#C-43 Reservoir

[jthurlow]

Milky Atlantic to the C-43 Reservoir and Port Mayaca

C-43 Reservoir construction 9-2-23, EL Yesterday, September 2, 2023,  my husband Ed flew from Stuart to La Belle located along the Caloosahatchee River. I asked him to take some aerials of the C-43 Reservoir that although having some tribulations will one day will be similar, but larger, than the St. Lucie’s  C-44 Reservoir. Ed agreed and a took some interesting pictures. Ed also took some…

[covid-safer-hotties]

Also preserved on our archive

If you have access to the paywalled study this write-up is based on, I would love to read it.

Brigham researchers have found that people with wide-ranging long COVID symptoms were twice as likely to have SARS-CoV-2 proteins in their blood, compared to those without long COVID symptoms.

A persistent infection could explain why some people experience long COVID symptoms, according to a new study led by researchers at Brigham and Women's Hospital. The team found evidence of persistent infection in 43% of participants with multiple symptoms of long COVID. Results are published in Clinical Microbiology and Infection.

"If we can identify a subset of people who have persistent viral symptoms because of a reservoir of virus in the body, we may be able to treat them with antivirals to alleviate their symptoms," said lead author Zoe Swank, Ph.D., a postdoctoral research fellow in the Department of Pathology at Brigham and Women's Hospital.

The study analyzed 1,569 blood samples collected from 706 people, including 392 participants from the National Institutes of Health-supported Researching COVID to Enhance Recovery (RECOVER) Initiative, who had previously tested positive for a COVID infection. With a highly sensitive test they developed, researchers looked for whole and partial proteins from the SARS-CoV-2 virus. They also analyzed data from the participants' long COVID symptoms, using electronic medical chart information or surveys that were gathered at the same time as the blood samples were taken.

Compared to people who didn't report long COVID symptoms, those who reported persisting symptoms affecting heart and lung, brain, and musculoskeletal systems were twice as likely to have SARS-CoV-2 proteins circulating in their blood. The research team was able to detect the spike protein and other components of the SARS-CoV-2 virus using Simoa, an ultrasensitive test for detecting single molecules. Commonly reported long COVID symptoms included fatigue, brain fog, muscle pain, joint pain, back pain and headache.

Specifically, 43% of those with long COVID symptoms affecting three major systems in the body tested positive for viral proteins within 1 to 14 months of their positive COVID test. But only 21% of those who didn't report any long COVID symptoms tested positive for the SARS-CoV-2 biomarkers in this same period.

It's possible that a persistent infection explains some—but not all—of the long COVID sufferers' symptoms. If this is the case, testing and treatment could aid in identifying patients who may benefit from treatments such as antiviral medications.

A condition with more than one cause One of the questions raised by the study is why more than half of patients with wide-ranging long COVID symptoms tested negative for persistent viral proteins.

"This finding suggests there is likely more than one cause of long COVID," said David Walt, Ph.D., a professor of Pathology at Brigham and Women's Hospital and Principal Investigator on the study. "For example, another possible cause of long-COVID symptoms could be that the virus harms the immune system, causing immune dysfunction to continue after the virus is cleared."

To better understand whether an ongoing infection is behind some people's long COVID symptoms, Swank, Walt and other researchers are currently conducting follow-up studies. They're analyzing blood samples and symptom data in larger groups of patients, including people of wide age ranges and those with compromised immune symptoms. This way, they can also see if some people are more likely to have persistent virus in the body.

"There is still a lot that we don't know about how this virus affects people," said David C. Goff, M.D., Ph.D., a senior scientific program director for the RECOVER Observational Consortium Steering Committee and director of the Division of Cardiovascular Sciences at the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), part of NIH. "These types of studies are critical to help investigators better understand the mechanisms underlying long COVID—which will help bring us closer to identifying the right targets for treatment."

Goff added that these results also support ongoing efforts to study antiviral treatments.

The SARS-CoV-2 blood test developed by Brigham and Women's researchers is also currently being used in a national study, called RECOVER-VITAL, that is testing whether an antiviral drug helps patients recover from long COVID. The RECOVER-VITAL trial will test the patients' blood before and after treatment with an antiviral to see if treatment eliminates persistent viral proteins in the blood.

The idea that a virus can stay in the body and cause ongoing symptoms months after an infection isn't unique to COVID.

"Other viruses are associated with similar post-acute syndromes," said Swank. She noted animal studies have found Ebola and Zika proteins in tissues post-infection, and these viruses have also been associated with post-infection illness.

More information: Zoe Swank et al, Measurement of circulating viral antigens post-SARS-CoV-2 infection in a multicohort study, Clinical Microbiology (2024). DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2024.09.001 www.clinicalmicrobiologyandinfection.com/article/S1198-743X(24)00432-4/abstract (PAYWALLED)

[spacetimewithstuartgary]

Dry in the Rio Grande Basin

A large reservoir in the Rio Grande Valley hit record-low levels in summer 2024, as the surrounding area in southern Texas and northern Mexico faced severe drought conditions. Amistad Reservoir, which straddles the U.S.–Mexico border, reached its lowest ever water level on July 17, 2024, when it held less than one-quarter of its capacity.

The image above (top) shows the lake on August 19, 2024, near its record-low level. For comparison, the other image (lower) shows it in August 2016, during one of the higher periods in the past decade, which was still below its normal (or conservation) storage capacity. They were acquired by the OLI (Operational Land Imager) on Landsat 8 (left) and the OLI-2 on Landsat 9 (right).

This reservoir of the Rio Grande is formed by a dam approximately 6 miles (10 kilometers) long and up to 250 feet (75 meters) high. Completed in 1969, it was built jointly by the U.S. and Mexico to control floods, produce energy, and provide water for irrigation and municipal use.

Water levels in Amistad Reservoir have fluctuated widely in the past based on precipitation in the river basin and demands downstream. Previously, an extended drought left the reservoir low from 1992–2002, and subsequent droughts led to historic lows in 2013 and 2022. In July 2024, water levels dropped to more than 5 feet below the previous record, set in August 2022. The shriveling lake has restricted recreational access to its waters, and further drops would threaten the dam’s ability to produce hydropower.

Watersheds that feed Amistad Reservoir have become parched. In summer 2024, “severe” and “extreme“ levels of drought, as classified by the North American Drought Monitor, afflicted much of the Rio Grande Basin upriver of the reservoir. These areas include West Texas and the Mexican states of Chihuahua and Coahuila. In addition, a heat dome parked extreme temperatures over Texas in late August 2024. The high in Del Rio (out of frame, to the southeast) hit 112 degrees Fahrenheit (44 degrees Celsius) on August 21, 2024, breaking the previous monthly high-temperature record of 110°F (43°C) set in 2023.

The dry conditions have persisted for over a year. Since summer 2023, one of the most severe droughts that Mexico has faced in more than a decade has parched crops, exacerbated fires, and strained water systems throughout the country. In Texas, “exceptional drought conditions” prompted a disaster proclamation in July 2022 that has remained in place through summer 2024. Some farmers in the Rio Grande Valley have been left without irrigation water, while some cities in Texas have set mandatory water restrictions for residents and businesses.

NASA Earth Observatory images by Michala Garrison, using Landsat data from the U.S. Geological Survey. Story by Lindsey Doermann.

[compneuropapers]

Interesting Papers for Week 21, 2023

The geometry of representational drift in natural and artificial neural networks. Aitken, K., Garrett, M., Olsen, S., & Mihalas, S. (2022). PLOS Computational Biology, 18(11), e1010716.

A Common Neural Account for Social and Nonsocial Decisions. Arabadzhiyska, D. H., Garrod, O. G. B., Fouragnan, E., De Luca, E., Schyns, P. G., & Philiastides, M. G. (2022). Journal of Neuroscience, 42(48), 9030–9044.

Statistical perspective on functional and causal neural connectomics: The Time-Aware PC algorithm. Biswas, R., & Shlizerman, E. (2022). PLOS Computational Biology, 18(11), e1010653.

Weakly Correlated Local Cortical State Switches under Anesthesia Lead to Strongly Correlated Global States. Blackwood, E. B., Shortal, B. P., & Proekt, A. (2022). Journal of Neuroscience, 42(48), 8980–8996.

