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royalsofhistory · 1 year ago

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Can you pls talk about king Alexander I of Yugoslavia & his wife mignon.

Does he was loyal to her? Did they had a loving marriage?.

I tried so hard to find some info but it's so hard!😭

Hi! Of course, I’ll try to, to the best of my knowledge.

I’m not entirely convinced whether the match was one of true love or not, but I do believe the two had respect for one another.

Alexander had fallen in love with Tatiana, Tsar Nicholas II’s second daughter, when he was a child, and he intended on marrying her, but his marital aspirations came crumbling when the Romanovs were slaughtered by the Bolsheviks. To quote Hannah Pakula, “he never fell in love again”. Mignon, too, had declared she was never going to marry amidst the marriage events of her siblings. In spite of Alexander’s heartbreak, he still expressed his wish for “practical matters, such as the consolidation of his dynasty”.

However, the idea of a marriage between Mignon and Alexander came through the auspices of Romanian politician, Take Ionescu, who supported Balkan unity. He spoke to Mignon about the “lonely young man, an orphan with a mentally unstable brother, a poor rich king in an empty palace, who was looking for a queen to brighten his life and give him a family”, which intrigued the ever so kindhearted Romanian princess.

The following passages are cited from Hannah Pakula’s book:

[…] Alexander vas invited to Sinaia for the Christmas holidays, "the time of all the year," according to the Princess, "when it must be most sad to be alone without family." A week or so after New Year's, Mignon took her suitor through the snow-covered forests on a tour of Castle Peles. They were gone some time. When they returned, she was leading him by the hand. The King of Yugoslavia spoke no English. "Mother, we have arranged it," said Mignon, who burst into tears and ran quickly out of the room.

Queen Marie was concerned. Although she knew Alexander had an excellent personal reputation and that the alliance would be extremely popular both countries, he was, in her words, "an outsider of unsure race." Shy, communicative, the King of Yugoslavia volunteered nothing about himself. Marie could not understand how her daughter could have accepted him so readily without knowing him better […]. The Princess herself seemed to have no anxieties, announcing her new status with pride to everyone around and insisting upon telegraphing government officials herself.

I interpret Mignon’s eagerness to become engaged with Alexander as a show of her empathetic nature, but also of attraction. Upon their marriage celebrations, Alexander purchased an incredibly exquisite but expensive set of jewels for his soon-to-be wife.

Now… I haven’t found much information about their actual marriage. It’s a rather vague subject. However, I think it was an agreeable one, but not exclusively loving. His mother-in-law described Alexander as “capricious”, and Mignon as “having developed a dependency on other women”. Please note that it was believed that Mignon was romantically interested in women and she allegedly had an affair with a former classmate from Heathfield School, Rosemary Cresswell, also a lady-in-waiting to her, after her husband's death. In terms of Alexander’s loyalty, there was an incident involving his sister-in-law, Elisabeth, which took place soon after Peter’s birth. Elisabeth was being very flirtatious towards Alexander, a fact which greatly bothered Mignon, but it was never mentioned if it was mutual. I haven’t read about any other cases of “infidelity”.

The only reaction on Mignon’s part after Alexander’s death that I was able to find was the following, noted by Marie of Romania: “She was extremely calm and wonderfully dignified, but her hands were shaking”.

I wish I could further elaborate, but I only possess so much information on the subject you’ve mentioned.

Unfortunately, as you’ve mentioned, resources (especially primary resources, like their diaries which have yet to be published, if they ever will be) on them are rather limited. However, I’ve managed to gather a few, though I’m afraid they might not be very accessible, since they’re not all available in English, but here they are nevertheless:

English language sources:

• The many works of Stephen Graham on King Alexander of Yugoslavia, such as Alexander of Yugoslavia: The Story of the King who was Murdered at Marseilles. You can read it here. Also, Alexander of Yugoslavia: The Strong Man of the Balkans, which you can read here.

• The website of the Royal Family of Serbia, that you can access here.

• The Last Romantic: A Biography of Queen Marie of Romania by Hannah Pakula. You can read it here.

• And of course, The story of my life by Queen Marie of Romania. Her memoirs are always very insightful and useful. You can read them here.

Romanian language sources:

• Mignon. Principesa României, Regina Iugoslaviei by Diana Mandache. It’s a very solid piece of work on Mignon, though, unfortunately, the biography has yet to be digitalised and translated into English.

• A ten page article on Mignon also written by Diana Mandache and published by the Romanian National Museum of History Journal that you can read here. It’s in Romanian, but you can use Google Translate to read it, if you’ve got the patience.

Serbian language sources:

• Marija Karađorđević - Kraljica Majka by Danica and Srđan Čolović.

• Marija Karađorđević: Kraljica Plem by Vojislava Latković.

Hope this helps :D

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usafphantom2 · 1 year ago

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RAF Typhoons intercepted 50 Russian aircraft during air policing mission in Estonia

Fernando Valduga By Fernando Valduga 12/08/2023 - 13:47in Interceptions, Military

The United Kingdom has been leading NATO's air policing mission in Estonia for the past four months, demonstrating the United Kingdom's commitment to the Alliance and security in Europe.

The British Royal Air Force personnel returned to the United Kingdom after leading NATO's Baltic air policing mission in Estonia for four months, during which pilots intercepted 50 Russian aircraft and flew for a combined total of more than 500 hours.

