#Asynchronous Transfer Mode

[noob2networking]

Subnet Sunday: ATM Networks - High-Speed Data Transfer Made Possible

🌐🚀💨 Welcome to Subnet Sunday, where we unravel the wonders of ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) networks. In this post, we’ll dive into the world of high-speed data transfer, making it easy for non-tech enthusiasts to understand. Think of ATM networks as futuristic pneumatic tubes, where data packets zoom through at lightning speed, delivering information faster than you can blink. So, let’s…

[krjpalmer]

BYTE October 1997

An assortment of networking technologies (the “ATM” they were alternatives to was “asynchronous transfer mode”) and speedy modems were examined in this issue.

[career-counselling-service]

Career Online Counselling: Navigate Your Career Choices

Have you ever found yourself at a crossroads in your career, wondering which path to take? It’s a situation many of us encounter, whether we’re just starting out, looking to make a significant change, or aiming to advance in our current field. Navigating these career choices can be daunting, but there’s a powerful tool that can make this journey smoother and more manageable: career online counselling. In this comprehensive guide, we’ll explore how online career counselling can help you make informed decisions and navigate your career path with confidence.

Understanding Career Online Counselling

Definition and Concept

Career online counselling is a modern approach to career guidance that leverages digital technology to provide support and advice. Unlike traditional face-to-face counselling, online career counselling allows you to connect with a professional career counsellor through various digital platforms such as video calls, text chats, and emails. This method offers flexibility and convenience, making it easier for you to access expert guidance without needing to travel.

Modes of Online Career Counselling

Career online counselling comes in several forms, each catering to different preferences and needs:

Video Conferencing: This real-time interaction allows you to have face-to-face conversations with your counsellor through platforms like Zoom or Microsoft Teams. It’s ideal for those who prefer personal interaction and visual communication.

Text Chat: If you’re more comfortable with written communication, text chat counselling provides a platform for instant messaging. This method is convenient if you prefer to think through your responses before sending them.

Email Counselling: For those who prefer asynchronous communication, email counselling allows you to send detailed messages and receive thoughtful responses at your own pace. This can be especially useful for in-depth discussions.

Hybrid Approaches: Some online counselling services offer a combination of these methods, allowing you to choose the most suitable mode based on your needs and preferences.

How Online Career Counselling Works

The process of career online counselling generally involves several steps:

Initial Contact: You start by reaching out to a career counsellor or service to discuss your needs and goals. This initial interaction helps set the stage for your counselling sessions.

Assessment: The counsellor may conduct an initial assessment to understand your career background, skills, interests, and aspirations. This might involve taking various assessments or surveys.

Counselling Sessions: You engage in sessions where you discuss your career goals, challenges, and receive personalized advice. These sessions are designed to help you gain clarity and develop a plan of action.

Action Plan: Based on the insights gained from your sessions, you work together to create a detailed action plan with specific steps to achieve your career objectives.

Follow-Up: Regular follow-up sessions are crucial to track your progress, address any new challenges, and adjust your action plan as needed.

Benefits of Online Career Counselling

Flexibility and Accessibility

One of the most significant advantages of online career counselling is its flexibility. You can schedule sessions at times that work best for you, without the need to travel to a physical office. Whether you’re at home, at work, or traveling, you can connect with your counsellor from anywhere with an internet connection. This convenience makes it easier to fit counselling into your busy life.

Personalized Guidance

Online career counselling offers a high level of personalization. Your counsellor tailors their advice to your unique needs, goals, and career situation. For instance, if you’re considering a career change, your counsellor can provide specific strategies to help you transition smoothly, identify transferable skills, and explore new opportunities that align with your interests.

Cost-Effectiveness

In many cases, online career counselling can be more cost-effective compared to traditional in-person sessions. You save on travel costs and time, and many online services offer competitive pricing. Additionally, online platforms often provide various packages, allowing you to choose one that fits your budget while still receiving quality support.

Comfort and Confidentiality

Discussing career issues can sometimes feel uncomfortable, especially if you’re dealing with sensitive topics. Online counselling provides a private and secure environment where you can openly share your concerns. Being in a familiar setting, such as your home, can help you feel more at ease and facilitate honest and effective communication.

Key Features of Effective Online Career Counselling

Experienced and Qualified Counsellors

The effectiveness of online career counselling hinges on the expertise of the counsellor. It’s essential to choose a professional with relevant qualifications and experience. Look for counsellors who hold certifications in career guidance and have a proven track record of helping clients achieve their career goals. A well-qualified counsellor brings valuable insights and strategies to the table, enhancing the quality of the guidance you receive.

Comprehensive Assessments

Effective online career counselling involves comprehensive assessments to understand your career needs thoroughly. These assessments might include personality tests, skills evaluations, and career interest surveys. They provide valuable insights into your strengths, preferences, and areas for development, guiding the counsellor in offering tailored advice and support.

Setting Goals and Creating Action Plans

One of the critical aspects of online career counselling is setting clear, achievable goals. Your counsellor will work with you to define your career objectives and create a step-by-step action plan. This plan outlines specific actions you need to take to reach your goals, such as updating your resume, applying for jobs, or pursuing additional training. An actionable plan helps you stay focused and motivated as you work towards your career aspirations.

Ongoing Support and Feedback

Career development is a continuous process, and effective online career counselling includes regular follow-up sessions to monitor your progress. These sessions allow you to discuss any new challenges, adjust your action plan, and receive ongoing support. Continuous feedback ensures that you stay on track and make the necessary adjustments to achieve your career goals.

Choosing the Right Online Career Counselling Service

Research and Reviews

When selecting an online career counselling service, thorough research is crucial. Start by reading reviews and testimonials from other clients to gauge the effectiveness of the service. Look for feedback on the counsellors’ professionalism, the quality of advice, and the overall client experience. Positive reviews and high ratings are good indicators of a reliable and effective service.

Counsellor’s Expertise and Specializations

Ensure that the counsellor’s expertise aligns with your specific career needs. For example, if you’re looking to transition to a new industry, find a counsellor with experience in that field. Verify their qualifications and professional background to ensure you’re receiving high-quality guidance. A counsellor with relevant experience can offer valuable insights and strategies tailored to your situation.

Service Offerings and Pricing

Compare the services offered by different online counselling platforms. Some may provide a comprehensive range of services, including resume writing, interview coaching, and job search strategies. Check the pricing structures and packages to find one that fits your budget and includes the services you need. Transparent pricing and a clear breakdown of what’s included in each package can help you make an informed decision.

Trial Sessions and Consultations

Many online career counselling services offer free trial sessions or initial consultations. Take advantage of these opportunities to assess the counsellor’s approach and determine if it’s a good fit for you. Use the trial session to ask questions about their methods, experience, and how they can help you achieve your career goals. A trial session provides a glimpse into the counselling experience and helps you decide if it meets your needs.

Success Stories and Testimonials

Real-Life Examples

One of the best ways to understand the impact of online career counselling is through real-life success stories. For instance, consider the story of Alex, who used online career counselling to transition from a career in finance to a role in environmental science. With the counsellor’s guidance, Alex identified transferable skills, updated his resume, and successfully landed a position that aligned with his passion for sustainability.

Impact on Career Decisions

Success stories like Alex’s illustrate the tangible benefits of online career counselling. Whether you’re looking to advance in your current role, switch to a new career, or explore your options, online counselling can provide the support and direction you need to make informed decisions. Personalized advice and continuous support from a skilled counsellor can lead to significant career growth and success.

