#Chervona Ukraina

[acervorevolucionario]

Josef Stalin no convés do cruzador soviético Chervona Ukraina da Frota do Mar Negro, 25 de julho de 1929. Autor Desconhecido.

[lordofthekinks3]

Oi u luzi chervona kalyna pokhylylasia, Chohos nasha slavna Ukraina zazhurylasia. A my tuiu chervonu kalynu pidiimemo, A my nashu slavnu Ukrainu, hei-hei, rozveselymo! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ivw8g7RgXuU

[captain-price-unofficially]

Soviet missile cruiser Chervona Ukraina before going on sea trials in 1988

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 11.12 (before 1970)

954 – The 13-year-old Lothair III is crowned at the Abbey of Saint-Remi as king of the West Frankish Kingdom. 1028 – Future Byzantine empress Zoe takes the throne as empress consort to Romanos III Argyros. 1330 – Battle of Posada ends: Wallachian Voievode Basarab I defeats the Hungarian army by ambush. 1439 – Plymouth becomes the first town incorporated by the English Parliament. 1835 – Construction is completed on the Wilberforce Monument in Kingston Upon Hull. 1892 – Pudge Heffelfinger becomes the first professional American football player on record, participating in his first paid game for the Allegheny Athletic Association. 1893 – Abdur Rahman Khan accepts the Durand Line as the border between the Emirate of Afghanistan and the British Raj. 1905 – Norway holds a referendum resulting in popular approval of the Storting's decision to authorise the government to make the offer of the throne of the newly independent country. 1912 – First Balkan War: King George I of Greece makes a triumphal entry into Thessaloniki after its liberation from 482 years of Ottoman rule. 1912 – The frozen bodies of Robert Scott and his men are found on the Ross Ice Shelf in Antarctica. 1918 – Dissolution of Austria-Hungary: Austria becomes a republic. After the proclamation, a coup attempt by the communist Red Guard is defeated by the social-democratic Volkswehr. 1920 – The 1920 Cork hunger strike by Irish republicans ends after three deaths. 1920 – Italy and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes sign the Treaty of Rapallo. 1927 – Leon Trotsky is expelled from the Soviet Communist Party, leaving Joseph Stalin in undisputed control of the Soviet Union. 1928 – SS Vestris sinks approximately 200 miles (320 km) off Hampton Roads, Virginia, killing at least 110 passengers, mostly women and children who die after the vessel is abandoned. 1933 – Nazi Germany uses a referendum to ratify its withdrawal from the League of Nations. 1936 – In California, the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge opens to traffic. 1938 – Nazi Germany issues the Decree on the Elimination of Jews from Economic Life prohibiting Jews from selling goods and services or working in a trade, totally segregating Jews from the German economy. 1940 – World War II: The Battle of Gabon ends as Free French Forces take Libreville, Gabon, and all of French Equatorial Africa from Vichy French forces. 1940 – World War II: Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov arrives in Berlin to discuss the possibility of the Soviet Union joining the Axis Powers. 1941 – World War II: Temperatures around Moscow drop to −12 °C (10 °F) as the Soviet Union launches ski troops for the first time against the freezing German forces near the city. 1941 – World War II: The Soviet cruiser Chervona Ukraina is destroyed during the Battle of Sevastopol. 1942 – World War II: Naval Battle of Guadalcanal between Japanese and American forces begins near Guadalcanal. The battle lasts for three days and ends with an American victory. 1944 – World War II: The Royal Air Force launches 29 Avro Lancaster bombers, which sink the German battleship Tirpitz, with 12,000 lb Tallboy bombs off Tromsø, Norway. 1948 – Aftermath of World War II: In Tokyo, the International Military Tribunal for the Far East sentences seven Japanese military and government officials, including General Hideki Tojo, to death for their roles in World War II. 1954 – Ellis Island ceases operations. 1956 – Morocco, Sudan and Tunisia join the United Nations. 1956 – In the midst of the Suez Crisis, Palestinian refugees are shot dead in Rafah by Israel Defense Force soldiers following the invasion of the Gaza Strip. 1958 – A team of rock climbers led by Warren Harding completes the first ascent of The Nose on El Capitan in Yosemite Valley. 1961 – Terry Jo Duperrault is the sole survivor of a series of brutal murders aboard the ketch Bluebelle. 1969 – Vietnam War: Independent investigative journalist Seymour Hersh breaks the story of the My Lai Massacre.

[redorangman]

Red viburnum | Калина красная | Chervona kalyna UKRAINA

[stringfork-blog]

🍂🍁 🌱🌳 . . . . . . . #осень #настроение #октябрь #одесса #украина #краски #autumn #october #beautiful #nature #stringfork #odessa #ukraine #photography #instagood #tbt #photooftheday #flowers #tree (at Chervona Ukraina, Mykolayivs'Ka Oblast', Ukraine)

[albertohernandezmoreno]

Submarinos rumanos en la Segunda Guerra Mundial

ESTE ARTÍCULO SE PUBLICÓ POR PRIMERA VEZ EN EL NÚMERO 104 DE LA REVISTA SERGA DE HISTORIA MILITAR DEL SIGLO XX.

 Desde su nacimiento como estado independiente en 1878, Rumanía miró más a las aguas fluviales que a las marinas. El Danubio parecía más importante para la seguridad y la economía de la nación que el Mar Negro, y así se explica que hasta bien entrados los años veinte no se pensase en dotar a su pequeña armada de submarinos.

En esos años no eran demasiados los astilleros europeos dedicados a exportar este tipo de buques. Los italianos gozaban de gran fama, así que se eligió al astillero estatal de Fiume (creado cuando la ciudad pertenecía al Imperio Austro-Húngaro) para la construcción de un submarino derivado de la clase Sirena que en esos momentos se fabricaba para la Regia Marina. Se trataba de una unidad costera que desplazaba 650 toneladas en superficie y 900 sumergida. Medía 68 metros de eslora, 5’9 de manga y 3’6 de calado. La propulsaban dos motores diesel Krupp que le permitían navegar a 14 nudos sobre la superficie y 9 en inmersión. El armamento estaba formado por cuatro tubos lanzatorpedos de 533 mm. a proa y otros dos a popa, además de un cañón de 102 mm. La dotación prevista era de cuarenta tripulantes.

Los trabajos en el buque comenzaron con total normalidad en 1929, y el 22 de junio de 1930 se produjo la botadura en presencia del ministro plenipotenciario rumano en Italia. Fue bautizado con el nombre de Delfinul (“Delfín”). Problemas en los pagos pospusieron considerablemente la entrega, que no se produjo hasta mucho después, nada menos que el 9 de mayo de 1936. Se trataba, por tanto, de un buque que ya estaba algo desfasado desde el mismo momento de su entrada en servicio. El 27 de junio llegó a su base en Constanza, y a partir de ese momento cumplió el importante papel de formar no sólo a los submarinistas rumanos, sino también a los tripulantes de los destructores de la flota, encargados de la lucha antisubmarina. Numerosos cruceros de instrucción por el Mar Negro, el Mediterráneo e incluso el Atlántico sirvieron para ponerlo a punto, algo que iba a resultar muy necesario porque el clima político en Europa estaba muy enrarecido: Rumanía se encontraba rodeada por naciones hostiles (la Unión Soviética, Hungría y Bulgaria) que reclamaban a Rumanía la devolución de los territorios cedidos tras la Primera Guerra Mundial, lo cual llevó al país a una política de sumisión y de entrega de esos territorios (Bukovina, Besarabia, Transilvania y Dobrudja), y después a la alianza con la victoriosa Alemania, con la esperanza de detener el expolio y lograr la recuperación de alguna de esas tierras. Con sus dos principales aliados militares en la región (Checoslovaquia y Polonia) borrados del mapa por Alemania, mientras el ejército francés era apabullado por los panzers, el nuevo gobierno rumano presidido por el general Antonescu se echó a los brazos de Hitler y se convirtió en su principal apoyo para la realización de la Operación Barbarroja.