Members of the 140ª Expeditionary Air Wing (140 EAW) have been deployed to Ämari Air Base since early March, along with a squadron of RAF Typhoon fighters, to carry out Rapid Reaction Alert (QRA) interceptions of Russian aircraft in transit near NATO airspace.

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The Typhoon jets and their pilots of squadrons IX (Bombardes) and 1 (Huntings) were deployed in Estonia from the Lossiemouth RAF Base, where most of the 140 EAW employees have already returned.

The deployment, called Op Azotize, began with RAF pilots flying on missions alongside the German Air Force - during which the first joint air interception between NATO allies took place, when British and German Typhoons pursued a Russian air-to-air refueling aircraft and transport aircraft.

140EAW personnel were called at one point to intercept Russian aircraft that did not make contact with NATO-controlled regional air traffic agencies and did not file flight plans, thus failing to adhere to international standards. This, in turn, creates a flight safety risk that must be investigated and monitored by NATO aircraft to ensure the safety of all air traffic in the region.

After assuming the full leadership of the air policing mission, the RAF Typhoons carried out QRA interceptions regularly - including a 21-day period in which Russian fighters, long-range bombers and reconnaissance aircraft were intercepted 21 times.

During the deployment, the operations took place in coordination with the Portuguese and Romanian Air Forces, which jointly led the NATO air policing mission in Lithuania.

While deployed in Estonia, the RAF also participated in several important exercises with NATO allies, including Exercise Air Defender, the largest NATO air deployment exercise since the end of the Cold War, with more than 250 aircraft and 10,000 people participating from 25 nations. The RAF's contribution to the exercise combined Typhoons of 140 EAW based in Estonia and 903 EAW based in Cyprus, and included F-35, Voyager and A400M aircraft flying from the United Kingdom.

The RAF 140EAW Typhoons conducted several exercises with the newest NATO member, Finland, including joint training in the Arctic Circle, as well as with the future member of the Alliance, Sweden. These exercises ensure the strength and unity of the alliance, as well as deter and defend against threats to NATO security.

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NATO's Baltic Air Policing mission was established at Amari Base in Estonia and at Siauliai Air Base in Lithuania in 2014, after the illegal annexation of Crimea by Russia. The allies who contribute to the mission are deployed to air bases in Eastern Europe on a four-month rotation basis, providing protection and security to all NATO members, as well as partner nations.

The UK's defense commitment to Estonia will continue through Op Cabrit, with more than 1,000 British Army soldiers currently stationed at the Tapa Army Base to form the UK's contribution to NATO's advanced presence along its eastern border with Russia.

Tags: Military AviationInterceptionsNATO Baltic Air Policing MissionRAF - Royal Air Force/Royal Air ForceRussia

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Fernando Valduga

Aviation photographer and pilot since 1992, has participated in several events and air operations, such as Cruzex, AirVenture, Daytona Airshow and FIDAE. He has works published in specialized aviation magazines in Brazil and abroad. Uses Canon equipment during his photographic work around the world of aviation.

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alaturkanews · 3 days ago

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Romania election preview: who is running for president?

Far-right nationalist George Simion could become Romania’s next president. Just days before the election, he hailed Donald trump at the campaign headquarters and denied allegations that he is a Russian spy. “I would like for Romanians to feel that the leaders are rule-makers, not simply rule-takers,” the Alliance for the Unity of Romanians leader told reporters Wednesday in Bucharest. Formed in…

#Party #Romania

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cincinnatusvirtue · 4 years ago

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Unification of Germany, pt.1 An overview of European nationalism-stirred and suppressed (1803-1848)

-Romantic nationalism was in full swing within 19th century Europe. An outgrowth of the French Revolution and largely spurred on in the wake of initial French successes during the Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815). One of the places this sense of nationalism was felt most was in the German speaking states of Central Europe. At the time, this was a collection of multiple states of varying sizes, an outgrowth of the ancient Holy Roman Empire with the two largest states of the time being the Kingdom of Prussia and the Hapsburg Austria.

-Traditionally since the Middle Ages, the Archduchy of Austria run by the Hapsburg dynasty had wielded the most power and authority becoming identified with the nominal title of Holy Roman Emperor. in 1806, following Austria’s defeat at the hands of Napoleon’s First French Empire and creation of the Confederation of the Rhine, a rump collection of French satellite states in the western region of German speaking territory. The Holy Roman Emperor, Francis II dissolved the Holy Roman Empire officially. Instead he created officially the Austrian Empire, out of the Archduchy of Austria and its territory elsewhere in Central Europe. Francis II became Francis I, Emperor of Austria.

-Prussia had long sought to supplant Austria as the leading state in German lands and in the 18th century under Frederick the Great had attempted to do just that. Despite its hard earned military reputation by the Napoleonic era, Prussia was outdated and overtly bureaucratic in its structure and tactics. It also hadn’t fought war continuously for some time and was lead by old generations of generals. 1806 saw them taking on France largely by itself, following its resentment of French influence in German speaking territory. It proved to be an eye opening experience, within a month Napoleon defeated the bulk of Prussia’s army and occupied its capital, Berlin. In 1807, it finally surrendered and gave away a lot of territory in the process. Prussia was also forced to suffer an occupation by French troops. In the interim it began to reform its armies. Along with Austria, both nations rose up against Napoleon following the French retreat from Russia in 1812. By 1813, uniting with other Allied nations, they drove Napoleon from Germany following the October 1813 Battle of Leipzig, a key moment in the cultural memory of 19th century German peoples. 1814 saw Napoleon’s abdication and 1815 his brief return where he was finally defeated by a combined Anglo-Dutch-Prussian force at Waterloo.