Navigating your career choices can be a complex and challenging process, but career online counselling provides a valuable resource to help you make informed decisions and achieve your goals. With its flexibility, personalized guidance, and cost-effectiveness, online counselling offers a modern solution to career development.

If you’re ready to explore your career options and take control of your future, consider our online career counselling services. We offer expert guidance to help you navigate your career path, whether you’re looking to advance in your current role, make a career change, or prepare for study abroad and entrance exams.

Embrace the opportunities that online career counselling provides and take the next step towards your dream career. Your career journey is unique, and with the right support, you can navigate it with confidence and success. Contact us today to get started and discover how our services can help you achieve your career goals.

[blogsintra]

Nodemcu ESP8266 Wifi Module

Table of Contents

Overview:

Introduction :

Description

Building & Identification:

Features OR Technical Specification of Nodemcu ESP8266 Wifi Module:

What other boards can I use instead of NodeMCU?

The difference between using ESPlorer and Arduino IDE:

FAQS:

Overview:

The NodeMCU (Node MicroController Unit) is a non-proprietary software and hardware development environment built around a competitive System-on-a-Chip (SoC) called the ESP8266. Nodemcu ESP8266 Wifi Module are microcontroller with Wi-Fi and Bluetooth capability only, developed by Espressif Systems. It consists of many development boards like ESP8266, ESP8266-01, ESP12, NodeMCU, ESP32, etc. All the development boards can be classified using Arduino IDE and can be used in various applications like Home Automation, Internet of Things (IoT), internet devices, etc.

Introduction :

If you have done various Arduino projects and are friendly with Arduino, using NodeMCU as an alternative to Arduino Uno is the sensible next step if you’re searching for a more compact module that circumscribes Wi-Fi. NodeMCU is established on the Esperessif ESP8266-12E Wi-Fi System-On-Chip. This is according to Lua-based firmware and is open-source.

It’s ideal for IoT projects, especially more Wireless connectivity projects as Arduino doesn’t work wirelessly. We either need to connect it to a Bluetooth or nRF module This chip has a big deal in common with the Arduino – they are both microcontroller-equipped prototyping boards that can be organized using the Arduino IDE. The ESP8266 is more improved and immature than Arduino, and therefore the ESP has more powerful specifications than Arduino.

Description

NodeMCU is an open-source firmware and evolution kit that helps you to prototype or organize IoT products. It consists of firmware that runs on the ESP8266 Wi-Fi SoC out of Espressif Systems, and hardware that is established on the ESP-12 module. The Lua scripting language is utilized by the firmware. According to the Lua project and built on the Espressif Non-OS SDK for ESP8266.

Building & Identification:

Utilized Voltage: 2.5 to 3.3V

Utilizing current: 800 mA 3.3V

on-board voltage control: 600mA

ESP8266 goes up with 2 switch buttons one is a reset button and another one is a flash button, The Reset button is used to reset NodeMCU, and the flash button is used to download and is also used for updating the firmware. The board has a built-in LED indicator which is joined to the D0 pin.

The NodeMCU board also carries a CP2102 USB to UART module to convert the data from USB to serial so that it can be controlled and programmed via computer. The esp8266 has 4 power pins: One VIN pin for the input power supply and three 3.3V pins for the output power supply. Even if a 5V balanced supply is supplied through VIN, the voltage regulator will fall off to 3.3V during output.

The esp8266 has 3 GND pins which show ground supply. usually, the negative terminals are connected to these pins.

Nodemcu ESP8266 Wifi Module has 17 GPIO pins which can be allocated to various functions such as PWM, I2C, UART, IR, and Button via schedule. When arranged as an input pin, the GPIO pins can also be set to edge-trigger or level-trigger to bring into being CPU interrupts.

Nodemcu ESP8266 Wifi Module has 2 UART networking contacts, i.e. UART0 and UART1, which suggest asynchronous communication and may be in touch at up to 4.5 Mbps.CTS0, RST0, RXD0 & TXD0 pins can be used for transmission. It supports fluid control. Although the TXD1 pin features only data transfer signal so, it’s Generally, used for printing logs.

ESP8266 has two SPI in grind and master modes.

These SPIs also support the following general features: 4 timing modes of the SPI format carry. Up to 64-byte FIFO buffer.

Esp8266 has a secure electronic I/O interface which is used to directly manage the SD cards. Esp8266 has four modes of Pulse width modulation (PWM). The output can be managed via programming and is frequently used for driving motors and LEDs. The frequency radius is from 100Hz-1KHz.

There are three administrator pins on the esp8266: The enable pin (EN), the reset pin (RST), and the wake pin.

The esp8266 chip tasks when the enable pin is high. When the authorized pin is low, the chip works on minimum power.

The reset pin is used to reorganize the esp8266 chip.

The wake pin is used to wake the chip from deep sleep mode.

Features OR Technical Specification of Nodemcu ESP8266 Wifi Module:

1: Transfer rate:110-460800bps; 2: Remote firmware upgrade [ota] 3: Operating system: -40 ℃ to 125 ℃. 4: module rate: 7g 5: Wireless 802.11 b /g / n Standards. 6: D0 to D8, SD1 to SD3 used as GPIO, PMW, LLC, etc. 7: Port Drive: 15mA; 8: Power input: 4.5V ~ 9V (10VMAX), USB-powered, providing USB debugging interface; 9: Smart Link supports intelligent networking abilities; 10: Flash Memory: 4 MBytes 11: Country of Origin: China 12: Data Random Access Memory OR Data RAM: 96 KBytes 13: Network: IEEE 802.11 b/g/n WiF 14: Built-in LED: Attached to digital pin 13 15: USB Connector Style: Micro-B Female 16: Board Dimensions (PCB): 69 x 53mm (2.7 x 2.1″) 17: Clock Speed: 80MHz 18: Instruction Random Access Memory or Memory RAM: 64 KBytes 19: Datasheet: ESP8266EX

What other boards can I use instead of NodeMCU?

There are a large number of important factors for selecting the type of board for an IOT system, especially the number of GPIO pins, and communicating protocols, including an antenna. Also, there are different boards and platforms, and each has its distinct features. Here we have differentiated them based on the most important necessary features for IOT projects.

The difference between using ESPlorer and Arduino IDE:

Well, there is a high-level language difference we can say while developing an application for NodeMCU using ESPlorer IDE and Arduino IDE.

We have to code in C\C++ programming language if we are using Arduino IDE for developing NodeMCU applications and Lua language if we are utilizing ESPlorer IDE.

Generally, NodeMCU is a Lua Interpreter, so it can realize Lua script easily. When we should write Lua scripts for NodeMCU and send/upload them to NodeMCU, then they will get executed sequentially. It will not construct a binary firmware file of code for NodeMCU to write. It will send the Lua script as it is to NodeMCU to get accomplished.

In Arduino IDE when we write and compile code, the ESP8266 toolchain in the framework creates a binary firmware file of code we wrote. During we upload it to NodeMCU, it will light up all NodeMCU firmware with newly-created binary firmware code. Generally, it writes the complete firmware.

