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Strategic Management Paper about Sevron Ltd.

I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Computer service software is widely recognized to be among the leading providers of OT solutions and outsourcing services in the Philippines. It is a centralized system within a company for tracking, prioritizing, managing, responding to, and resolving customer queries or employee requests all together. It can benefit companies of all sizes and types from multinational enterprises supporting millions of other businesses in multiple languages, to small consumer-facing businesses that need to answer customer questions quickly without hiring an army of support representatives.

Sevron is one of the computer service support that has been using by many of the Filipinos and different people all over the world. It provides all companies with unique task-based risk assessment software provided through a web service. The company was created in year 2007 and now considered one of the most innovative online solution developers in the world. Constantly striving to reduce risk in the workplace, our intuitive solutions enable businesses of all sizes and sectors to create and manage Risk and COSHH assessments, acquire and manage Safety Data Sheets, and capture, record, and report workplace incidents in real-time. It has been created with the purpose of helping businesses reduce risk. To achieve that, they employ a holistic approach to what is a complicated problem. They do that by identifying the many different factors that contribute to risk; from obvious causes such as insufficient training and a lack of resources, to wider, more generalized problems, including the general misconception that health & safety is a hindrance to business. With all of these, Sevron becomes one the backbones of great customer experiences.

II. INTERNAL ASSESSMENT

A. CORPORATE PROFILE:

Sevron provides all companies with unique task-based risk assessment software provided through a web service. The solution integrates a fully managed library of safety data sheets allows everyone to create a fully compliant task based COSHH risk assessment or task risk assessment within a minute from one simple and intuitive form. Sevron is used by over 40,000 users throughout the globe, and includes clients such as BHI Healthcare, Coca-Cola, Interserve, Virgin, Proctor and Gamble, and Weetabix. Joining Sevron Company can make your workplace a safer place to be.

B. MISSION AND VISION

The Mission

Our vision is for a noble cause that requires innovation to drive us towards our destination. Along the way we may have those who love us and those that do not but as long as our voices are heard, we will make a difference.

“To get where we are going, we need to have massive impact and take massive action.”

The Vision

It is imperative that the negative social dogma surrounding Health and Safety be improved to protect our future generations.

Sevron have formed our volunteer community called The Knights of Safety™ to rebrand safety across our planet.

“The most important thing in safety since common sense.”

C. CORPORATE OFFICERS

They believe that to be successful the right people need to sit in the right seats and that’s exactly what their team is. Everybody has the ability to do the job but what matters most is that their team member meets their culture values. Each Sevronian might be an individual but together they work like a well-oiled machine, reaching goals fast and effective.

D. PRODUCT LINE

Computer / Software

They make risk assessment, incident reporting and msds management apps, connected on one platform. Their mission is to protect you and your reputation.

E. INTERNAL FACTOR EVALUATION MATRIX

The cumulative weighted score of the strengths is 2.06, while the weaknesses are 0.27, according to the table above from IFE Matrix. This demonstrates that the business has a large network of branches as well as a good working relationship with its employees. The number of experienced management teams with a positive value system and strong brand recognition had increased. Sevron has a strong internal role, as this graph indicates. Poor Service is Sevron's greatest internal flaw. This condition can be resolved by enhancing their facilities and properly training themselves to provide the best possible service to their customers.

III. EXTERNAL ASSESSMENT

A. PORTER’S MODEL ANALYSIS

Porter’s five forces

Porter’s five strengths show is a layout for any industry analysis that's utilized in analyzing an industry. The five competitive strengths are; dangers of modern participants, haggling control of clients, risk of substitute items, haggling control of providers and competitive rivalry within an industry. By applying Michael Porter’s five forces system, it'll offer assistance to establish Sevron Ltd.’s position within the market.

Threats of new entrants

Sevron Ltd which is a universal computer software is competing with the Sphera, RAMs, Crams The one who supplied on the computer software developer are the Investors, manufacturers and clients the Sevron ltd is now considered one of the country’s most innovative online solution developers.

Bargaining power of suppliers

The control of providers in any given industry will ordinarily be decided by the sum of suppliers within the given industry. This implies that few suppliers in any industry will infer that the suppliers have more bargaining control. The suppliers for Sevron Ltd are Risk Assessment Software, COSHH Management Software and Incident Management Solution. These softwares developer companies have different features compared to universal softwares. These are being created with the purpose of helping businesses reduce risk such as insufficient training and a lack of resources, to wider, more generalized problems, including the general misconception that health & safety is a hindrance to business.

Bargaining power of buyers

The large array of safety data sheets has created a lot of power at the hands of the consumers. They use this system for their COSHH assessments, from start to finish they use a plethora of MSDS available to use which then self-populate all the hazardous you need to address. Once the initial purchase has been made, brand loyalty may start to formulate.

Threats of substitute products

A substitute item can be portrayed as a software that's interesting whereas compared to another software within the system but can meet the needs more often than not by the software that it is different with. A few of the substitutes are Risk Assessment Software, COSHH Management Software. However, substitute threats cannot be said to be very high since they cannot be used in urgent cases unlike Sevron Ltd.’s software.

Rivalry among existing competitors in the industry

Rivalry between competing firms in a given industry can be of distinctive types. Competing firms compete in forms of cost wars, software differentiation and software development among others. Law entry boundaries within the industries implies that there exist many competitors within the different sectors that Sevron Ltd works in which results in intensified competition as the companies aim to extend their market share.

B. EXTERNAL FACTOR EVALUATION

Sevron Ltd., based on the External Factor Evaluation Matrix, has a weighted score of 2.15. Though, relatively lower on score than the average of 2.50, Sevron Ltd. still has influential significance and strength in its industry or the market. The low weighted score was highly influenced by the economic movements due to the COVID-19 pandemic, which is a primary variable.

According to the EFE Matrix, the factor with the most weight is the “Corporate Sponsorship”. This is due to the recent connections, partnerships, and sponsorships made by Sevron to other leading companies in the same and other industries. One of the biggest factors for these connections, partnerships, and sponsorships are their flagship product, COSHH365 Suite, which promotes chemical safety and protocols. On the other hand, the external factor with lowest weight is the “worker strikes”. Although it is not much imminent, the threat of worker strikes is still possible, thus still considered as an external threat factor in this matrix.

It is to be noted that Sevron Ltd.’s performance score shown in this EFE Matrix has significant difference from the results than their pre-pandemic performance. They are usually a high-performing and scoring company and could also be considered a primary competitor in the market. But due to the negative effects of the pandemic to the economy, their weighted score is also expected to be lower like this.

C. COMPETITIVE PROFILE MATRIX

The Critical Success Factors are vital for Sevron Safety Solutions Company’s Business Growth and opportunities. Though all play a crucial part for Sevron, ratings play an important role. Hence, these rankings range from 1-4. Four (4) being the highest and one (1) being the lowest in which they are vary based on the level of importance Sevron Safety Solutions Company prioritizes as follows:

4- means having superior importance

3- means having above average importance

2- means having average importance

1- Means having poor importance

According to the CPM matrix above, Sevron Safety Solutions obtained a total weighted score of 3.44. Sphera, on the other hand, obtained the highest total weighted score of 3.67 and CRAMs obtained a weighted score of 3.36.

In order to catch up in a few years, Sevron Company should focus on improving competitive advantage more and make substantial improvements with factors that have low ratings, allocating additional advertisements as well as investments.

D. KEY EXTERNAL FACTORS

Key External Factors that Bring Opportunities for the Company

Corporate Sponsorship

Economic Status

Growth in Technology

Environment

Majestic Software Upgrade

Other Key External Factors that Bring Opportunities for the Company

Rising of Technological Dependence

Businesses strengthening their Internal Control Systems

Economic rebound to be expected

Key External Factors that Bring Threats for the Company

Increase of Dollar and Peso Difference

Business Tax Increases in the Country

COVID 19/Pandemic

National Disaster/Fortuitous Events

Worker Strikes

Other Key External Factors that Bring Threats for the Company

Big economic recession

Shortage for skillful employees

IV. STRATEGY FORMULATION

A. BOSTON CONSULTING GROUP MATRIX

According to the matrix above, Forward and Horizontal Integration is a star category for Sevron Health & software because the company competes in a rapidly growing industry. Since 2017, Sevron has provided solutions such as risk management, safety data sheet inventory, and COSHH risk assessment management to their 7.7 million trusted users around the world.

Related diversification, market development, and penetration are in the question mark category because they have a large market share in a slow-growing industry, whereas product development and backward integration are in the cow category since they should be the company's priority to keep their powerful position for as long as possible. Sevron does not have services or strategies that fall under the dog category, since Sevron’s services are competitive.

B. STRATEGIC POSITION AND ACTION EVALUATION MATRIX

The SPACE matrix which is also known as the strategic position and action evaluation is a four-dimension framework that illustrates whether an organization’s strategies are forceful, conventional, defensive or competitive. The SPACE matrix normally has two axes where one axis represents the two internal dimensions of an organization – financial and competitive position while the other axis represents two external dimensions – stability and industry position.

A look at Sevron’s performance shows that the company should be placed on the aggressive quadrant since it is financially stable and competing very strongly in the various industries that it serves. Since Sevron qualifies to be on the aggressive

C. GRAND STRATEGY MATRIX

Although Sevron Ltd.’s growth may be strong and large, but their competitive position is weakening and they are under threat of being pushed out of the market by other companies. They are not able to compete effectively. The market is growing fast and an intensive horizontal integration strategy helps. Also, the situation doesn’t help since pandemic really gave negative effects to the company and also to the economic.

D . INTERNAL-EXTERNAL MATRIX

Based on the IFE and EFE Matrices in the previous factor evaluations, with the resultant result and scores were 2.33 and 2.97 respectively, the joint effect of the internal and external analysis falls in CELL V rates 2.97 for IFE Total Weighted Scores and CELL V that rates 2.33 for EFE Total Weighted Scores.

The outcome of the IFE and EFE total weighted scores falls and described as HOLD AND MAINTAIN strategies wherein this section shows that the company should focus on market penetration and product development. It should expand, but not aggressively; Penetrate market further; Develop new products or modify existing products.

E. STRENGHTS- WEAKNESSES- THREATS- ANALYSIS

Strengths

Software Services

One of the best in terms of software services specially when it comes to health and safety software developing.

Corporate Culture

Strong corporate culture and ethics being promoted by the management inside the organization. Proof of this is the “Top 10 Values of the Sevronians”.

Strong Brand Recognition

Sevron Ltd. is pretty much well-known to big companies (Coca-Cola, AkzoNobel, EDF, etc.) and business powerhouses as it is one of the top software developers and producers when it comes to health and safety, which helps those businesses strengthen their internal controls.

High Level of Customer Satisfaction

Sevron Ltd. receives a strong 5-star recognition from its big company customers like Coca-Cola, AkzoNobel, EDF, and GKN Aerospace showing that the products and service are top-notch.

Service Time

As the software products are already developed by the time the customers avail, there is no to less lag time when it comes to service. Though if modifications were requested, the time consumed before service is still considerably excellent.

Experienced Management Team

Management team of Sevron Ltd. is composed of highly-trained professionals who are more than qualified for their positions and with considerable number of years of experience in the field and in the company.

Weaknesses

Inaccessible to a Larger Consumer Audience

Sevron Ltd. is a very much well-known software developer and service provider for big companies. But its name is pretty much new for those small-time and start-up businesses. Its main target of business is also mainly on western countries, leaving a large consumer audience on the east unattended.

Lacks Other Product Segments

Sevron Ltd. is very much successful when it comes to its core product or service. But it lacks other known products or failed to introduce other products besides its main product or service.

Ineffective Promotions and Advertisements

Even though Sevron Ltd. is pretty well known to big companies, it is still a stranger for small-time and upcoming businesses. There are also few advertisements being done, denying to maximize the use of social media and new technologies.

Access to International Markets

Sevron Ltd. is a big company but it still doesn’t have access to the majority of the world.

Need for New and Flexible Product and Service

Sevron Ltd. is a leading player in the industry it is in. But, as the demand for more new software service and product rises from different business types, the company can’t keep up as much. Though it introduces a new service (COSHH Risk Assessment Management), it is pretty much specific. It is burdensome for small to medium-time businesses. Thus, the need for more flexible product services is needed.

Opportunities

Corporate Sponsorship

Sevron Ltd. is being offered and receiving partnerships and sponsorships from various companies from other industries due to the demand of the health and safety software they offer.

Economic Status

Global economy is starting to recover after the economic crisis brought by COVID-19 pandemic.

Growth in Technology

Technological advancements help Sevron Ltd. to produce and manufacture high-quality software products and services. Newly introduced technologies also help to increase efficiency and productivity for businesses.

Environment

Global movements encourage businesses to make sustainable products and services opening opportunities for Sevron Ltd. to cater a larger array of customers through sustainable software designed to be used by businesses.

New Trends on Consumer Behavior

An opportunity to lure new customers as the trend on consumer behaviors changes.

Threats

Increase of Dollar and Peso Difference

Foreign exchange rate instability poses risks and threats for Sevron Ltd. in terms of global market penetration and operations.

Business Tax Increases in the Country

Philippine’s corporate tax is the highest among other Southeast Asian countries with 30% tax rate. Although recently because of COVID-19, corporate taxes are reduced to 25%, it is still substantial as the economy is still unstable thus this high tax rate can pose a threat.

COVID 19/Pandemic

Businesses are highly affected by the effects of COVID-19 in the economy. COVID-19 also affected the Philippine economy the worst in Asia making it unideal for businesses at the moment.

National Disasters/Fortuitous Events

As fortuitous events mean, this is unavoidable. Philippines as it is located in the Pacific Ring of Fire is prone to natural disasters, from earthquakes to volcanic eruptions, not to mention the frequent strong typhoons.

Worker Strikes

Labour quality in the Philippines can be deemed unideal. Low-income salary and wages, poor employee treatment and protection by law, unideal work environments, and such lead workers to rally or have worker strikes. Thus poses a threat for businesses, especially with bigger multi-national businesses like Sevron Ltd.

F. QUANTITATIVE STRATEGIES PLANNING MATRIX

In the QSPM table, two alternate strategies are the Market Penetration and Market Development. The Total Attractiveness Scores is 4.84 and 3.75. Sevron provides all businesses with task-based risk management software that is accessible through the internet. Since its inception, it has been very profitable and has been growing at a rapid pace. These strategies were developed, implemented, and evaluated in order to make functional decisions that would allow them to continue to meet their goals. Sevron has accumulated some of the methods that were developed and analyzed using an analysis of external and internal variables, multiple matrices, and SWOT Analysis.

Market Penetration and Market Development on improving the goods and services are both bonded to all of the strategies that have been performed, according to the SWOT Study. The BCG Matrix was used to plot the market share and strategies for the company's products and services. The SPACE Matrix is a strategy formulation method that focuses on an organization's strategic position at the height of its business. The GSM is used to decide which technique is most appropriate. External and internal variables are used again to determine how appealing each strategy is. The GSM's findings indicate that market penetration and development are feasible.