-From that point on, the Congress of Vienna, orchestrated by Austrian Foreign Minister and later Chancellor, Klemens von Metternich sought to redraw Europe’s map to maintain a balance of power. Which weakened France and increased Austrian, Russian and Prussian power as a counterweight on the continent. German national feelings were stirred by the revolutionary ideas of the French Revolution which had shaken the monarchies of old, this coupled with resentment of French interference in their territory, signaled nationalism in its first throes.

-Metternich was convinced that expressions of nationalism would inevitably lead to the disorder of the French Revolution and to an inversion of the “natural order” of monarchical rule, this became the de-facto conservative position in Europe of the time, pro-monarchy where as a liberal position was to take the nationalist cause. One in which peoples united by ethnic and cultural ties of language, religion, tradition and geography would unite into a modern nation state, given to self-determination and possibly one that promoted the people en masse having a say in their governance rather coming from a monarch. Metternich was keenly aware in the multi-ethnic Austrian Empire of just how delicate a balance needed to be maintained, Germans, Hungarians, Italians, Croats, Serbs, Slovenes, Czechs, Slovaks, Poles, Ukrainians and Romanians all were under the Hapsburg umbrella and all had some level of nationalist stirring as a result of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic wars.

-The response of Metternich and other conservative reactionaries was to suppress the development of free press, closing newspaper and magazine publications that promoted ideas of nationalism, be they German or any other. Metternich himself was German and the the Germans de-facto ran much of Austria’s bureaucracy, but the notion of a united Germany, possibly bereft of a monarch, was abhorrent to his sensibilities. He proposed also maintained a robust domestic spying apparatus to jail any potential liberal or nationalist ideas that could oppose the monarchy. Which in turn fueled more anti-monarchical sentiment.

-Metternich had also orchestrated the Austrian dominated German Confederation to succeed the Confederation of the Rhine & Holy Roman Empire. The idea was that the 39 German states that were members would be unified in association against foreign attack, mainly aimed against France but all the states would retain their autonomy with Austria largely dictating events. Though an expanded Prussia also commanded influence which with France out of the way for now, saw the old Austro-Prussian rivalry again simmer underneath the veneer of unity. No member state could leave the association and its laws were ultimately limiting to its member states, again for the sake of unity.

-Metternich proposed the Congress system in which the major powers of Europe would work in the so called Concert of Europe to suppress nationalist and liberal ideas that undermined the status quo. This involved a series of diplomatic summits from 1814 in Vienna until 1826 in St. Petersburg. The included the Holy Alliance of the Austria, Prussia & Russia maintaining their imperial partitions of Poland, suppressing a revolt in Spain in 1820 as well as Italian revolts during this era. The Quintuple Alliance of Austria, Prussia, Russia, Britain and a “reformed” Bourbon France also sought to maintain this balance of power through consultation.

-However, in the Ottoman Empire, nationalism was afoot in the Balkan states, first manifest in Serbia which got de-facto independence following a series of revolts (1804-1813) & (1815). Then in the Greek War of Independence (1821-1829), the success of these movements which included Russian and later Franco-British support weakened both the Ottoman Empire and inspired the nationalist movements of Europe, despite Metternich’s hopes to suppress the very flames his supposed partners has fanned.

-The divergent foreign policy ambitions of the major European powers began to undermine Metternich’s Congress system. Russia in particular sought to expand its territory and influence into the Balkans at the expense of the Ottomans, namely with control over Constantinople itself. This coupled with the religious solidarity of their Balkan coreligionists of the Eastern Orthodox Christian faith showed the cracks in the Metternich’s plans. Britain and France likewise began to somewhat temper their old animosity with increased opposition to Russian expansion into the Balkans and in Central Asia.

-Another blow came in 1830 with the Belgian Revolution which separated Belgium from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands. Austria, Prussia and Russia remained unified in their opposition to the partition of the Netherlands fearful of any further revolution. Meanwhile, France which faced its own revolution that year had a new more liberal monarchy installed, sought to support it, since the revolution was largely made of the Catholic and Francophone Walloon people of the southern Netherlands. Britain was wary of French intentions to annex Belgium, but realized none of the other Great Powers were willing to intervene following French support to the Belgians and supported the establishment of a neutral Belgium. This lead to the 1830 London Conference, in which ultimately all five Great Powers agreed to recognize and independent and neutral Belgium which was to be respected by and guaranteed by the signatories of the agreement. The Netherlands wouldn’t agree to the protocol until 1839 which saw the recognize Belgian independence.