That’s the reason NodeMCU did not accept additional Lua scripts/code after Arduino IDE lighted it up. After getting up by Arduino sketch/code there will be no more Lua interpreter and we get an error if we try to upload Lua scripts. To start again with the Lua script, we need to flash it with NodeMCU firmware. Since Arduino IDE writes complete firmware, it takes plenty of time than ESPlorer IDE. realize Lua script easily. To start against the Lua script, we need to light up with NodeMCU microcode.

Since Arduino IDE compiles and uploads/writes complete firmware, it takes plenty of time than ESPlorer IDE.

FAQS:

What is the NodeMCU ESP8266 WiFi module?

NodeMCU is an open-source Lua-based microcode and evolution board especially targeted for IoT-based Utilization. It consists of firmware that runs on the ESP8266 Wi-Fi SoC from Espressif Systems, and hardware that is established by the ESP-12 module.

What is the difference between NodeMCU and ESP8266?

NodeMcu is the name of the microcode originally for the ESP8266 microcontroller, upheld for the ESP32 embedded controller added more newly, which permits you to apply these microcontrollers using the Lua programming language.

What is the range of the ESP8266 WiFi module?

The portable ESP8266 was charged on batteries, The environment was outside with houses around (that means many other WiFi stations nearby ), Was examined in a radius, not a straight line. The ESP’s connection was good for an orbit of around 1 km.

Why is NodeMCU used?

It is established by the ESP8266 Wi-Fi module and is agreeable with the Lua compiling language, allowing for easy growth of IoT applications. Here are some general uses of NodeMCU: Home automation: NodeMCU is used to jurisdiction and automate various household appliances like; lights, fans, and air conditioners.

What is the use of ESP8266 Wi-Fi?

The ESP8266 module authorizes the embedded controller to connect to 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi, using IEEE 802.11 bgn. It can be used with ESP-AT microcode to provide Wi-Fi connectivity to outer host MCUs, or it can be used as a self-dependent. MCU by running an RTOS-based SDK.

Does NodeMCU need Wi-Fi?

NodeMCU already has a processor fixed with the WiFi so you don’t need a individual processor. If you only want to add WiFi to your Arduino board use an ESP8266 board connected to the Arduino. That is fundamentally the WiFi part of NodeMCU.

How to know if ESP8266 is working?

How to connect NodeMCU to the phone?

The line of action for linking NodeMCU to an Android device is as follows: a) Fling the NodeMCU board to the computer and load the program over it. b) Link the NodeMCU board to your wireless internet act of assistance. c) Get the NodeMCU-compatible Android app and install it.

Can ESP8266 connect to a mobile hotspot?

The ESP8266’s WiFi radio is 2.4GHz only. To enable 2.4GHz on the iPhone hotspot, turn on the “Maximize Compatibility” button under “Settings | Personal Hotspot”. After that 2.4GHz devices should be able to connect to the phone.

What is the IP address of NodeMCU?

By default, the next code allocates the IP address 192.168. 1.184 that works in the entrance 192.168. 1.1.

What is the NodeMCU Wi-Fi module?

The NodeMCU is an ESP8266 WiFi-based microprocessor board that helped conquer some of the awkwardness analogous with various versions of boards based on the ESP8266 WiFi module/chips from Espressif.

What is esp8266mod?

The ESP8266 WiFi Module is a self-contained SOC with a desegregated TCP/IP protocol stack that can give any microprocessor access to your WiFi network. The ESP8266 is capable of hosting an application or offloading all Wi-Fi networking functions from another application processor.

How do I connect NodeMCU to IoT?

Here are the main steps: Click on ‘New Sensor’ to create a communication channel with a unique ID and API Keys. Give a name and description of your sensor. Add a module for the data you will be organizing. Copy down the Api Key In value. We will use the ESP8266 code Since. See more

[canweusevpnindubai]

what is layer 2 vpn

🔒🌍✨ Get 3 Months FREE VPN - Secure & Private Internet Access Worldwide! Click Here ✨🌍🔒

what is layer 2 vpn

Layer 2 VPN Definition

Layer 2 VPN, short for Layer 2 Virtual Private Network, is a networking technology that enables the creation of a private and secure communication channel over a public network infrastructure. In the context of networking, the term "layer 2" refers to the data link layer of the OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model, which is responsible for the reliable transfer of data between adjacent network nodes.

A Layer 2 VPN operates by establishing virtual connections, or tunnels, between different locations or endpoints, allowing them to communicate as if they were directly connected to the same physical network. Unlike Layer 3 VPNs, which operate at the network layer and rely on IP routing, Layer 2 VPNs operate at the data link layer and maintain the original MAC (Media Access Control) addresses of the devices involved in the communication.

One of the key advantages of Layer 2 VPNs is their ability to support a wide range of networking protocols and services, including Ethernet, Frame Relay, and ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode). This flexibility makes Layer 2 VPNs well-suited for scenarios where maintaining the existing network infrastructure and preserving the native protocol characteristics are important considerations.

Layer 2 VPNs are commonly used by businesses to connect geographically dispersed office locations or to extend their private networks to remote users or branch offices securely. Service providers also offer Layer 2 VPN services as part of their portfolio to meet the connectivity needs of enterprise customers.

In summary, Layer 2 VPNs provide a versatile and secure means of establishing private network connections over public infrastructure, making them a valuable tool for organizations looking to extend their network reach while maintaining control over security and performance.

Layer 2 VPN Protocols

Layer 2 VPN protocols are essential for creating secure and efficient virtual private networks. These protocols operate at the data link layer of the OSI model and are used to establish and maintain communication between different network devices. There are several Layer 2 VPN protocols available, each with its own features and functionalities.

One of the most commonly used Layer 2 VPN protocols is the Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP). PPP establishes a direct connection between two network devices over a communication link. It provides authentication and encryption capabilities, making it a secure option for VPN connections.

Another popular Layer 2 VPN protocol is the Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol (L2TP). L2TP combines the best features of PPP and the Layer 2 Forwarding (L2F) protocol. It is often used in conjunction with IPsec encryption to provide a highly secure VPN connection.

Ethernet VPN (EVPN) is another key Layer 2 VPN protocol that is gaining popularity. EVPN uses MAC address routing to enable communication between devices in different locations. It is highly scalable and efficient, making it suitable for large-scale VPN deployments.

Overall, Layer 2 VPN protocols play a crucial role in ensuring the security and functionality of virtual private networks. By utilizing these protocols, organizations can establish reliable and secure communication channels between their network devices, enabling remote access and data transfer in a safe and efficient manner.

Layer 2 VPN Technologies

Layer 2 Virtual Private Network (VPN) technologies play a crucial role in modern networking by securely connecting multiple locations, facilitating data exchange across a secure, private network. These technologies are widely used by businesses and organizations to ensure the confidentiality and integrity of their data transmissions.

One common Layer 2 VPN technology is Virtual Private LAN Service (VPLS), which enables geographically dispersed sites to communicate with each other as if they are on the same Local Area Network (LAN). VPLS creates a virtual bridge between sites, allowing for seamless communication and resource sharing.

Another popular Layer 2 VPN technology is Ethernet VPN (EVPN), which uses the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) to provide advanced multi-tenancy support, scalability, and flexibility. EVPN is particularly effective in data centers and cloud environments where dynamic resource allocation and high availability are paramount.

Additionally, Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol (L2TP) and Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) are commonly used for establishing secure connections over public networks. These protocols encapsulate data packets to ensure secure transmission between endpoints, making them ideal for remote access scenarios.