Cuando se rompieron las hostilidades (22 de junio de 1941), el Delfinul era el único submarino del Eje presente en el Mar Negro. A pocas millas se encontraba la potente flota soviética, con el acorazado Parizhskaya Kommuna, los modernos cruceros Molotov y Voroshilov, los cruceros ligeros Krasnyi Krym, Chervona Ukraina y Krasnyi Kavkaz, dieciocho destructores, ochenta y cuatro lanchas torpederas y cuarenta y cuatro submarinos. Pese a esta desproporción de fuerzas (Rumanía sólo contaba con cuatro destructores), la simple existencia del submarino rumano obligó a los soviéticos a estar continuamente alerta durante sus navegaciones. De igual modo, el Delfinul fue empleado con mucha prudencia por parte rumana, dado el enorme valor del buque. Entre 1941 y 1944 realizó nueve patrullas, y en todas ellas su tripulación dio buenas muestras de pericia y profesionalismo.

La primera tuvo lugar entre el 22 y el 27 de junio de 1941, y consistió en una misión de reconocimiento del área cercana a su base en Constanza. Detectó la presencia de una fuerza soviética que se aproximaba a la ciudad, y pudo poner en alerta a las baterías de costa: el destructor Moskva fue hundido, y su gemelo Kharkov y el crucero Voroshilov resultaron alcanzados.

En la segunda misión (10 - 20 de julio de 1941), el Delfinul patrulló el sur de la Península de Crimea para inspeccionar las defensas de la base naval de Norovosiysk. La rotura del girocompás le obligó a regresar, y por el camino se cruzó con otro submarino soviético. Cuando se disponía a entablar duelo artillero, dos hidroaviones hicieron acto de presencia y el Delfinul desistió, sumergiéndose bajo las aguas.

La tercera patrulla (12 - 20 de agosto de 1941) era una misión ofensiva. El objetivo era atacar el tráfico marítimo en el área de Odessa. Era una zona muy hostil, plagada de patrulleros, lanchas torpederas y aviones enemigos. Únicamente en dos ocasiones se tuvo oportunidad de atacar, pero en ambas se perdió el contacto con los blancos. El día del regreso el Delfinul estuvo a punto de ser alcanzado por un torpedo del submarino soviético M-33 a sólo cuatro millas de Constanza.

En la cuarta misión (3 - 19 de septiembre de 1941) se volvió a adentrar en aguas controladas por los soviéticos. El día 9 fue descubierto por el crucero minador Komintern cerca del Cabo Otrishenok, pero se libró de ser atacado realizando una inmersión de emergencia. Al día siguiente divisó un convoy formado por dos buques grandes, pero una de las lanchas torpederas que lo escoltaban detectó al submarino, obligándolo a retirarse. Idéntico episodio se repitió el día 16, al oeste de Norovosiysk. Un petrolero se le puso a tiro, pero los escoltas forzaron la retirada. Hay que tener en cuenta que el Delfinul había recibido órdenes de evitar cualquier riesgo innecesario ya que era un buque único en su tipo e irreemplazable. Durante el regreso fue hostigado por aviones y cazasubmarinos, pero volvió intacto a su base.

En la quinta patrulla (2 - 7 de noviembre de 1941) el submarino pudo realizar, por fin, su primer (y último) ataque con torpedos. La misión consistía en atacar los convoyes que abastecían Sevastopol. Cerca de Yalta se entró en contacto con un transporte soviético, al que se lanzó un torpedo desde uno de los tubos de proa. La tripulación del Delfinul escuchó dos explosiones, y una hora después hicieron acto de presencia los cazasubmarinos, que le lanzaron unas noventa cargas de profundidad. El Delfinul esquivó todos los ataques y pudo alcanzar la costa turca, para llegar finalmente a Constanza. El buque atacado y hundido fue probablemente el Uralets (1.975 toneladas), aunque fuentes rusas aseguran que este transporte fue bombardeado por la Luftwaffe en Yevpatoria el 29 de octubre. En cualquier caso, el comandante del Delfinul, capitán de corbeta Constantin Costachescu, fue recompensado con la Orden de Miguel el Valiente de tercera clase por esta misión.

La sexta patrulla debía atacar las comunicaciones entre Batumi y Estambul. El Delfinul zarpó el 30 de noviembre, pero el 3 de diciembre tuvo que regresar debido al mal tiempo.

La séptima (6-13 de diciembre de 1941) se planteó con los mismos objetivos, pero no se encontró ningún convoy enemigo.

La primera misión de 1942 (18-30 de mayo) llevó al buque al norte de la costa turca, pero de nuevo fue imposible localizar blancos. EL día 27  fue atacado por aviones soviéticos, pero no sufrió daño alguno.

La última patrulla del Delfinul (25 de junio - 3 de julio de 1942) lo llevó al este de Yalta. Un avión de patrulla enemigo lo detectó el 27, y dio la alarma al resto de las fuerzas cercanas. En menos de doce horas el submarino fue atacado con unas doscientas cuarenta cargas de profundidad, una de las cuales dañó un tanque de combustible. Al día siguiente otro avión lo sorprendió en superficie y ametralló la torre. El 1 de julio otra vez fue detectado desde el aire. Doscientas sesena y ocho explosiones, entre bombas y cargas de profundidad, se contaron desde el submarino.

Cuando el Delfinul regresó a Constanza requirió reparaciones intensivas, y permaneció en el dique seco hasta el final de la guerra. Los soviéticos lo confiscaron tras la capitulación rumana y el cambio de bando el 23 de agosto de 1944.

Conscientes del limitado servicio que podía prestar un único submarino, las autoridades rumanas decidieron expandir la flotilla poco después de la incorporación del Delfinul. La adquisición de nuevas unidades urgía, y para ello se recurrió a diseños de I.v.S, una empresa creada por Alemania en los Países Bajos durante la época de la República de Weimar para poder diseñar y construir submarinos lejos de las trabas del Tratado de Versalles. Debemos percatarnos del hecho de que en esos momentos Alemania ya estaba libre de construir submarinos para su propio uso, y que I.v.S. ya no tenía razón de ser, pues sus objetivos (desarrollar los futuros proyectos alemanes clandestinos actuando como tapadera) habían sido cumplidos con creces. No obstante, sus diseños eran dignos de tener en consideración, así que no es extraño que el gobierno rumano iniciase negociaciones con la empresa germano-holandesa para construir localmente submarinos en el astillero Santieri, ubicado en la ciudad de Galati.

Las unidades contratadas fueron dos, de diferentes características. La primera de ellas era un submarino minador mediano, no costero, bautizado como Rechinul (“Tiburón”). Su construcción fue lenta pues, si bien comenzó en 1938, hasta el 5 de mayo de 1941 no fue lanzado al agua, quedando completado el 9 de mayo de 1943. Concienzudas pruebas de mar, justificables por ser el primer sumergible construido en Rumanía, pero inoportunas dado el feo cariz que la guerra estaba tomando para las potencias del Eje, hicieron que sólo en abril de 1944 recibiese el visto bueno para entrar en combate.

