China. 1976 – Massacre of students gathering at Thammasat University in Bangkok, Thailand, to protest the return of ex-dictator Thanom, by a coalition of right-wing paramilitary and government forces, triggering the return of the military to government. 1977 – In Alicante, Spain, fascists attack a group of MCPV militants and sympathizers, and one MCPV sympathizer is killed. 1977 – The first prototype of the Mikoyan MiG-29, designated 9-01, makes its maiden flight. 1979 – Pope John Paul II becomes the first pontiff to visit the White House. 1981 – Egyptian President Anwar Sadat is murdered by Islamic extremists. 1985 – PC Keith Blakelock is murdered as riots erupt in the Broadwater Farm suburb of London. 1987 – Fiji becomes a republic. 1995 – 51 Pegasi is discovered to be the second major star apart from the Sun to have a planet orbiting around it. 2007 – Jason Lewis completes the first human-powered circumnavigation of the globe.