In summary, Layer 2 VPN technologies offer a secure and efficient way to interconnect multiple locations and enable seamless communication across a private network. By implementing these technologies, businesses can enhance their network infrastructure, improve data security, and streamline their operations in an increasingly interconnected world.

Layer 2 VPN Benefits

Layer 2 VPNs, or Virtual Private Networks, offer a range of benefits for businesses seeking secure and efficient communication solutions. These benefits span across various aspects of network management and operations, making Layer 2 VPNs a popular choice for organizations of all sizes.

One significant advantage of Layer 2 VPNs is their ability to provide a secure and private communication channel over a shared or public network infrastructure. By encapsulating data within the VPN tunnel, Layer 2 VPNs ensure that sensitive information remains protected from unauthorized access or interception by external parties. This level of security is crucial for businesses handling confidential data, such as financial transactions or customer information.

Moreover, Layer 2 VPNs facilitate seamless connectivity between geographically dispersed locations. Whether it's connecting branch offices, remote employees, or data centers, Layer 2 VPNs enable organizations to establish a unified network environment. This centralized approach simplifies network management and enhances collaboration by allowing users to access resources and applications securely from any location.

Additionally, Layer 2 VPNs offer flexibility and scalability, making them ideal for evolving business requirements. As organizations grow or undergo changes, Layer 2 VPNs can easily accommodate additional sites, users, or bandwidth without requiring significant infrastructure modifications. This scalability ensures that businesses can adapt to shifting demands without compromising performance or security.

Furthermore, Layer 2 VPNs support a wide range of network protocols and applications, including voice, video, and data transmission. This versatility enables businesses to leverage various communication tools and technologies while maintaining a consistent level of performance and security across their network infrastructure.

In conclusion, Layer 2 VPNs deliver numerous benefits, including enhanced security, seamless connectivity, flexibility, and support for diverse applications. By leveraging these advantages, businesses can optimize their network operations and empower their workforce to collaborate effectively in today's dynamic business environment.

Layer 2 VPN Implementation

Layer 2 VPN Implementation: Enhancing Network Connectivity

Layer 2 Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) have emerged as a crucial tool for businesses seeking to enhance their network connectivity and security. This implementation enables the creation of secure communication channels over existing network infrastructures, facilitating the seamless transfer of data between remote locations.

The implementation process for Layer 2 VPN involves several key steps:

Network Assessment: Before deploying a Layer 2 VPN, it's essential to conduct a comprehensive assessment of the existing network infrastructure. This includes evaluating network topology, bandwidth requirements, security protocols, and potential points of congestion.

Selecting the Right Technology: There are various technologies available for implementing Layer 2 VPNs, including MPLS (Multiprotocol Label Switching), VPLS (Virtual Private LAN Service), and Ethernet VPN (EVPN). The choice depends on factors such as scalability, cost-effectiveness, and compatibility with existing hardware.

Configuration and Deployment: Once the appropriate technology is selected, network engineers configure routers, switches, and other network devices to establish VPN tunnels. This involves defining Virtual Private Wire Service (VPWS) or Virtual Private LAN Service (VPLS) instances, assigning VLANs, and configuring routing protocols.

Security Measures: Implementing Layer 2 VPNs introduces new security considerations. Encryption protocols such as IPsec (Internet Protocol Security) and MACsec (Media Access Control Security) may be employed to ensure data confidentiality and integrity over the VPN tunnels.

Monitoring and Maintenance: After deployment, ongoing monitoring and maintenance are essential to ensure optimal performance and security. This includes tracking network traffic, identifying potential bottlenecks, and promptly addressing any issues that arise.

Layer 2 VPN implementation offers several benefits, including enhanced security, improved network scalability, and simplified management of geographically dispersed networks. By following best practices and leveraging appropriate technologies, businesses can establish robust Layer 2 VPNs to meet their connectivity needs effectively.

[myprogrammingsolver]

Lab 3: ADC, UART, DMA, and LCD Display

Goals Familiarity with the TM4C123 analog to digital converters Integrating timers and interrupts into an Analog to Digital Converters (ADC) application Understanding the relationship between the clock speed and power dissipation Configuring a Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter (UART) interface Understating DMA transfer modes, channels, triggers Interfacing a Liquid Crystal Display…

[datavalleyai]

Full Stack Developer Interview Questions

Are you preparing for a Full Stack Developer interview? Whether you’re experienced or new to full-stack development, acing the interview is essential to land your dream job. To help you prepare with confidence, we’ve compiled a comprehensive list of Full Stack Developer interview questions covering various topics and concepts you may encounter during the interview.

Explain Pair Programming.

Explain Long Polling.

Explain the meaning of multithreading.

What do you mean by CORS (Cross-Origin Resource Sharing)?

Explain the benefits and drawbacks of using “use strict”.

What is Callback Hell?

Explain the event loop in Node.js.

To develop a project from scratch, what technologies and languages would you need or what skills a full stack developer should have?

Explain dependency injection.

What do you mean by the observer pattern?

Can you tell me what are the latest trends in Full Stack Development? Also, how do you keep yourself updated about the new trends in the industry?

What is CI (Continuous Integration)?

What are some of the uses of Docker?

State the difference between GraphQL and REST (Representational State Transfer).

Is there a way to decrease the load time of a web application?

What is Spring Framework, and how does it work?

What is REST API, and how does it work?

What is the difference between a servlet and JSP?

Explain the difference between JDBC and Hibernate.

How do you handle exceptions in Java?

1. Explain Pair Programming

Pair programming is a collaborative software development method where two programmers work together on one computer. The driver writes code, while the navigator reviews it. This approach finds errors early, boosts creativity, and enhances code quality.

2. Explain Long Polling

Long polling is a web development technique. In this technique, the client sends a request to the server, and the server keeps the request open until it has new data to send back or a timeout occurs. It’s used to achieve real-time updates in web apps without checking the server. It’s handy for chat apps and similar scenarios that need immediate data updates.

3. Explain the meaning of multithreading

Multithreading is a programming technique where one program runs several threads simultaneously. These threads work independently while sharing resources like memory. This makes the program faster and more responsive.

4. What do you mean by CORS (Cross-Origin Resource Sharing)?

CORS, or Cross-Origin Resource Sharing, is a security feature implemented in web browsers. It controls access to resources on a web page from different domains. It allows or restricts web pages to make requests for resources hosted on other domains. CORS helps prevent potential security issues related to cross-origin requests, ensuring safer interactions between web applications.

5. Explain the benefits and drawbacks of using “use strict”

Using ‘use strict’ in JavaScript enforces stricter coding rules and helps catch common errors, leading to better code quality and improved error handling. It can potentially make code execute faster. However, it might necessitate rewriting existing code to adhere to strict mode, which can be a drawback.

6. What is Callback Hell?

Callback Hell, also known as the Pyramid of Doom, refers to a situation in asynchronous programming where multiple nested callback functions create complex and hard-to-read code. It occurs when callbacks are used extensively, making the code difficult to manage. It can be mitigated using techniques like Promises or async/await.

7. Explain the event loop in Node.js

The event loop is a crucial part of Node.js’s architecture. It’s responsible for handling asynchronous operations. Node.js is single-threaded, but it can perform non-blocking I/O operations by using the event loop. It continuously checks the message queue for pending tasks, executes them, and handles callbacks, making Node.js highly efficient for handling concurrent requests.