According to our findings, business development for enhancing operations and service, as well as market development, which includes service development, upgrading new services and product technology, and staff development training, must be introduced in order for Sevron Ltd to maintain its current market and industry position.

V. STRATEGY RECOMMENDATION

It is recommended by any business company that they need to create an intensive strategy. These strategies are required to do for the goal, improvement or for the development of the company.

1. Software Improvement.

Sevron’s products are vulnerable to cybercrime. For example, the operating system remains a target of countless cybercrime attacks globally. This factor is a weakness because it limits the attractiveness of products. In this regard, cyber security is a product aspect of competition among firms in the computer hardware and software industry. On the other hand, the imitability of some products is a weakness because it could reduce the strength of the Sevron brand. Moreover, the company’s product portfolio shows dependence primarily on software products, which weakens the business against competitors that have dominant hardware and software products in the market.

2. Product development

A product can be described as anything that is capable of providing a solution to a customer’s perceived problem whether it is physical or psychological. Therefore, any product that fails to provide the needed solution to a customer is not a good product.

VI. ACTION PLAN

In order for the company to achieve its strategic objectives, action plans usually involve determining who will do what, by whom, and in what order. The structure and needs of the company influence how action planning is designed and implemented.

Market Penetration

This intervention entails extending operating hours and days, promoting other business partnerships, and safeguarding clients' reputations. This will keep and serve more clients, and it would be more effective if more time management is followed.

Market Development

A successful collaboration with a well-known company can be beneficial to Sevron Ltd.’s. company expansion. The aim of collaborating with businesses is to increase market share, benefit, and market expansion. Clients will be able to connect with the goods and services available as a result of this. Only through their partnerships will they raise brand and company recognition.

VII. CONCLUSION

For the researchers’ final analysis, Sevron needs to focus on improving and implementing strategies specifically in market penetration and market development. These strategies were found based on the statistical outcomes of different matrices which are the IFE Matrix, EFE Matrix, CPM, BCG Matrix, SPACE Matrix, GSM, IE Matrix and QSPM.

Based on the Internal Factor Evaluation Matrix (IFE Matrix), the Sevron Software Company has a total weighted score of 1.59 while the weakness is 1.02. It demonstrates the company’s extensive network of branches and a good working relationship with their employees and management teams. It only shows that the most significant internal flaw is poor service. This problem can only be resolved if they enhance their facilities and adequately train themselves to provide the best possible service to their customers and build their company’s integrity. While in the External Factor Evaluation (EFE Matrix), it has a weighted score of 2.15. Though relatively lower on the score than the average of 2.50, Sevron still has influential significance and strength in its industry or the market. The economic movements highly influenced the low weighted score due to the COVID-19 pandemic; they are usually a high-performing and scoring company and could also be considered a primary competitor in the market.

In the Competitive Profile Matrix (CPM), Sevron only ranked second with a total weighted score of 3.44. While Sphera, their biggest competitor which ranked first with a total weighted score of 3.67, and on the other hand, Crams the last place with only a 3.36 weighted score. Being able to snatch first place from Sphera, the company should focus on improving competitive advantage and making substantial improvements with factors that have low ratings, allocating additional advertisements, and investments.

In the Boston Consulting Group Matrix (BCG Matrix), Forward and Horizontal Integration are the stars of Sevron Safety Solutions because the company competes in a rapidly growing industry. The company can provide a solution such as risk management, safety data sheet inventory, and COSHH risk assessment management to their 7.7 million trusted users worldwide. Related diversification, market development, and penetration were put in the question mark category because they have a significant market share in a slow-growing industry. In contrast, product development and backward integration are in the cow category since they should be the company's priority to keep their powerful position for as long as possible. They do not have services and strategies that fall under the dog category since the company is a competitive one.

According to the Strategic Position and Action Matrix (SPACE Matrix), the company's performance shows that it should be placed on the aggressive quadrant since it is financially stable and competing very strongly in the various industries it serves. Since it qualifies to be on the aggressive side, it means that the company can fully exploit available opportunities and enhance its market share. As the company has the high financial strength, high industry strength, enjoys a competitive advantage, belongs to an attractive industry, and operates in relatively stable environmental conditions.

As what has been stated above and as the results of the matrices that are given, Sevron needs alternative strategies to fulfill their lack in terms of product, services, competitors, etc. and to be more successful in the industry. In addition, the Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (QSPM) shows the two alternative strategies: Market Development and Market Penetration. These two must be developed, implemented, and evaluated to make operational decisions that would allow them to continue meeting their goals. These strategies can help Sevron Software Services fulfill their lack of product, services, competitors, etc., and to be more thriving in the industry.

VII. FINANCIAL PROJECTION

Based on the given tables above, which is the Income statement. Sevron Safety Solutions seems to be doing well in the computer software industry despite of major competitors such as Sphera, RAMs, CRAMS, and other Software vendor businesses. With this level of major competition, The Company managed to stay ahead of its game and compete with other competitors. Sevron is a well-known and a competitive software company that places itself as one of the leading companies in the computer software industry.

REFERENCES

Competitive Matrix References Adison. (2019). Marketing Mix Sun Life Financial Inc. Retrieved from https://www.essay48.com/term-paper/15481-Sun-Life-Financial-Inc-Marketing-Mix

David, F., & David, F. (2017). The External Audit. Strategic Management: A Competitive Advantage Approach, Concepts and Cases (16th ed.). Pearson.

David, F., & David, F. (2017). Strategy Generation and Selection. Strategic Management: A Competitive Advantage Approach, Concepts and Cases (16th ed. 258-262). Pearson.

Dale Allen. (2007). The Mission. Retrieved from https://www.sevron.co.uk/the-mission

Dale Allen. (2007). The Vision. Retrieved from https://www.sevron.co.uk/the-vision

Joyasaini. (2010). The SPACE matrix. Retrieved from Scribd: https://www.scribd.com/doc/41739334/The-SPACE-Matrix

Maxi-Pedia. (2017). IFE Matrix (Internal Factor Evaluation). Retrieved from http://www.maxi-pedia.com/ife+efe+matrix+internal+factor+evaluation

Maxi-Pedia. (2017). Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (QSPM). Retrieved from http://www.maxipedia.com/ife+efe+matrix+internal+factor+evaluation

Mcclure, B. (2020), How to Analyze a Company’s Financial Position. Retrieved from https://www.investopedia.com/articles/fundamental/04/063004.asp

Mulder, P. (2019). Grand Strategy Matrix. Retrieved from https://www.toolshero.com/strategy/grand-strategy-matrix/

Pbctoday. (2019). Sevron and BESA Partnership to Streamline Chemical Safety. Retrieved from https://www.pbctoday.co.uk/news/health-safety-news/streamlining-workplace-safety/67580/

Rajak. (2021). Internal External Matrix. Retrieved from https://hmhub.me/internal-external-matrix/

Rocket reach. (2007). Sevron Information. Retrieved from https://rocketreach.co/sevron-profile_b5e2bcb9f42e634e

Rosette Dela Paz. (2011). The IFE Matrix/EFE Matrix. Retrieved from https://rossete-blog-blog.tumblr.com/post/3848879614/strama-paper-waterfront-hotel

Sevron. (2017). Safety365 Anniversary Update. Retrieved from Sevron: https://www.sevron.co.uk/blog/safety365-anniversary-update

Sevron. (2019). Sevron’s AI Technology Provides Clear Insight. Retrieved from https://www.sevron.co.uk/blog/sevrons-ai-technology-provides-clear-insights

Trust Pilot. (2007). Sevron LTD. Retrieved from https://uk.trustpilot.com/review/www.sevron.co.uk

2 notes · View notes

teatitty · 5 years ago

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bro pls dont hesitate to share whatever u find abt being a csi or a pilot,,,,thats stuff actually super interesting and ur a legend

cracks knuckles

okay well I had to dig deep into my memory for this but heres some more info about CSI’s and Pilots

CSI’s have to have a keen eye for detail to spot evidence at crime scenes. Most of their time is actually spent in the labs which is a way less stressful environment then being at a crime scene. It can take hours for them to scour an entire crime scene and bag and record all the evidence they can find. Not only do they work in pretty much all conditions, they also have long hours and earn an average of around $26 an hour.

A lot of CSI’s also work with on-call duty. Since crimes happen anywhere and everywhere at any time, the moment a CSI gets a call they have to leave ASAP to get to that scene. The fresher the evidence the better. Their work is super stressful for them! Not only do they sometimes have to deal with big crowds around a crime scene, there’s also cases where they have friends and family of the victims to deal with (luckily this is where the detectives step in). On top of that they’re also pressured by detectives and prosecutors to get fast results.

On-call duty is rotated every other week so everyone takes “shifts”. CSI’s are also often called into court to give expert testimony on cases. They don’t just deal with murders but also robberies, assault etc.

CSI’s use maths a lot in their work, from trajectories to measuring footsteps. Add on all the paperwork and you can see why this job is so time consuming. The average they earn a year is around $88,000 on the high end and $32,000 on the low end.

Now for test pilots!

Again they use maths a lot in their work. As I’ve mentioned before Hal is most likely an Experimental and Engineering Test Pilot. A pilot’s “office” is the cockpit of the plane they’re flying, so all those controls and instruments? They gotta know what all of them do. They have a concern for safety including the safe condition or airworthiness of the plane; weather factors affecting the safety of the flight; flight regulations; and air navigational aids designed to provide maximum safety in the air.

Test Pilots need to undergo frequent physical and mental health checks. If you’ve ever had a bad heart condition in the past you cannot be a test pilot, because the conditions they fly in would be too dangerous for you. Drug addiction and alcoholism immediately disqualify as a pilot.

Frequently pilots double as flight instructors and air taxi pilots, or they may also operate an aircraft repair station with flight instruction and air taxi operations as sidelines.

Pilots may not use a lot of physical work, but mentally there’s lots of pressure and strain.

Testing and operating an aircraft in its developmental stages and pushing it to its maximum-performance abilities can be very dangerous. Of all pilots, the test pilot’s job involves the most risk and hazards and can encounter emergency situations which they are expected to handle with skill and knowledge at a moments notice. They’re asked to evaluate aircraft for its structural integrity, performance, handling, reliability and suitability prior to release for operational use.

Experimental test pilots expect the unexpected as a plane is tested to the limits of its design strength and performance capabilities.

Test pilots spend time in the office planning, developing, designing and researching test procedures. Highly technical written and oral reports and materials are prepared on flight experiences with recommend ways to fix any problems. Test pilot positions require that you apply various managerial skills using tact and diplomacy.

They can fly either during the day or night depending on flight schedules. Back in the 50′s and 60′s p much all test pilots were former RAF but nowadays civillians can also become a test pilot and there are many piloting schools to go to for that, the biggest one beingThe National Test Pilot School in California (coincidentally this is where Hal was born in the comics and is also where Ferris Air is located).

When interviewing for a test pilot position, you will be asked to show certificates, ratings, logbooks, or other appropriate records of flight time. Some companies also require you to demonstrate a flight check or ability to perform flight test techniques.

You also need at least a type one Medical Certificate to prove that you’re fit for the job.

Production and engineering test pilots may advance to the position of Chief Test Pilot. The demands of the job kinda fluctuate with how many new planes/aircraft are being developed.

Test pilots have to be good with communication because they need to inform the people who work/develop the planes about how the plane handled, any problems they had, what needs to be improved etc. Often they’re called into the main offices to have huge discussions about this. They gotta be sensitive to even the tiniest thing feeling wrong or out of place; including vibration. The smallest oversight can be seriously disastrous.

Test Pilots earn an average of $140,000 a year, sometimes topping up to $200,000.

So yeah. Very demanding jobs with lots of skillsets required, maths and communication being the one they both share.

#meta post #whew that was a lot #asks #Anonymous #my writing #fanfic references

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ozma914 · 3 years ago

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Scan The Sky For Scary Storms

The Governor proclaimed March 13-19 to be Tornado Preparedness Week here in Indiana. He used to call it Tornado Awareness Week, but a conspiracy theory emerged that without awareness we might not have noticed tornadoes in the first place, and so the governor actually caused the problem. Typical government.

The Governor's Office has denied this. However, they changed the name anyway.

I photographed this funnel cloud in Dekalb County. If it seems like I was far away, it's because I was--and that's the way to do it.

The biggest problem with hazardous weather is that it's hazardous. Otherwise we'd call it Non-Hazardous Weather, and then who cares? But since it is (hazardous), there are certain preparations you should make. Oh, they won't make the weather less hazardous, but there's something to be said for survival.

First, develop a plan. Your plan could be to prearrange your funeral and buy a plot, which does have the advantage of being good for any natural disaster, except a zombie outbreak. Or you could assemble a disaster supply kit, with such things as food and water, medicine, booze, a little cash in case you forget the booze, and so on. A first aid kit is a good idea, along with a crescent wrench to shut off the gas after a tornado. Your home's gas, I mean. Also, have something to keep the kids busy, otherwise you might need the first aid kit after using the crescent wrench on them.

You should also have fresh batteries for your NOAA All Hazards radio, which surely you have. Or, you could just have fresh batteries, and nothing to put them into. This is poor pre-planning. At least you changed the batteries on your smoke and carbon monoxide detectors.

Didn't you?

These twin tornadoes in Elkhart County were part of the Palm Sunday, 1965 Outbreak. Twin kids are cute; twin disasters are not.

Indiana averages around two dozen tornadoes a year, but in 2011 we saw 72. Since the peak season begins in April, it's possible for a tornado to plow through a partially melted snow drift, then into a brush fire, producing the feared Snow/Fire Twister. Soon to be an original movie on the SyFy Channel.

All the more reason to be prepared, and that means being alert during a watch (which means severe weather may develop), or a warning (which means scream a little, pee down your leg, but get to shelter).

Shelter is the basement, or at least an interior room on the lowest floor, or you could pretend you're in the army and dig a foxhole really fast. Wrap up in blankets or heavy coats, or possibly pile your children and pets on top of you. Stay away from windows! In addition to broken glass, your neighbors could see you piling up your children and pets.

In cars or mobile homes, oh, boy--you picked the wrong place to be. Go find a better place, or lie flat in your car under your kids and pets, and pretend it's a new amusement park ride. Or, if all else fails, lay down in the nearest ditch, cover your head, and ... oh, who am I kidding? You're doomed. Lay on your back and check out the view, it should be amazing.

In all seriousness, tornadoes are amazingly bad, especially at night. Take it from an expert, which means someone other than me. There's the National Weather Service:

https://www.weather.gov/ind/SevereWxWeek

Which is the national service that deals with weather, and that's good enough for me.