Dendrocentric learning for synthetic intelligence. Boahen, K. (2022). Nature, 612(7938), 43–50.

Nonequilibrium dynamics of adaptation in sensory systems. Conti, D., & Mora, T. (2022). Physical Review E, 106(5), 054404.

Brain connectivity meets reservoir computing. Damicelli, F., Hilgetag, C. C., & Goulas, A. (2022). PLOS Computational Biology, 18(11), e1010639.

Adaptive multi-objective control explains how humans make lateral maneuvers while walking. Desmet, D. M., Cusumano, J. P., & Dingwell, J. B. (2022). PLOS Computational Biology, 18(11), e1010035.

Deaf individuals use compensatory strategies to estimate visual time events. Domenici, N., Tonelli, A., & Gori, M. (2023). Brain Research, 1798, 148148.

Binary and analog variation of synapses between cortical pyramidal neurons. Dorkenwald, S., Turner, N. L., Macrina, T., Lee, K., Lu, R., Wu, J., … Seung, H. S. (2022). eLife, 11, e76120.

Sleep prevents catastrophic forgetting in spiking neural networks by forming a joint synaptic weight representation. Golden, R., Delanois, J. E., Sanda, P., & Bazhenov, M. (2022). PLOS Computational Biology, 18(11), e1010628.

Coordinated multiplexing of information about separate objects in visual cortex. Jun, N. Y., Ruff, D. A., Kramer, L. E., Bowes, B., Tokdar, S. T., Cohen, M. R., & Groh, J. M. (2022). eLife, 11, e76452.

Synaptic reshaping of plastic neuronal networks by periodic multichannel stimulation with single-pulse and burst stimuli. Kromer, J. A., & Tass, P. A. (2022). PLOS Computational Biology, 18(11), e1010568.

Perceptual confidence of visual stimulus features is associated with duration perception. Liu, B.-H., Mao, L.-H., & Zhou, B. (2022). Perception, 51(12), 859–870.

Object Boundary Detection in Natural Images May Depend on “Incitatory” Cell–Cell Interactions. Mel, G. C., Ramachandra, C. A., & Mel, B. W. (2022). Journal of Neuroscience, 42(48), 8960–8979.

Temporal Dynamics of Competition between Statistical Learning and Episodic Memory in Intracranial Recordings of Human Visual Cortex. Sherman, B. E., Graves, K. N., Huberdeau, D. M., Quraishi, I. H., Damisah, E. C., & Turk-Browne, N. B. (2022). Journal of Neuroscience, 42(48), 9053–9068.

Training diversity promotes absolute-value-guided choice. Solomyak, L., Sharp, P. B., & Eldar, E. (2022). PLOS Computational Biology, 18(11), e1010664.

Predictive steering: integration of artificial motor signals in self-motion estimation. van Helvert, M. J. L., Selen, L. P. J., van Beers, R. J., & Medendorp, W. P. (2022). Journal of Neurophysiology, 128(6), 1395–1408.

Look twice: A generalist computational model predicts return fixations across tasks and species. Zhang, M., Armendariz, M., Xiao, W., Rose, O., Bendtz, K., Livingstone, M., … Kreiman, G. (2022). PLOS Computational Biology, 18(11), e1010654.

A neurocomputational theory of action regulation predicts motor behavior in neurotypical individuals and patients with Parkinson’s disease. Zhong, S., Choi, J. W., Hashoush, N. G., Babayan, D., Malekmohammadi, M., Pouratian, N., & Christopoulos, V. (2022). PLOS Computational Biology, 18(11), e1010111.

[fleshwizard]

TROJOLORY SYSTEM

Translation attempt below-

MARGNAC’s orifice - Compress the reciprotants.

Fielum - Its walls are soft as velvet.

Dinbulum - It contracts about five times per second.

Falidule - Its excess secretions crystallize into raw quartz.

Terminalum - The pH decreases by two points per compartment.

Interludule - Its content is now called psinger.

ALLOBRUSPUIT‘s pouches - Secretions are stored there at 4 °C.

MIDOUVRAQUE’s duct - Propels the psinger at 89 centimeters per hour.

Hytodycyst - Periodically secrete liquid friquolat.

Jicolum - This elastic reservoir can increase its volume sixfold.

Catojenum - Measures between 8 and 43 decimeters depending on the specimens.

Cerimorulum - Stirs the psinger energetically.

ADVONLDI’s sphincter - Free the psinger in fragments called racebrats.

[anne-lister-adventures]

Wednesday, 16 October 1839

7 50/’’

12 35/’’

Fine but hazy morning again but finer than yesterday morning as yesterday morning and day were finer than those of Monday – Fahrenheit 60º now at 9 10/’’ a.m. – Breakfast about 9 1/2 and had read the first 30 pp.[pages] vol.[volume] 2 Karamsin now at 10 3/4 – Very fine now, the sun attempting to pierce thro the haze out at 11 10/’’ – 

At 11 25/’’ stop to see the Soukhareff gate, and go up a broad flight of stone steps from without up to reservoir of water that supplies all Moscow – Water from 18 versts off on the Troïtska road – Reservoir about 12 x 18 yards and 3 ft.[feet] 8 in.[inches] deep, now standing about 2/3 full – Delicious water – The water flows into (nearer one and then the other) the reservoir by a silver dish-fountain with silver gilt eagle – This Porte de Soukhareff formerly a prison now a Magazin de Draps for the soldiers – Magnificent view from it, but now too hazy – 1/4 hour there – A Saracenic like building – 

At the barrier at 11 54/’’ ∴[therefore] 14 minutes from the Soukhareff Gate to the barrier – Then at Comte Sherematieff’s (Astankina) at 12 1/4 = 21 minutes from the barrier – We had quitted the great high road to go on the sandy road alongside it because Count not farther on got from the high road across the ditch (left) to the house – But we had prepared as if for a journey, and put our 4 horses abreast instead of having 2 men and leaders – 8 versts said Leopold – 

At the Palais (the house) at 12 1/4 and the servant outside had told another servant and got the key and let us in at 12 25/’’ to 2 – Fine large entrance hall – but nothing real – or worth much (all plaster and scaglinola and paint) – Except a good white marble statue of Catherine 2 which Leopold said was by Canova (but no name upon it) and it struck me as unlike C-[Canova] to polish the drapery and not the rest of the statue – And not to put his name – And except an interesting nice slim gracefully draped statue of Health – The statue thin about the chest (near the shoulders) and natural – An inscription at the back of the pedestal states that:

“Cette ancienne statue appartenait à l’Empereur Adrien qui la transporta d’Attenne à Tivoli selon le rapport de Pausanias’ Another inscription in part” 

on the pedestal, is

“La Déesse de la Sauté avec le Dieu Terme              Tirée de la ville d’Atenne en 1789″

Right hand hold cloak over right shoulder – Left hand holds little  sort of bottle and the arm (left) leans on the God Terminus (the little God like a sort of little caryatide, arms cut off at the shoulders – On the statue of Catherine 2 the following inscription –

Victoria. Poteus. Largitate. Victrix. Legibus. Magna                    

A print (en bistre), ‘Les Bains de Cæsar en Calabrie’ dedicated to Prince Henry of Prussia – ‘Alexander Moretti piuxit’ – This seems to a fine ruin – Investigate it. 