8. To develop a project from scratch, what technologies and languages would you need or what skills a full stack developer should have

A full stack developer starting a project from scratch should be comfortable with multiple programming languages like Java, Python, PHP, or Ruby. They should know front-end technologies like HTML5, CSS3, and JavaScript, and frameworks like React or Angular. Back-end skills with Spring, Django, or PHP are vital. Familiarity with databases like MySQL, Oracle, and MongoDB is necessary. Design principles, server administration, and basic Linux knowledge can also be helpful.

9. Explain dependency injection

Dependency injection is a design pattern used in software development where the dependencies of a class (external objects it relies on) are provided to it rather than being created within the class itself. This helps decouple components, making code more modular and testable. It enhances flexibility, as different implementations of dependencies can be injected without changing the core code.

10. What do you mean by the observer pattern?

The observer pattern is a behavioral design pattern where an object, known as the subject, maintains a list of its dependents, called observers. When the subject undergoes a change in state, it notifies its observers, ensuring that they are automatically updated. This pattern is commonly used in event handling and UI design, enabling components to react to changes in a subject’s state.

11. Can you tell me what are the latest trends in Full Stack Development? Also, how do you keep yourself updated about the new trends in the industry

Staying updated in Full Stack Development involves keeping an eye on trends like the rise of JavaScript frameworks (React, Vue.js), serverless architecture, microservices, and containerization (Docker). To stay informed, I regularly read tech blogs, follow industry news, participate in online forums, attend webinars, and take online courses to continuously enhance my skills.

12. What is CI (Continuous Integration)?

Continuous Integration (CI) is a software development practice. In CI, code changes are being combined with the main codebase. This helps prevent errors and maintain code quality. It streamlines development by building and testing new code additions.

13. What are some of the uses of Docker?

Docker is widely used in software development for containerization. It allows developers to package applications and their dependencies into containers, ensuring consistency across different environments. Docker is used for application deployment, microservices architecture, creating development and testing environments, and simplifying the management of complex applications.

14. State the difference between GraphQL and REST (Representational State Transfer)?

GraphQL and REST are both approaches to API design. GraphQL provides a more flexible way to request and retrieve data, allowing clients to specify their data requirements. In contrast, REST uses fixed endpoints for data retrieval, leading to over-fetching or under-fetching of data. GraphQL is better suited for modern, dynamic applications, while REST is more traditional and rigid in its structure.

15. Is there a way to decrease the load time of a web application?

Yes, several methods can reduce the load time of a web application, such as optimizing images, using external CSS and JavaScript files, reducing redirects, enabling browser caching, minifying code, and employing content delivery networks (CDNs). These techniques improve performance and enhance user experience.

16. What is Spring Framework, and how does it work?

The Spring Framework is a Java-based framework used for building enterprise-level applications. It simplifies development by providing dependency injection, aspect-oriented programming, and data access. Spring promotes modularity, testability, and scalability. Which makes it a preferred choice for creating robust and maintainable software.

17. What is REST API, and how does it work?

A REST API, stands for Representational State Transfer Application Programming Interface. It is a design style for building networked applications. It relies on HTTP requests to perform basic operations like creating, reading, updating, and deleting resources identified by URLs. REST APIs are stateless, which means every client request must contain all the necessary information. They’re used for web-based applications and services.

18. What is the difference between a servlet and JSP?

A servlet is a Java class that handles requests and generates responses on the server-side. It is primarily responsible for processing logic and business operations. In contrast, JSP (JavaServer Pages) is a technology for creating dynamic web pages. JSP combines HTML or XML with Java code to generate dynamic content for web applications. Servlets are more suitable for complex processing, while JSP simplifies the presentation layer.

19. Explain the difference between JDBC and Hibernate?

JDBC, or Java Database Connectivity, is a Java API used for connecting and interacting with relational databases. It involves manual SQL query writing and database interaction. On the other hand, Hibernate is an Object-Relational Mapping (ORM) framework that automates database interactions by mapping Java objects to database tables. Hibernate eliminates the need for manual SQL coding, simplifying database operations.

20. How do you handle exceptions in Java?

In Java, exceptions are handled using try-catch blocks. Code that might throw exceptions is placed within a try block, and specific exceptions are caught and handled in catch blocks. Developers can specify different catch blocks for different exception types, allowing for precise error handling. Additionally, the “finally” block can be used to execute code that should run regardless of whether an exception occurred or not. Exception handling ensures graceful error recovery and better program stability.

[autodaemonium]

rnðtdətztɛəɪelshaɪovə

Pronounced: rnthtduhtztayuhielshaiovuh.

Pantheon of: judiciousness, ability, noise, otherworld, malleability, credibility, incompetence.

Entities

Mɑrərŋæɛfrðunwðəɒiʌf

Pronounced: mahruhrngaayfrthunwthuhouiuf Malleability: ductility. Credibility: cogency. Ability: form. Legends: pas, deactivation, asynchronous transfer mode, rub up. Prophecies: casus belli, whiz, sparring, naprapathy, thrombolytic therapy.

Npepɪtsməðʌrnwttɪʌðr

Pronounced: npepitsmuhthurnwttiuthr Malleability: ductility. Credibility: street credibility. Ability: contractility. Legends: percussion, rearmament, formation, development, functional magnetic resonance imaging. Prophecies: moral obligation, payment, knock. Relations: zɪiəlnfumɪzɪʌðdhfədŋ (parathion), vpnðæseɪtbnəəttʃhaɪdmt (economic rent).

Nttɛztedɑɛtənrtðwdmʃ

Pronounced: nttayztedahaytuhnrtthwdmsh Malleability: ductility. Credibility: plausibility. Ability: contractility. Legends: ransacking. Prophecies: hysterotomy, debilitation, reading, short division. Relations: tnnɪdlɪskpʌlævitɪʌmɛ (anionic compound), sfðnhðəzæzətɛɪhsnaɪnɪ (gold).

Sfðnhðəzæzətɛɪhsnaɪnɪ

Pronounced: sfthnhthuhzazuhtayihsnaini Malleability: flexibility. Credibility: cogency. Ability: form. Relations: vpnðæseɪtbnəəttʃhaɪdmt (pyrophosphate), əsmobobðɪfkwŋʃriəiðɑ (driftwood), npepɪtsməðʌrnwttɪʌðr (far cry).

Tnnɪdlɪskpʌlævitɪʌmɛ

Pronounced: tnnidliskpulavitiumay Malleability: flexibility. Credibility: cogency. Ability: form. Legends: challenge. Prophecies: mikvah.

Vpnðæseɪtbnəəttʃhaɪdmt

Pronounced: vpnthaseitbnuhuhttshhaidmt Malleability: ductility. Credibility: cogency. Ability: penetration. Legends: walkover, tax collection, waste of effort, duel. Prophecies: suturing, cleaning. Relations: nttɛztedɑɛtənrtðwdmʃ (phone).

Zɪiəlnfumɪzɪʌðdhfədŋ

Pronounced: ziiuhlnfumiziuthdhfuhdng Malleability: ductility. Credibility: authenticity. Ability: adaptability. Legends: union, invasion of privacy, pursuance, corporal punishment. Prophecies: smudge, snore, fight. Relations: əsmobobðɪfkwŋʃriəiðɑ (hudson seal), sfðnhðəzæzətɛɪhsnaɪnɪ (excelsior), vpnðæseɪtbnəəttʃhaɪdmt (profit sharing).