El Rechinul realizó únicamente dos patrullas de guerra. La primera tuvo lugar entre el 20 de abril y el 15 de mayo de 1944, y en ella su misión era la de vigilar la actividad del puerto turco de Zonguldak, desde donde se exportaba principalmente carbón. En esos momentos, Turquía estaba bajo una fuerte presión por parte de los Aliados para unirse a ellos. En tal caso, el objetivo del Rechinul era desbaratar el tráfico impidiendo que los barcos que zarpasen de Zonguldak llegasen a sus destinos. Como los aliados no podían garantizar a Turquía la defensa de sus costas, el país desestimó su participación en la contienda, así que el submarino rumano recibió inmediatamente una nueva misión: desplazarse hasta el puerto soviético de Batumi, desde el que operaban numerosas unidades navales que podían poner en peligro la evacuación de las tropas del Eje en Crimea. Las defensas antisubmarinas eran densas, y el Rechinul tuvo bastantes encontronazos con patrulleros y aeronaves enemigas que aconsejaron su regreso a Constanza, a donde arribó el 15 de mayo.

La segunda y última patrulla consistió en una misión de vigilancia en Novorosiysk entre el 15 de junio y el 29 de julio. Por desgracia, en lugar de hostigar a las fuerzas navales soviéticas, el Rechinul no hizo otra cosa que intentar evadir el acoso al que estuvo sometido. El día 17 fue atacado con dieciséis cargas de profundidad; el 18, con treinta y ocho; y el 21, con cuarenta y tres. El dominio del Mar Negro por parte de los soviéticos era incontestable, y el día 27 recibió la orden de retornar a Constanza.

La otra unidad construida localmente era un submarino minador al que se le bautizó como Marsuinul (“Marsopa”). Medía 58 metros de eslora, 5’6 de manga y 3’6 de calado. Desplazaba 620 toneladas en superficie y 835 sumergido, y su aparato motor era idéntico al del Rechinul. Sus puntas de velocidad eran de 16 y 9 nudos en superficie y en inmersión, respectivamente. Los seis tubos lanzatorpedos, de 483 mm., se situaban cuatro a proa y dos a popa. Estaba previsto que pudiese llevar hasta veinte minas, pero antes de ser completado fue replanteado como submarino de ataque, así que los compartimentos destinados a alojar las minas fueron convertidos en tanques adicionales para fuel. Por eso gozó de mayor alcance y autonomía que los otros submarinos rumanos (8.000 millas, o cuarenta y cinco días de navegación). El resto de su armamento, el artillero, lo conformaban un cañón de 102 mm. y otro de 37 antiaéreo. La dotación estaba compuesta por cuarenta y cinco hombres.

El Marsuinul fue botado el 25 de mayo de 1941, y entró oficialmente en servicio en julio de 1943. No obstante, al igual que el Rechinul, pasó casi un año hasta que fue declarado operativo por la Armada. Eso ocurrió en abril de 1944, así que al buque sólo le quedaron apenas cinco meses hasta la capitulación rumana. Sólo pudo realizar una patrulla de guerra, entre el 10 y el 27 de mayo. Su misión era continuar el cometido del Rechinul vigilando el área de Batumi. Durante la breve y accidentada empresa sufrió ataques por parte de un patrullero alemán, que lo confundió con una unidad soviética, y luego por un avión de la Luftwaffe y una lancha patrullera tripulada por marinos croatas por idéntico motivo, lo cual lo obligó a sumergirse hasta una profundidad de 90 metros. Solucionados estos “malentendidos”, el Marsuinul intentó cuatro veces, en vano, llegar a Batumi, pero cuatro veces fue atacado por los patrulleros y destructores soviéticos, que le arrojaron entre el 18 y el 22 de mayo hasta ciento noventa y nueve cargas de profundidad, según el cómputo de los propios submarinistas rumanos. A esas alturas del mes la evacuación de Crimea había sido completada, y no existía necesidad de que el Marsuinul se aventurase por quinta vez en aguas peligrosas para proporcionar una cobertura que ya no hacía falta, así que el 23 recibió órdenes de regresar a su base. El día 25 ingresó en Constanza, y no volvió a navegar con la bandera azul, amarilla y roja.

Hubo otros cinco submarinos que sirvieron durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial en la Armada Rumana. Se trata de unas diminutas unidades italianas del tipo CB. Con 15 metros de eslora, 44 toneladas de desplazamiento, dos tubos lanzatorpedos externos y cuatro tripulantes, eran buques de limitadísima utilidad. Llegaron por tren a Rumanía en septiembre de 1943, y tras un breve adiestramiento, el 30 de noviembre fue declarado operativo el Segundo Escuadrón de Submarinos. Su actividad se redujo a única misión de reconocimiento a treinta millas de la costa de Constanza. Uno de ellos, el CB-3, fue hundido el 20 de agosto durante una incursión aérea sobre la base.

El 29 de agosto las tropas soviéticas entraron en Constanza y capturaron el trío de submarinos rumanos junto a las cuatro unidades menores supervivientes. El 14 de septiembre, dos días después de la firma del armisticio a través del cual los buques se cedían a la Armada Roja, fueron oficialmente dados de alta con su nueva insignia: el Rechinul se convirtió en el TS-1, el Marsuinul en el TS-2 y el Delfinul en el TS-3. No volvieron a entrar en combate, y pasaron la posguerra navegando poco a lo largo de las costas septentrionales del Mar Negro. En 1951, como gesto de buena voluntad de la Unión Soviética hacia su reciente estado-satélite, los submarinos fueron devueltos, pero su vejez y desgaste motivaron que fuesen desguazados inmediatamente. Además, el Tratado de París firmado en 1947 entre Rumanía y los Aliados prohibía al país carpático poseer este tipo de buques, por lo que el arma submarina rumana quedó sepultada hasta ya entrados los años 80. Fue entonces cuando un segundo Delfinul, de construcción soviética, se incorporó a la Armada. Hoy permanece oficialmente en servicio, pero desde 1995 no navega al no haberse destinado fondos a sus trabajos de mantenimiento mayor. Es, sin duda, un triste eco de la breve pero intensa historia naval en las profundidades marinas protagonizada por la Armada Rumana en la Segunda Guerra Mundial.

[aflsgm]

Sitio de Sebastopol (1941-1942) Evacuación Dándose cuenta que el fin estaba cerca, el STAVKA ordenó que los generales y almirantes escaparan en submarinos de la ciudad. En efecto, el 29 de junio la última línea defensiva cayó y los marineros que quedaron, lucharon ferozmente en instalaciones portuarias barridas por la artillería alemana. El crucero ligero Chervona Ukraina (Ucrania Roja) fue destruido, así como cuatro destructores y un submarino. La lucha continuó hasta el 9 de julio, si bien la ciudad había sido asegurada cinco días antes. https://www.instagram.com/p/BpSDd2lFZ0S/?utm_source=ig_tumblr_share&igshid=781nc12a9m92

[fuldagap]

Soviet seaman of the Black Sea Fleet on the foremast of the Red Ukraine light cruiser.