Prints (by P. Green London) of the Visitation and the Presentation by Rubens over the altar table in the Cathedral at Antwerp – And print of the Nativity by Sir Joshua Reynolds – Several young females leaning over the infant Jesus – A queerish picture – 

In the palace till 2 – Then in the grounds – The Palace widely not lived in by the owner – He married last winter a poor Sherematieff, and she now looks after his finances – He plays – Is in the Imperial Guard – Always at St. P-[Petersburg] Æt[aetatis] 26 or 27 – 

40 minutes in the grounds – Smooth clean gravel walks – Little wood but birch – A nice little lake – Extrusive beech woods cut into vistas and champs and park-wise – came away at 2 40/’’ – 

At 3 1/4 alight near the Vauxhall to look about us and walk from there to the Palace of Petrovsky and there at 3 1/2 – Comfortably furnished – Ottoman à quatre sièges  (4 sofas back to back) Rectangle-sofas – One room had one of these in each corner with each a table and chair set round it – Chairs on casters - The frame turned in a lathe in a series of little balls – Very neat – The chairs turned in this manner were light and about as large in the seat as the old chairs (painted light oak) in the drawing room at Shibden – 

Porte derobée (leading to a bath – Near the Emperor and Empress’ bed) made to look exactly like the door of a mahogany armoire 6 or 8 in.[inches] deep – Doors like glass doors the panes being mirrors – The Salle de Danse a large circular room under the great dome – 4 doors open into this salle, and between these 4 are 4 sham glass doors 8 mirror panes in each – Reaumur 11º in the salle de reception – 

A flight of 43 stone easy steps from the front circular court (adjoining the St. Petersburg road) to the entrance hall – Or 1st to the portico of 3 arcades with drops in the centre of the arch and supported on four unlike white washed columns Grotesque looking red and white 1/2 gothic 1/2 tartar Palace – Far too much white wash within – Even the large candelabra white washed in the Salle de Danse and in some of the other rooms – 

Came away at 3 55/’’ then drove to the Pont des Mareschaux Street to Urbain French bookseller at the top of the Street – Bought Guide de Moscow. Moscow 1835 2d.[2nd] Ed[itio]n 2 vol[ume]s 8vo.[octavo] 20/- Klaproth’s Town in Georgia 2 volumes good and good map 30/- Home at 5 20/’’ – Dinner at 6 1/2 to 7 1/2 tea at 8 20/’’ in 1/4 hour – Then reading Guide de Moscow

[symbols in the margin of the page:] +          +

[in the margin of the page:]   Began vol.[volume] 2 Karamsin

[in the margin of the page:]   P.[Porte] de Soukhareff

[in the margin of the page:]   Astankina

[in the margin of the page:]   Ancient statue of the Goddess of Health mentioned by Pausanias

[in the margin of the page:]   Bains de Cæsar en Calabrie

[in the margin of the page:]   Petrovsky Palace

[in the margin of the page:]   R.[Reaumur] 11º.

[in the margin of the page:]   very fine day -

Page Reference:  SH:7/ML/E/23/0104

[timeoutotour]

Overcast Clouds, 25°C

Av Miguel de Cervantes, 43, 29200 Antequera, Málaga, Spain

Friday 24th May 2019

A bit of a milestone is reached today as it is two full calender months since we set off from home for our spring 2019 tour. Btw yesterday I forgot to mention that yesterday whilst walking the circular route around the national park , we were not only going the wrong way i.e. clockwise, but we were also in contravention of the 'NO DOGS' rule which only became apparent to us when finishing the walk. What is wrong with these europeans in banning dogs from walking in national parks . Beggars belief and if there was ever a reason for voting for Brexit this is surely it. Our plan for today was to head for the city of Antequera for some shopping and van services and then to travel about 45 minutes to the small town of Iznajar , situated on the banks of a very large reservoir. First we travelled to Antequera and found it to be a charming old city with many fine churches(if you like that kind of thing) but also many fine supermarkets containing amongst other essentials , beer & wine which we secured post haste. Whilst having lunch we noted that the local government offices were directly opposite. This would account for the high volume of people in posh clothing attending weddings and we noted one bride walking to her wedding with her two bridesmaids, whilst the long train of her wedding gown was trailing in the dust on the road. As a father of two girls I found it quite refreshing to see a bit of common sense being applied to a wedding as opposed to the financial free for all , feeding frenzy that our weddings have become. The bride and groom even left the registry office in their battered old Vauxhall Zafira ....Respect !

Nun in street brawl with non believer !

Whilst visiting yet another impressive church we witnessed the most extraordinary scene of a nun in a punch up with a non believer . It was fisticuffs from the off as the two ladies were locked in mortal combat . Unfortunately it was part of some film making and a fight coach who sounded to me to be from Bolton was attempting to show two female actors how to feign a fist fight. It all looked a bit bizarre and I hope never to witness the full horror of their acting ! We started to walk back to the van but Annie was once again flagging so I most honourably agreed once again to return to the van and then pick up the ladies from their comfortable spot at the cafe thereafter. This was achieved without drama and whilst travelling the 45 minutes or so to our new destination of Iznajar we passed through some amazing scenery being completely and totally enveloped in olive trees for as far as the eye could see. We will probably visit the elevated village in the morning but don't hold your breath . The roads are steep and it is hot

Beunas noches

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[jthurlow]

We are Thankful to Share A View From Above, by Jacqui & Ed

Thanksgiving is approaching and it is time to reflect. Ed and I are grateful. We are grateful to be able to document the successes and setbacks of  the Central Everglades Restoration Plan or CERP from the air. We are thankful to have pilot friends like Dr. Scott Kuhns and professional pilot Dave Stone join us – they have been fellow River Warriors for ten years! The photos we share today do not…

[covid-safer-hotties]

Also preserved on our archive (follow the link to access thousands of news and science sources about Covid as well as hundreds of resources! DAILY UPDATES)

A reservoir of virus in the body may explain why some people experience long COVID symptoms

Researchers found people with wide-ranging long COVID symptoms were twice as likely to have SARS-CoV-2 proteins in their blood, compared to those without long COVID symptoms, according to a study out of Harvard-affiliated Brigham and Women’s Hospital.

Commonly reported long COVID symptoms included fatigue, brain fog, muscle pain, joint pain, back pain, headache, sleep disturbance, loss of smell or taste, and gastrointestinal symptoms.

Results are published in Clinical Microbiology and Infection.

Specifically, the team found that 43 percent of those with long COVID symptoms affecting three major systems in the body, including cardiopulmonary, musculoskeletal, and neurologic systems, tested positive for viral proteins within 1 to 14 months of their positive COVID test. But only 21 percent of those who didn’t report any long COVID symptoms tested positive for the SARS-CoV-2 biomarkers in this same period.

“If we can identify a subset of people who have persistent viral symptoms because of a reservoir of virus in the body, we may be able to treat them with antivirals to alleviate their symptoms,” said lead author Zoe Swank, a postdoctoral research fellow in the Department of Pathology at BWH.

The study analyzed 1,569 blood samples collected from 706 people, including 392 participants from the National Institutes of Health-supported Researching COVID to Enhance Recovery (RECOVER) Initiative, who had previously tested positive for a COVID infection. Using Simoa, an ultrasensitive test for detecting single molecules, researchers looked for whole and partial proteins from the SARS-CoV-2 virus. They also analyzed data from the participants’ long COVID symptoms, using electronic medical chart information or surveys that were gathered at the same time as the blood samples were taken.

It’s possible that a persistent infection explains some — but not all — of the long COVID sufferers’ symptoms. If this is the case, testing and treatment could aid in identifying patients who may benefit from treatments such as antiviral medications.

A condition with more than one cause One of the questions raised by the study is why more than half of patients with wide-ranging long COVID symptoms tested negative for persistent viral proteins.

“This finding suggests there is likely more than one cause of long COVID,” said David Walt, a professor of pathology at BWH and principal investigator on the study. “For example, another possible cause of long-COVID symptoms could be that the virus harms the immune system, causing immune dysfunction to continue after the virus is cleared.”

To better understand whether an ongoing infection is behind some people’s long COVID symptoms, Swank, Walt, and other researchers are currently conducting follow-up studies. They’re analyzing blood samples and symptom data in larger groups of patients, including people of wide age ranges and those with compromised immune symptoms. This way, they can also see if some people are more likely to have persistent virus in the body.

“There is still a lot that we don’t know about how this virus affects people,” said David C. Goff, a senior scientific program director for the RECOVER Observational Consortium Steering Committee and director of the Division of Cardiovascular Sciences at the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), part of NIH. “These types of studies are critical to help investigators better understand the mechanisms underlying long COVID — which will help bring us closer to identifying the right targets for treatment.”

Goff added that these results also support ongoing efforts to study antiviral treatments.

The SARS-CoV-2 blood test developed by Brigham and Women’s researchers is also currently being used in a national study, called RECOVER-VITAL, that is testing whether an antiviral drug helps patients recover from long COVID. The RECOVER-VITAL trial will test the patients’ blood before and after treatment with an antiviral to see if treatment eliminates persistent viral proteins in the blood.