-Meanwhile, Muhammad Ali Pasha, Wali (governor) of Ottoman Egypt had been in effect independent from the Turks since the Napoleonic Wars and in the 1830′s with resentment over his losses in supporting the Turks against the Greeks, he sought compensation with control over the Levant, leading to military victories over the Ottomans proper, who saw Ali as further destabilizing the status quo, he was creating an Egyptian nationalism at the expense of Turkish rule and stability. The 1840 Oriental Crisis saw Austria, Prussia, Russia & Britain support the Ottomans and negotiate an arbitration. Only France, then in the throes of conquering the Regency of Algiers (Algeria) sought to support Egypt and Ali because it weakened Ottoman influence and expanded French colonialism in North Africa. This lead to yet another split in the rival ambitions and cooperation of the Great Powers. Eventually a London conference settled the matter for Egypt and the Ottomans. Ali and his descendants would be hereditary rulers of Egypt & Sudan, in exchange for him withdrawing his armies from the Levant and Crete. The Ottomans agreed to this position. However, this gave way to the Rhine Crisis involving tension over French claims to territory against the German Confederation, ultimately it was resolved diplomatically but underpinned the ongoing precarious situation in Europe.

-In Europe, including the German Confederation many rapid social and technological changes were occurring. Political ideologies like socialism and later communism were gaining some level of popularity among the industrial and rural working classes. While an increasing middle class bourgeoisie with capitalist aspirations also took hold with increased economic power and independence. While these classes were in philosophical competition with each other, the desire for increased constitutional rights for many if not all the populace were raising their collective voices. Universities throughout German territories were becoming hotbeds of discussion for German nationalism or at the very least calls for constitutional and political reform, the suppression of Metternich and his partners was increasingly fragile and dwindling in its effectiveness to drown out the cries of revolution. These cries across Germany and Europe more broadly resulting from a kaleidoscope of shifting and colliding ideologies, influences and peoples of varying backgrounds was coming to a tipping point on the horizon...1848...

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savedfromsalvation · 6 years ago

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SO YOU’RE A CHRISTIAN? WHAT FLAVOR?

AN INCOMPLETE LIST OF MODERN CHRISTIAN SECTS AND CULTS:

CATHOLIC CHURCH

Latin Church

Catholic Charismatic Renewal

Blue Army of Our Lady of Fátima

Legion of Mary (active and auxiliary)

International Catholic Conference of Scouting

Cursillo

Worldwide Marriage Encounter

Marian Movement of Priests

Militia Immaculatae

International Alliance of Catholic Knights

Knights of Columbus

Schoenstatt Apostolic Movement

Nocturnal Adoration Societies

Neocatechumenal Way

Couples for Christ

Society of Saint Vincent de Paul

Secular Franciscan Order

Young Christian Workers (JOC)

School of the Cross

Focolare Movement

Christian Life Community

Opus Dei

Pax Romana

Community of Sant'Egidio

Communion and Liberation

Salesian Cooperators Association

Christian Life Movement

Regnum Christi

Our Lady's Rosary Makers

Personal Ordinariate for former Anglicans

Eastern Catholic Churches

Alexandrian Rite

Ethiopian Catholic Church

Coptic Catholic Church

Eritrean Catholic Church

Antiochene Rite

Maronite Catholic Church

Syro-Malankara Catholic Church

Syriac Catholic Church

Armenian Rite

Armenian Catholic Church

Byzantine Rite

Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church

Melkite Greek Catholic Church

Romanian Greek Catholic Church

Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church

Hungarian Greek Catholic Church

Slovak Greek Catholic Church

Italo-Albanian Catholic Church

Belarusian Greek Catholic Church

Byzantine Catholic Church of Croatia and Serbia

Georgian Byzantine Catholic Church

Albanian Greek Catholic Church

Bulgarian Greek Catholic Church

Greek Byzantine Catholic Church

Macedonian Greek Catholic Church

Russian Greek Catholic Church

Chaldean Rite

Syro-Malabar Catholic Church

Chaldean Catholic Church

Canonically irregular groups

Society of Saint Pius X

PROTESTANTISM

Baptist churches

Southern Baptist Convention

National Baptist Convention, USA, Inc

Nigerian Baptist Convention

National Missionary Baptist Convention of America

National Baptist Convention of America, Inc.

Baptist Union of Uganda

Baptist Community of Western Congo

Baptist General Convention of Texas

Baptist Convention of Tanzania

Brazilian Baptist Convention

Progressive National Baptist Convention

Council of Baptist Churches in Northeast India

Baptist Bible Fellowship International

American Baptist Churches USA

Lott Carey Foreign Mission Convention

Baptist Community of the Congo River

National Primitive Baptist Convention of the U.S.A.

Myanmar Baptist Convention

Cooperative Baptist Fellowship

Baptist General Association of Virginia

Baptist Convention of Kenya

Nagaland Baptist Church Council

Korea Baptist Convention

Samavesam of Telugu Baptist Churches

Orissa Evangelical Baptist Crusade

National Baptist Convention (Brazil)

Church of Christ in Congo–Baptist Community of Congo

Baptist Convention of Malawi

Garo Baptist Convention

Convention of Philippine Baptist Churches

Ghana Baptist Convention – 0.3[21]