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 11.12 (before 1960)

954 – The 13-year-old Lothair III is crowned at the Abbey of Saint-Remi as king of the West Frankish Kingdom. 1028 – Future Byzantine empress Zoe takes the throne as empress consort to Romanos III Argyros. 1330 – Battle of Posada ends: Wallachian Voievode Basarab I defeats the Hungarian army by ambush. 1439 – Plymouth becomes the first town incorporated by the English Parliament. 1835 – Construction is completed on the Wilberforce Monument in Kingston Upon Hull. 1892 – Pudge Heffelfinger becomes the first professional American football player on record, participating in his first paid game for the Allegheny Athletic Association. 1893 – Abdur Rahman Khan accepts the Durand Line as the border between the Emirate of Afghanistan and the British Raj. 1905 – Norway holds a referendum resulting in popular approval of the Storting's decision to authorise the government to make the offer of the throne of the newly independent country. 1912 – First Balkan War: King George I of Greece makes a triumphal entry into Thessaloniki after its liberation from 482 years of Ottoman rule. 1912 – The frozen bodies of Robert Scott and his men are found on the Ross Ice Shelf in Antarctica. 1918 – Dissolution of Austria-Hungary: Austria becomes a republic. After the proclamation, a coup attempt by the communist Red Guard is defeated by the social-democratic Volkswehr. 1920 – Italy and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes sign the Treaty of Rapallo. 1927 – Leon Trotsky is expelled from the Soviet Communist Party, leaving Joseph Stalin in undisputed control of the Soviet Union. 1928 – SS Vestris sinks approximately 200 miles (320 km) off Hampton Roads, Virginia, killing at least 110 passengers, mostly women and children who die after the vessel is abandoned. 1933 – Nazi Germany uses a referendum to ratify its withdrawal from the League of Nations.[ 1936 – In California, the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge opens to traffic. 1938 – Nazi Germany issues the Decree on the Elimination of Jews from Economic Life prohibiting Jews from selling goods and services or working in a trade, totally segregating Jews from the German economy. 1940 – World War II: The Battle of Gabon ends as Free French Forces take Libreville, Gabon, and all of French Equatorial Africa from Vichy French forces. 1940 – World War II: Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov arrives in Berlin to discuss the possibility of the Soviet Union joining the Axis Powers. 1941 – World War II: Temperatures around Moscow drop to −12 °C (10 °F) as the Soviet Union launches ski troops for the first time against the freezing German forces near the city. 1941 – World War II: The Soviet cruiser Chervona Ukraina is destroyed during the Battle of Sevastopol. 1942 – World War II: Naval Battle of Guadalcanal between Japanese and American forces begins near Guadalcanal. The battle lasts for three days and ends with an American victory. 1944 – World War II: The Royal Air Force launches 29 Avro Lancaster bombers, which sink the German battleship Tirpitz, with 12,000 lb Tallboy bombs off Tromsø, Norway. 1948 – Aftermath of World War II: In Tokyo, the International Military Tribunal for the Far East sentences seven Japanese military and government officials, including General Hideki Tojo, to death for their roles in World War II. 1954 – Ellis Island ceases operations. 1956 – Morocco, Sudan and Tunisia join the United Nations. 1956 – In the midst of the Suez Crisis, Palestinian refugees are shot dead in Rafah by Israel Defense Force soldiers following the invasion of the Gaza Strip. 1958 – A team of rock climbers led by Warren Harding completes the first ascent of The Nose on El Capitan in Yosemite Valley.

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 11.12

954 – The 13-year-old Lothair III is crowned at the Abbey of Saint-Remi as king of the West Frankish Kingdom. 1028 – Future Byzantine empress Zoe takes the throne as empress consort to Romanos III Argyros. 1330 – Battle of Posada ends: Wallachian Voievode Basarab I defeats the Hungarian army by ambush. 1439 – Plymouth becomes the first town incorporated by the English Parliament. 1835 – Construction is completed on the Wilberforce Monument in Kingston Upon Hull. 1892 – Pudge Heffelfinger becomes the first professional American football player on record, participating in his first paid game for the Allegheny Athletic Association. 1893 – Abdur Rahman Khan accepts the Durand Line as the border between the Emirate of Afghanistan and the British Raj. 1905 – Norway holds a referendum resulting in popular approval of the Storting's decision to authorise the government to make the offer of the throne of the newly independent country. 1912 – First Balkan War: King George I of Greece makes a triumphal entry into Thessaloniki after its liberation from 482 years of Ottoman rule. 1912 – The frozen bodies of Robert Scott and his men are found on the Ross Ice Shelf in Antarctica. 1918 – Dissolution of Austria-Hungary: Austria becomes a republic. After the proclamation, a coup attempt by the communist Red Guard is defeated by the social-democratic Volkswehr. 1920 – Italy and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes sign the Treaty of Rapallo. 1927 – Leon Trotsky is expelled from the Soviet Communist Party, leaving Joseph Stalin in undisputed control of the Soviet Union. 1928 – SS Vestris sinks approximately 200 miles (320 km) off Hampton Roads, Virginia, killing at least 110 passengers, mostly women and children who die after the vessel is abandoned. 1933 – Nazi Germany uses a referendum to ratify its withdrawal from the League of Nations. 1936 – In California, the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge opens to traffic. 1938 – Nazi Germany issues the Decree on the Elimination of Jews from Economic Life prohibiting Jews from selling goods and services or working in a trade, totally segregating Jews from the German economy. 1940 – World War II: The Battle of Gabon ends as Free French Forces take Libreville, Gabon, and all of French Equatorial Africa from Vichy French forces. 1940 – World War II: Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov arrives in Berlin to discuss the possibility of the Soviet Union joining the Axis Powers. 1941 – World War II: Temperatures around Moscow drop to −12 °C (10 °F) as the Soviet Union launches ski troops for the first time against the freezing German forces near the city. 1941 – World War II: The Soviet cruiser Chervona Ukraina is destroyed during the Battle of Sevastopol. 1942 – World War II: Naval Battle of Guadalcanal between Japanese and American forces begins near Guadalcanal. The battle lasts for three days and ends with an American victory. 1944 – World War II: The Royal Air Force launches 29 Avro Lancaster bombers, which sink the German battleship Tirpitz, with 12,000 lb Tallboy bombs off Tromsø, Norway. 1948 – Aftermath of World War II: In Tokyo, the International Military Tribunal for the Far East sentences seven Japanese military and government officials, including General Hideki Tojo, to death for their roles in World War II. 1954 – Ellis Island ceases operations. 1956 – Morocco, Sudan and Tunisia join the United Nations. 1956 – In the midst of the Suez Crisis, Palestinian refugees are shot dead in Rafah by Israel Defense Force soldiers following the invasion of the Gaza Strip. 1958 – A team of rock climbers led by Warren Harding completes the first ascent of The Nose on El Capitan in Yosemite Valley. 1961 – Terry Jo Duperrault is the sole survivor of a series of brutal murders aboard the ketch Bluebelle. 1969 – Vietnam War: Independent investigative journalist Seymour Hersh breaks the story of the My Lai Massacre. 1970 – The Oregon Highway Division attempts to destroy a rotting beached sperm whale with explosives, leading to the now infamous "exploding whale" incident. 1970 – The 1970 Bhola cyclone makes landfall on the coast of East Pakistan, becoming the deadliest tropical cyclone in history. 1971 – Vietnam War: As part of Vietnamization, U.S. President Richard Nixon sets February 1, 1972 as the deadline for the removal of another 45,000 American troops from Vietnam. 1975 – The Comoros joins the United Nations. 1977 – France conducts the Oreste nuclear test as 14th in the group of 29, 1975–78 French nuclear tests series. 1979 – Iran hostage crisis: In response to the hostage situation in Tehran, U.S. President Jimmy Carter orders a halt to all petroleum imports into the United States from Iran. 1980 – The NASA space probe Voyager I makes its closest approach to Saturn and takes the first images of its rings. 1981 – Space Shuttle program: Mission STS-2, utilizing the Space Shuttle Columbia, marks the first time a crewed spacecraft is launched into space twice. 1982 – USSR: Yuri Andropov becomes the General Secretary of the Communist Party's Central Committee, succeeding Leonid I. Brezhnev. 1990 – Crown Prince Akihito is formally installed as Emperor Akihito of Japan, becoming the 125th Japanese monarch. 1990 – Tim Berners-Lee publishes a formal proposal for the World Wide Web. 1991 – Santa Cruz massacre: The Indonesian Army open fire on a crowd of student protesters in Dili, East Timor. 1995 – Erdut Agreement regarding the peaceful resolution to the Croatian War of Independence is reached. 1996 – A Saudi Arabian Airlines Boeing 747 and a Kazakh Ilyushin Il-76 cargo plane collide in mid-air near New Delhi, killing 349 in the deadliest mid-air collision to date. 1997 – Ramzi Yousef is found guilty of masterminding the 1993 World Trade Center bombing. 1999 – The 7.2 Mw  Düzce earthquake shakes northwestern Turkey with a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent). At least 845 people are killed and almost 5,000 are injured. 2001 – In New York City, American Airlines Flight 587, an Airbus A300 en route to the Dominican Republic, crashes minutes after takeoff from John F. Kennedy International Airport, killing all 260 on board and five on the ground. 2001 – War in Afghanistan: Taliban forces abandon Kabul, ahead of advancing Afghan Northern Alliance troops. 2003 – Iraq War: In Nasiriyah, Iraq, at least 23 people, among them the first Italian casualties of the 2003 invasion of Iraq, are killed in a suicide bomb attack on an Italian police base. 2003 – Shanghai Transrapid sets a new world speed record of 501 kilometres per hour (311 mph) for commercial railway systems, which remains the fastest for unmodified commercial rail vehicles. 2011 – Silvio Berlusconi tenders his resignation as Prime Minister of Italy, effective November 16, due in large part to the European sovereign debt crisis. 2011 – A blast in Iran's Shahid Modarres missile base leads to the death of 17 of the Revolutionary Guards members, including Hassan Tehrani Moghaddam, a key figure in Iran's missile program. 2014 – The Philae lander, deployed from the European Space Agency's Rosetta probe, reaches the surface of Comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko. 2015 – Two suicide bombers detonate explosives in Bourj el-Barajneh, Beirut, killing 43 people and injuring over 200 others. 2017 – The 7.3 Mw  Kermanshah earthquake shakes the northern Iran–Iraq border with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII (Severe). At least 410 people are killed and over 7,000 are injured. 2021 – The Los Angeles Superior Court formally ends the 14-year conservatorship to pop singer Britney Spears.