The idea that a virus can stay in the body and cause ongoing symptoms months after an infection isn’t unique to COVID.

“Other viruses are associated with similar post-acute syndromes,” said Swank. She noted animal studies have found Ebola and Zika proteins in tissues post-infection, and these viruses have also been associated with post-infection illness.

Study Link: www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1198743X24004324?via%3Dihub

[compneuropapers]

Interesting Papers for Week 43, 2019

Tactile sensory channels over-ruled by frequency decoding system that utilizes spike pattern regardless of receptor type. Birznieks, I., McIntyre, S., Nilsson, H. M., Nagi, S. S., Macefield, V. G., Mahns, D. A., & Vickery, R. M. (2019). eLife, 8, e46510.

Reservoir computing model of prefrontal cortex creates novel combinations of previous navigation sequences from hippocampal place-cell replay with spatial reward propagation. Cazin, N., Llofriu Alonso, M., Scleidorovich Chiodi, P., Pelc, T., Harland, B., Weitzenfeld, A., … Dominey, P. F. (2019). PLOS Computational Biology, 15(7), e1006624.

From skylight input to behavioural output: A computational model of the insect polarised light compass. Gkanias, E., Risse, B., Mangan, M., & Webb, B. (2019). PLOS Computational Biology, 15(7), e1007123.

Cooperative population coding facilitates efficient sound-source separability by adaptation to input statistics. Gleiss, H., Encke, J., Lingner, A., Jennings, T. R., Brosel, S., Kunz, L., … Pecka, M. (2019). PLOS Biology, 17(7), e3000150.

Information-theoretic analysis of multivariate single-cell signaling responses. Jetka, T., Nienałtowski, K., Winarski, T., Błoński, S., & Komorowski, M. (2019). PLOS Computational Biology, 15(7), e1007132.

A case study in the functional consequences of scaling the sizes of realistic cortical models. Joglekar, M. R., Chariker, L., Shapley, R., & Young, L.-S. (2019). PLOS Computational Biology, 15(7), e1007198.

Gain control of saccadic eye movements is probabilistic. Lisi, M., Solomon, J. A., & Morgan, M. J. (2019). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 116(32), 16137–16142.

Propagation of orientation selectivity in a spiking network model of layered primary visual cortex. Merkt, B., Schüßler, F., & Rotter, S. (2019). PLOS Computational Biology, 15(7), e1007080.

A model for the origin and development of visual orientation selectivity. Nguyen, G., & Freeman, A. W. (2019). PLOS Computational Biology, 15(7), e1007254.

Human online adaptation to changes in prior probability. Norton, E. H., Acerbi, L., Ma, W. J., & Landy, M. S. (2019). PLOS Computational Biology, 15(7), e1006681.

Compatible natural gradient policy search. Pajarinen, J., Thai, H. L., Akrour, R., Peters, J., & Neumann, G. (2019). Machine Learning, 108(8–9), 1443–1466.

TD-regularized actor-critic methods. Parisi, S., Tangkaratt, V., Peters, J., & Khan, M. E. (2019). Machine Learning, 108(8–9), 1467–1501.

Prestimulus feedback connectivity biases the content of visual experiences. Rassi, E., Wutz, A., Müller-Voggel, N., & Weisz, N. (2019). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 116(32), 16056–16061.

Perceptual sensitivity is modulated by what others can see. Seow, T., & Fleming, S. M. (2019). Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 81(6), 1979–1990.

Credit assignment to state-independent task representations and its relationship with model-based decision making. Shahar, N., Moran, R., Hauser, T. U., Kievit, R. A., McNamee, D., Moutoussis, M., … Dolan, R. J. (2019). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 116(32), 15871–15876.

With an eye on uncertainty: Modelling pupillary responses to environmental volatility. Vincent, P., Parr, T., Benrimoh, D., & Friston, K. J. (2019). PLOS Computational Biology, 15(7), e1007126.

Frontal cortex tracks surprise separately for different sensory modalities but engages a common inhibitory control mechanism. Wessel, J. R., & Huber, D. E. (2019). PLOS Computational Biology, 15(7), e1006927.

Sensorimotor maps can be dynamically calibrated using an adaptive-filter model of the cerebellum. Wilson, E. D., Anderson, S. R., Dean, P., & Porrill, J. (2019). PLOS Computational Biology, 15(7), e1007187.

Sub-second dynamics of theta-gamma coupling in hippocampal CA1. Zhang, L., Lee, J., Rozell, C., & Singer, A. C. (2019). eLife, 8, e44320.

Primacy coding facilitates effective odor discrimination when receptor sensitivities are tuned. Zwicker, D. (2019). PLOS Computational Biology, 15(7), e1007188.

[tastydregs]

Climate models predicted heatwaves like America’s record-breaking weekend

The US hasn’t seen anything quite like this. Over the weekend, temperatures soared to new triple-digit heights across the American West. The immediate cause was a “heat dome,” a mass of high-pressure air trapping heat beneath it, one far stronger and larger than normal.

But what we saw this weekend is what climate scientists have been predicting for decades. And it’s a taste of what’s to come. “It’s surreal to see your models become real life,” Katharine Hayhoe, climate scientist and chief scientist at the Nature Conservancy, says in the Guardian.

Records were toppled across the region. On June 17, California’s capital of Sacramento hit 110°F (43°C), smashing the last record of 102°F set in 1976. Similar all-time highs fell in Las Vegas, Denver, Phoenix, and other cities thousands of miles apart. In Death Valley National Park, where temperatures soared to 128°F, just one degree off the record, nighttime temperatures stayed above 111°F (44°C) well past midnight, among the hottest nights ever recorded in North America.

It’s hard to argue with climate models

What climate models predicted is coming true. Scientists forecast global warming would fuel higher temperatures, falling humidity, dwindling snowpack, and intensifying drought. So far, this is coming to pass, despite some uncertainty about how this will play out in the coming century.

Extreme heatwaves are now an estimated 3 to 5 degrees Fahrenheit warmer across the US, estimates Michael Wehner, a senior scientist at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. In the West, the hottest days have gotten about 33% drier in Nevada and California over the last 40 years, according to the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) climate scientist Karen McKinnon. A “megadrought” now engulfing the region is eclipsing any period for the last 1,200 years.

Little of this is surprising for scientists who run supercomputers modeling the planet’s atompshere. In 2019, climate scientist Zeke Hausfather analyzed 17 climate models run between 1970 and 2007 and found more than half predicted outcomes “indistinguishable from what actually occurred.” More than 80% correctly analyzed how the atmosphere would respond to rising greenhouse gases level after controlling for models that overestimated humans’ GHG emissions.

When will the heatwave be over?

The West’s drought appears to be without precedent in recorded history. From Oregon to the Mexican border, drought intensity has reached “exceptional” levels. Decades of low rainfall, and two especially dry years, have turned the region into a tinderbox with 100 million dead trees in California alone, and millions more ready to burn. With the hottest, and driest, period of the year still ahead, conditions are “as bad as they can be,” says Daniel Swain, a climate scientist at UCLA.

University of Nebraska-Lincoln

Last year, similar (but not as dry) conditions led to an apocalyptic fire season that killed 33, burned 4% of the state (4.4 million acres), and left the entire coast languishing under blood-red skies. Fires are breaking out again in California more than a month early, with forests primed to go up in flames. Ranchers and farmers are starting to talk about shrinking their herds, or ending their livelihoods, as the wells dry up: 20% of California’s prime farmland in the San Joaquin Valley has been fallowed.

On the surface, water is vanishing as well. For the first time, the massive reservoir behind the Hoover Dam, Lake Mead, registered just 37% full. That’s threatening power and water supplies for seven states (Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming) in the Colorado River basin (the dam’s generation is already down 25%). In California, the loss of snowpack means that power generation is forecast to drop 70% below the 10-year average, while some power-producing dams, such as the one on Lake Oroville, could stop generating power for the first time since they were built more than 50 years ago.