Union of Baptist Churches in Rwanda

Conservative Baptist Association of America

National Association of Free Will Baptists

Convention of Visayas and Mindanao of Southern Baptist Churches

Manipur Baptist Convention

Baptist Community in Central Africa

Lutheranism

Evangelical Church in Germany

United Protestants i.e. Lutheran & Reformed

Lutherans

Reformed

Ethiopian Evangelical Church Mekane Yesus

Evangelical Lutheran Church in Tanzania

Church of Sweden

United Evangelical Lutheran Churches in India

Batak Christian Protestant Church

Church of Denmark

Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland

Church of Norway

Evangelical Lutheran Church in America

Malagasy Lutheran Church

The Lutheran Church of Christ in Nigeria

Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod

Evangelical Lutheran Church of Papua New Guinea

Evangelical Church of the Lutheran Confession in Brazil

Evangelical Lutheran Church in Namibia

Evangelical Lutheran Church in Southern Africa

The Protestant Christian Church

The Indonesian Christian Church

Evangelical Lutheran Church in the Republic of Namibia

Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod

Evangelical Free Church of America

Lutheran Congregations in Mission for Christ

Evangelical Lutheran Church of Cameroon

Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Austria

Evangelical Lutheran Church in Zimbabwe

Evangelical Lutheran Church of Latvia

Christian Protestant Church in Indonesia

Church of Iceland

Simalungun Protestant Christian Church

Evangelical Lutheran Church of Brazil

Protestant Church of Augsburg Confession of Alsace and Lorraine

Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Slovakia

Evangelical-Lutheran Church in Hungary

Estonian Evangelical Lutheran Church

Methodism

United Methodist Church

African Methodist Episcopal Church

Church of the Nazarene

Methodist Church Nigeria

The Salvation Army

Methodist Church of Southern Africa

Korean Methodist Church

African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church

United Methodist Church of Ivory Coast

Free Methodist Church

Christian Methodist Episcopal Church

Methodist Church Ghana

Methodist Church in India

Methodist Church in Kenya

Wesleyan Church

Methodist Church of Great Britain

Methodist Church in Brazil

Calvinism

Reformed Presbyterian

Presbyterian Church of East Africa

Presbyterian Church of Nigeria

Presbyterian Church of Africa

Presbyterian Church in Korea (HapDong)

Presbyterian Church of Korea (TongHap)

National Presbyterian Church in Mexico

Church of Christ in Congo

Presbyterian Community of Congo

Presbyterian Church of Cameroon]

Presbyterian Church (USA)

Presbyterian Church of India

Church of Central Africa Presbyterian

Presbyterian Church of Brazil

Presbyterian Church in Sudan

Presbyterian Church in Cameroon

Presbyterian Church in Korea (HapDongBoSu II.)

Presbyterian Church in Korea (BaekSeok)

Evangelical Presbyterian Church, Ghana

United Church of Christ in the Philippines

Uniting Presbyterian Church in Southern Africa

United Church of Canada

Church of Scotland

Presbyterian Church in America

Presbyterian Church of Pakistan

Presbyterian Church in Korea (Koshin)

Korean Presbyterian Church

Presbyterian Church in Rwanda

Uniting Church in Australia

Presbyterian Church in Taiwan

Presbyterian Church in Ireland

Continental Reformed churches

Church of Jesus Christ in Madagascar

Protestant Church in Indonesia

United Church in Zambia

Evangelical Church of Cameroon

Swiss Reformed Church

Protestant Church in the Netherlands

Christian Evangelical Church in Timor

Dutch Reformed Church in South Africa (NGK)

Christian Evangelical Church in Minahasa

United Church in Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands

Protestant Church in Western Indonesia

Evangelical Christian Church in Tanah Papua

Protestant Church of Maluku

Reformed Church in Hungary

Reformed Church in Romania

Uniting Reformed Church in Southern Africa

Toraja Church

Reformed Church of France

Lesotho Evangelical Church

Evangelical Christian Church in Halmahera

Christian Church of Sumba

Karo Batak Protestant Church

Christian Reformed Church of Nigeria

Reformed Church in Zambia

Evangelical Reformed Church in Angola

Reformed Church in America

Christian Reformed Church in North America

Kalimantan Evangelical Church

Javanese Christian Church

Indonesia Christian Church

Church of Christ in the Sudan Among the Tiv

Church of Lippe

Evangelical Church of Congo

Christian Evangelical Church of Sangihe Talaud

Central Sulawesi Christian Church

Evangelical Reformed Church in Bavaria and Northwestern Germany

Congregationalism

United Church of Christ

Evangelical Congregational Church in Angola

United Congregational Church of Southern Africa

Anabaptism

Mennonites

Schwarzenau Brethren/German Baptists

Amish

Hutterites

Hussites

Moravians

Czechoslovak Hussite Church

Unity of the Brethren

Quakers (Religious Society of Friends)

Modern Protestantism

Pentecostalism

Assemblies of God

Apostolic Church

International Circle of Faith

Fangcheng Fellowship

China Gospel Fellowship

Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee)

International Church of the Foursquare Gospel

Church of God in Christ

Jesus Is Lord Church Worldwide

International Pentecostal Holiness Church

United Pentecostal Church International

The Pentecostal Mission

Christian Congregation of Brazil

True Jesus Church

The Church of Pentecost

Universal Church of the Kingdom of God

Pentecostal Assemblies of the World

Apostolic Faith Mission of South Africa

Church of God of Prophecy

Association of Pentecostal Churches of Rwanda

God is Love Pentecostal Church

Nondenominational Evangelicalism

Calvary Chapel

Born Again Movement

Association of Vineyard Churches

Christian and Missionary Alliance

Church of God (Anderson, Indiana)