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 11.12

954 – The 13-year-old Lothair III is crowned at the Abbey of Saint-Remi as king of the West Frankish Kingdom. 1028 – Future Byzantine empress Zoe takes the throne as empress consort to Romanos III Argyros. 1330 – Battle of Posada ends: Wallachian Voievode Basarab I defeats the Hungarian army by ambush. 1439 – Plymouth becomes the first town incorporated by the English Parliament. 1892 – Pudge Heffelfinger becomes the first professional American football player on record, participating in his first paid game for the Allegheny Athletic Association. 1893 – Abdur Rahman Khan accepts the Durand Line as the border between Afghanistan and the British Raj. 1905 – Norway holds a referendum resulting in popular approval of the Storting's decision to authorise the government to make the offer of the throne of the newly independent country. 1912 – King George I of Greece makes a triumphal entry into Thessaloniki after its liberation from 482 years of Ottoman rule. 1912 – The frozen bodies of Robert Scott and his men are found on the Ross Ice Shelf in Antarctica. 1918 – Austria becomes a republic. After the proclamation, a coup attempt by the communist Red Guard is defeated by the social-democratic Volkswehr. 1920 – Italy and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes sign the Treaty of Rapallo. 1927 – Leon Trotsky is expelled from the Soviet Communist Party, leaving Joseph Stalin in undisputed control of the Soviet Union. 1928 – SS Vestris sinks approximately 200 miles (320 km) off Hampton Roads, Virginia, killing at least 110 passengers, mostly women and children who die after the vessel is abandoned. 1933 – Nazi Germany uses a referendum to ratify its withdrawal from the League of Nations. 1936 – In California, the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge opens to traffic. 1940 – World War II: The Battle of Gabon ends as Free French Forces take Libreville, Gabon, and all of French Equatorial Africa from Vichy French forces. 1940 – World War II: Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov arrives in Berlin to discuss the possibility of the Soviet Union joining the Axis Powers. 1941 – World War II: Temperatures around Moscow drop to −12 °C (10 °F) as the Soviet Union launches ski troops for the first time against the freezing German forces near the city. 1941 – World War II: The Soviet cruiser Chervona Ukraina is destroyed during the Battle of Sevastopol. 1942 – World War II: Naval Battle of Guadalcanal between Japanese and American forces begins near Guadalcanal. The battle lasts for three days and ends with an American victory. 1944 – World War II: The Royal Air Force launches 29 Avro Lancaster bombers, which sink the German battleship Tirpitz, with 12,000 lb Tallboy bombs off Tromsø, Norway. 1948 – In Tokyo, the International Military Tribunal for the Far East sentences seven Japanese military and government officials, including General Hideki Tojo, to death for their roles in World War II. 1954 – Ellis Island ceases operations. 1956 – Morocco, Sudan and Tunisia join the United Nations. 1956 – In the midst of the Suez Crisis, Palestinian refugees are shot dead in Rafah by Israeli soldiers following the invasion of the Gaza Strip. 1958 – A team of rock climbers led by Warren Harding completes the first ascent of The Nose on El Capitan in Yosemite Valley. 1961 – Terry Jo Duperrault is the sole survivor of a series of brutal murders aboard the ketch Bluebelle. 1969 – Vietnam War: Independent investigative journalist Seymour Hersh breaks the story of the My Lai Massacre. 1970 – The Oregon Highway Division attempts to destroy a rotting beached sperm whale with explosives, leading to the now infamous "exploding whale" incident. 1970 – The 1970 Bhola cyclone makes landfall on the coast of East Pakistan, becoming the deadliest tropical cyclone in history. 1971 – Vietnam War: As part of Vietnamization, U.S. President Richard Nixon sets February 1, 1972 as the deadline for the removal of another 45,000 American troops from Vietnam. 1975 – The Comoros joins the United Nations. 1977 – France conducts the Oreste nuclear test as 14th in the group of 29, 1975–78 French nuclear tests series. 1979 – Iran hostage crisis: In response to the hostage situation in Tehran, U.S. President Jimmy Carter orders a halt to all petroleum imports into the United States from Iran. 1980 – The NASA space probe Voyager I makes its closest approach to Saturn and takes the first images of its rings. 1981 – Space Shuttle program: Mission STS-2, utilizing the Space Shuttle Columbia, marks the first time a crewed spacecraft is launched into space twice. 1982 – USSR: Yuri Andropov becomes the General Secretary of the Communist Party's Central Committee, succeeding Leonid I. Brezhnev. 1990 – Crown Prince Akihito is formally installed as Emperor Akihito of Japan, becoming the 125th Japanese monarch. 1990 – Tim Berners-Lee publishes a formal proposal for the World Wide Web. 1991 – Santa Cruz massacre: Indonesian forces open fire on a crowd of student protesters in Dili, East Timor. 1995 – Erdut Agreement regarding the peaceful resolution to the Croatian War of Independence is reached. 1996 – A Saudi Arabian Airlines Boeing 747 and a Kazakh Ilyushin Il-76 cargo plane collide in mid-air near New Delhi, killing 349 in the deadliest mid-air collision to date. 1997 – Ramzi Yousef is found guilty of masterminding the 1993 World Trade Center bombing. 1999 – The 7.2 Mw  Düzce earthquake shakes northwestern Turkey with a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent). At least 845 people are killed and almost 5,000 are injured. 2001 – In New York City, American Airlines Flight 587, an Airbus A300 en route to the Dominican Republic, crashes minutes after takeoff from John F. Kennedy International Airport, killing all 260 on board and five on the ground. 2001 – War in Afghanistan: Taliban forces abandon Kabul, ahead of advancing Afghan Northern Alliance troops. 2003 – Iraq War: In Nasiriyah, Iraq, at least 23 people, among them the first Italian casualties of the 2003 invasion of Iraq, are killed in a suicide bomb attack on an Italian police base. 2003 – Shanghai Transrapid sets a new world speed record of 501 kilometres per hour (311 mph) for commercial railway systems, which remains the fastest for unmodified commercial rail vehicles. 2011 – Silvio Berlusconi tenders his resignation as Prime Minister of Italy, effective November 16, due in large part to the European sovereign debt crisis. 2011 – A blast in Iran's Shahid Modarres missile base leads to the death of 17 of the Revolutionary Guards members, including Hassan Tehrani Moghaddam, a key figure in Iran's missile program. 2014 – The Philae lander, deployed from the European Space Agency's Rosetta probe, reaches the surface of Comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko. 2015 – Two suicide bombers detonate explosives in Bourj el-Barajneh, Beirut, killing 43 people and injuring over 200 others. 2017 – The 7.3 Mw  Kermanshah earthquake shakes the northern Iran–Iraq border with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII (Severe). At least 410 people are killed and over 7,000 are injured.