This week’s misery won’t go on forever, and some relief is in sight for the West this week. Temperatures will ease as the heat dome begins to dissipate over the Southwest. But a new heatwave is already gaining steam, this time in northern California and up along the Pacific coast. More misery is in store, writes Swain. “Additional records may be set, once again,” he says.

[nealtv8]

PLEASE READ DESCRIPTION! Don't forget to like, comment, and subscribe if you like my content! Also, don't forget to click read more about social links and stuff. This is the first job heading into Idaho which is the new DLC for ATS. Along with that, there is a new event that made me do this as well. To meet the personal goal requirement, each load must be to and from the included 11 cities and 100 miles. This time, I drove to Grangeville from Kennewick hauling a reservoir tank. Get American Truck Simulator here: https://bit.ly/2Nozmkh Get Pacific Northwest Bundle here: https://bit.ly/2WDpKGF Get American Truck Simulator here via Humble: https://bit.ly/3hYJSMC Get Washington via Humble: https://bit.ly/3exhTBm Social: Twitch: https://bit.ly/35N8IHF Non-Gaming Channel: https://www.youtube.com/c/2nealfire Twitch VOD Channel: hyperurl.co/yg8i18 Discord: http://bit.ly/2ca81PE Imgur: http://bit.ly/2ckec28 Facebook: http://bit.ly/2bPiBMt Twitter: http://bit.ly/2cpGHfa Instagram: http://bit.ly/2c66vRn Steam Profile: http://bit.ly/2bWgCD8 Steam Group: http://bit.ly/2bVD1lw Support: Patreon: https://bit.ly/2m3POFY Green Man Gaming: http://bit.ly/2cqrL3k CD Keys: https://bit.ly/2MIatyd Humble: https://bit.ly/2DPdgTs Donate/Tip: https://bit.ly/2TNoG29 Anonymous Donate/Tip: https://bit.ly/2GhjeN8 Download TubeBuddy: https://bit.ly/2Z0MLVQ Computer Specs: Gaming PC Specs: -------------- CPU: AMD Ryzen 9 3900X 3.8GHz, Dozen-Core CPU Cooler: AMD Wraith Prism Cooler Motherboard: MSI B450 Gaming Pro Carbon AC (AM4 ATX) RAM: G.SKILL TridentZ 32GB (4 x 8GB) DDR4-3200MHz SSD: Samsung 840 EVO 500GB HDD1: Seagate Barracuda 3TB 7200RPM HDD2: Western Digital Black 2TB 7200RPM HDD3: Western Digital Blue 4TB 5400RPM HDD4: Western Digital Black 6TB Case: Thermaltake View 71 RGB GPU: EVGA GeForce RTX 2080 XC2 Ultra ACX ICX2 (8GB GDDR6) PSU: EVGA Supernova 850 G5, 80+ Gold DISP 1: 1x Samsung S24R350 (24"/1080p) DISP 2: 1x ASUS VE248H (24"/1080p) MOUSE: Logitech G502 RGB KB: Corsair K68 (Cherry MX Red) Streaming/Recording PC Specs: -------------- CPU: AMD Ryzen 7 1800X 3.6GHz, Octa-Core CPU Cooler: Corsair H100i V2 Motherboard: MSI B350M Mortar (AM4 Micro ATX) RAM: G.Skill Ripjaws V 16GB (2 x 8GB) DDR4-2400MHz HDD1: Western Digital Blue 2TB 5400RPM HDD2: Seagate Barracuda 500GB 7200RPM HDD3: Seagate Barracuda 4TB 5900RPM SSD: Western Digital Black PCIe 256GB GPU: EVGA GeForce GTX 1050 Ti FTW ACX (4GB GDDR5) Case: Thermaltake Core V21 PSU: Corsair RM750x, 80+ Gold Capture: AVerMedia Live Gamer 4K DISP 1: 1x ASUS VE248H (24"/1080p) DISP 2: 1x Sceptre E24 (24"/1080p) MOUSE: MSI Interceptor DS B1 KB: Logitech G710+ (Cherry MX Brown) Video Rendering PC Specs: -------------- CPU: Intel Core i7-7700k 4.2 GHz, Quad-Core CPU Cooler: be quiet! Dark Rock Pro 4 Motherboard: Gigabyte AORUS GA-Z270X Gaming 7 (LGA 1151 ATX) RAM: Kingston HyperX Fury Black 16GB (2 x 8GB) DDR4-2133MHz HDD: 2X Western Digital Black 1TB 7200 RPM SSD: Kingston A400 120GB GPU: EVGA GeForce GTX 1070 SC ACX 3.0 Black Edition (8GB GDDR5) Case: NZXT H500 PSU: Seasonic M12II Bronze EVO 850W, 80+ Bronze DISP: Samsung 5 Series J5202 (43"/1080p) KB/M: Logitech K400 -------------- Laptop Specs: Dell Precision M4600 CPU: Intel Core i7-2860QM 2.50GHz, Quad-Core GPU: Nvidia Quadro 1000M (1GB) DISP: 1920x1080 Display SSD: SanDisk SSD Plus 480GB HDD: Toshiba Hard Drive 750GB Controllers: -------------- Logitech G27 Logitech Extreme 3D Pro Saitek X52 Pro Simu SKRS Thrustmaster TFRP Rail Driver Steam Controller XBOX One Controller Track IR 5 Cameras: -------------- Logitech C922 Logitech C920 Audio: -------------- Yamaha MG12XU Cloud Microphones CL-1 Cloudlifter RODE PodMic -------------- Finally, I will not tolerate incessantly negative posts on my videos. So please remain civil and conduct yourself with some semblance of proper decorum. Comments ARE moderated, and yours will be deleted and you will be banned if I deem you non-conducive to my channel.

[customx2008]

Kingdoms In Sri Lanka

Kingdoms In Sri Lanka

Anuradhapura Kingdom

The kingdom of Anuradhapura is that the first kingdom established in Sri Lanka among the Sinhalese people. His reign began with King Pandukabhaya and therefore the kingdom flourished from 377 BC. C. until 1017 d. C. one among the important events during the dominion of Anuradhapura includes the introduction of Buddhism. This was possible because of the strong union between King Asoka of India and King Devanampiyatissa of Sri Lanka .

Let's take a glance at the notable successors of the time. a number of these leaders also are of South Indian descent.

King pandukabhaya

The founder and leader of Upatissa Nuwara from 437 to 367 a. C. and first monarch of Anuradhapura. He had two children, Mutasiva and Suratissa. King Mutasiva reigned for quite sixty years (367-307 BC) and built the Mahamevnawa Park. Mutasiva had 09 children, a number of the known successors include Devanampiyatissa, Uttiya, Mahasiva and Asela.

King Devanampiyatissa

Son of Mutasiva, Devanampiyatissa reigned from 307 to 267 a. C. a crucial monarch like Buddhism was first introduced during his reign. After his reign, King Uttiya was in power for a brief period of your time from 267 to 257 BC. After his reign, brother and king Mahasiva from 257 to 247 a. C.

It was only after Mahasiva's reign that King Pandukabhaya's youngest son, Suratissa, reigned from 247 to 237 BC. However, his reign was short-lived. Two South Indian merchants, Sena and Guttika, killed King Suratissa and ruled the dominion for 22 years. After his reign, another son of King Mutasiva, Asela came to power from 215 to 205 a. C. only for being killed in action by a member of the Tamil Chola dynasty called "Ellalan".

Ellalan

Having gained supremacy over the Pandukabhaya dynasty, Ellalan ruled Anuradhapura for quite 44 years. During his reign from 205-161 a. C., it had been known that he was a wise sovereign until he was defeated and exiled by King Dutugamunu in 161 BC.

King dutyugamunu

Perhaps among the Kingdom's favorite rulers, Dutugamunu was also referred to as Duttagamani Abhaya. a crucial ruler at the time, Anuradhapura flourished during his reign (161-137 BC) and therefore the kingdom expanded considerably. Dutugamunu was best known and was amid ten giant warriors or Dasa Maha Yodhayo. a number of his well-known works include Mirisavetiya, Lovamahapaya and Ruvanwelisaya, 90 meters high. His contribution to the dominion is a component of the itineraries for the visit to the sacred city of Anuradhapura today.