Then there's the State of Indiana, which has been dealing with weather since 1816:

https://www.in.gov/dhs/get-prepared/nature-safety/severe-weather-preparedness/

Go check it out, and do what you can to be prepared. Not being ready for a disaster can be disastrous.

http://markrhunter.com/ https://www.amazon.com/-/e/B0058CL6OO https://www.barnesandnoble.com/s/"Mark R Hunter"

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livingcorner · 3 years ago

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How to drain your garden & solve garden drainage problems

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You're reading: How to drain your garden & solve garden drainage problems

An ever increasing issue in gardens is the problem of flooding and boggy ground. Saturated gardens can easily become compacted and are difficult to develop into usable garden space. Flooded gardens are not always a result of just heavy rain. If your garden is becoming excessively boggy there are a number of reasons why this could be the case.

If boggy conditions have come out of the blue with no obvious increase in rainfall there could be other factors at play. Surprisingly there can be a whole range of possibilities to why new flooding can be taking place.

If your saturated garden is a new issue or one which has persisted for some time there is usually a solution. Resolving the solution will depend on diagnosing the correct cause in the first place. In this article I will discuss the potential hazards of having a boggy garden, what are the common reasons for them and your options for correcting the problem.

Why drain your back garden?

A back garden which is saturated with water is both difficult to maintain and enjoy. Wet, boggy ground leads to mud stained shoes, clothes and a complete inability to enjoy the garden. A site where the soil is constantly moist leads to extra compaction which leads to shrinkage and cracking in summer. This situation makes it almost impossible to grow plants.

The ground becomes devoid of oxygen and soil life which makes it impossible for it to absorb nutrients. A lack of oxygen also makes the ground smell stagnant and fowl. These ground conditions typically lead to the roots of plants rotting and eventual death. This can be a serious issue if your drainage problem has evolved over time.

Boggy gardens usually end up unsightly with ruts and divots in lawns and swamped flower beds. These conditions are also a threat to safety. Slippery surfaces and uneven ground can lead to slips and falls which can cause a number of injuries. These conditions are also extremely dangerous when using tools during maintenance regimes.

Probably the biggest problem with boggy gardens is the fact they cause damp conditions for surrounding buildings. Continuous wet ground around buildings can cause rising damp and even subsidence.

Brickwork and masonry can become prone to freeze and thaw action and algae build up. Timber structures can become saturated and rotten. Ultimately a wet boggy back garden can lead to serious structural damage to your home and surrounding buildings.

Why is my garden boggy & flooding?

There are many reasons for flooding and modern trends in our landscaping preferences make it now commonplace.

Over the past 40 years our free time for recreational gardening has declined dramatically. The typical pursuit of a ‘low maintenance garden’ has led to a reduction in cultivated flower beds and manicured lawns. These have historically absorbed excess storm runoff allowing water to escape back into the subsoil.

Gardens have also seen a reduction in trees and shrubs which help to draw water out of the soil through transpiration. Extensive hard surfaces in the form of decking and paving prevent rainwater from reaching the underlying ground. These surfaces accelerate runoff and overwhelm drainage networks as well as the grounds natural ability to absorb water.

The explosion in car ownership has also seen many front gardens turn into new parking bays. Artificial lawn has also become a major new trend which has also accelerated these problems. This has all combined with more unpredictable weather patterns including a higher average, annual rainfall.

Recent construction

If your garden has recently started to become flooded looking over the fence can sometimes find a reason. Recent construction in the form of extensions and patios can reduce local ground permeability. These can also increase fast run off leading to excess storm water with nowhere to run. New extensions are a common reason for this problem.

Sustainable drainage policy

Many new sustainable development rules and policies prevent new buildings plumbing their guttering into the storm drainage network. This is to help prevent flash flooding during times of heavy rain. New construction is required to pipe runoff into a cubic metre soak away 5 metres away from the building. This has led to hundreds of thousands of gallons of water sitting under our gardens with nowhere to go.

To add to the problem some builders reduce their cost by simply running guttering channels into flower beds. This is particularly common with summer houses and garden offices which stay under the minimum requirements for local planning permission. Such extensive flash flooding of our gardens could cause a ticking time bomb for property subsidence in the future. New extensions and even concrete bases for summer houses all add impervious mass and weight to the soil. This extra weight can also increase the hydraulic pressure within the ground bringing ground water to the surface.

Impermeable surfaces

Impermeable surfaces are all hard garden surfaces which do not allow water to permeate. These include patios, decking, concrete and tarmac. These all prevent water absorption and accelerate runoff. There are some landscape hard surfaces which will allow some permeability such as resin bonded aggregate and open textured tarmac.

However if you wish to install a hard surface which is fully permeable the best option is loose gravels. If you have impermeable surfaces in your garden that you believe are causing flooding you must identify where run off is travelling to. This can be done with a spirit level to identify the lowest point. Water should then be collected via a grilled chamber of some sort. It can then be channelled to a soak away or a French drain.

Local level changes

Very often when level changes are made locally they can directly affect your gardens drainage and moisture content. It is typical to see one flooded garden raise its level and subsequently move the flooding problem next door. Water always flows to the lowest point, if your garden suddenly becomes the lowest it will also become the wettest.

Not only will low levels create a soggy garden a change of contours and gradient can also have the same effect. This can even be the case if the changes are next door. I recall a property I lived in where the neighbour dug out a patio and spread the spoil around the garden to save money.

He created two new gradients where the water ran to the centre of the garden. As our garden was lower it then meant the centre of our lawn was soggy every winter.

It can sometimes be very surprising just how seemingly gentle changes in contour can cause gardens to start flooding.

An uneven garden

One of the most common causes of local flooding in gardens is due to low areas and uneven ground. Even if your neighbour is lower than you an uneven garden will collect water in low lying areas. One of the best ways to prevent flooding and standing water is to create as level garden surface as possible. This can be achieved by re-landscaping the ground to get rid of any divots and damming. This is most effectively executed by bringing a layer of free draining material such as sharp sand to mix with the top soil layer.

Surrounding topography

When trying to understand why a garden may flood surrounding topography can be a massive factor. If your garden is at the foot of a hill or in a low lying funnel you can expect some excess runoff. When assessing a flooding issue look at the surrounding levels and wider landscape.

Try to work out where the water is naturally flowing from. When you have identified the waters entry point you can then seek to intercept the flow and re-direct it to where you want it to go. This usually involves getting the water to the lowest boundary of your garden so it can escape.

Underlying hydrology

A large contributing factor of if your garden will flood or not is underlying hydrology. This is the natural water movement and saturation level of the local area. These are directly affected by a multitude of different factors including annual rainfall, topography, bedrock and soil type.

These factors combined with where your locality sits within a wider river basin or catchment will determine your ground saturation. If you have naturally high water table the greater the possibility of flooding in your garden.

High water table

The water table is the level at which ground water naturally sits in your area at any given time of the year. Typically the water table will vary throughout the year being high in winter and low in summer. This will depend on current and recent rainfall totals.

You can learn more about your local water table levels by contacting your local authorities. Find out if you live within proximity to local rivers or low lying wetland areas. Do you live within a flood risk zone?

Read more: Watering Your Vegetable Garden: How to Water Plants for Healthier Growth

Clay

Clay is a common soil type formed over millions of years from sedimentary shale deposits. Clay soil can be extremely dry and hard in summer and sticky and unworkable in winter. This makes this soil type rather undesirable when it comes to gardening.

The worst aspect of having a heavy clay soil is the way it behaves in wet conditions. In times of heavy rain clay soil can become extremely saturated and compacted. This compacted sticky mess can become impervious meaning water can no longer drain through it. This results in flooded areas where surface water cannot permeate the ground.

Compaction

Compaction is not just a problem reserved for clay soil types. Where ever there is excess moisture, heavy footfall or activities requiring heavy objects ground can become compact. This compaction leads to a soil with no oxygen meaning water finds it difficult to pass through it. This type of compaction with many soil types can result in a flooded garden even if you do not have a high water table in your area.

Blocked drainage network

A very common cause of flooded gardens is an existing drainage network which has become blocked. This is particularly the case where locally ground has had historic drainage problems. It is common for old land drains to become silted up over time or broken by tree roots or ground movement. I have seen these scenarios many times when diagnosing landscape drainage problems.

Many old land drains are a simple affair consisting of a series of clay pipes simply butted tightly together under the ground. Over time these simply become clogged up and fail leading to boggy ground conditions. I have seen examples of contractors breaking through clay storm drains and assuming they are redundant.

Typically if a pipe has silt inside many contractors become convinced it’s not serving an important role. These can simply be left broken only to clog completely leaving someone with a boggy garden further up hill. Drainage pipes and networks come in a whole range of sizes and types. Over time these can become clogged up or fail due to ground movement. If you experience a sudden drainage problem occur very suddenly this is usually a common cause.

A drainage test pit

A very crucial factor to diagnosing a solution for your drainage issue will depend on ground saturation. Some ground is so saturated that no matter what void is excavated it will simply continuously fill with water. This commonly indicates a foreign source point for excess water.

This is particularly so if the drainage issue is a new occurrence. The test pit method allows you to get an idea of if your gardens ground will drain naturally. By digging a hole 300mm deep by 300mm x 300mm wide you will be able to observe if water drains naturally back into the ground. If water simply sits there for days on end your ground is at maximum saturation. This could mean natural absorption methods like soak ways may not be enough. In this instance there may be a case for water to be directed to the main storm network. Consequently permission will have to be granted from your local authority. If ground water is causing damp and damage to property there is a very good case for such action.

Solutions

Most of the time there will be a solution to your garden drainage problem. To find a solution requires the correct diagnosis of the problem in the first place. Once this has been achieved the correct solution or combination of solutions can be implemented.

We have broken down some of the typical garden drainage solutions below. All of these solutions success are dependent on your gardens ability to still absorb water naturally. If a test pit reveals your garden is at maximum saturation you may have to go further.

This will mean making a case to drain the water into the local storm network. In this case advice and permission from your local authority should be sought.

Garden re-levelling

It is very common for gardens drainage problems to be related to its surface levels. If surface levels form low spots, damming or runoff into areas with no drainage or escape flooding will result. By creating a flush and consistent garden surface level water has less opportunity to collect.

By identifying your lowest boundary you can identify where water naturally wants to escape. Hence it makes sense to re-level your garden to a flush surface which falls into the lowest exit point.

Create a free draining layer

Most rainwater runoff moves through and over the top few centimetres of the ground. If your garden is particularly compacted or not free draining you will expect to have puddles. This directly leads to flooded areas and ground saturation.

An effective way of preventing this is to create a free draining layer. This consists of a layer of sand or soil layer with added drainage. This allows water to pass through the surface and drain into either a drainage system or away from your garden.

Drainage channels

Drainage channels consist of linear excavations back filled with free draining materials such as non calcareous aggregates. These also typically house drainage pipes such as perforated pipes. Drainage channels have two main functions; to capture and retain excess landscape water and to direct it into a specific, desired location or drainage system. Drainage channels come in a number of sizes and formats depending on what drainage outcome you desire. Below I have described some common examples of landscape drainage channels.

Herringbone drainage system

A Herringbone drainage system consists of a central drainage pipe with alternate drainage channels feeding into it. The multiple tributary like alternate channels increase the surface catchment area of the effected area. This is a popular system for draining lawns or irregular expanses of boggy ground. The main and secondary channels usually consist of free draining aggregates and drainage pipes. These can either lead to a main drain, wetland feature or soak away system.

Grid drainage system

A grid drainage system uses tributary channels but in a much more intensive way. Grid systems main collection pipe typically runs around the perimeter of the catchment area. The tributary channels run across the central drainage area normally in a grid or lattice formation.

This more intensive system is ideal for sports greens and rectangular show lawns. With an even spacing the grid system can insure a more consistent moisture content throughout the year. This method is the most labour intensive hence the most expensive to install. It is however the most effective.

French drains

A French drain is a linear drainage channel with a central pipe backfilled with a free draining aggregate. These simple channels link areas of flooded ground directly into a drainage feature. This can be the main storm water drainage network, soak away or ecological drainage system. French drains are one of the most basic forms of landscape drainage.

Soak-aways

Soak-aways are an excavated void in the ground which accept excess storm water and store it. Soak-aways are typically around a metre cubed and incorporated where there is no drainage network to plumb into.

Modern ecological drainage policies mean it is now typical to not allow runoff from new developments into the drainage network. This has meant an increase in the need for soak ways to capture excess storm water.

Traditionally soak-aways were a large trench simply filled with old builder’s rubble and rough aggregates. However the materials in these usually take up a large volume of the void meaning less water can be stored. These systems would also silt up extremely quickly causing them to fail.

A new and modern solution is reinforced plastic soak-away crates. These crates slot together with a void which can hold a large amount of water. These can be wrapped in filtration fabric, lowered into an excavated void and then backfilled with free draining aggregates. Ground water can be channelled into soakaways via landscape drainage channels containing perforated pipes and gravel.

Broken drainage pipes

Sometimes broken pipes under the ground can cause garden flooding and drainage issues. Many old drainage pipes can be many decades old and made from materials such as clay and concrete. These can loosely be fixed together and can become dislodged after many years.

Tree roots and ground subsidence can cause these channels to rupture leading to silting, blockages and water discharge. This is rarely an issue with sewage pipes as these are set deeper into the ground and typically go through front gardens. However old land drains and storm water networks can run through gardens and become easily disturbed.

Many old drainage channels have become silted and look redundant but are still actually carrying large amounts of water runoff. It is common for contractors to accidently dig them up, assume they are redundant and remove them. I have seen many examples of this including the example images I have put below.

In this instance the old clay pipe was ruptured and left to silt up. This pipe was carrying run off from the homes roof and hard surfaces into a land drain. The result was an extremely boggy garden with constant standing water on the lawn.

How to fix broken clay, concrete or plastic drainage pipes

If you discover broken pipes under the ground when investigating a drainage issue you must do the following:

Step 1

Excavate around the affected area carefully, try to expose and locate the broken pipe work.

Step 2

Carefully flake away any small parts of broken pipe preferably at the top side. Use these openings to gauge how much the pipe is blocked, silted or filled with standing water.

Step 3

Excavate back on either side of the broken pipes to expose where the pipe is still in good condition. Dig out the full circumference of each good end of the broken pipe section.

Step 4

Carefully remove the broken section of pipe work. There may be a sudden discharge of backlogged water and sludge, clear this from the area. If the pipes are clay, concrete or plastic try to make sure there are no horizontal breaks or cracks running along the pipe.

If there are these sections will also need removing. Cut back to the nearest pipes in good condition at a neat right angle. This can be done with a diamond cutter or sharp saw for plastic.

Examine each end of the pipes still in the ground. If they are heavily silted do your best clear the pipe work and flush them through with water.

Step 5

Carefully excavate around each end of the good pipes left in the ground. Make sure you have at least a 75mm section proud all the way around the pipe. Clean the pipe ends with a stiff hand brush and a bucket of water to remove any silt. Once clean leave to dry out or wipe dry with a cloth.