Əsmobobðɪfkwŋʃriəiðɑ

Pronounced: uhsmobobthifkwngshriuhithah Malleability: flexibility. Credibility: authenticity. Ability: magical ability. Legends: monstrosity, fall, breach of the covenant of warranty. Prophecies: standing, periodic motion. Relations: zɪiəlnfumɪzɪʌðdhfədŋ (euphorbium), npepɪtsməðʌrnwttɪʌðr (pseudoephedrine).

[captainmdhridoyhossain-blog]

[ad_1] The most recent movement has wrapped up, and whilst there used to be sadly no phrase about , Nintendo has printed extra information about different video games which can be coming to Transfer. Amongst them is OlliOlli Global, which shall be launched on February eighth. The most recent OlliOlli recreation from Roll7 () is a skateboarding platformer, through which you ranking issues via pulling off tips as you are making your approach during the global of Radlandia. Together with there are two asynchronous multiplayer modes. In Gnarvana League, you'll be able to duke it out for the best possible ranking and the extra you play, the extra beauty pieces you'll be able to free up to your persona. Within the Gnarvana Portal mode, you'll tackle ranges which can be procedurally generated with a couple of customizable components in thoughts, reminiscent of taste, issue and period. You'll be able to proportion creations with different avid gamers the use of a code, which can paintings throughout all platforms. [embed]https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IopOsBOMF2Y[/embed] Roll7 and writer Non-public Department have additionally introduced two expansions for OlliOlli Global. The Void Riders DLC, which can arrive in summer season, will upload extra ranges, characters, gameplay choices, cosmetics and a brand new biome. The second one enlargement is about for subsequent fall, and extra main points shall be printed later. In addition to Transfer, OlliOlli Global is coming to PC, PlayStation 4, PS5, Xbox One and Xbox Collection X/S. Pre-orders get started lately and the bottom model of the sport prices $30. The Rad version, which prices $45, comprises each expansions. House owners of the bottom recreation will be capable of purchase the DLC one by one.  Different titles featured right through the Indie Global Exhibit come with . The sport, through which you paint the arena to discover and resolve puzzles, used to be a important hit previous this 12 months. It’s to be had on Transfer lately. Additionally coming to the hybrid console lately are the excellently named motion platformer Dungeon Munchies, celebration recreation Let’s Play! Oink Video games and stealth puzzle journey Timelie, for which a demo shall be to be had.  and Omori are getting ported to Transfer this spring. A few of the new video games which can be environment sail for Transfer are Sea of Stars, an RPG prequel to The Messenger (which can arrive in vacation 2022), puzzle identify Aliisha – The Oblivion of Dual Goddesses (spring), Figment 2: Creed Valley (February, with a demo to be had lately) and River Town Ladies 2 (summer season). [embed]https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NsSBN64IVpI[/embed] All merchandise really useful via Engadget are decided on via our editorial staff, impartial of our mum or dad corporate. A few of our tales come with associate hyperlinks. If you are going to buy one thing thru this sort of hyperlinks, we might earn an associate fee. [ad_2]

[neuromodulator]

"An example of a technical decision said to be a typical result of design by committee is the Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) cell size of 53 bytes. The choice of 53 bytes was political rather than technical.[2] When the CCITT was standardizing ATM, parties from the United States wanted a 64-byte payload. Parties from Europe wanted 32-byte payloads. Most of the European parties eventually came around to the arguments made by the Americans, but France and a few others held out for a shorter cell length of 32 bytes. A 53-byte size (48 bytes plus 5 byte header) was the compromise chosen."

[scdlnet]

Why MBA Course Distance Education Programs are Sought-after for Professionals and Students Alike 

 A growing number of distance learning institutions offer programs including mba finance courses or post-graduate diploma courses to students across all geographic locations. This makes education affordable, and accessible during the present times.

The effects of the Covid-19 pandemic have sparked greater interest and acceptance of new technological innovations, including online learning. This has led to a major shift in the manner in which universities and businesses operate. A survey by UGC, reveals that enrolments for online education such as MBA course distance education have grown by 170%, while open and distance learning has grown by 41.7% since the year 2020-21. Among the various factors, it is the higher degree of flexibility and learning autonomy, that makes students opt for distance learning for courses such as mba accounting and finance. 

Among the best distance institutions, Symbiosis Centre of Distance Learning-SCDL has great course credibility, industry acceptance, and an institute reputation comparable with a MBA course distance mode. Continual education from SCDL stands out for several reasons in the resume.

What are the Most Sought-after Career Options for Distance Learning

Young adults feel that there is a need for people to acquire new, multidisciplinary skills. Many working professionals feel that a postgraduate or a continual education be it an MBA finance course or a PG diploma in finance and accounting will help them unlearn and relearn new knowledge. 

In a recent survey conducted courses such as Data Science, Finance, Web development, and financial marketing has been some of the most sought-after courses for the year 2022. 

Whether an MBA Accounting and finance course from a reputed institution or through distance learning mode, it is worthwhile considering several aspects of the institution. This include-Credibility of the institute, market recognition, alumni network, placement facilities, mentorship, and participation of the students in the program, to name a few.

What makes Distance Learning Popular Among Students 

An extensive survey conducted among the students reveals that 60% of the students would like to learn new domain skills from time to time after they graduate; thereby suggesting that the growing demand for online postgraduate programs has now outstripped traditional programs.  

With distance learning institutions like SCDL offering asynchronous online learning options through Post Graduate Diploma, Diploma, and Certificate courses in business management, finance, and banking, data and analytics, teaching and learning, and hospitality management, they are akin to any full-fledged post graduate courses like MBA finance course taught across other universities and colleges. 

Flexible learning option- Distance learning courses are popular among working professionals, students or women who wish to step out for work after a long break. Not only it gives greater autonomy to participants, but it is also a wise option to balance career and studies simultaneously.

SCDL recognizes this aspect and facilitates a modular course system with a credit banking facility, which is otherwise offered by full-fledged courses like mba finance and accounting. This enables students to bank and accumulate credits for future transfer to other programs of SCDL, thus providing flexible learning opportunities.  

Asynchronous learning experience- Students who wish to pursue courses from the best online mba colleges can now opt to do so without leaving their jobs and commitments. The idea is to now pursue lifelong learning anytime, anywhere around the world.

Employability and honing of skills Considering the fact that distance learning programs and other best online mba courses support employability, it helps in creating talent supply chains, thereby contributing to large-scale employment and skill development. 

About SCDL

SCDL is among the pioneering institutions for distance learning, offering a wide range of AICTE approved Post Graduate Diplomas, Diploma and Certificate programs in over 40+ specializations. The course and course material are designed to be in line with the market demand and industry trends. 

In the two decades of its operations, SCDL is well-known for its blended learning methodology and collaborative learning, which makes it a reputed Distance Learning institute in India. The curriculum of SCDL is comparable with the best distance-learning universities of the world. SCDL has a full-time faculty and over 350 adjunct faculty who are available for academic counseling, developing curriculum and assessment of students’ progress. 

[suntelecomcn]

Basic Knowledge About EPON

The Ethernet passive optical network (EPON) is an effective network that provides high bandwidth, low cost, and broad service capabilities. This article provides some knowledge about EPON.

What is EPON?