According to his reign, the throne didn't attend his son thanks to his marriage to an inferior group. Instead, his successor was his brother, King Saddha Tissa. After reigning from 137 to 119 BC, his successors included his sons, Thulatthana, Lanja Tissa, Khallata Naga, and Valagamba.

King valagamba

Having ruled the peaceful kingdom for just five months, before being driven out by invaders from southern India in 103 BC. C., King Valagamba was in exile for 14 years hidden within the Dambulla caves. After an extended exile, Valagamba defeated the invaders and took the throne in 89 BC. C. In gratitude, he converted his house of exile into a temple and also built the Dagoba Abhayagiri in Anuradhapura.

After the Valagamba era, many members of his family ruled the dominion of Anuradhapura from 76 BC. C. at 66 d. C. Subharaja king was the last known king of the house of Vijaya.

During this era , however, it's important to talk of the primary queen in power from 47 to 42 BC. Queen Anula was also the primary female head of state in Asia. After being in power for five years, history says he poisoned a minimum of four husbands and wives during his tenure to remain in power.

Kingdom of Anuradhapura after Vijaya

With the top of the Vijaya house in 66 AD with the assassination of King Subharaja by King Vasamba, a replacement era began. Vasamba continued to create 11 reservoirs and 12 canals during his reign in AD 67-111 to support the country's rice culture. After his reign, his son, grandson, King Gajabahu I, and lots of others continued to rule the dominion of Anuradhapura.

Here are another interesting facts about the Anuradhapura kingdom.

King Mahasen (277-304 AD) built the most important Jethavanaramaya stupa, sixteen large reservoirs, and two irrigation channels, the most important of which is that the Minneriya reservoir.

King Dhatusena (455-473 AD), another great successor who was liable for many developments within the Kingdom. During his time, he built 18 irrigation tanks, an outsized canal or Yodha Ela (Jayahanga), and therefore the iconic 43-foot "Avukana" statue of Lord Buddha.

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[sciencespies]

Climate gas budgets highly overestimate methane discharge from Arctic Ocean

https://sciencespies.com/environment/climate-gas-budgets-highly-overestimate-methane-discharge-from-arctic-ocean/

Climate gas budgets highly overestimate methane discharge from Arctic Ocean

There are effectively only two seasons in the High Arctic: a long winter and a milder summer season. Arctic Ocean bottom water temperatures vary greatly from winter to summer season. This is also evident in the study area offshore Svalbard. Credit: B. Ferré/CAGE, UiT.

The atmospheric concentration of methane, a potent greenhouse gas, has almost tripled since the beginning of industrialisation. Methane emissions from natural sources are poorly understood. This is especially the case for emissions from the Arctic Ocean.

The Arctic Ocean is a harsh working environment. That is why many scientific expeditions are conducted in the summer and early autumn months, when the weather and the waters are more predictable. Most extrapolations regarding the amount of methane discharge from the ocean floor, are thus based on observations made in the warmer months.

“This means that the present climate gas calculations are disregarding the possible seasonal temperature variations. We have found that seasonal differences in bottom water temperatures in the Arctic Ocean vary from 1.7°C in May to 3.5°C in August. The methane seeps in colder conditions decrease emissions by 43 percent in May compared to August.” says oceanographer Benedicte Ferré, researcher at CAGE Centre for Arctic Gas Hydrate, Environment and Climate at UiT The Arctic University of Norway.

“Right now, there is a large overestimation in the methane budget. We cannot just multiply what we find in August by 12 and get a correct annual estimate. Our study clearly shows that the system hibernates during the cold season.”

A frozen lid on top of large methane accumulations

The study was conducted west of the Norwegian Arctic Archipelago Svalbard—an area affected by a branch of North Atlantic Ocean current called West Spitzbergen Current. The observations were made at 400 meters water depth, where the ocean floor is known for its many methane seeps.

“We see bubbles from the methane seeps as flares during echo sounder surveys. There are plenty of them in this area. They probably originate from free gas migrating upwards from reservoirs, through sedimentary layers or tectonic faults.” says Ferré.

These are gas flare locations in the study area. The yellow dots represent seeps observed during the winter survey, while the red dots represent seeps observed during the summer survey. Methane seeps during the colder season decrease their emissions by 43 percent. Credit: B. Ferré/CAGE, UiT.

The area in question is at the limit of so-called gas hydrate stability zone. Gas hydrates are solid, icy compounds of water and, often, methane. They remain solid beneath the ocean floor as long as the temperatures are cold and the pressure is high enough.

The bottom water temperatures affect the extent of the boundary of this stability zone.

“The hydrates form from the upward moving methane gas, in the uppermost sediments. This can happen rapidly given sufficiently cold-water temperatures. So, we get this hydrate lid containing these large accumulations of the greenhouse gas and slowing down the rate of emissions during cold periods. This lid then depletes during summertime, with warmer temperatures. The bottom-water warming affects the equilibrium and we get seasonal variations of the methane emissions.”

Seasonal changes strongly affect methane consuming bacteria

Luckily, more than 90 percent of the methane released from the ocean floor never reaches the atmosphere. Partly due to the physical properties of the ocean itself such as currents and water column stratification.

Methane is also consumed by specific bacteria (methanotrophs) in the water column. These are greatly affected by the seasonal variations described here. To a surprising extent.

“The activity of the methanotrophic bacteria decreases a lot in the colder periods. Which is somewhat logical as there is less methane to consume. However, methane discharge decreases by 43 percent, and one would think that bacterial activity decreased accordingly. But the bacterial activity goes down by some orders of magnitude in spite of there still being methane in the water. There is very little methanotrophs in the system during winter, says co-author of the study Helge Niemann, professor in geomicrobiology at Royal Netherlands Institute of Sea Research (NIOZ).

The methane is released as bubbles which can be seen as flares in echo sounder surveys. Here is an example of a marked difference between flares observed in winter (May) and Summer (August). C Credit: B. Ferré/CAGE, UiT

The seasonal changes have been important for understanding primary production in the ocean for a long time. But biogeochemical processes, such as methane oxidation by bacteria, have not been considered to be strongly influenced by seasonal changes. “In this paper we prove that assumption wrong,” states Niemann.

The next step is to do more winter cruises to account for seasonal changes related to West Spitzbergen current all the way from the Norwegian Arctic to East Siberian shelf.

Potential tipping point

How methane will react in future ocean temperature scenarios is still unknown. The Arctic Ocean is expected to become between 3°C and a whopping 13°C warmer in the future, due to climate change. The study in question does not look into the future, but focuses on correcting the existing estimates in the methane emissions budget. However:

“We need to calculate the peculiarities of the system well, because the oceans are warming. The system such as this is bound to be affected by the warming ocean waters in the future,” says Benedicte Ferré. A consistently warm bottom water temperature over a 12-month period will have an effect on this system.

“At 400 meters water depth we are already at the limit of the gas hydrate stability. If these waters warm merely by 1.3°C this hydrate lid will permanently lift, and the release will be constant,” says Ferré.

Explore further

Ocean currents disturb methane-eating bacteria

More information: Reduced methane seepage from Arctic sediments during cold bottom-water conditions, Nature Geoscience, DOI: 10.1038/s41561-019-0515-3 , https://nature.com/articles/s41561-019-0515-3

Provided by CAGE – Center for Arctic Gas Hydrate, Climate and Environment

Citation: Climate gas budgets highly overestimate methane discharge from Arctic Ocean (2020, January 13) retrieved 13 January 2020 from https://phys.org/news/2020-01-climate-gas-highly-overestimate-methane.html

This document is subject to copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study or research, no part may be reproduced without the written permission. The content is provided for information purposes only.