African Initiated Protestant Churches

Zion Christian Church

Eternal Sacred Order of Cherubim and Seraphim

Kimbanguist Church

Redeemed Christian Church of God

Church of the Lord (Aladura)

Council of African Instituted Churches

Church of Christ Light of the Holy Spirit

African Church of the Holy Spirit

African Israel Church Nineveh

Seventh-day Adventist Church

New Apostolic Church

Lord's Recovery (Watchman Nee)

Lord's Recovery (Witness Lee

Local churches or Church Assembly Hall

Eastern Lightning

The Shouters

Restoration Movement

Churches of Christ

Christian churches and churches of Christ

Christian Church (Disciples of Christ)

Community of Disciples of Christ in Congo

Plymouth Brethren

Anglicanism

Anglican Communion

Church of England

Church of Nigeria

Church of Uganda

Anglican Church of Kenya

Episcopal Church of South Sudan and Sudan

Church of South India

Anglican Church of Australia

Anglican Church of Southern Africa

Anglican Church of Tanzania

Episcopal Church in the United States

Anglican Church of Canada

Church of North India

Anglican Church of Rwanda

Church of the Province of Central Africa

Anglican Church of Burundi

Church in the Province of the West Indies

Anglican Church in Aotearoa, New Zealand and Polynesia

Church of the Province of the Indian Ocean

Church of Christ in Congo–Anglican Community of Congo

Church of Pakistan

Church of Ireland

Church of the Province of West Africa

Anglican Church of Melanesia

Episcopal Church in the Philippines

Continuing Anglican movement and independent churches

Traditional Anglican Communion

Anglican Church in North America

Reformed Evangelical Anglican Church of South Africa

Eastern Orthodox Church ( Non-Chalcedonian)

Autocephalous Churches

Russian Orthodox Church

Romanian Orthodox Church

Church of Greece

Serbian Orthodox Church

Bulgarian Orthodox Church

Georgian Orthodox Church

Greek Orthodox Church of Constantinople

Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch

Greek Orthodox Church of Alexandria

Orthodox Church in America

Polish Orthodox Church

Albanian Orthodox Church

Church of Cyprus

Greek Orthodox Church of Jerusalem

Czech and Slovak Orthodox Church

Autonomous churches

Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)

Moldovan Orthodox Church

Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia

Metropolitan Church of Bessarabia

Orthodox Ohrid Archbishopric

Estonian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)

Finnish Orthodox Church

Chinese Orthodox Church

Japanese Orthodox Church

Latvian Orthodox Church

Non-universally recognized churches

Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Kyiv Patriarchate)

Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church

Belarusian Autocephalous Orthodox Church

Macedonian Orthodox Church

Orthodox Church of Greece (Holy Synod in Resistance)

Old Calendarist Romanian Orthodox Church

Old Calendar Bulgarian Orthodox Church

Orthodox Church in Italy

Montenegrin Orthodox Church

Other separated Orthodox groups

Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church

Old Believers

Greek Old Calendarists

True Orthodox Church

Evangelical Orthodox Church

Oriental Orthodoxy

Autocephalous Churches

Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church

Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria

Armenian Apostolic Church

Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin

Holy See of Cilicia

Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople

Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem

Syriac Orthodox Church

Jacobite Syrian Christian Church

Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church

Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church

Autonomous Churches

French Coptic Orthodox Church

Churches not in communion

Mar Thoma Syrian Church

Malabar Independent Syrian Church

British Orthodox Church

Restorationism and Nontrinitarianism

Latter Day Saint movement (Mormonism)

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]

Community of Christ

Jehovah's Witnesses

Oneness Pentecostalism

United Pentecostal Church International

Pentecostal Assemblies of the World

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And tell me again why yours is “THE ONE TRUE FAITH!” Laz

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diaspora9ja · 4 years ago

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Far-right party changes political landscape in Romania

Romania’s general election on December 6 was imagined to be probably the most uneventful poll in a long time. As an alternative, a far-right get together got here seemingly from nowhere to win 9 per cent of the vote.

The ultranationalist Alliance for the Unity of Romanians (AUR), which was fashioned a yr in the past, capitalised on frustration with anti-coronavirus measures, help from the Romanian Orthodox Church, an efficient social media technique and a willingness to debate taboo points to unexpectedly turn out to be the fourth-largest get together in parliament.

For years, Romania had been an outlier in central and japanese Europe as a result of it didn’t have a distinguished far-right get together, although a number of mainstream events have flirted with intolerant concepts. Now, the populist AUR will enter each chambers of parliament.

“A conservative revolution has commenced,” AUR co-founder Claudiu Tarziu stated shortly after the vote.

Turnout within the election was 30 per cent, the bottom for the reason that collapse of communism in 1989. That traditionally low determine “exhibits that political events have ceased to be consultant,” stated Oana Popescu, whose World Focus think-tank has researched the success of Romania’s far-right.

Turnout within the elections on December 6 was the bottom for the reason that collapse of communism in 1989 © Robert Ghement/EPA-EFE/Shutterstock

AUR was based on December 1 2019, Romania’s “nice union day”, within the historic metropolis of Alba Iulia. The town was chosen as a result of it’s the place the place the union of Romania and Transylvania, which had beforehand been a part of Hungary, was proclaimed following the primary world struggle. AUR requires the union of all territories the place ethnic Romanians dwell, particularly neighbouring Moldova.