Step 6

Obtain a suitable replacement section of pipe specifically for underground drainage at the same or similar diameter to the existing pipe. It is very typical for old pipes to be made from clay so a new replacement will be plastic. This means you will also need specific adapters for each end of the pipes.

Step 7

Obtain clay to plastic pipe rubber adapters for each new connection, These can be found on Amazon here. As in the images provided this demonstrates the typical scenario of an older clay pipe being connected to a new plastic replacement. Measure the diameter of the old pipes these are usually between 100-110mm.

Measure the width of the new pipe which is usually about the same width. At a builders merchant locate a rubber adapter with screw ring seal joints that will accommodate your pipes diameters.

Step 8

Offer up the new section of pipe next to the removed section and mark the pipe where you need to cut it. It is important to assess how much play distance the rubber adapter gives you when cutting your pipe. You will need to cut your pipe slightly shorter than the gap itself to be able to squeeze the pipe between the adapters. Cut your pipe at a suitable length to fit the repair distance.

Step 9

Fit your adapters to each of the existing pipe work, make sure the pipes are clear of dirt and dry. When you are satisfied of a tight fit remove them and apply an external grade waterproof sealant to the circumference of the pipe work. Place the adapters back onto the pipes securely and tighten up the screw ring seal joints until they are tight.

Read more: These DIY Trellis Ideas Add Beauty and Function to Any Kind of Garden

Step 10

Apply more sealant and spread thinly around the ends of the new section of pipe. Squeeze the section of repair pipe in-between and into the new adapters until they are secure. Tighten up the screw ring seal joints securely. And make sure there is no dripping from each join. For extra strength and reinforcement each join can be set within concrete with a waterproof admixture.

Step 11

Back fill the trench. If you have disturbed the ground much deeper than the pipe itself it is important to compact the ground underneath it. This will reduce settlement and downward soil, settlement, pressure on the pipes connections.

This can be done with a layer of concrete or compactable mot type 1. When back filling it is advisable to lay 50mm layer of sand or warning tape above where the pipes sit in the ground.

This will give notice to any future excavations they are just above a service of some kind. Back fill the trench and replace any surface medium which was there beforehand.

Ecological drainage

Ecological drainage is the design and installation of drainage systems which either mitigate the loss of natural habitats or provide drainage which harmoniously interacts with wetland ecosystems. Typical urban, drainage systems allow polluted water from our roads, pavements and buildings to flow into natural watercourses.

This can poison rivers and add dangerous chemicals into the hydraulic cycle which we rely upon. Ecological drainage systems harness waste water and allow them to be absorbed into naturalistic wetlands. Here water can be filtered and even cleaned by wetland plants and microorganisms. These drainage systems can even become a part of scenic, wetland environments perfect for recreation sports and wildlife conservation. On a local scale ecological drainage can reduce urban runoff, prevent flooding and create wetland habitats such as wildlife ponds. Some good examples of ecological drainage include permeable surfaces, bioswales, bog gardens and seasonal flooding ponds.

Permeable surfaces

One of the biggest problems facing our towns and gardens in regard to drainage is impermeable surfaces. Patios, pavements and driveways accelerate the rate at which rain water enters the ground.

They also reduce the surface area of natural ground with a topsoil layer. Topsoil is capable of absorbing very large amounts of storm water. As more and more people pave over their gardens the less possible it is for water to be absorbed naturally. One effective ecological drainage solution is to install free draining permeable surfaces to your garden. Surfaces such as free binding gravel, loose gravel and resin bound aggregate are good examples of these.

Bioswales

Bio-swales are landscape channels or depressions which collect storm water channelling it through an ecological cleaning system. As run-off travels through the bio-swale pollution and debris is removed by marginal ecosystems.

Microscopic plant life and bacteria help to break down toxins and water is filtered and oxygenated by the roots of wetland plants. Bio-swales can be large expanses of low lying ground, wetland meadows or smaller rain garden type features. As well as their ecological drainage function bio-swales can become very aesthetic landscaping features. These can come in the form of linear wildlife ponds or beautifully planted dry river beds.

Bog gardens

A bog garden is a garden which makes use of a constant state of soil saturation with excess water. Essentially this will mimic natural wetlands or marsh habitats within nature. These can be artificially created with pond liners or taking advantage of an existing drainage problem.

Either way bog gardens can not only provide you somewhere to drain water they can also look very attractive. Boulders, submerged logs and attractive bog plants can all combine to create a fantastic focal point which attracts local wildlife. Channels can be installed to collect rain water from your hard surfaces and direct them to a bog garden. This will allow excess rainwater to permeate the ground naturally.

Seasonal flooding ponds

A seasonal flooding pond is a pond which water level fluctuates throughout the year. Water levels in such ponds are typically high in winter and low in summer. Such ponds were once commonplace throughout natural landscapes before urbanisation and commercial agriculture. Seasonal flooding ponds and wetlands are vital for many species which rely on this specific seasonal hydrology. Very much like bog gardens these can become a great way to drain a flooded garden. By acting as a natural soakaway they can draw excess water into them and store it while it absorbs back into the ground. Seasonal flooding ponds can be landscaped with attractive wetland plants, gravels, rocks, and logs. They can drain water from your garden, attract wildlife and look great all at the same time.

Wildlife retention ponds

Wildlife ponds are becoming an ever popular landscape installation in many gardens. In reaction to accelerated biodiversity loss across the planet more people are seeking habitat boosters for their gardens. Not only can wildlife ponds help to provide food and shelter for wildlife they can also help alleviate garden flooding.

With clever landscape design wildlife retention ponds can be installed. These are traditional wildlife ponds but with an extra flood zone created out of mounded ground. Garden levels and falls can be directed into channels and swales which feed into the retention pond basin.

In times of heavy rain the retention pond can accept large quantities of extra water within its basin. This controlled flooding means other areas of your garden can drain more freely.

Grow more plants

One of the most basic principles of ecological drainage is to allow more runoff to be absorbed nature. The best way to accelerate this is to have as much open soil and planting as possible. Soil naturally absorbs huge quantities of water like a sponge. Its slow release helps feed watercourses, trees and plants with the water they need throughout the season. Trees and plants take up excess water and release it into the atmosphere through transpiration. When planning a drainage system try to incorporate as much natural ground and planting as possible. This helps to redress to imbalance between natural and hard surfaces which directly causes most garden flooding in the first place.

How to drain your garden with a pump

The video below shows you how to drain your garden with an electric pump. This may be necessary if you need to drain a large quantity of water before drainage investigations and works begin.

Conclusion

If you want to know how to drain your garden you must successfully diagnose what is causing the excess water in the first place. Correct diagnosis in the beginning is key to not wasting time and money on the wrong solution. Correct diagnosis depends on familiarising yourself with four key points: Your local floodplain, local topographical features, progressive development and saturation density.

Local flood plain

If your property sits within a low lying part of a river basin it is highly likely you have a high water table. This will means that especially in winter ground saturation will be high. This is more a natural feature of your locality than a specific problem that has arisen. This makes high water table scenarios more troublesome to fix.

By digging a test pit to see how long water drains can give you an idea of your water table level. In these scenarios raising your gardens level with free draining soil layer can be a solution. If your ground is so saturated it is causing damp in your property you should contact your local authority.

Local topographical features

Most of the time garden drainage problems can be put down to topography. This includes low lying areas or neighbours which are higher than you. When assessing your drainage problem look at the levels of the surrounding gardens.

Are you in a low spot? Has one of your neighbours changed their garden levels causing a dam to surface run-off? The best solution here is to re-work your gardens levels so you have a consistent and flush gradient. This allows water to drain downhill stopping it from pooling in your garden.

Progressive development

If your garden has become steadily more flooded over time it is possibly due to progressive development. Many urban gardens have seen a reduction in soft landscaping such as flowerbeds.

This has been accompanied by a rise in extensions, garden offices, artificial lawns and paving. All of these have made it more difficult for water to be absorbed by the ground. Most of the time excess water simply needs somewhere to escape. A simple drainage channel with a new soak away system is usually enough to solve the problem.

Saturation density

When diagnosing a drainage issue assessing your backyards saturation density can be very important. Saturation density is when your garden is particularly wet in one area and not so wet in another. Normally a high saturation density is a result of a low spot. However if there is no obvious cause in terms of level there may be some other source of your flooding.

Normally a high saturation density in this scenario is nearly always man made. Localised boggy areas can be the location of a broken pipe, an old silted soak-away or where a neighbour’s drainage system meets your boundary.

In these cases it is advisable to gently excavate these areas preferably in summer time. You may discover broken pipe work or an old, failed drainage system. Fixing such issues or installing a new soak-away should solve the problem. Dense root masses of trees and large shrubs can also cause impenetrable boundaries to surface water. This can cause areas of high saturation. Again a soak away will give the water somewhere to escape and slowly be re-absorbed by the landscape.

To drain a garden you have to identify where the surface water naturally wants to go, (down hill). If low spots or damming are preventing this you have to allow it a route to get there. If this is not an option a void must be created where the water can run to. Consequently in times of heavy rain water can be captured and slowly reabsorbed by the landscape. For this reason a combination of re-working garden levels and soak-aways are always the solution.

The book Practical Drainage is an extensive resource on landscape drainage and can be found on Amazon here.

If you require garden drainage services as well as landscaping services feel free to contact us. We cover Buckinghamshire as well as the whole Chiltern area. We also cover Hertfordshire, Oxfordshire Bedfordshire as well as London.

Some of our typical, local project locations include; Amersham, Aylesbury, Beaconsfield, Berkhamsted, Chalfont, Chesham, Gerard’s Cross, Great Missenden, High Wycombe, Princes Risborough and Wendover.

Source: https://livingcorner.com.au Category: Garden

source https://livingcorner.com.au/how-to-drain-your-garden-solve-garden-drainage-problems/

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littlebigskips · 3 years ago

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What Can I Put in the Skip Bin Hire For Offices?

When most folks think about skip bins, they tend to think only of residential skip bin hire at their homes but this isn't the case. Not only do they offer residential bins for home and construction waste, but they also offer skip bin hire for offices, commercial units and factories and just about all commercial bins hire needs around the country. Skip-bins are a fairly simple concept that has actually become more popular over the years. The primary reason for this is that they can be set up to accommodate a growing amount of waste and garbage, and can help reduce the amount of garbage that ends up in our landfills.

For many companies, skip bin hire for offices and other large buildings may involve large, rectangular or oval boxes that have solid sides and a lid. Some companies use circular bins that have lids that can be opened with a latch. Bins can also be stacked on top of each other and some can hold several different items. All of these options can help to keep office buildings separate from the homes where most domestic waste materials are created.

As mentioned above, there are many different kinds of bins that companies can purchase and install. However, some of the most commonly asked questions include pricing, delivery and installation. In most cases, it is wise for companies to request a quote before they commit to having one installed. This will not only help to ensure that the company has chosen a reliable and cost effective system but will give them a base to work from when they are negotiating terms with a skip bin provider. Receiving multiple quotes will allow a company to compare pricing and to choose the company that best suits their needs without too much difficulty.

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Companies also wonder about the safety of bins that are not attached to the floor. In general, a company cannot leave a bin attached to the floor because it may accidentally fall on employees as they walk by. The bottom line is that companies need to be careful about what equipment they place in their skip bins. Since this equipment can include hazardous materials such as lead containers, it is especially important to have employees trained properly how to fill them. This training is especially critical if employees are expected to act as garbage truck drivers.

There are some commonly asked questions about skip bins that businesses need to be very careful about. These questions range from the size of the unit, to the cost of the unit, to the number of bins that need to be rented. If a business puts more than three or four different kinds of recyclables into the unit, it can be difficult to rent the right unit size and capacity for its needs. Since many offices have recycling bins that must be rented, the question of renting the right size can become particularly important. Fortunately, most companies are able to rent sizes and capacities that meet their needs.

The question of how long it takes a bit to arrive can also be important for businesses. Since many deliveries can occur within a twenty-four hour period, there are concerns about how long a delivery time may be. There are factors beyond the number of deliveries that can affect a delivery time, such as if the delivery driver should make use of his vehicle or not. For this reason, many offices want to know the average delivery times for bins because they want to plan their budgeting around this kind of information.

Of course, one of the biggest factors for many offices is whether or not a delivery time will affect the cost of the bin rental. Since some deliveries can occur over night, this question can be especially important. For businesses that can afford to wait several days or weeks for the bin to arrive, this might not be an issue. However, for smaller offices or those that might have delivery times that are particularly short, this question can be particularly important.

#Skip bin hire for offices

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lnkjanitors · 3 years ago

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Best Dusting Service across Lincoln NE| LNK Janitorial Services More information is at: https://cleaningserviceslincoln.org/dusting-service-near-me/

Need dusting services near Lincoln for your house or office? LNK Janitorial Services offers the best dusting service across The entire Lincoln NE area. Dusting and disinfecting your office regularly helps to ensure the health and well-being of your customers as well as employees. Additionally, few things create a negative impression of a company for a visitor more than dust accumulated on blinds and surfaces such as on furniture and desks. While dusting keeps the furniture clean, the environment healthier and helps prolong the life of the furniture, disinfecting office surfaces is important, too. Best dusting and cleaning company in Lincoln NE. Pricing? Call today for free estimates or send us an email.

DUSTING SERVICE LINCOLN At LNK Janitorial Services dusting service, we clean with microfiber rags which capture all the dust. We also dust other areas where dust will collect, such as light fixtures, shelves, shades and window sills. Along with it, we also dust unseen areas. We disinfect. In some offices, the ventilation system may not be collecting dust properly. We check the air vents and regularly clean them to ensure that the workplace is clean and healthy. Dusting and disinfecting your office and home regularly helps to ensure the health and well-being of your employees as well as customers. WHY THERE’S A NEED OF THOROUGH DUSTING AND DISINFECTING? According to several studies, including the ground-breaking one by Dr. Charles Gerba, known as the University of Arizona “germ guru,” one of the biggest safety hazards in the workplace isn’t on the shop floor, but in the office. He reported that the average desk harbours about 400 times more bacteria than the average toilet seat. In fact, there can be as many as 10 million bacteria in your office, and most of it is on the desk, where many people eat breakfast, lunch and even dinner. “Gerba conducted the first study of its kind to measure normal bacterial levels inside offices across America. “For bacteria, a desk is really the laptop of luxury,” says Gerba. “They can feast all day from breakfast to lunch and even dinner.” Gerba and his researchers found that unless desks were wiped clean with a disinfectant during the day, bacteria levels climbed higher and higher, peaking after lunch. How many of your employees wipe their desks clean with disinfectants every day? This is the reason why it is important to have a cleaning company like LNK Janitorial Services that is aware of this and has personnel who pay particular attention to desks and disinfecting them and making certain they are clean. At LNK Janitorial Services dusting service, we use microfiber rags to capture all the dust. We understand the number of bacteria that can collect on a desk and use disinfectants daily to clean the desk. As such, we dust all places where dust will have collected seen and unseen: light fixtures, shelves, blinds and window sills. Moreover, we check and regularly clean ventilation systems. For reliable and superior dusting service for offices in Lincoln NE or nearby regions contact us today or send us a message today. Bedroom, Living Room & Common Areas Dust all accessible surfaces Wipe down all mirrors and glass fixtures Clean all floor surfaces Take out garbage and recycling Bathroom Cleaning Wash and sanitize the toilet, shower, tub and sink Dust all accessible surfaces Wipe down all mirrors and glass fixtures Clean all floor surfaces Take out garbage and recycling Kitchen Cleaning Dust all accessible surfaces Empty sink and load up dishwasher with dirty dishes Wipe down exterior of stove, oven and fridge Clean all floor surfaces Take out garbage and recycling Extras For a deeper clean, consider adding one or more cleaning extras. Most cleaning extras add one half hour of time and cost to your booking. Inside cabinets Inside fridge Inside oven Laundry wash & dry Interior windows Looking for a dusting service in Lincoln NE or surrounding regions? You can now rely on LNK Janitorial Services to take in hand it for you. Contact us today to get best discounts and economical prices!