EPON is a PON technology based on the IEEE standard for Ethernet. It adopts a point-to-multi-point architecture and passive optical fiber transmission and provides multiple services on Ethernet. In addition, EPON uses Ethernet packets instead of asynchronous transfer mode (ATM), and it can deliver 1 Gbps and 10 Gbps upstream and downstream in FTTH and FTTP networks.

EPON System

The EPON system is mainly composed of an optical line terminal (OLT), optical distribution network (ODN), and optical network unit (ONU). In the EPON system, OLT is both a switch or router and a multi-service provider platform that provides fiber interfaces for passive fiber networks. ODN is the optical distribution network composed of a passive optical splitter and fiber composition. The passive optical splitter is connected to the OLT and the ONU passive device, its function is to distribute the downlink data and uplink data centralized. ONU is placed on the customer premises side of the terminal device. The ONU typically has an 802.3ah WAN interface and an 802.3 subscriber interface.

EPON Types

There are two types of EPON: symmetric and asymmetric. Symmetric EPON provides equal data rates in both upstream (from the user to the server/provider) and downstream (from the server/provider to the user) directions. Asymmetric EPON provides higher downstream data rates than upstream; asymmetric EPON usually operates at 10Gbits/sec downstream and 1Gbit/sec upstream.

Benefits of EPON

EPON has the benefits of high bandwidth, high flexibility, high scalability, low cost, easy management, ease of deployment, and long-distance transmission.

Applications

EPON is used in data, voice, video, VoIP, digital TV, FTTH, FTTP, FTTB, FTTC,  telecommunication networks, LAN, etc.

Conclusion

EPON provides high-speed internet access service, high flexibility, high scalability, ease of deployment, low maintenance, and low cost. Sun Telecom specializes in providing one-stop total fiber optic solutions for all fiber optic application industries worldwide. Contact us if any needs.

[trakdrita]

Sync gradekeeper and my iphone

SYNC GRADEKEEPER AND MY IPHONE FULL

SYNC GRADEKEEPER AND MY IPHONE SOFTWARE

SYNC GRADEKEEPER AND MY IPHONE FREE

You can also create folders in Top Hat, allowing you to organize questions and assign them to students. You can assign these questions and activities to students, and Top Hat will automatically grade them, saving you time on administrative tasks. In addition to grading in class, instructors can also create and assign Top Hat questions and assignments outside of class. The platform supports synchronous and asynchronous teaching modes, and allows faculty to sync rosters and grade student progress with Canvas. With Top Hat, instructors can create interactive homework assignments, share notes, take attendance, and more, all from the comfort of their home or office. If you’re a new faculty member, you might be wondering, “Can I use Top Hat outside of class?” Top Hat is a cloud-based teaching tool that allows faculty to interact with students not just in the classroom, but also outside the classroom. Click on the button to submit your refund request. If you’re logged in at the time of your refund request, you’ll find a button for it under Recent Transactions. Click on the “Request Refund” button on the left-hand side of the Account Settings page. You can use the refund request form to get a refund for any Top Hat product within two weeks of purchase. Second, you can request a refund of your purchase.

SYNC GRADEKEEPER AND MY IPHONE FULL

This is a good opportunity to see if the course is for you and to decide whether to enroll in the full program. During the trial, you’ll also get a copy of the full course materials and a gradebook. This includes any assignments, in-class discussions, and attendance sessions. This will give you full access to the entire course and instructor’s lectures. If you’re interested in trying Top Hat out for free, you can follow the steps below. Instructors can also use Top Hat to help understand student learning needs and develop lessons that will maximize their students’ understanding of the material. Instructors can create and personalize polls for each class to measure student engagement. It allows instructors to pose polling questions, provide interactive exercises, take attendance, and transfer data into Moodle. Top Hat is a student-friendly learning platform that provides instructors with powerful tools to engage students in their courses.

SYNC GRADEKEEPER AND MY IPHONE FREE

The Top Hat Basic platform includes an online tutor and a free version for professors.

SYNC GRADEKEEPER AND MY IPHONE SOFTWARE

The software also helps students collaborate and keep communication going outside of the classroom. The software also allows instructors to identify which students are struggling and tailor their lessons to help them learn more. Its 14-question type format allows instructors to gauge student engagement and determine if students are grasping the material. The Top Hat Basic version of the software is free for students and professors. You can use any web-enabled device to use the application, including your mobile phone or tablet. It also enables students to submit answers to questions during lectures. Top Hat also allows students to take attendance, and faculty to track who attends class. It lets professors create interactive homework, complete with hints and feedback, to help students master the material. The Top Hat website allows instructors to engage students during lectures and outside the classroom. The company also offers university-wide licences for its software. As of May 2017, Top Hat has over 500,000 active users. It offers interactive college textbooks, a platform for teachers to monitor attendance, and other educational products for students. Its headquarters are located in Toronto, Ontario, with a second location in Sydney, Australia. Top Hat is a Canadian educational software company.

How do you get the new hat on Roblox 2022?.

[dresswint]

Frame relay simplediagrams

#Frame relay simplediagrams how to#

#Frame relay simplediagrams serial#

#Frame relay simplediagrams full#

#Frame relay simplediagrams serial#

Those issues could be the result of a problem with the serial interfaces, the status of PVCs or an incorrectly assigned or deleted DLCI.

inability to ping the remote router and.

Some common network problems with frame relay include the following: Multiprotocol label switching has replaced frame relay in many places. It became less popular as telecommunications companies adopted Internet Protocol-based technologies for this task. It's less prone to latency because other network components handle error correction.įrame relay was, at one time, a popular protocol for telecommunications companies to transmit long-distance voice traffic. Frame relay flexibility also comes from its ability to buffer traffic bursts. It determines which circuit to send a frame to in a frame relay network, allowing any two stations to connect. The DLCI is a number that identifies the logical circuit between the router and the frame relay switch. It uses a data link connection identifier (DLCI) number. It's cheaper than dedicated lines and less hardware is required. Its use of use variable packet sizes improves bandwidth use. It does not perform error correction, which consumes time and network resources. The benefits of frame relay include the following: Frame relay transmits information at the data link layer and moves frames in and out of physical network links using virtual circuits. It is variable in size and can be as large as a thousand bytes or more. A frame can incorporate packets from different protocols such as Ethernet and X.25. It needs a dedicated connection during transmission and is not ideal for voice or video, which need a steady flow of transmissions.įrame relay sends packets at the data link layer of the Open Systems Interconnection ( OSI) model, rather than at the network layer. It is also used on public WANs and in private network environments with leased T-1 lines. The error incidence in digital networks is small relative to analog networks.įrame relay is often used to connect LANs with major backbones. The endpoints are responsible for detecting and retransmitting dropped frames. When an error is detected in a frame, it is simply dropped. That means the protocol does not attempt to correct errors. But, unlike X.25, frame relay is a fast packet technology. Carriers manager DCEs, providing switching and other services.įrame relay is based on older X.25 packet-switching technology that was designed for sending analog data such as voice conversations. DTEs are typically located on the customer's premises and can include terminals, routers, bridges and personal computers. How does frame relay work?įor a frame relay WAN to send data, data terminal equipment (DTE) and data circuit-terminating equipment (DCE) are required. ISDN offers bandwidth at 128 kilobits per second (Kbps), and ATM operates at speeds of 155.520 megabits per second or 622.080 Mbps. Frame relay provided a midrange service between Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) technology and asynchronous transfer mode (ATM).