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 11.12

954 – The 13-year-old Lothair III is crowned at the Abbey of Saint-Remi as king of the West Frankish Kingdom. 1028 – Future Byzantine empress Zoe takes the throne as empress consort to Romanos III Argyros. 1330 – Battle of Posada ends: Wallachian Voievode Basarab I defeats the Hungarian army by ambush. 1439 – Plymouth becomes the first town incorporated by the English Parliament. 1892 – Pudge Heffelfinger becomes the first professional American football player on record, participating in his first paid game for the Allegheny Athletic Association. 1893 – Abdur Rahman Khan accepts the Durand Line as the border between Afghanistan and the British Raj. 1905 – Norway holds a referendum resulting in popular approval of the Storting's decision to authorise the government to make the offer of the throne of the newly independent country. 1912 – King George I of Greece makes a triumphal entry into Thessaloniki after its liberation from 482 years of Ottoman rule. 1912 – The frozen bodies of Robert Scott and his men are found on the Ross Ice Shelf in Antarctica. 1918 – Austria becomes a republic. After the proclamation, a coup attempt by the communist Red Guard is defeated by the social-democratic Volkswehr. 1920 – Italy and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes sign the Treaty of Rapallo. 1927 – Leon Trotsky is expelled from the Soviet Communist Party, leaving Joseph Stalin in undisputed control of the Soviet Union. 1928 – SS Vestris sinks approximately 200 miles (320 km) off Hampton Roads, Virginia, killing at least 110 passengers, mostly women and children who die after the vessel is abandoned. 1933 – Nazi Germany uses a referendum to ratify its withdrawal from the League of Nations. 1936 – In California, the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge opens to traffic. 1940 – World War II: The Battle of Gabon ends as Free French Forces take Libreville, Gabon, and all of French Equatorial Africa from Vichy French forces. 1940 – World War II: Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov arrives in Berlin to discuss the possibility of the Soviet Union joining the Axis Powers. 1941 – World War II: Temperatures around Moscow drop to -12 °C as the Soviet Union launches ski troops for the first time against the freezing German forces near the city. 1941 – World War II: The Soviet cruiser Chervona Ukraina is destroyed during the Battle of Sevastopol. 1942 – World War II: Naval Battle of Guadalcanal between Japanese and American forces begins near Guadalcanal. The battle lasts for three days and ends with an American victory. 1944 – World War II: The Royal Air Force launches 29 Avro Lancaster bombers, which sink the German battleship Tirpitz, with 12,000 lb Tallboy bombs off Tromsø, Norway. 1948 – In Tokyo, the International Military Tribunal for the Far East sentences seven Japanese military and government officials, including General Hideki Tojo, to death for their roles in World War II. 1954 – Ellis Island ceased operations. 1956 – Morocco, Sudan and Tunisia join the United Nations. 1956 – In the midst of the Suez Crisis, Palestinian refugees are shot dead in Rafah by Israeli soldiers following the invasion of the Gaza Strip. 1958 – A team of rock climbers led by Warren Harding completes the first ascent of The Nose on El Capitan in Yosemite Valley. 1961 – Terry Jo Duperrault is the sole survivor of a series of brutal murders aboard the ketch Bluebelle. 1969 – Vietnam War: Independent investigative journalist Seymour Hersh breaks the story of the My Lai Massacre. 1970 – The Oregon Highway Division attempts to destroy a rotting beached sperm whale with explosives, leading to the now infamous "exploding whale" incident. 1970 – The 1970 Bhola cyclone makes landfall on the coast of East Pakistan, becoming the deadliest tropical cyclone in history. 1971 – Vietnam War: As part of Vietnamization, U.S. President Richard Nixon sets February 1, 1972 as the deadline for the removal of another 45,000 American troops from Vietnam. 1975 – The Comoros joins the United Nations. 1977 – France conducts the Oreste nuclear test as 14th in the group of 29, 1975–78 French nuclear tests series. 1979 – Iran hostage crisis: In response to the hostage situation in Tehran, U.S. President Jimmy Carter orders a halt to all petroleum imports into the United States from Iran. 1980 – The NASA space probe Voyager I makes its closest approach to Saturn and takes the first images of its rings. 1981 – Space Shuttle program: Mission STS-2, utilizing the Space Shuttle Columbia, marks the first time a crewed spacecraft is launched into space twice. 1982 – USSR: Yuri Andropov becomes the General Secretary of the Communist Party's Central Committee, succeeding Leonid I. Brezhnev. 1990 – Crown Prince Akihito is formally installed as Emperor Akihito of Japan, becoming the 125th Japanese monarch. 1990 – Tim Berners-Lee publishes a formal proposal for the World Wide Web. 1991 – Santa Cruz massacre: Indonesian forces open fire on a crowd of student protesters in Dili, East Timor. 1995 – Erdut Agreement regarding the peaceful resolution to the Croatian War of Independence is reached. 1996 – A Saudi Arabian Airlines Boeing 747 and a Kazakh Ilyushin Il-76 cargo plane collide in mid-air near New Delhi, killing 349 in the deadliest mid-air collision to date. 1997 – Ramzi Yousef is found guilty of masterminding the 1993 World Trade Center bombing. 1999 – The 7.2 Mw  Düzce earthquake shakes northwestern Turkey with a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent). At least 845 people are killed and almost 5000 are injured. 2001 – In New York City, American Airlines Flight 587, an Airbus A300 en route to the Dominican Republic, crashes minutes after takeoff from John F. Kennedy International Airport, killing all 260 on board and five on the ground. 2001 – War in Afghanistan: Taliban forces abandon Kabul, ahead of advancing Afghan Northern Alliance troops. 2003 – Iraq War: In Nasiriyah, Iraq, at least 23 people, among them the first Italian casualties of the 2003 invasion of Iraq, are killed in a suicide bomb attack on an Italian police base. 2003 – Shanghai Transrapid sets a new world speed record (501 kilometres per hour (311 mph)) for commercial railway systems, which remains the fastest for unmodified commercial rail vehicles. 2011 – Silvio Berlusconi tenders his resignation as Prime Minister of Italy, effective November 16, due in large part to the European sovereign debt crisis. 2011 – A blast in Iran's Shahid Modarres missile base leads to the death of 17 of the Revolutionary Guards members, including Hassan Tehrani Moghaddam, a key figure in Iran's missile program. 2014 – The Philae lander, deployed from the European Space Agency's Rosetta probe, reaches the surface of Comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko. 2015 – Two suicide bombers detonate explosives in Bourj el-Barajneh, Beirut, killing 43 people and injuring over 200 others. 2017 – The 7.3 Mw  Kermanshah earthquake shakes the northern Iran–Iraq border with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII (Severe). At least 410 people are killed and over 7000 are injured.