REQUEST MORE INFORMATION NOW. CONTACT US: LNK Janitorial Services CALL: CALL (402) 875-7346 JANITORIAL SERVICES CALL: CALL (402) 590 8090 JUNK REMOVAL CALL: CALL (402) 881 3135 CLEANING CALL: CALL (402) 875 7305 HANYDMAN CALL: CALL (402) 590 8095 MOVING WEBSITE: www.cleaningserviceslincoln.org http://www.servicelincoln.com/ http://www.lincolnhouseholdservices.com/ SERVICE AREA: Lincoln Nebraska Metro Area: Bennet Ne, Firth Ne, Hallam Ne, Hickman Ne, Lancaster County, Lincoln Nebraska, Malcolm Ne, Milford Ne, Panama Ne, Seward County, Seward Ne, Staplehurst Ne, Utica Ne, Walton Ne, WAVERLY NE, Lincoln NE | Lincoln NE | Lancaster County NE | Seward County NE | Milford NE | 68501, 68510, 68512, 68514, 68516, 68517, 68520, 68524, 68526, 68529, 68531, 68532, 68542, 68544, 68583, 68588.Omaha-Council Bluffs Metropolitan Area: Downtown Omaha, Central Omaha, Southwest Lincoln and Sarpy County, including the communities of Lincoln, Omaha, Bellevue, Blair, Carter Lake, Elkhorn, Fort Calhoun, Fremont, Gretna, La Vista, Millard, Papillion, Ralston, Springfield, Plattsmouth, Arlington, Ashland, Louisville, Wahoo, Yutan and Waterloo, NE, and Missouri Valley, Avoca, Glenwood, Council Bluffs, IA. Zip codes: 68007, 68010, 68022, 68102, 68104, 68105, 68106, 68107, 68108, 68110, 68111, 68112, 68114, 68116, 68117, 68118, 68122, 68124, 68127, 68130, 68131, 68132, 68134, 68135, 68137, 68142, 68144, 68147, 68152, 68154, 68157, 68164, 68178. #cleaning #Lincoln #nebaraska #junk #moving #Janitorial #handyman

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viroeliminators · 4 years ago

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5 Benefits of Professional Residential Decontamination Services

Since the onset of the coronavirus pandemic, people have been turning to COVID-19 disinfection services and commercial cleaning to help keep their businesses safe.

While people regularly have their homes fumigated for insects and pests, they generally haven't been as active as offices and other commercial spaces in seeking help from coronavirus sanitizing services.

For people who are still disinfecting their homes all by themselves more than a year into the pandemic, here are some benefits of professional sanitization and decontamination that will help them reconsider:

Trained and Certified Professionals

The biggest advantage of hiring a disinfectant service provider is that one’s residence is treated by highly-skilled technicians, who’ve trained extensively in professional disinfection of homes.

For ultimate confidence and peace of mind, homeowners should ensure that their chosen sanitizing service is certified by the Global Biorisk Advisory Council (GBAC®).

Great for Health

Many of the most commonly used commercial cleaning and disinfecting products are loaded with synthetic chemicals and harmful ingredients. Their VOCs and dangerous fumes can be hazardous to health.

Unfortunately, people using them often don’t realize the risks they’re facing.

On the other hand, with the help of all-natural disinfectants, virus disinfection services not only ensure the safety of a home’s occupants but also their health.

High-Tech Equipment

Personally cleaning one’s home typically involves disinfectant sprays, bleach solutions, and antibacterial wipes. While these might have been deemed acceptable before the coronavirus pandemic, now they’re simply not enough.

Virus disinfection services make use of specialized equipment and solutions, such as electrostatic sprayer disinfectants, which the average homeowner doesn’t have.

Different Kinds of Protection

Professional disinfection services can offer different types of protection to homes.

Firstly, fogging services use electrostatic fogging, which is much more efficient than conventional spraying and misting techniques.

Then, homeowners may opt for antimicrobial surface protectants as well, which create a biostatic grid on almost all surfaces and provide robust, continuous protection against germs, bacteria, viruses, fungus, and mold for up to 90 days.

Customized Service

A major advantage of hiring virus disinfection services for residential disinfection is that they tailor their services to the homeowner’s needs.

Some homes are at a higher risk of infection spread than others. This is due to a number of factors, including but not limited to:

· The average age of the inhabitants;

· Preexisting medical conditions;

· Other medical issues, such as compromised immunity;

· Occupation – someone who can’t work from home will be at greater risk of exposure and infecting their family. Additionally, many professions are inherently high-risk.

Professional disinfection companies understand that as a result of all these factors, such homes may require deeper and more thorough sanitization and decontamination than others.

Accordingly, they work with their clients to recommend the best, most effective disinfection treatment possible.

About Viro Eliminators

Viro Eliminators is a COVID-19 deep cleaning company based in Fontana, California. They offer residential as well as commercial disinfection and sanitization in Fontana, San Bernardino, Long Beach, and Corona.

To get a free quote or request further information, contact them through their website.

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wichitahouseholdservices · 4 years ago

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Best Dusting Service across Wichita KS| Wichita Household Services

More information is at: http://wichitahouseholdservices.com/dusting-service-near-me/

Need dusting services near Wichita for your house or office? Wichita Household Services offers the best dusting service across The entire Wichita KS area. Dusting and disinfecting your office regularly helps to ensure the health and well-being of your customers as well as employees. Additionally, few things create a negative impression of a company for a visitor more than dust accumulated on blinds and surfaces such as on furniture and desks. While dusting keeps the furniture clean, the environment healthier and helps prolong the life of the furniture, disinfecting office surfaces is important, too. Best dusting and cleaning company in Wichita KS. Pricing? Call today for free estimates or send us an email.

DUSTING SERVICE WICHITA

AtWichita Household Services dusting service, we clean with microfiber rags which capture all the dust. We also dust other areas where dust will collect, such as light fixtures, shelves, shades and window sills. Along with it, we also dust unseen areas. We disinfect.

In some offices, the ventilation system may not be collecting dust properly. We check the air vents and regularly clean them to ensure that the workplace is clean and healthy.

Dusting and disinfecting your office and home regularly helps to ensure the health and well-being of your employees as well as customers.

WHY THERE’S A NEED OF THOROUGH DUSTING AND DISINFECTING?

According to several studies, including the ground-breaking one by Dr. Charles Gerba, known as the University of Arizona “germ guru,” one of the biggest safety hazards in the workplace isn’t on the shop floor, but in the office. He reported that the average desk harbours about 400 times more bacteria than the average toilet seat. In fact, there can be as many as 10 million bacteria in your office, and most of it is on the desk, where many people eat breakfast, lunch and even dinner.

“Gerba conducted the first study of its kind to measure normal bacterial levels inside offices across America. “For bacteria, a desk is really the laptop of luxury,” says Gerba. “They can feast all day from breakfast to lunch and even dinner.”

Gerba and his researchers found that unless desks were wiped clean with a disinfectant during the day, bacteria levels climbed higher and higher, peaking after lunch. How many of your employees wipe their desks clean with disinfectants every day?

This is the reason why it is important to have a cleaning company like Wichita Household Services that is aware of this and has personnel who pay particular attention to desks and disinfecting them and making certain they are clean.

At Wichita Household Services dusting service, we use microfiber rags to capture all the dust. We understand the number of bacteria that can collect on a desk and use disinfectants daily to clean the desk. As such, we dust all places where dust will have collected seen and unseen: light fixtures, shelves, blinds and window sills. Moreover, we check and regularly clean ventilation systems.

For reliable and superior dusting service for offices in Wichita KS or nearby regions contact us today or send us a message today.

Bedroom, Living Room & Common Areas

Dust all accessible surfaces

Wipe down all mirrors and glass fixtures

Clean all floor surfaces

Take out garbage and recycling

Bathroom Cleaning

Wash and sanitize the toilet, shower, tub and sink

Dust all accessible surfaces

Wipe down all mirrors and glass fixtures

Clean all floor surfaces

Take out garbage and recycling

Kitchen Cleaning

Dust all accessible surfaces

Empty sink and load up dishwasher with dirty dishes

Wipe down exterior of stove, oven and fridge

Clean all floor surfaces

Take out garbage and recycling

Extras

For a deeper clean, consider adding one or more cleaning extras. Most cleaning extras add one half hour of time and cost to your booking.

Inside cabinets

Inside fridge

Inside oven

Laundry wash & dry

Interior windows

Looking for a dusting service in Wichita KS or surrounding regions? You can now rely on Wichita Household Services to take in hand it for you. Contact us today to get best discounts and economical prices!

REQUEST MORE INFORMATION NOW. CLICK HERE!

Wichita Household Services

We Offer Cleaning Junk Removal Movers Handyman Services

Call: (316) 448-3558

SERVICE AREA:

55 Cities within 30 miles of Wichita, KS:

ZIP CODES:

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parkerjasmine1996 · 4 years ago

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state farm life insurance policies

BEST ANSWER: Try this site where you can compare quotes from different companies :bestinsureonline.top

state farm life insurance policies

state farm life insurance policies will not automatically cover a household member in the absence of health complications. As a result, if you’re on the market for your own life insurance policies, it’s crucial to work with an experienced, no-nonsense insurance agent. They ll know just what coverage you need and can help you find the best coverage for the lowest price. You should know that life insurance companies consider every person involved in the policy to be different. Therefore, if you need life insurance for anyone who’s not listed as a co-owner, there are a number of policies available in the market to give you coverage. If you are considered to be a low-income dependent in any household, and living at home or away from home, and you want to save as much as possible on your life insurance policies, the first thing you should do is find out your household member s total poverty level. By this number, you should be prepared for any expenses you could get off the. state farm life insurance policies? or go straight to a no exam if you donât want to. I was very impressed with just how much my wife could save me on my . I would recommend doing this when you have the coverage to protect you when it comes to life insurance and not so much if needlessly delaying your death. If you want a cheap life insurance, the best thing would like to buy a policy I found a term policy for $527.20 from USAA at the time. A full 30-year term policy would cost $1,936.85. How much for a 10 year coverage of $50,000. When I was buying a policy I was told they have a no exam and that if I passed a physical I would need to give up and lose my current health insurance, this was going to make me a legal limit on what I can do about getting the insurance. A great place to. state farm life insurance policies will not cover every death caused by death from a single-car accident; they might include accidental death benefits or even death from sickness or a rare condition. Because the death benefit from a life insurance policy might not cover any of these, it’s best to think of an individual policy as a . For all other deaths, only a , but the life insurance company is only on the hook for 10 to 30 days to get the full sum. While it’s often a good idea to buy life insurance from a company that is considered in-depth in your history, a could be the best fit for you. When doing so, you are buying life insurance and paying for it, making you a in the eyes of the insurance company. A guaranteed issue life insurance policy is the best coverage for people between the ages of 55 and 80. There are a few common eligibility conditions: While the insurance company may charge you a higher premium, they are not on the hook for your life.

State Farm auto insurance

State Farm auto insurance, which offers flexible coverage in Florida, Arizona and California, and is backed by Aon – a parent company – established by - which has established relationships with major insurance insurers. As a result of the combination of the low-cost policies available and the focus on lower rates, insurance carriers have been able to find lower premiums on their own. As a result, the insurance industry is not only looking to offer savings on insurance policies, but also a variety of additional savings as part of the overall process. Some of this can result in an increase in car insurance rates, and other people using the.

State Farm Life Insurance Overview: Financial Strength, Availability, and History

State Farm Life Insurance Overview: Financial Strength, Availability, and History of Policies 1 year 2 year 3 years 4 years Old(1,10-year term) Average Annual Value of New York Life Policies for 2018-2023: $4,742 1 year 2 years 3 years Old(1,10-year term) Average annual value of New York Life Policies for 2018-2023: $4,742 1 year 2 years 4 years Old(1,10-year term) Why New York Life is good? Why New York Life is better than most life insurance companies? Let’s take a closer look at an Overview of New York Life . Here are some reasons why New York Life is better than most life insurance companies in the market. The company had over 7.5 million active policyholders. There are five great life insurance companies in New York including them each contributing at a reasonable premium to life insurance premiums. A look at.

State Farm Life Insurance Review

State Farm Life Insurance Review I have had the pleasure of working with the very best agents in the nation at my side. I do not use any agent for anything else. So I am satisfied with all the insurance agents and agents out there. I look for a company that will be able to help me, however if anyone out there is struggling to make it through the difficult times due to some life hazard insurance I would only say no because this is a life insurance company. This is a common question as life insurance agents in general. They are in the business of selling the right type of life insurance coverage from the best companies throughout the country. To a large extent that is a valid concern, but it is not a direct-product of a life insurance company. They do not sell the same type of life insurance that they do but, as we will soon see, it becomes a matter of taste. This is very important in terms of the life insurance industry as the market is looking for a new voice.

State Farm life insurance

State Farm life insurance for drivers in Washington, Oregon, and Washington, Oregon, and are among the in the entire state, but some people want more than just the . In addition to the life insurance coverage options above, you could be eligible for discounts, premiums to help you reduce your premium payments, and more. A isn’t a form that is required by the state but you could be added to an existing policy. A also includes an optional rider which provides you with limited coverage, a policy loan that you can t go without if you die in the event of an accident. is the best option for people looking for life insurance. For more information, read our article about life insurance options in Washington. While a waiver of premium is an option you could easily opt to decline, the risk is that the policy holder will drop the policy if they don’t have all of the necessary cash to continue their paying.

How to Make a Life Insurance Claim with State Farm Insurance

How to Make a Life Insurance Claim with State Farm Insurance Agency: If you have a life insurance need, we offer a no-obligation consultation. Call today to speak with a licensed agent or with no credit checks. An independent agent may have different views of life insurance. Regardless if you’re looking for , make sure that you compare policies and premiums to determine whether or not you are making an adequate purchase. Life insurance agents have been licensed to sell two types of life insurance for nearly 200 years. Both are intended for a time when life insurance agents are paid by their agency. In order to sell a life insurance policy with any of the options that are available to them, they need to be in a position where they don’t have the opportunity to get a little more work in order to gain the necessary motivation in order to sell less and be more successful. For these reasons, most of the life insurance professionals do their job on a limited basis. Once established and established, they will attempt to create an insurance marketplace with the.