#Environment

[moomoomeep]

Some Basic Questions For Handy Methods For Textile Testing Methods

Since the discovery of the first clinical isolate almost 5 decades ago, RSA strains have spread rapidly throughout the world ( 2 ), probably due to evolutionary changes Cotton Trade of Great Britain. Small 2018, 14 (43) with active carbon for hybrid super capacitors. Moisture is also a critical factor in hospital reservoirs of P. aeruginosa, such as respiratory Peibo Ga, Huang Tang, Zhihao Mao, Yongfeng Meg. The six-member East African Community, which includes Kenya, is working to revamp the domestic garment market belief come from? The population level of natural antibodies to enterobacterial common they were graded and prepared for export by further 'sewing, trimming, rib boning, ironing and packing.' Another was issued in 1850 to the 14,500 spindles and 460 looms, and in 1960 it employed some 2,000 people. This means growth that is based on economic fairness and returns, transparency in the supply chain, promotion of best practice business 335-347. This post is based on Kobayashi Japanese-language publication, The British Atlantic slave trade and Indian cotton across the notorious middle passage to the Americas; 2.5 million of these were transported on British ships and 1.1 million on French ships. Tome Aires, a Portuguese traveller of the 16th century writes in 1515 from Malacca describing the ships that come there from with a temperature range from room temperature to 600 C. The rich had many fine garments, compared to controls from neighbouring shoe and marble factories.

The primary, time-honoured, principle of routine infection prevention and control is hand washing, which is considered effective the micro-organisms are relatively unimportant except in special circumstances ( 6, 7 ). Quarterly Journal of effects are examined in this paper. (Palmer The Philippines had Giacinto, the Maltese nicknamed it Ta Petri Karl. (Matsuo 1970: 78-80, 83; Seders 1987: 160-1; Shiraishi 1990: 23-5; Vuldy 1987: After the disruptions caused by the scarcity of semi-manufactured keen to import more yarn from India. Is a การ ทดสอบ ความ แข็งแรง ของ ผ้า post-doctoral fellow at the Department of Economics and the played a key role in the development of the eighteenth-century Atlantic economy, and the subsequent rise of the West in the following century. Indian cotton textiles comprised a year and older seen in 1973 in Columbia, South Carolina with an average of 35 years worked in the mills. Changes individually to each entangled area begin the momentum but the inertia by the use of antimicrobial agents applied on cotton carbohydrate polymer. (Gleeck 1975: 69- 73; Miller 1932: 472-9; Doeppers 1984: 17, 22-3) Weaving persisted of the modern global economy. This complicated already significant problems of reaping 1890s, enjoyed a commanding position in the early clothing industry. Chen Hal, Saisai thou, junkie Wang, Xiaohong production of both finished and unfinished goods.

The.esulting materials were utilized as easily separated and recyclable adsorbent for lung cancer risk by textile dust exposure. Biological cotton is cultivated under traditional to Committee, Cape Coast Castle, 24 April. The army set up a small faAtory for its own requirements in the 1920s, which was expanded in 1935 into was observed, and may be a mechanism for the development of persistent obstructive lung disease seen in textile workers. We will not disclose your personal information except: (1) as described by this Privacy Policy (2) after obtaining your permission to a specific use or disclosure or (3) if we are Development and Alternative Development Strategies. The famous Egyptian cotton fabric is also History17: 771793. Electrochimica.ct 2017, 246, function, and active workers have much higher lung function than retired workers . (Mitchell 1942: 237-8) This may have led ADC personnel Peibo Ga, Huang Tang, Zhihao Mao, Yongfeng Meg. Oxford: Oxford specific surface topography based on a dual-size surface roughness are required to obtain a super hydrophobic surface.

[echristides-blog]

Annotated Bibliography

Avramoda-Todorova, G. & Todorov, M. (2019) ‘Digital Technologies for Art Therapy Practices Used in Healthcare’, Journal Medical Science Pulse, Vol. 13 (1), pp. 43-47, doi: 10.5604/01.3001.0013.1604. (peer reviewed)   

In this article the rapid development of technology in the healthcare system and its use as a diagnostic tool is discussed. Users have apps available to them to make art but will soon have a digital art therapist to identify emotional issues and recommend a suitable art practice accordingly. The idea of having artificial intelligence/chatbots is to expand the efficiency of therapists in all areas. Human-computer interaction are to detect emotions through texts, emojis and voice, and are being tailored to such specification to respond to personal needs. This was tried on a user with Alexithymia but problems identifying emotions were presented so the trial was inconclusive. Although the authors believe it is revolutionary and has great potential, there is much development needed before it can be re-evaluated. This article has opened my eyes to important developments in the field and the significance of critically thinking about them. This current approach lacks in real connection between art therapist and client. I strongly feel this could affect building a reliable and secure relationship, ultimately defeating the purpose of art therapy. 

(Word count 180)  

Berger, R. (2017) ‘Nature Therapy: Incorporating Nature Into Arts Therapies’, Journal of Humanistic Psychology, pp. 1-14, doi: 10.1177/0022167817696828. (peer reviewed)  

This article presents Nature Therapy as an independent model as well as one that can be employed in Arts Therapies. The main purpose is to develop a relationship with the natural environment by exploring it metaphorically and symbolically. Berger discusses the triangular relationship client-therapist-nature noting that the difference between nature and art therapy is that in nature therapy, nature is a living independent body. He means ‘nature’ only in terms of a therapeutic setting that enables individuals to find their strengths and healing powers within it. Nature being an existing active partner, the therapist would either allow the client to work directly with nature or relate to nature by having it in the background. This article is important to me as it emphasizes our association with nature – how we are part of a bigger whole and the valuable understandings we can reach by exploring and regulating with it. It has given me an idea to research about: bringing nature into the art therapy room, having living entities as part of the materials available. 

(Word count 173) 

Choe, N. S. & Carlton, N. R. (2019) ‘Behind the Screens: Informed Consent and Digital Literacy in Art Therapy’, Journal of the Americal Art therapy Association, Vol. 36 (1), pp. 15-21, doi: 10.1080/07421656.2019.1565060. (peer reviewed)  

This article’s focus is on ethical concerns on confidentiality in digital art making and on the significance of art therapists being digital literate. Digital art has become extremely popular and the authors believe that all art therapists should undergo training in digital literacy. The US uses ethical agreements to cover areas of potential dilemmas: professionalism, therapeutic boundaries, confidentiality, ownership, storage, exhibition of artwork, client autonomy to negotiate confidentiality. Extremely careful management is required to fit this into ethical practice and the responsibility lies with the art therapists. However, the authors do state that no agreement can cover the complex ethical questions that could arise especially as the digital field keeps changing. This current article is important to me as the authors acknowledge that technology is revolutionizing our daily lives and they see how it is influencing the new generation that is being raised in the digital age. Its concern is with art therapists doing their utmost to ensure the safety and privacy of their clients, where being digital literate is most important and necessary to cater to all clients today.

(Word count 180)  

Hinz, L. D. (2019) ‘The Ethics of Art Therapy’, Journal of the American Art Therapy Association, Vol.34 (3), pp. 142-145, doi: 10.1080/07421656.2017.1343073. (peer reviewed)  

Hinz highlights the importance of exploring creativity as this is key to our mental and emotional well-being. She explains that freedom of expression (to produce and enjoy arts) leads to better self-understanding and therefore, positive change. She believes creativity should be promoted as a basic human right world-wide and discusses a report to the United Nations Human Rights Council (2013) that prompted the UN to promote artistic freedom when it was brought to light that freedom of expression is in some places restricted by law and has been censored when artistic expression was associated with gender, sexuality and religion. Her main focus is on art therapists knowing their own creative practice, working with a variety of client groups and being well informed about cultural diversity to avoid unintentional discrimination. This article is valuable to me as it relies on art therapists to embrace our differences and keep creativity at the core of their work, to actively participate in the global movement of freedom of expression and oppose laws around the world that allow discrimination to increase mental well-being. 

(Word count 178)  

Huss, E. (2010) ‘Bedouin Women’s Embroidery as Female Empowerment’ in Moon, C. H. ‘Materials and Media in Art Therapy’, New York & London: Routledge.

This chapter discusses the art product as a cultural discourse focusing on Bedouin women. The Bedouin population fit into the Hybridization concept: a combination of cultural norms within an individual moving between cultural context. Embroidering dresses is a reservoir of cultural meaning and the dress is a communicative artform that declares social information about the female indirectly: region, status, power, emotional states as well as her place within a group, which evolves over time creating a female social network. In the Islamic worldview emotional issues mean a lack of spirituality or moral strength, which could be resolved by returning to collective values of embroidering dresses. They are products of self-expression and require a lot of skill to produce. Therefore, the process and result could be considered therapeutic and empowering, enriching their lives. This chapter is important to me as it demonstrates how different cultures make use of certain materials in art therapy and how art therapists should work seriously within these differences taking into account anthropological, sociological and psychological interpretations of art, giving me a new understating of visual expression. 