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 11.12

954 – The 13-year-old Lothair III is crowned at the Abbey of Saint-Remi as king of the West Frankish Kingdom. 1028 – Future Byzantine empress Zoe takes the throne as empress consort to Romanos III Argyros.[1] 1330 – Battle of Posada ends: Wallachian Voievode Basarab I defeats the Hungarian army by ambush.[2] 1439 – Plymouth becomes the first town incorporated by the English Parliament. 1793 – Jean Sylvain Bailly, the first Mayor of Paris, is guillotined. 1892 – William Heffelfinger becomes the first professional American football player on record, participating in his first paid game for the Allegheny Athletic Association. 1893 – Abdur Rahman Khan accepts the Durand Line as the border between Afghanistan and the British Raj. 1905 – Norway holds a referendum resulting in popular approval of the Storting's decision to authorise the government to make the offer of the throne of the newly-independent country. 1912 – King George I of Greece makes a triumphal entry into Thessaloniki after its liberation from 482 years of Ottoman rule. 1912 – The frozen bodies of Robert Scott and his men are found on the Ross Ice Shelf in Antarctica. 1918 – Austria becomes a republic. After the proclamation, a coup attempt by the communist Red Guard was defeated by the social-democratic Volkswehr. 1920 – Italy and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes sign the Treaty of Rapallo. 1927 – Leon Trotsky is expelled from the Soviet Communist Party, leaving Joseph Stalin in undisputed control of the Soviet Union. 1928 – SS Vestris sinks approximately 200 miles (320 km) off Hampton Roads, Virginia, killing at least 110 passengers, mostly women and children who die after the vessel is abandoned. 1936 – In California, the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge opens to traffic. 1940 – World War II: The Battle of Gabon ends as Free French Forces take Libreville, Gabon, and all of French Equatorial Africa from Vichy French forces. 1940 – World War II: Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov arrives in Berlin to discuss the possibility of the Soviet Union joining the Axis Powers. 1941 – World War II: Temperatures around Moscow drop to -12 °C as the Soviet Union launches ski troops for the first time against the freezing German forces near the city. 1941 – World War II: The Soviet cruiser Chervona Ukraina is destroyed during the Battle of Sevastopol. 1942 – World War II: Naval Battle of Guadalcanal between Japanese and American forces begins near Guadalcanal. The battle lasts for three days and ends with an American victory. 1944 – World War II: The Royal Air Force launches 29 Avro Lancaster bombers, which sink the German battleship Tirpitz, with 12,000 lb Tallboy bombs off Tromsø, Norway. 1948 – In Tokyo, the International Military Tribunal for the Far East sentences seven Japanese military and government officials, including General Hideki Tojo, to death for their roles in World War II. 1954 – Ellis Island ceased operations. 1956 – Morocco, Sudan and Tunisia join the United Nations. 1956 – In the midst of the Suez Crisis, Palestinian refugees are shot dead in Rafah by Israeli soldiers following the invasion of the Gaza Strip. 1958 – A team of rock climbers led by Warren Harding completes the first ascent of The Nose on El Capitan in Yosemite Valley. 1969 – Vietnam War: Independent investigative journalist Seymour Hersh breaks the story of the My Lai Massacre. 1970 – The Oregon Highway Division attempts to destroy a rotting beached Sperm whale with explosives, leading to the now infamous "exploding whale" incident. 1970 – The 1970 Bhola cyclone makes landfall on the coast of East Pakistan becoming the deadliest tropical cyclone in history. 1971 – Vietnam War: As part of Vietnamization, US President Richard Nixon sets February 1, 1972 as the deadline for the removal of another 45,000 American troops from Vietnam. 1975 – The Comoros joins the United Nations. 1977 – France conducts the Oreste nuclear test as 14th in the group of 29, 1975–78 French nuclear tests series. 1979 – Iran hostage crisis: In response to the hostage situation in Tehran, US President Jimmy Carter orders a halt to all petroleum imports into the United States from Iran. 1980 – The NASA space probe Voyager I makes its closest approach to Saturn and takes the first images of its rings. 1981 – Space Shuttle program: Mission STS-2, utilizing the Space Shuttle Columbia, marks the first time a manned spacecraft is launched into space twice. 1982 – USSR: Yuri Andropov becomes the General Secretary of the Communist Party's Central Committee, succeeding Leonid I. Brezhnev. 1990 – Crown Prince Akihito is formally installed as Emperor Akihito of Japan, becoming the 125th Japanese monarch. 1990 – Tim Berners-Lee publishes a formal proposal for the World Wide Web. 1991 – Santa Cruz massacre: Indonesian forces open fire on a crowd of student protesters in Dili, East Timor. 1995 – Erdut Agreement regarding the peaceful resolution to the Croatian War of Independence was reached. 1996 – A Saudi Arabian Airlines Boeing 747 and a Kazakh Ilyushin Il-76 cargo plane collide in mid-air near New Delhi, killing 349. The deadliest mid-air collision to date. 1997 – Ramzi Yousef is found guilty of masterminding the 1993 World Trade Center bombing. 1999 – The 7.2 Mw  Düzce earthquake shakes northwestern Turkey with a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent). At least 845 people were killed and almost 5,000 were injured. 2001 – In New York City, American Airlines Flight 587, an Airbus A300 en route to the Dominican Republic, crashes minutes after takeoff from John F. Kennedy International Airport, killing all 260 on board and five on the ground. 2001 – War in Afghanistan: Taliban forces abandon Kabul, ahead of advancing Afghan Northern Alliance troops. 2003 – Iraq War: In Nasiriyah, Iraq, at least 23 people, among them the first Italian casualties of the 2003 invasion of Iraq, are killed in a suicide bomb attack on an Italian police base. 2003 – Shanghai Transrapid sets a new world speed record (501 kilometres per hour (311 mph)) for commercial railway systems, which remains the fastest for unmodified commercial rail vehicles. 2011 – Silvio Berlusconi tenders his resignation as Prime Minister of Italy, effective November 16, due in large part to the European sovereign debt crisis. 2011 – A blast in Iran's Shahid Modarres missile base leads to the death of 17 of the Revolutionary Guards members, including Hassan Tehrani Moghaddam, a key figure in Iran's missile program. 2014 – The Philae lander, deployed from the European Space Agency's Rosetta probe, reaches the surface of Comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko. 2015 – Two suicide bombers detonated explosives in Bourj el-Barajneh, Beirut, killing 43 people and injuring over 200 others. 2017 – The 7.3 Mw  Kermanshah earthquake shakes the northern Iran–Iraq border with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII (Severe). At least 410 people were killed and over 7,000 were injured.