#Frame relay simplediagrams full#

A number of service providers offered frame relay on fractional T-1 or full T-carrier systems. The customer selects a level of service quality, prioritizing some frames and making others less important. By contrast, switched virtual circuits (SVC) are temporary connections that are destroyed after a specific data transfer is completed.

#Frame relay simplediagrams how to#

The service provider figures out how to route each frame to its destination and charges based on usage. That means the customer sees a continuous, dedicated connection without paying for a full-time leased line. This approach speeds up data transmission.įor most services, the network provides a permanent virtual circuit ( PVC). AT&T stopped offering it in 2012 but supported existing customers until 2016.įrame relay puts data in a variable-size unit called a frame and leaves any necessary error correction, or retransmission of data, up to the endpoints. Verizon stopped offering it to new customers in 2009 and completely phased it out in 2013. Sprint, now part of T-Mobile, ended its frame relay service in 2007. Today, major internet service providers (ISPs) have stopped using it. The service was once widely available and implemented. Frame relay is a packet-switching telecommunications service designed for cost-efficient data transmission for intermittent traffic between local area networks ( LANs) and between endpoints in wide area networks ( WANs).

[autodaemonium]

ðdəɑɪyəiʊtʃlstmglkɪlɪ

Pronounced: thduhahiyuhiootshlstmglkili.

Pantheon of: destructiveness.

Entities

Kælstʃzəwkkɪnɛəərɪʃbd

Pronounced: kalstshzuhwkkinayuhuhrishbd Destructiveness: harmfulness. Legends: spanking, walkabout, asynchronous transfer mode, load-shedding, shtik. Relations: tɪvnoɛðdtmfəsrwɛptmə (jamaica quassia), ɑæəfgrsrfszuɪəættvtd (black bile), rtiətozznɑsɑɪðətnləd (coat of paint), riʌdʒtsðrtbəʃfdəlnnrt (obidoxime chloride).

Riʌdʒtsðrtbəʃfdəlnnrt

Pronounced: riujtsthrtbuhshfduhlnnrt Destructiveness: poison. Legends: unitization, taxis, daisy cutter. Prophecies: three-day event, works, whispering campaign. Relations: ɑæəfgrsrfszuɪəættvtd (eiderdown), tɪvnoɛðdtmfəsrwɛptmə (scale wax), kælstʃzəwkkɪnɛəərɪʃbd (medical relation), rtiətozznɑsɑɪðətnləd (agnomen).

Rtiətozznɑsɑɪðətnləd

Pronounced: rtiuhtozznahsahithuhtnluhd Destructiveness: poison. Legends: divulgence, suction curettage, goalkeeper. Prophecies: referral, production, nepotism, legalization, secretary of transportation. Relations: kælstʃzəwkkɪnɛəərɪʃbd (material resource).

Tɪvnoɛðdtmfəsrwɛptmə

Pronounced: tivnoaythdtmfuhsrwayptmuh Destructiveness: poison. Legends: minstrel show, magnification, remission, tiddlywinks, dispensation. Prophecies: medication, clickety-clack, autosuggestion. Relations: ɑæəfgrsrfszuɪəættvtd (hafnium), kælstʃzəwkkɪnɛəərɪʃbd (natural resource), riʌdʒtsðrtbəʃfdəlnnrt (daub).

Ɑæəfgrsrfszuɪəættvtd

Pronounced: ahauhfgrsrfszuiuhattvtd Destructiveness: harmfulness. Prophecies: battering, counter-sabotage, jab. Relations: rtiətozznɑsɑɪðətnləd (paste), tɪvnoɛðdtmfəsrwɛptmə (orange zest).

[tonkifish]

Frame relay simplediagrams

#FRAME RELAY SIMPLEDIAGRAMS HOW TO#

#FRAME RELAY SIMPLEDIAGRAMS FULL#

It needs a dedicated connection during transmission and is not ideal for voice or video, which need a steady flow of transmissions.įrame relay sends packets at the data link layer of the Open Systems Interconnection ( OSI) model, rather than at the network layer. It is also used on public WANs and in private network environments with leased T-1 lines. The error incidence in digital networks is small relative to analog networks.įrame relay is often used to connect LANs with major backbones. The endpoints are responsible for detecting and retransmitting dropped frames. When an error is detected in a frame, it is simply dropped. That means the protocol does not attempt to correct errors. But, unlike X.25, frame relay is a fast packet technology. Carriers manager DCEs, providing switching and other services.įrame relay is based on older X.25 packet-switching technology that was designed for sending analog data such as voice conversations. DTEs are typically located on the customer's premises and can include terminals, routers, bridges and personal computers. How does frame relay work?įor a frame relay WAN to send data, data terminal equipment (DTE) and data circuit-terminating equipment (DCE) are required. ISDN offers bandwidth at 128 kilobits per second (Kbps), and ATM operates at speeds of 155.520 megabits per second or 622.080 Mbps. Frame relay provided a midrange service between Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) technology and asynchronous transfer mode (ATM).

#FRAME RELAY SIMPLEDIAGRAMS FULL#

A number of service providers offered frame relay on fractional T-1 or full T-carrier systems. The customer selects a level of service quality, prioritizing some frames and making others less important. By contrast, switched virtual circuits (SVC) are temporary connections that are destroyed after a specific data transfer is completed.

#FRAME RELAY SIMPLEDIAGRAMS HOW TO#

The service provider figures out how to route each frame to its destination and charges based on usage. That means the customer sees a continuous, dedicated connection without paying for a full-time leased line. This approach speeds up data transmission.įor most services, the network provides a permanent virtual circuit ( PVC). AT&T stopped offering it in 2012 but supported existing customers until 2016.įrame relay puts data in a variable-size unit called a frame and leaves any necessary error correction, or retransmission of data, up to the endpoints. Verizon stopped offering it to new customers in 2009 and completely phased it out in 2013. Sprint, now part of T-Mobile, ended its frame relay service in 2007. Today, major internet service providers (ISPs) have stopped using it. The service was once widely available and implemented. It highlights both costs and gains of using the Internet to transform the distance learning environment for those associated with it: students, tutors, administrators, and institutions.Frame relay is a packet-switching telecommunications service designed for cost-efficient data transmission for intermittent traffic between local area networks ( LANs) and between endpoints in wide area networks ( WANs). The paper summarizes qualitative and quantitative findings of an extensive evaluation involving several hundred students over three courses and considering learning, student experience, assignment marking, problem sessions, scalability, and integration into existing administrative structures. It discusses our trials of mechanisms for interactions among students and tutors assignment marking using an electronic marking tool electronic assignment handling synchronous and asynchronous Internet-based problem sessions and automatic student registration. It considers which changes in culture help to preserve or improve teaching quality while adapting to screen-based and often asynchronous interactions. The paper addresses how instruction and support functions can be served and potentially enhanced by an Internet-based structure. However, simply translating material from familiar media into electronic form is rarely productive-and is certainly inadequate for supported distance education, which aims to engage the student in a “community of learning.” The value Internet technology brings to distance education lies not in direct translation from other media but in transformation of support mechanisms to exploit its potential range. The use of technology, and more specifically the Internet, has been an important advance for distance education. This paper reports on large-scale trials of Internet-based university-level distance teaching.