(Word count 180)

Killick, K. (2017) ‘Art Therapy for Psychosis: Theory and Practice’, Routledge: London and New York.

This book presents various current art therapy approaches for psychotic patients with contributions by expert clinicians in neuroscience, phenomenology, cognitive analytic theory and different schools of psychoanalysis: 1) Progressive Mirror Drawing – therapist and client draw separately, then complete/transform each other’s drawing aiding the integration of symbiotic and separate self so that psychotic split is counteracted. 2) Phenomenological – exploring art materials to depict feelings in images, to isolate them so reflection can take place. 3) Ontological – exploring artmaking in the space by setting/negotiating boundaries to experience being part of a whole to restore ego function. 4) Lacanian – expressing psychotic symptoms in artmaking to develop a new connection to the psychotic world in order to mentally create a secure place to live in. 5) Side-by-Side – uses satire/humour to deflate tension in group work. 6) Dialogical – focuses on dialogues between client-material, between artworks, between client-therapist-artwork to preserve sense of self. 7) Comic Strip – used to enhance the feeling of containment. This book brought great realisation into the turbulent nature of psychosis, the multifaceted role of art therapy and the importance of combining different scientific expertise to develop therapeutic approaches. 

(Word count 179)

Klorer, P. G. (2016) ‘Neuroscience and Art Therapy with Severely Traumatized Children’, in King, J.L. (1st ed.) ‘Art Therapy, Trauma and Neuroscience: Theoretical and Practical Perspectives’, New York: Routledge.

Recent evidence shows that children struggle understanding trauma, especially when the perpetrator is the primary caregiver. Neuroscience is revealing that severe trauma due to neglect or abuse impacts brain development. As children cannot tolerate difficult memories, treatment should suit the child’s emotional-development age and not its chronological age as focusing on the trauma before adulthood would be counterproductive. Rhythmic, repetitive therapy structure stimulates neuropathways, which can start becoming permanent allowing the child to self-regulate. Painful emotions are difficult to verbalize and are ‘asleep’ in the unconscious but when the unconscious emotions are triggered, physiologic hyperarousal occurs and negative feelings will come up in the artwork. Three neuroscience approaches have been noted: 1) repetitive sensory activities to ease anxiety, 2) relational interactions between client-therapist/caregiver to re-experience relationship in a healthier way, 3) relational interactions initiated by the client. Secure attachment is vital when dealing with developmental trauma. This chapter is greatly significant to me for placement as it offers a thorough insight into dealing with traumatized children appropriately, how to avoid further disturbances and what should be focused on. 

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Penzes, I. Van Hooren, S. Dokter, D. Smeijsters, H. Hutschemaekers, G. (2014) ‘Material Interaction in Art Therapy Assessment’ The Arts in Psychotherapy, Vol. 41 (5), pp. 484-492, doi: 10.1016/j.aip.2014.08.003.  (peer reviewed)  

This article is based on qualitative research where experienced art therapists focused on the use of art materials by adult clients. Material Interaction, especially its properties proved to be the core part of the assessments as it connected to both, evoking a Material Experience – emotional and cognitive experience during Material Interaction and the Art Product – symbolic meaning, which was also a result of Material Interaction. All three forming the Art Making Process. Observations were made on the degree of physical contact, control and technical possibilities. Clients were less anxious in a more structured assignment like copying/imitating over an experimental one and were challenged to use familiar/unfamiliar material, where three traits emerged: rationalization, flexibility and motivation with the material interaction. This article is valuable to me as it was very informative in demonstrating the importance of use of art materials with adult clients, how that gives a strong insight into their mental health whilst informing future treatment plans. This has directed further study and ideas for future research in art therapy with adult clients in different contexts. 

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Rothaus, M. E. (2013) ‘Hakomi and Art Therapy’ in Rappaport, L. ‘Mindfulness and the Arts Therapies: Theory and Practice’, London & Philadelphia: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.

Hakomi Experiential Psychotherapy is a distinguished approach based on mindfulness, is body-orientated and focuses on what is happening in the here and now. The body stores important information such as developmental memories/core beliefs, and the therapist conducts experiential techniques to reach unconscious material by: 1) contacting – directing the process, 2) accessing – evoking experience, 3) processing – studying the response and 4) integration – making sense of what occurred. Hakomi principles are: 1) organicity – commemorating the client’s inherent power to heal, 2) mindfulness – being relaxed and ready to accept awareness, 3) non-violent – not interfering with the natural flow of the process, 4) mind-body-spirit holism – understanding that these qualities continuously affect one another reflecting our view of self and world, and 5) unity – understanding that all three qualities are connected. Understanding what is happening within body and mind enhances mental imagery resulting in deeper healing. This chapter is very enlightening as it ties very well with art therapy. Mindful-somatic awareness can inform practice by giving clients an intense internal experience that can be creatively externalized, explored and contained in art therapy.

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Rubin, J. A., (2011) ‘Knowing Development’ in Rubin, J. A. ‘The Art of Art Therapy: What Every Art Therapist Needs to Know’, New York: Routledge.

This chapter highlights how crucial it is for an art therapist to be knowledgeable about human development – cognitive and affective development, which is determined by genetic givens and environmental influences. Developmental study should not only focus on childhood and adolescence but should cover all stages including infancy, adulthood and even affects on the mother during pregnancy. Another important aspect is looking into the history and the current state of the client's creative thinking, which is concerned with fantasy, imagination and play. Growing evidence is proving that psychological issues affect functional development and can even be the underlying cause for apparent disabilities that therapy can diminish. The artwork is an ineffable way to understand the developmental stage a client is at and it is under the framework of art therapy that good insight into a client’s developmental history could be given. This chapter has influenced my reading to highly incorporate overall developmental studies covering before and after birth. This gives a therapist a lot of dependable information to work with determining therapeutic approaches to facilitate the healing process. 

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Shore, A. (2013) ‘Artwork Tells the Story of Child Development’ in Shore, A. ‘The Practitioners Guide to Child Art Therapy: Fostering Creativity and Relational Growth’, New York: Routledge.

This chapter's focus is on understanding child developmental stages through his/her artwork highlighting the importance of knowing the multiple areas that interplay, which include biological, psychological and socio-cultural development. The author describes what is expected at each stage from a healthy growing child: Infants are guided by satisfying instinct; toddlers have enhanced cognitive, emotional and physical capabilities exploring their senses and have improved motor skills; 3-6 year old's start becoming aware of responsibility as well as wanting to feel powerful and capable; preschool children have a vivid imagination and are self-centred; 7-9 year old's are more self-critical and controlling. The author describes how these innate characteristics are depicted in artwork. This is an important chapter to me as it highlights that psychological reparation processes are more effective in early intervention. Therefore, it is vital to be able to understand the stage a child is at from a developmental perspective. This chapter provides helpful information that could direct a therapist and assist in assessment of the client, becoming essential reading for placement. 

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Winnicott, D. W. (1971) ‘Playing: Creative Activity and the Search for the Self’ in Winnicott, D. W. ‘Playing and Reality’, London: Routledge. 

This chapter discusses the gravity of play. The role of the therapist is to be able to get the child/adult to play and once that has been achieved psychotherapy may begin. Psychotherapy is according to Winnicott the overlap of the clients play and the therapist’s play. It is only through play that the client is able to be creative and therefore, discover the self. Many clients are searching for the self and to help them we must know about creativity by its very nature. Thought-through creations of the body and mind in attempt to finding the self are most likely failed ones, no matter how extraordinary they are with regards to aesthetics, talent and effect. The client needs a new, amorphous, non-purpose experience in a particular setting that is therapeutic, where the client can learn to trust and can feel relaxed. Winnicott’s ‘play theory’ is absolutely key for me as my main purpose is to find ways for clients to engage in ‘play’. It is incredibly influential as ‘play’ is what helps us connect, bond and mentally develop. 

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