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 11.12

954 – The 13-year-old Lothair III is crowned at the Abbey of Saint-Remi as king of the West Frankish Kingdom. 1028 – Future Byzantine empress Zoe takes the throne as empress consort to Romanos III Argyros. 1330 – Battle of Posada: Wallachian Voievode Basarab I defeats the Hungarian army by ambush. 1439 – Plymouth, becomes the first town incorporated by the English Parliament. 1555 – The Second Statute of Repeal re-establishes Roman Catholicism in England under Queen Mary I. 1793 – Jean Sylvain Bailly, the first Mayor of Paris, is guillotined. 1892 – William Heffelfinger becomes the first professional American football player on record, participating in his first paid game for the Allegheny Athletic Association. 1893 – Abdur Rahman Khan accepts the Durand Line as the border between Afghanistan and the British Raj. 1905 – Norway holds a referendum resulting in popular approval of the Storting's decision to authorise the government to make the offer of the throne of the newly-independent country. 1912 – King George I of Greece makes a triumphal entry into Thessaloniki after its liberation from 482 years of Ottoman rule. 1912 – The frozen bodies of Robert Scott and his men are found on the Ross Ice Shelf in Antarctica. 1918 – Austria becomes a republic. 1920 – Italy and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes sign the Treaty of Rapallo. 1927 – Leon Trotsky is expelled from the Soviet Communist Party, leaving Joseph Stalin in undisputed control of the Soviet Union. 1928 – SS Vestris sinks approximately 200 miles (320 km) off Hampton Roads, Virginia, killing at least 110 passengers, mostly women and children who die after the vessel is abandoned. 1936 – In California, the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge opens to traffic. 1940 – World War II: The Battle of Gabon ends as Free French Forces take Libreville, Gabon, and all of French Equatorial Africa from Vichy French forces. 1940 – World War II: Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov arrives in Berlin to discuss the possibility of the Soviet Union joining the Axis Powers. 1941 – World War II: Temperatures around Moscow drop to -12 °C as the Soviet Union launches ski troops for the first time against the freezing German forces near the city. 1941 – World War II: The Soviet cruiser Chervona Ukraina is destroyed during the Battle of Sevastopol. 1942 – World War II: Naval Battle of Guadalcanal between Japanese and American forces begins near Guadalcanal. The battle lasts for three days and ends with an American victory. 1944 – World War II: The Royal Air Force launches 29 Avro Lancaster bombers, which sink the German battleship Tirpitz, with 12,000 lb Tallboy bombs off Tromsø, Norway. 1948 – In Tokyo, the International Military Tribunal for the Far East sentences seven Japanese military and government officials, including General Hideki Tojo, to death for their roles in World War II. 1956 – Morocco, Sudan and Tunisia join the United Nations. 1956 – In the midst of the Suez Crisis, Palestinian refugees are shot dead in Rafah by Israeli soldiers following the invasion of the Gaza Strip. 1958 – A team of rock climbers led by Warren Harding completes the first ascent of The Nose on El Capitan in Yosemite Valley. 1969 – Vietnam War: Independent investigative journalist Seymour Hersh breaks the story of the My Lai Massacre. 1970 – The Oregon Highway Division attempts to destroy a rotting beached Sperm whale with explosives, leading to the now infamous "exploding whale" incident. 1970 – The 1970 Bhola cyclone makes landfall on the coast of East Pakistan becoming the deadliest tropical cyclone in history. 1971 – Vietnam War: As part of Vietnamization, US President Richard Nixon sets February 1, 1972 as the deadline for the removal of another 45,000 American troops from Vietnam. 1975 – The Comoros joins the United Nations. 1979 – Iran hostage crisis: In response to the hostage situation in Tehran, US President Jimmy Carter orders a halt to all petroleum imports into the United States from Iran. 1980 – The NASA space probe Voyager I makes its closest approach to Saturn and takes the first images of its rings. 1981 – Space Shuttle program: Mission STS-2, utilizing the Space Shuttle Columbia, marks the first time a manned spacecraft is launched into space twice. 1982 – USSR: Yuri Andropov becomes the General Secretary of the Communist Party's Central Committee, succeeding Leonid I. Brezhnev. 1990 – Crown Prince Akihito is formally installed as Emperor Akihito of Japan, becoming the 125th Japanese monarch. 1990 – Tim Berners-Lee publishes a formal proposal for the World Wide Web. 1991 – Santa Cruz massacre: Indonesian forces open fire on a crowd of student protesters in Dili, East Timor. 1995 – Erdut Agreement regarding the peaceful resolution to the Croatian War of Independence was reached. 1996 – A Saudi Arabian Airlines Boeing 747 and a Kazakh Ilyushin Il-76 cargo plane collide in mid-air near New Delhi, killing 349. The deadliest mid-air collision to date. 1997 – Ramzi Yousef is found guilty of masterminding the 1993 World Trade Center bombing. 1999 – The 7.2 Mw Düzce earthquake shakes northwestern Turkey with a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent). At least 845 people were killed and almost 5,000 were injured. 2001 – In New York City, American Airlines Flight 587, an Airbus A300 en route to the Dominican Republic, crashes minutes after takeoff from John F. Kennedy International Airport, killing all 260 on board and five on the ground. 2001 – War in Afghanistan: Taliban forces abandon Kabul, ahead of advancing Afghan Northern Alliance troops. 2003 – Iraq War: In Nasiriyah, Iraq, at least 23 people, among them the first Italian casualties of the 2003 invasion of Iraq, are killed in a suicide bomb attack on an Italian police base. 2003 – Shanghai Transrapid sets a new world speed record (501 kilometres per hour (311 mph)) for commercial railway systems, which remains the fastest for unmodified commercial rail vehicles. 2011 – Silvio Berlusconi tenders his resignation as Prime Minister of Italy, effective November 16, due in large part to the European sovereign debt crisis. 2011 – A blast in Iran's Shahid Modarres missile base leads to the death of 17 of the Revolutionary Guards members, including Hassan Tehrani Moghaddam, a key figure in Iran's missile program. 2014 – The Philae lander, deployed from the European Space Agency's Rosetta probe, reaches the surface of Comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko. 2015 – Two suicide bombers detonated explosives in Bourj el-Barajneh, Beirut, killing 43 people and injuring over 200 others.