Overview of State Farm Life Insurance

Overview of State Farm Life Insurance is to be your last ditch source of insurance coverage. Call to talk to an experienced agent about what your coverage need is. Call to start saving and enjoying your very personal automobile . You are not alone. If there are 2.1 million vehicles driving on Massachusetts roads each year, it is crucial that you have a reliable car insurance policy you can count on to protect you when the time comes. One example is auto insurance, which takes some of the stress out of maintaining any of the cars on the road. Auto insurance is a contract between you and your auto insurance company. It is, therefore, a law of the land in every state that requires each driver to carry their own auto insurance and covers liability for those people that cause bodily harm and/or in some cases property damage. Most car insurance contracts state that it must be in compliance with the laws and rules of any state that has a license to operate or have any vehicle therein. The auto insurance contract should therefore offer safety and emergency provisions..

State Farm Life Insurance FAQ

State Farm Life Insurance FAQs How do I file a claim with GEICO? A policy visit is typically required to complete the claim. You can do it online by visiting your GEICO agent’s office, by calling 800-386-9911, by phone, or online through the GEICO mobile app. Check with your local GEICO agent to see if they’re available to help. Can I find GEICO insurance agents near me? GEICO has partnered with to provide independent coverage quotes in California. See how GEICO is connected with other insurers. GEICO claims to be the channel for GEICO’s independent insurance agents. But is GEICO the right insurance provider for you? Find out in this . Plus, if you prefer an interactive website to shop or speak with a licensed insurance agent, choose GEICO for your insurance needs. Check out our to learn more. .

Pros and Cons of State Farm Life Insurance

Pros and Cons of State Farm Life Insurance Company State Farm offers a wide variety of coverage in the form of whole life and term life insurance, and it also provides term life and universal life insurance. State Farm is also a part of the major insurer Japan-based Mutual Life Insurance Company, which is a leading provider of life insurance in Japan, Europe, and Asia. It is widely known as the biggest and name in the U.S. Life insurance in Japan is not unique. To date, State Farm Insurance has operated in all 50 states and most of the international markets. is the largest and most name in Japan, with a market share of 8.1 percent. State Farm is the largest and name in the U.S. Life insurance in Japan is not unique. To date, State Farm Insurance has operated in all 50 states and most of the international markets. The company was founded in 1949 on the business that provides motorcycle insurance. In 2005 it started to change course.

The Life Insurance Factors We Analyzed

The Life Insurance Factors We Analyzed Auto Repair Costs Auto Equipment Insurance Home Insurance Life Insurance Medical Payments Personal Liability Lost Damage Collision Liability Liability Insurance Cost Liability Savings Liability Charges Aggregate Aggregate Premium Liability Savings Collision Liability Savings Comprehensive Liability Savings Comprehensive Loss Damage Collision Coverage Liability Savings Comprehensive Costs - Losses Costs Liability costs for your collision and comprehensive policies can range from under $20 to over $60 for comprehensive claims. You’re still liable for your losses through your car s value, down to around $9 to $20 to a year. This level of coverage protects your car during the collision. The cost to repair your car is usually much lower. The vehicle’s damage and repair costs are usually more than the policy has to offer. Also.

State Farm homeowners insurance

State Farm homeowners insurance and are issued to consumers by Farmers Insurance Exchange, a holding company of Farmers Insurance Company of Indiana, Oak Brook. Each insurer is solely responsible for the claims being filed. Natural disasters and/or fire, theft and vandalism are covered by Farmers Insurance Exchange policies. When you call your Farmers Insurance policy number, there is a number of ways to contact them. You can use their website, by logging into their system, or by calling 1-800-442-4545. It is important to know about the unique insurance products used by farmers as well as the specific risks of these policies. As our nation and most other states, we are an economy, and the vast majority of the people I speak on the telephone in search for the right products and services for their families needs. Farmers Insurance is different. As the nation and most other states,.

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mhsn033 · 4 years ago

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Channel crossings: Why can’t the UK stop migrants in small boats?

Image copyright PA Media

Image caption The numbers crossing the Channel “remain low and manageable,” the UN Refugee Company says

The executive has stated it is a ways committed to stopping migrants making the hazardous lunge to the UK in minute boats. Why is it so worrying?

Towards the stay of August 2019, ministers within the UK and France collectively pledged to make crossings by migrants in minute boats an “rare phenomenon” by spring 2020.

When Priti Patel met her counterpart in Paris final summer, about 1,400 folks had already made it to the UK by minute boat within the old 12 months – and at the least two lives had been misplaced.

Since then, a additional 5,500 folks hang navigated surely one of the crucial busiest transport lanes within the enviornment to affix them.

The UK has spent £5.5m to set up out to stay the crossings. Why hasn’t it worked?

Stopping boats at sea

The home secretary has stated she wants to make the route “unviable” and stay set up a query to by returning boats to France.

But, French authorities hang they are unable to intervene in a lot of conditions, resulting from differing interpretations of world maritime laws, she added.

Image copyright PA Media

Image caption Hundreds of boats were intercepted by Border Pressure in British waters

Calais MP Pierre-Henri Dumont stated the biggest thing change into to make certain that no extra lives were misplaced.

“We’re talking about human beings, we are not talking about cattle,” he stated.

The UN Refugee Company stated it change into “stricken” by the plans to intercept and return boats, including that the numbers making the crossing “remain low and manageable”.

“The foreseen deployment of gorgeous naval vessels to discourage such crossings and block minute, flimsy dinghies would possibly perchance per chance perchance additionally result in spoiled and fatal incidents,” it stated.

Channel crossings by migrants in minute boats

Preference of folks reaching the UK every month since July 2019

Each world treaties and nationwide laws establish what states can attain at sea, stated Dr Felicity Attard, a lecturer in world maritime laws at the College of Malta.

Below the United Countries Conference on the Law of the Sea, a country has the suitable to behave in its waters when confronted with an “inbound vessels carrying migrants which are intending to commit a violation of the coastal divulge’s immigration laws,” she stated.

But any action must additionally “purchase into consideration humanitarian considerations, to illustrate, the necessity to guard the rights of asylum-seekers,” which are actual by the European Conference on Human Rights, she added.

Image copyright PreMar Manche

Image caption Migrants are returned to France after being rescued from a bothered dinghy

Any force used to come migrant boats to France “would possibly perchance per chance perchance additionally most productive be used as a final resort, if needed, proportionate and justified to assemble a official goal,” she stated.

Within the end even though, Dr Attard believes that “given the safety points each to the migrants on board and to world transport, must it need, France would possibly perchance per chance perchance perchance be entitled to intervene”.

Alternatively, the responsibility to “render assistance and provide protection to existence at sea stays paramount all the plot by plot of,” she added.

Sending folks back

Since January 2019, 155 these that crossed the English Channel in minute boats were returned to Europe. A additional 166 are attributable to be returned, the home secretary stated final month. That’s about 6% of the 5,500 these that made it to the UK for the reason that starting up of 2019.

EU laws identified as “Dublin III”, which establish the set up an asylum-seeker’s claim is heard, were being used to “frustrate the returns of parents that build not hang any appropriate to be right here,” the Home Place of work stated.

Image copyright PA Media

Image caption The RAF has despatched a transport plane to abet set up migrant boats off the hover of England

Top Minister Boris Johnson suggested the manager would evaluate laws that make it “very worrying to then send [migrants] away again although blatantly they’ve come right here illegally”.

But, any new draw will require make stronger from the EU countries that asylum-seekers are being returned to, immigration barrister Colin Yeo stated.

“Whenever you should send somebody to France, then you definately would possibly perchance per chance perchance additionally hang got to attain it with French settlement, you would possibly per chance perchance perchance per chance additionally’t right open them on a rocket into French territory,” he stated.

With out a new settlement at the stay of the Brexit transition duration in January, the UK would “inch from a field the set up it is worrying essentially to acquire folks to EU countries, to a field the set up it is very not going because there is right no plot of securing their settlement to settle for folks back,” he stated.

Stopping boats departing

Since October 2019, the UK has paid for 45 French police officers to patrol the coastline. Extra officers from French border police are additionally patrolling.

Higher than 47% of attempted crossings were averted either at sea or sooner than departing in 2020, in step with the regional executive in Calais.

Closing month, police stopped 10 cases extra crossings than in July 2019, it stated.

Media playback is unsupported for your instrument

Media captionMigrants taking off to sea 20 miles east of Calais were filmed by a BBC team

But, the sheer scale of the 200-mile stretch of coastline, which is populated by peaceable beaches lined with sand dunes, makes it very not going to terminate boats atmosphere fly altogether, French officers sing.

“We’re doing a lot but there are limits to what humans and skills can attain terminate folks realising their dream,” stated Mr Dumont.

Stopping the gangs

The Home Place of work stated it change into pursuing the “injurious criminals and organised crime networks” within the back of the crossings.

This 365 days 23 folks smugglers were jailed and two extra were charged earlier this month.

Image caption Two men were jailed after Mitra Mehrad drowned

Two men were jailed in France in December 2019 for serving to organise a crossing in which Mitra Mehrad, a psychology PhD pupil from Iran, drowned off the hover of Kent.

In January, 23 folks were arrested in France and the Netherlands on suspicion of smuggling 10,000 Kurdish migrants into the UK in lorries and minute boats.

And but, the amount of folks arriving on UK shores in minute boats continues to upward thrust.

Authorities hang that a reduction in freight on inferior-Channel ferries and trains attributable to coronavirus has driven extra folks into the palms of folks smugglers organising minute boat crossings.

Media playback is unsupported for your instrument

Media captionAuthorities hang not all crossings are organised by folks smugglers

Steve Reynolds, of the NCA, urged the BBC in January there change into no proof of a single gang within the back of the crossings.

Officers had targeted on disposing of the provision of boats and engines, but smugglers, who’re believed to fee migrants several thousand kilos per arena, took to sourcing boats additional afield including the Netherlands and Germany, he stated.

Within the period in-between, some migrants “self-facilitate”, by acquiring a ship themselves and making their private plot, Mr Reynolds stated.

On 6 August, the French rescued seven folks from three kayaks, with a additional 5 inflatable kayaks believed to hang made it to the UK. About a of the fashions used would possibly perchance per chance perchance additionally be sold from sports outlets in France for as small as €300 (£270).

Staying in France

The Home Place of work has stated that, as an alternative of crossing the English Channel, folks must peer sanctuary in France, which is a “actual country with a nicely-functioning asylum draw”.

But the UK most productive receives a minute percentage of all asylum seekers, with many settling in a form of European countries, stated Clare Moseley, of Admire Calais.

“It be a accurate false impact that every refugees want to come to the UK,” she added.

France, which has a the same inhabitants and economy to the UK, receives extra than three cases as many asylum functions, in step with EU data.

Across the EU in 2019, the price of asylum functions averaged 14 per 100,000 residents. Within the UK, it change into 5 per 100,000.

Image copyright PA Media

Image caption Parts of the “Jungle” camp burned as it change into demolished in 2016

The executive has used one of the crucial £5.5m spent to discourage crossings – indispensable of which went on skills bask in CCTV and evening-imaginative and prescient goggles – to finance a “strategic communications campaigns” to discourage folks from making the crossing.

This has integrated “handing over yell messaging to migrants,” the Home Place of work stated.

“Every so continually it works, but customarily Calais is the final spin set up,” Ms Moseley stated. “Most of the these that come right here hang decided for one reason or one other that they want to derive to the UK, it is roughly pretty slack then.”

Many hang misplaced family individuals in conflicts and want to affix surviving relatives already residing within the UK, she stated.

Image copyright Reuters

Image caption Plenty of makeshift camps in Calais were cleared by police in July

The ways of French police hang made it more durable to dissuade these gathered in Calais from heading to the UK, she stated.

For the reason that immoral “Jungle” change into cleared in 2016, smaller camps are on a conventional foundation evicted and the final police operation, in mid-July, change into “glorious horrific” and enthusiastic “tons of violence and go gasoline,” she stated.

“Other folks which hang got scars on their our bodies from French police are not going to hope to terminate in France,” she added.

The French interior minister has been contacted for observation.

In 2017, following a file by Human Rights Gape alleging abuses by police, the then-minister stated officers were working in a worrying atmosphere, stopping thousands of makes an attempt to illegally enter the Port of Calais and Channel Tunnel.

Other solutions

Refugee charities and French politicians hang long stated the acknowledge wants to be to enable would-be asylum seekers to practice for sanctuary sooner than they come in Britain.

Mr Dumont has known as for migrants to be allowed to claim asylum at British embassies across Europe.

“What we would in actuality eradicate to search out is actual and supreme routes,” Ms Moseley stated.

She would bask in folks so as to make functions at the British border controls in Calais, moderately than needing to land within the UK.

“Focusing on security and deterrents does nothing extra than brutalise folks,” she stated.

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garbagebinrentals · 5 years ago

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Tips on How to Increase Waste Management Efficiency for a Small Business or Corporate Office

Every business creates waste. Even companies who plant trees create waste products in their efforts. Your average Toronto corporate office generally fixates on other priorities above management of their waste. That doesn’t mean it isn’t important.

A lot of offices in Toronto want ways to reduce waste, increase recycling, and manage the waste they have to create. As a waste disposal company, there are two pieces of advice we give on this – properly dispose of the waste you’re already creating and use alternatives to reduce the waste created.

Where are there opportunities to purpose and reuse your office business waste?

An office that wants to be smart about their waste needs relationships. A lot of larger multi-national corporations launch initiatives based off these relationships that focus on recycling and/or repurposing waste.

As a small business or independent business, the biggest opportunity there is to develop relationships that allow you to repurpose waste is by hiring a waste disposal company. Waste disposal, junk removal, dumpster, and mini bin rental companies all have partners in waste management and recycling facilities. They do this on a daily basis. They also know where to take things like electronics and furniture which can be donated.

How do I make a waste management strategy for my business?

Every corporate office, small business, or commercial establishment of any kind should have some sort of a waste disposal plan in place. A business can’t get by without it. If you want to control your office waste better, get to know the waste you’re creating and where it’s going.

A key component of a waste management plan is where you’re going to put the waste. Dumpster rentals and mini bin rentals can be advantageous for this reason. If you don’t have space for a dumpster, consider assigning a room to be your ‘waste room’ ensuring it doesn’t conflict with fire safety standards.

Throughout your office, you want to have the necessary garbage cans to collect and keep separate the waste and recycling as well.

What is the value of a waste disposal service for my business?