Mr Tarziu was among the many organisers of a 2018 constitutional referendum to ban same-sex marriage. It failed due to low turnout, however the unfastened coalition of conservatives it drew helped start a brand new political pressure, stated Laura Stefan of the Bucharest-based Knowledgeable Discussion board think-tank.

The position of church in society has been very extensively mentioned on social media. It was a really high-profile subject. But no mainstream political get together has dared to the touch on this dialogue brazenly

The referendum was additionally strongly supported by the Romanian Orthodox Church, which performs a prominent role in society. The brand new get together capitalised on present ties with the church through the election marketing campaign. Church leaders promoted the get together by internet hosting discussions with AUR members on its widespread TV channels.

One vital second through the marketing campaign got here when the federal government banned a public gathering in honour of St Andrew, one in every of Romania’s most necessary saints, due to the Covid-19 pandemic. A conservative cleric within the coastal metropolis of Constanta introduced that the celebration would go forward, whereas police stood by observing the occasion.

“The position of church in society has been very extensively mentioned on social media. It was a really high-profile subject,” stated Ms Popescu. “But no mainstream political get together has dared to the touch on this dialogue brazenly,” due to the highly effective position the church performs in society, making it a taboo subject for mainstream politicians.

AUR additionally capitalised on financial inequality, particularly as it’s perceived by the Romanian diaspora in western Europe.

“A whole lot of votes got here from Romanians doing arduous work overseas, like agriculture and development,” stated Ms Stefan. “They really feel overlooked. And if somebody can promise them a life they don’t have, it’s straightforward to make use of nationalism to inform folks they’re nice and are available from an incredible nation.”

The get together organised protests in opposition to the financial results of anti-coronavirus measures. It additionally lambasted influential “international firms that take their earnings out of Romania”. In a message that resonated with small enterprise house owners, AUR leaders campaigned in opposition to the choice to shut small native farmers’ markets whereas permitting massive foreign-owned grocery store chains to proceed working.

Solely three per cent of eligible voters chosen AUR within the election, however they might nonetheless be a thorn within the facet of the following authorities, which is prone to be a coalition headed by incumbent finance minister Florin Citu of the Nationwide Liberal get together (PNL).

Mr Citu is a US-educated economist who beforehand labored for the European Funding Financial institution and New Zealand’s central financial institution. Former premier Ludovic Orban, who had a convincing lead forward of the polls, resigned final week after the get together got here second to the leftwing social democrats, who’ve been dogged by corruption scandals for years.

The brand new authorities should take care of an economic system badly broken by the pandemic and a funds deficit of over 9 per cent of gross home product. Credit standing is simply above junk standing.

It’ll additionally want to enhance the low ranges of public belief in establishments. Ms Popescu identified that, based on surveys, solely 11 per cent of voters say they belief the parliament, whereas solely 28 per cent belief the president. The church, alternatively, is without doubt one of the most trusted, with 55 per cent.

Ms Popescu stated that whereas Euroscepticism has not performed an enormous position in political discourse in Romania, financial issues might result in rising frustration with EU membership.

“If there’s a hazard of decoupling from European values, it isn’t as a result of individuals are in opposition to these values, however due to power underdevelopment,” she stated.

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howwelldoyouknowyourmoon · 5 years ago

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Sun Myung Moon was eager to infiltrate the European Parliament

Pierre Ceyrac in 1989 – Unification Church member and French Front National Party member of the European Parliament. He died in 2018.

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The National Front and French Politics: The Resistible Rise of Jean-Marie Le Pen By Jonathan Marcus (1995)

Jonathan Marcus is Defense Correspondent for the BBC World Service. He has published widely on French politics and international issues, notably in The World Today, International Affairs and The Washington Quarterly.

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From the book: The extreme right-wing National Front is now France’s fourth largest political party. In 1986 under a proportional electoral system it won thirty-five seats in the French National Assembly; in the 1988 Presidential election the National Front’s leader, Jean-Marie Le Pen, obtained over fourteen percent of the popular vote. Over the past decade, it has won representation at virtually all levels of French politics.

Le Pen’s xenophobic anti-immigrant message has clearly attracted significant support in France. He has had a major influence upon the terms on which issues like immigration, nationality and racism are debated in France. Drawing on personal interviews with Le Pen and other National Front leaders, Jonathan Marcus traces the rise of Le Pen’s party, and its impact on the French political scene, and in the process raises important questions about the future of French, European, and world politics. How far have the mainstream parties of both Left and Right faced up to Le Pen’s challenge? Is the National Front now a permanent feature of French politics? To what degree is Le Pen a threat to French democracy? And finally, how successful will Le Pen be in pushing his agenda in the European Parliament?

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pages 42-43:

The shadowy world of the Front’s finances throws up some bizarre connections. In her biography, Yann Piat refers to another important source of revenue, the Unification Church of Reverend Moon, and the important role played by Pierre Ceyrac as the intermediary between Le Pen and the cult’s leader.

Ceyrac, who once sat on the Front’s Central Committee, headed a political organisation (CAUSA) in France that was closely linked with the Reverend Moon’s church.

The initial go-between was Le Pen’s hagiographer Jean Marcilly, who subsequently fell out of favour after running off with Le Pen’s first wife. Ceyrac then took over the task of developing the contacts between the Front and the Unification Church that had begun some months before the European elections of June 1984.