Core Mini Bins is a top Toronto waste disposal service with dumpsters, mini bins, junk removal, and other business-friendly services. There are several benefits to working with a waste management company like our own.

 Convenience.  Find better ways to manage your waste.  Reduce your impact on the environment and get the numbers to show it.  Have a way to separate hazardous materials to ensure proper disposal.  Have strategies to safely dispose of or recycle electronics, metals, and chemicals.  Cost-effectiveness.  Receive customized suggestions on a waste management plan that prioritizes landfill waste reduction.  Get more space in your office to work with, after removing broken equipment and instituting a waste collection area.  Ensure no fines relating to waste disposal are assigned to your business.

How can I maximize the affordability of a waste disposal plan for a business?

If you find that it’s going to cost you more to successfully manage waste through a dumpster rental, one strategy is to try and split these costs between other businesses. If you’re fortunate enough to have a business neighbour, ask to see if they want to share the expense with you.

Depending on the situation, you may need to ask a neighbour for their permission to install a dumpster on the premises anyways. If they do agree to split the costs with you, that’s instant savings on your wallet and without compromising the efficiency of your office waste management strategy.

Do I need junk removal for my Toronto business?

Increasing waste management efficiency can sometimes mean starting with a clean slate. Decluttering an office is a great way to get out the things you don’t need and start anew. Assuming there’s equipment you’re not using, computer or electronics waste that hasn’t yet been addressed, and other objects you want gone, schedule a small business Toronto junk removal.

A junk removal service will drop in and pick up everything you want to part with. Before scheduling the pick-up, give yourself the time to sort through everything in the office. Some office managers may want to allow themselves a weekend to do this. If you have office electronics, chemicals, hazardous materials, or other special items that require special consideration, mention this to the company.

What waste can be recycled in an office?

A lot of what offices produce in waste is recyclable but some waste understandably isn’t. Efforts to reduce waste in landfills from your office involve replacing non-recyclables with recyclable alternatives. Here is a quick list of office recyclables in Toronto.

 Paper products, including newspapers, cardboard, flyers, and shredded documents.  Aluminum.  Electronics such as televisions, computers, monitors, printers, tablets, and phones.  Paints including most aerosols, varnishes, and stains.  Batteries can be recycled through Home Depot or Staples.  Fluorescent light tubes require special handling but can be recycled.

What are some strategies to use to increase office recycling?

The more you recycle, the less landfill waste you create – that’s the bottom line. If you want to own an eco-friendly, environmentally sustainable business, pro-recycling strategies should be a focus of your waste management plan. Here are our best tips on how to increase office recycling.

 Separate organics. If you have an office kitchen, have a separate trash can for food scraps, paper towels and napkins, coffee grinds and tea bags, and compostable plates and cutlery.

 Purchase inventory that is recyclable. Eliminate waste that isn’t. For example, single-use plastics relating to food packaging, straws, and plastic bags have alternatives. Be mindful of what you’re buying for the office. Ask if there’s a pro-recycling alternative that can replace it.

 Have systems in place to collect more recycling so that recyclables aren’t ending up in the trash because of there being no place to put them. Common recycling materials mistaken as waste in offices include electronics, light bulbs, batteries, printer and toner cartridges, cardboard, aluminum cans, and magazines.

 Stop buying disposable coffee cups. The average office worker in Canada uses 500 disposable cups a year. Instead of disposables, provide reusable coffee mugs and water bottles. This cuts out a huge amount of waste going into your waste stream on a daily basis.

 Encourage a paperless office environment. While few offices can go fully paperless, opt for digital communications whenever possible. Edit and proof any documents on the computer before printing. Try to print on both sides of the paper, when you do have to print. Try to switch all paperwork relating to purchasing and invoicing, memos, announcements, and internal communications to email.

Opportunities to increase office recycling exist. Are you ready to take your office waste management to the next level – call Core Mini Bins today.

Source: https://www.garbagebinrentals.ca/waste-collection-removal-disposal-blog/761-tips-on-how-to-increase-waste-management-efficiency-for-a-small-business-or-corporate-office.html

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siva3155 · 5 years ago

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300+ TOP VEHICLE MANAGEMENT Objective Questions and Answers

VEHICLE MANAGEMENT Multiple Choice Questions :-

1) What organization must determine if a solid waste is hazardous as defined in regulations? A. State agency charged to conduct tests. B. Agency that generated the solid waste. C. Trash collection agency that picks it up. D. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Ans: B 2) What should be used to submit a request for non-stock listed items? A. AF Form 2413, Supply Control Log B. AF Form 2005, Issue/Turn-in Request C. DD Form 1348-6, DoD Single Line Item Requisition System Document D. AF Form 1348-1A, DoD Single Line Item Requisition System Document Ans: C 3) What documents are used for renting or leasing vehicles A. GPC and BPA B. SF 44 and BPA C. AF Form 9 and GPC D. AF Form 9 and SF 44 Ans: C 4) The OPEN EXCESSIVE TIME will print on the PCN SB004-018, Work Order Master File Status report on work orders that are open A. 20 days or more. B. 10 days or more. C. less than 20 days. D. less than 10 days. Ans: A 5) The PCN SB004-025, Accident/Abuse and Uneconomical Repair work order report is produced and available for printing A. immediately upon closing a work order that meets the criteria. B. after end of day processing on work orders closed that day and meets the criteria. C. when requested using the OLVIMS ZD option. D. whenever an accident,abuse,or one-time repair work order is removed from the work order master file Ans: D 6) The section of the wind that is the single point of contact for deployment planning is ... A. Readiness. B. War Readiness. C. Squadron Readiness. D. Contingency Planning and Training. Ans: D 7) What work order number is used to replenish high cost bench stock? A. J9997 B. J9998 C. L9999 D. H8888 Ans: D 8) Where can you find specific duties and responsibilities of vehicle management? A. AFI 23-302 and TO 36-1-191 B. AFI 23-302 and AFMAN 36-191 C. AFI 24-302, AFI 24-307, and AFI 36-191 D. AFI 24-302, AFI 24-303, and AFI 24-310 Ans: A 9) The report that gives you a picture of the month-to-date VDM-VDP-VOC is the A. PCN SB004-006, Daily Suspect Report. B. PCN SB004-115, Automated Analysis Report. C. PCN SB004-Vehicles in Commission Report. D. PCN SB004-032, Vehicle Management Report. Ans: C 10) If a vehicle shoes overdue preventive maintenance by mileage, you should A. have the vehicle report immediately to the shop for inspection. B. set an appointment date and forward the report to the vehicle control officer C. process the daily fuels transaction and reprocess the scheduled maintenance report D. verify mileage,update the OLVIMS and reprocess the scheduled maintenance report. Ans: D

VEHICLE MANAGEMENT MCQs 11) Which of the following is a goal of an effective operator's care program? A. Control the fleet's operating cost B. Support the vehicle control program C. Have the fleet in as new a condition as possible D. Ensure vehicles are available to meet mission requirements Ans: D 12) It is more cost effective to contract than repair in-house repairs A. requiring specializes tools B. that are infrequently done C. required special training D. that are complicated Ans: B 13) The primary responsibility for managing the delayed maintenance file belongs to A. materiel control B. the work center supervisor C. the vehicle fleet manager D. vehicle management and analysis Ans: D 14) Which flight manages air terminal operations for non-Air Mobility command bases? A. Readiness. B. Distribution. C. Cargo Movement. D. Material Management. Ans: A 15) When conducting the delayed file reconciliation, you should A. install all completed parts on vehicles B. ensure correct bin locations are established C. check preventive maintenance requirements D. inform the vehicle control officer of parts status Ans: B 16) What is considered critical to reducing energy dependency? A. Recycling. B. Rationing. C. Raise prices. D. Conservation. Ans: D 17) What does a "due-in" show? A. A local purchase request B. A "zero balance" condition C. Source owes the supply system the requested item D. Supply owes a customer the requested item Ans: C 18) As a rule, you lease vehicles for periods of over one year only to A. fill validated authorizations B. establish vehicle authorizations C. satisfy emergency requirements D. supplement as a reserve vehicle data Ans: A 19) Warranty corrections for American made vehicles used overseas are normally done by... A. local garages B. the manufacturer C. vehicle management D. contract support agreements Ans: C 20) A Vehicle involved in an accident should be turned-in to the shop after... A. the safety office is briefed B. it has been thoroughly cleaned C. it has been reported to the proper authorities D. a surveying officer is done with the investigation Ans: C 21) Which flight is the single wing authority for receiving, inventorying, shipping, and storing supplies and equipment? A. Readiness. B. Cargo Movement. C. Materiel Management. D. Management and Systems. Ans: C 22) What personnel fall under the Operations Management section? A. Commander and First Sergeant B. Commander and command support C. Maintenance and Operations Manager D. Operations Officer and Logistics Manager Ans: D 23) What is one of the biggest mistakes made by shop personnel when they repair a tire? A. Not having the right size replacement tire. B. Fail to remove the valve core to deflate tire. C. Stripping lug nuts while removing tire from vehicle D. Not making sure another vehicle operator is present to help. Ans: B 24) What vehicles are not included when conducting vehicle rotation analysis? A. Non-registered equipment. B. GSA and other leased vehicles. C. Only vehicles with low mileage. D. Only vehicles with high mileage. Ans: B 25) Request written support from the host MAJCOM when rental or lease of vehicles exceed A. 60 days B. 90 days C. 180 days D. 365 days Ans: A 26) Who is responsible for placing a vehicle in serviceable status if it was received in unserviceable condition? A. Item manager B. Major command C. Shipping activity D. Receiving organization Ans: C 27) A benefit of controlling work flow is A. decreased shop direct labor rates B. increased productive labor hours C. reduced scheduled maintenance intervals D. increased vehicle out of commission rate Ans: B 29) The delayed code not represented in the summary of the Delayed Maintenance Report, because it represents labor not performed by the vehicle management is A. A B. F C. L D. G Ans: D 30) The Vehicle Management Index file is used to find the A. vehicle manufacturer. B. assigned management code C. assigned registration number D. vehicle identification number. Ans: B VEHICLE MANAGEMENT Objective type Questions with Answers 31) The odometer/hour meter Reconciliation list (PCN 064) is programmed to be produced after how many days? A. 30 B. 45 C. 50 D. 55 Ans: D 32) Which individual is designated by commanders to have watchful responsibility of government property? A. Shop supervisor B. Property custodian C. NCOIC, Materiel Control D. NCOIC, Vehicle Management and Analysis Ans: B 33) While OLVIMS is in "Dual Month Status", VM&A will A. input quarterly Halvorsen data. B. review the Work Order Master File (PCN 18) C. input indirect employee time for the current month. D. review the refund and reimbursable monthly cost. Ans: B 34) Indicator 02, Average Cost per Mile Admin, on the PCN SB004-115, Automated Analysis Report, shows the cost for vehicles with which code in the management code and an M or K in the MHUK code? A. B or F B. C or F C. B or C D. F or P Ans: A 35) Due-in from maintenance assests are those items with an expendability, repairability, recoverability code designator of... A. XA B. XB C. XF D. XI Ans: C 36) What can vehicle management personnel do to reduce hazardous waste generated in the shop? A. Minimize parts cleaning and degreasing. B. Reduce scheduled maintenance intervals. C. Tell Base Supply to buy less hazardous materials. D. Institute stiff punishment for violation of EPA laws. Ans: A 37) Who performs waste fuel management and leak detection measures for the flight? A. fuels operations. B. Cryogenic production C. Compliance and environmental. D. Fuels information service center. Ans: C 38) What is a measure taken by general consent to be a basis for comparison? A. Goal. B. Process. C. Program. D. Standard. Ans: A 39) The part or section of a table chart you use to clarify an important point is the A. stubs B. legend C. subtitle D. footnote Ans: D 40) The PCN 49, Warranty Part Information Report, lists parts warranty information input into online vehicle interactive management system with which of the following transactions? A. JZ and PZ B. JZ and MZ C. PZ and NZ D. NZ and MZ Ans: A 41) Which of the following is considered intermediate maintenance? A. Washing and waxing a vehicle B. Complete overhaul of a firetruck C. Lubrication, oil and filter change D. Serving of fuel , oil and hydraulic reservoirs Ans: C 42) The employees required to have an employee master record in OLVIMS are A. vehicle operations dispatchers. B. vehicle maintenance technicians only. C. all vehicle operators and maintenance technicians. D. driver testers not funded by the Logistics Readiness Squadron. Ans: A 43) Action warranty reports must be transmitted within how many days of discovery? A. 3 B. 7 C. 10 D. 15 Ans: D 44) What is the first step in developing a long-range scheduled maintenance plan? A. Check with using organizations B. Determine mission requirements C. Make a schedule by shop or team D. Determine the number of vehicles per month Ans: C 45) Why are containers of hazardous waste placed on pallets? A. To reduce corrosion. B. To easily mark labels. C. For easier ground collection. D. To expedite ground pick-up. Ans: A 46) Who normally assigns the dificiency report control number? A. action point B. support point C. screening point D. originating point Ans: D 47) What step within the analysis process works in conjunction with research? A. Identify. B. Investigate. C. Recommend. D. Problem solving. Ans: B 48) The objective of an effective corrosion control program is to .... A. protect and enhance the AF image B. attain established standards of excellence C. support the "top wheels" beautification program D. help assure the vehicle reaches its programmed life expectancy Ans: D 49) What is the best definition of a hazardous waste generator? A. Sanitary landfills. B. Dealers of the hazardous material. C. Any facility accumulation the waste. D. Anyone who first produced the waste. Ans: D 50) Who has final approval for long-term vehicle lease requests? A. Major commands B. General Services Administration C. Warner-Robins Air Logistics Center D. Headquarters United States Air Force Ans: A 51) What is the warranty period for all depot overhauled vehicles? A. 12 months/12,000 mi B. 15 months/ 12,000 mi C. According to specific contract specifications D. According to commercial manufacturer warranties Ans: C 52) The PCN SB004-029, Employee Master List, A. provides a means to see how labor utilization is doing. B. shows direct labor hours on a WJ job closed work orders. C. is used to analyze how well employees document their time. D. gives you the average hourly wage rate for a military employee. Ans: D 53) AFOSH Standard 91-38, Hydrocarbon Fuels, defines a hydrocarbon fuel as any substance that vaporizes and burns... A. at a set temperature. B. for 30 seconds or less. C. in the presence of oxygen. D. in the presence of nitrogen. Ans: C 54) The recommended interval for updating the OLVIMS with the TO 1301.FTM file is A. 1 month B. 3 months C. 6 months D. 12 months Ans: C 55) Deficiency reports are submitted to the appropriate agency using... A. MS Outlook messaging B. MS Office software C. Deficiency reports and mail system D. online vehicle interactive management system materiel deficiency report program Ans: C 56) OLVIMS special inspection data (35AA through 35AC) can only be input from which transactions? A. BC B. BM C. BS D. WW Ans: B 57) The information needed to develop the mission essential level is A. a priority buy analysis B. vehicle authorizations C. vehicle replacement codes D. vehicle identification numbers Ans: B 58) The primary responsibility of vehicle maintenance is to maintain all vehicles that ... A. cost over $10,000. B. are assigned to the installation. C. are non-appropriated fund motor vehicles. D. bear USAF registration number regardless of cost. Ans: D 59) What date must be entered on the "AZ" transaction to adjust the vehicle master record based "actual mileage" based on information from the PCN 64? A. Date of the PCN 64 report B. Date the input transaction was made C. Date the report was received from users D. date odometer was read provided by the user Ans: D 60) The transaction used to initially load a high cost bench stock item in the OLVIMS is A. EZ B. PZ C. QZ D. VZ Ans: A VEHICLE MANAGEMENT Questions and Answers pdf Download Read the full article

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circlebeam4-blog · 5 years ago

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Should We Be Afraid of the Mariner East Pipeline?

City

The ongoing battle over the project is taking place in the backyards of Chester and Delaware county residents, who live in fear of a catastrophe.

Exton’s Paula Brandl and the Mariner East Pipeline construction barricade cutting through her backyard. Photograph by Shira Yudkoff

It was dark outside, around 5 a.m., when the flames took over the sky. Neighbors described it like this: a loud hissing noise. A massive ball of fire. A jet, or a meteor, crashing into the earth. Night turning into day.

On September 10, 2018, a section of the Revolution Pipeline — which had begun carrying natural gas just a week earlier — leaked and ignited in rural Beaver County, Pennsylvania, northwest of Pittsburgh. The rupture shot flames 150 feet into the air, destroying one house, collapsing several overhead power lines, and forcing the evacuation of nearly 50 residents.

Fortunately, no one was injured; the couple who lost their home had fled in the nick of time.

But for residents living along the thousands of miles of natural gas pipelines in Pennsylvania — second only to Texas as the nation’s largest producer of the fossil fuel and home to the newly booming, energy-rich Marcellus Shale region — the fire and the charred earth it left behind serve as a haunting reminder: Something like this could happen in our backyards.

That dread is perhaps nowhere more evident than 300 miles southeast of Beaver County, in the dense suburban neighborhoods west of Philadelphia, a city that energy industry leaders have, in the past decade, eyed as a global processing and trading hub. Here, tensions surrounding the cross-state Mariner East pipelines — a project much larger than Revolution and owned by the same parent company, Dallas-based Energy Transfer — are only intensifying.

The pipelines (Mariner East 1 and 2 and the not-yet-completed 2x) carry highly compressed natural gas liquids. Once they are fully operational along a 350-mile route from their Marcellus Shale source to a revitalized former oil refinery in Marcus Hook, they promise to be vastly lucrative for Energy Transfer — and for the state, which, the company boasts, could see an economic impact of more than $9 billion from the project. But since work began in February 2017, Mariner East has been plagued by nearly 100 state Department of Environmental Protection violations, multiple sinkholes, service shutdowns and construction chaos. Glaring gaps in state regulatory oversight have been exposed, and opposition has grown into significant pushback from neighbors and a bipartisan group of lawmakers who say Pennsylvania communities are at risk of — and unprepared for — a potential pipeline disaster.

Mariner East is headed for an inflection point: Construction could continue despite opponents’ pitched efforts, or officials could take steps to pause, end or remedy a project that’s been embattled since its inception. In the meantime, those at the heart of the Mariner East conflict zone live in fear of an incident like Beaver County’s — or worse.

•

In April, a fortress-like metal barricade was erected across the center of Paula Brandl’s quiet, grassy backyard in Exton, Chester County. The scene outside her kitchen window is almost dystopian. Brandl says land agents connected with Sunoco Pipeline LP, the Energy Transfer subsidiary that’s building the lines, told her the wall was installed as a noise barrier. For roughly two weeks after it went up, she says, she and her family members were “in shock.” Brandl contacted the agents and various state agencies to inquire about vibrations caused by the hidden construction as well as diesel exhaust in the air in and around her home, but she says no one she spoke with was helpful or informative.

“I have every right to know what is going on back there,” Brandl says at her dining room table one late-April day. “It’s just as if I don’t even own that land anymore.”

Energy Transfer is able to occupy Brandl’s backyard (and yards in 17 Pennsylvania counties) through what a recent New Yorker story termed a “legal loophole” linking the Mariner East project to the route of a 1930s pipeline that formerly transported heating oil. The Pennsylvania Public Utility Commission, the main state agency tasked with overseeing oil and gas projects, has deemed the project a public utility, stressing that state code “recognizes the intrastate transportation by pipeline of petroleum products.” Doing so grants the pipelines right-of-way, which is typically reserved for utilities offering some sort of benefit to the general public, like schools or highways.

Energy Transfer spokesperson Lisa Dillinger says that putting additional pipelines into an existing right-of-way is a common practice that “helps to reduce our environmental footprint.” But the pipelines’ public utility status enrages Brandl and other residents, especially since a significant quantity of the product the lines carry is to be shipped overseas to make plastics.

“The PUC failed us,” Brandl says. “This is not a utility. This is not a gas line that’s serving the benefit of Pennsylvanians. And that’s basically the root of this entire issue.”

In Pennsylvania, there’s no state agency responsible for approving the routes of intrastate hazardous-liquid pipelines — nor does federal law require that oversight. David Hess, who served as Pennsylvania’s DEP secretary under Republican governors Tom Ridge and Mark Schweiker from 2001 to 2003, says the lack of any such authority puts Pennsylvania “in a very disadvantageous position … because the pipeline route is critical. If the law was different, I don’t think you’d ever approve a route through populated areas like these, given the risks with some of these materials being carried.”

Dillinger says that Energy Transfer goes “above and beyond what is required to ensure the safety of our lines.” But it’s clear that the state agencies left to regulate the massive Mariner East project — the Pennsylvania DEP and the PUC — have an unprecedented situation on their hands, with what Hess calls “unanticipated impacts” in areas “overgrown with development.” Chief among those impacts are sinkholes that have opened in yards along the pipeline construction route in Chester County, twice exposing the buried pipe of the 1930s line (now repurposed as Mariner East 1) and prompting pipeline shutdowns to avert what the PUC called a potentially “catastrophic” risk to public safety.

The residents who owned those once-quaint yards — on Lisa Drive, just outside Exton — said they were terrified for their lives. Then, in April, Energy Transfer bought two of the homes, and the families moved out. Now, the properties sit eerily quiet and mostly empty, save for construction equipment and a small sign in one of the yards: notice: audio and video recording in progress. When I visited the area in early May, a man who identified himself as a relative of one of the former homeowners told me that in the neighborhood, “Everybody wants to get out.”

•

Paula Brandl and other residents who have endured the complications of hosting Mariner East construction on or near their properties — water contamination, spills of drilling mud, intimidating contractors — say those side effects pale in comparison to their biggest fear: a pipeline leak.

Natural gas liquids can rapidly change to an explosive gaseous state during a leak, and the gas can be ignited by sources as small as static discharge from using a cell phone, flicking a light switch or ringing a doorbell. Leaks, which can be caused by welding failures, material defects, pipeline corrosion, shifting land and other factors, have already happened along Mariner East 1 — three since 2014, though none resulted in an explosion. Energy Transfer’s Dillinger says the 88-year-old pipeline underwent “integrity testing and major upgrades” when it was repurposed for natural gas liquids service, and in April, two years after a high-profile leak in Berks County, the company said it would conduct a “remaining life study” of the line.

Energy Transfer’s safety record is, however, bleak in general. Between 2002 and the end of 2017, pipelines affiliated with the company across the country experienced a leak or an accident every 11 days on average, according to an analysis of federal pipeline data compiled by environmental advocacy organizations Greenpeace USA and Waterkeeper Alliance. In an evaluation by NPR affiliate StateImpact Pennsylvania, the same federal data showed that Sunoco Pipeline is responsible for the industry’s second-highest number of incidents reported to inspectors over the past 12 years.

“When it comes to number of accidents, Sunoco’s not just an outlier; they’re sort of an extreme outlier,” Eric Friedman, a Delaware County resident who lives steps from the Mariner East pipeline route, tells me. Friedman, a former airline pilot who has worked for the FAA since 2006, sees Mariner East through a risk-management lens. (“Everything we do in commercial aviation is based on risk,” he says.) He learned of the pipelines in 2013 — a year after buying his home in an affluent Glen Mills neighborhood — and has been researching the project ever since. He’s in regular contact with the offices of lawmakers like U.S. Rep Mary Gay Scanlon and Chester County State Senator Andy Dinniman — the politician widely considered to be the pipelines’ most vocal opponent — and he’s one of the leaders of a nonpartisan residents group called the Middletown Coalition for Community Safety. In November 2018, seven residents of Chester and Delaware counties filed a complaint with the PUC against Sunoco Pipeline LP, alleging that the subsidiary hasn’t provided the public with a sufficient emergency notification system or management plan in the event of a pipeline-related disaster. The petitioners (nicknamed by residents the “Safety 7”) argue that as a public utility operator, Sunoco is tasked by federal regulations enforced by the PUC with providing an emergency-preparedness plan for potential disasters, like a possible leak along the Mariner East route. The failure to release a satisfactory plan, they say, places residents in the pipelines’ blast zone “at imminent risk of catastrophic and irreparable loss, including loss of life, serious injury to life, and damage to their homes and property.”

Energy Transfer has disputed the residents’ claims, saying that its emergency-response professionals “work and train with local first responders” and that it has shared a written public-education program specific to the area with emergency-response professionals along the line. Still, residents say the company hasn’t sufficiently involved the public in its preventative plans; the complaint is scheduled for hearings before an administrative law judge in July.

Meanwhile, the PUC has said it won’t release information about the potential impact of a leak or an explosion for several reasons, including that the state’s Right to Know law prohibits the disclosure of records that are “reasonably likely to jeopardize or threaten public safety.” Sharing the hazard assessments, the PUC argues, could compromise pipeline security by revealing information “which could clearly be used by a terrorist to plan an attack … to cause the greatest possible harm and mass destruction to the public living near such facilities.”

Brandl and other residents stress that living next to a “mass destruction” target is terrifying, with or without a disaster plan. To make matters worse, a recent report from the U.S. Government Accountability Office found major weaknesses in how the Department of Homeland Security’s Transportation Security Administration — which is responsible for addressing terrorism risks along the nation’s 2.7 million miles of oil and gas pipelines — manages its pipeline security efforts.

“I don’t think I’d be living 25 feet away from that pipeline,” Hess, the former DEP secretary, says. “But again, the question is, why was someone allowed to live within 25 feet of this pipeline in the first place?”

•

In December, Chester County District Attorney Tom Hogan announced a criminal investigation into conduct related to the Mariner East project, saying that potential charges against individual Energy Transfer employees or corporate officers could include causing or risking a catastrophe, criminal mischief and environmental crimes. More recently, Delaware County DA Katayoun Copeland and Pennsylvania Attorney General Josh Shapiro launched a joint investigation into Sunoco Pipeline LP and Energy Transfer over allegations of criminal misconduct related to the project, with Copeland stating that there “is no question that the pipeline poses certain concerns and risks to our residents.” (At press time, both investigations were ongoing.) Energy Transfer’s Dillinger says that the company remains “confident that we have not acted to violate any criminal laws in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and are committed to aggressively defending ourselves.”

After years of pressure, residents might finally be getting through to the state. At a Pennsylvania Senate committee meeting in June 2018 — before, even, a number of critical developments regarding Mariner East — former Republican State Senator Don White of Indiana County made a surprising statement: If issues raised at the committee’s meetings regarding pipeline safety consistently involve one project — referring to Mariner East — then “we have the ability in this state to find a way to deal with this company and put them out of business.”

David Hess, the former Republican DEP secretary — he was also executive director of the state Senate Environmental Resources and Energy Committee in the ’90s — says that for a “Republican senator to say that is astounding … [it] really underscores the problems this company is generating.”

As frustration and fear about Mariner East spread to constituents in red and blue districts alike, lawmakers who are typically supportive of the oil and gas industry (like north-central Pennsylvania State Senator Gene Yaw) are voicing concern. White’s proposition poses a question that residents are forcing officials — particularly Governor Tom Wolf, who has positioned himself as an ally to environmentalists and residents but has received tens of thousands of dollars in donations from oil and gas industry affiliates — to consider: How should they deal with the Mariner East pipelines?

Several months after the Revolution Pipeline incident in Beaver County, Wolf released a statement calling on state lawmakers to “address gaps in existing law which have tied the hands of the executive and independent agencies charged with protecting public health, safety and the environment.” His suggestions included giving the PUC authority over the routing of intrastate pipelines, ordering companies to work with local emergency coordinators, and requiring the installation of remote shutoff valves to contain leaks. But the GOP-dominated legislature has yet to move any bills that would allow for those reforms. And none of that changes the fact that Mariner East has been unfolding on Wolf’s watch. The Governor has yet to visit Delaware or Chester counties to speak firsthand with residents living near the pipelines about their experiences. (Lieutenant Governor John Fetterman visited before the 2018 primary; a spokesman for Wolf’s office said the Governor has met with residents and lawmakers about the project in Harrisburg.) Constituents say Wolf is simply not doing enough to prevent a potential disaster. Whether his administration will adopt a firmer stance toward Mariner East — as residents and local lawmakers have requested — remains uncertain.

Meanwhile, the project continues to highlight the limitations of both the DEP and the PUC. After all, there were warning signs before the Beaver County leak, which Energy Transfer has said resulted from a landslide that followed heavy rains. (Both the company and the PUC are still investigating the incident.) The DEP had fined Energy Transfer three months before the Revolution Pipeline explosion for failing to mitigate erosion on a hillside about a mile from the site; the DEP says that at the time, it was “unaware of the issues associated with the blast site.” Critics have also questioned the agency’s decision to allow Sunoco Pipeline to use relatively new and potentially disruptive drilling methods that geologists say may have increased the risk of sinkholes along Lisa Drive in Chester County. The PUC and state DEP have penalized Energy Transfer for many of the company’s missteps, at times (and increasingly) seriously. Revolution Pipeline remains out of service, and since February, the DEP has suspended all Energy Transfer permit applications (including for Mariner East) until the company reaches compliance in Beaver County. To Hess, the agencies are “working in the best way they can.” But, he argues, lawmakers need to consider more stringent regulation, especially of pipeline routes.

The question for residents is whether officials or Energy Transfer will act before an emergency. Until then, Eric Friedman says, they’ll continue to feel unprotected.

“I think at some level, the most important function of government is to reasonably provide for the public’s safety,” he says. “And how can you have a project like this, that could kill hundreds or thousands of people in the worst-case scenario, and hope for the best and not plan for the worst?”

Published as “What Lies Beneath” in the July 2019 issue of Philadelphia magazine.

Source: https://www.phillymag.com/news/2019/07/06/mariner-east-pipeline-sunoco-pennsylvania/

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