At this ballot Gustav Pordea, a former Romanian diplomat now living in France, secured the fourth place on the National Front list. Despite some press speculation that he was working for the Romanian security services, it seems clear that he owed his position to some sort of deal between Le Pen and the “Moonies.”

Pordea was a supporter of the Unification Church. According to Marcilly, Moon was eager to infiltrate the European Parliament and in return Le Pen received some four million Francs.

Le Pen himself denies any financial links between the two organizations; but it is clear that the Unification Church was attracted to the Front’s strident anti-communism, and there are several reports of Le Pen having visited the United States to meet Unification Church officials, and even a trip to South Korea to see Moon himself.

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Testimonies from participants of CAUSA International Conferences

“I am grateful to Rev. Moon that the CAUSA movement came to Europe at a crucial moment. Although disillusionment with Marxism was being felt in many countries, there was not a clear vision of how to address social ills. I would say the work of CAUSA helped prepare Europe for the rise of Gorbachev and the demise of communism. Furthermore, CAUSA’s emphasis has always been on the unity among nations. As Europe looks forward to greater international unity, CAUSA will provide meaningful insight into the future.”

Honorable Pierre Ceyrac

Member of the European Parliament

From the book: Truth Is My Sword Volume I – Collected Speeches in the Public Arena by Bo Hi Pak

Appendix I

http://www.tparents.org/Library/Unification/Books/Tims1/Tims1-73.htm

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French Wikipedia: Pierre Ceyrac was also Secretary General of the CAUSA Movement (Confederation of Associations for the Unity of the Societies of the Americas), a political branch of the Moon sect, for Europe.

Ceyrac met Jean-Marie Le Pen for the first time in 1985. Ceyrac said that he had not been “attracted by Le Pen, nor by politics, but it was decided that I would be ‘sacrificed for the cause’.” The Front National undertook to present it as an eligible position in return for the “national and international logistical aid” and “significant financial arrangements” provided by the Moon sect to the FN.

https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Ceyrac_(homme_politique)

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English Wikipedia:

Pierre Ceyrac (born 18 September 1946 in Douai, Nord – died 21 April 2018 in Bondues, Nord). He was a French politician who served the French Front National Party first as a Deputy to the National Assembly of France (1986-1988), and then as a Member of the European Parliament (1989-1994). He was a longstanding friend of Jean Marie Le Pen.

Ceyrac joined the Front National in 1970. He was subsequently in charge of Jean Marie Le Pen's presidential campaigns, and was departmental Secretary of the Front National for the north of France based at Roubaix. He served as a member of the National Assembly from 1986 to 1988, representing Nord.

On 12 October 1989, the British Western Goals Institute hosted a controversial fringe meeting at the Conservative Party (UK) Conference in Blackpool, at which Ceyrac, as a Front National Member of the European Parliament, was the Guest Speaker. He left the National Front in 1994.

Ceyrac was seen in a Trump Tower restaurant with Marine Le Pen, Louis Aliot and Guido Lombardi on 11 January 2017. [Lombardi was then a “member of the Trump network.”]

Ceyrac is a former member of the Unification Church.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Ceyrac

Western Goals Foundation

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20 Minutes (France)

From the French:

United States: But what was the former representative of the Moon sect in France doing with Marine Le Pen?

January 13, 2017

In a Trump Tower, New York, restaurant, Pierre Ceyrac met with his friend, Marine Le Pen, the Front National candidate for the French presidential election. Also there were her companion Louis Alliot and the Italian businessman, Guido Lombardi. They did not meet Donald Trump during that visit.

Jean-Marie Le Pen, leader of the Front National, managed to shake hands with American President Ronald Reagan one evening in February 1987.

The Liberation publication recalls that Pierre Ceyrac was one of 35 Front National deputies between 1986 and 1988. But he was also a representative of the Unification Church in France.

The Unification Church and the Front National were both virulently anti-communist and formed a kind of alliance.

In [1994] Pierre Ceyrac broke away from the Front National, and from the Unification Church in [1997]. However, in 2003 he was back with Marine Le Pen and Guido Lombardi.

https://www.20minutes.fr/monde/1995095-20170113-etats-unis-faisait-ancien-representant-secte-moon-france-marine-pen

and https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Ceyrac_(homme_politique)

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From two posts on WIOTM by Don Diligent (with additions)

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The Moons entered Paris in 1990; Hyo Jin fled in a black Mercedes when the police arrived!

Les Moon sont entrés dans Paris 1990

In order to rule the world, Sun Myung Moon had to start with Korea.

Sun Myung Moon’s desire to take over the League for his own financial and political ends

Fraser Committee Report on Moon org.: “these violations were related to the overall goals of gaining temporal power.”

My experience within the hierarchy of the Moon cult during its years of expansion in Russia and in the CIS

Group Founded by Sun Myung Moon Preaches Sexual Abstinence in China

The CIG constitution is the paperwork for what Fraser and every Moon org critic has warned was the Moon org’s goal all along

Hak Ja Han’s Cheon Il Guk Constitution is troubling

Sun Myung Moon: “church and the state must become one”

Robert Parry’s investigations into Sun Myung Moon

Sun Myung Moon and the United Nations

Sun Myung Moon: The Emperor of the Universe

#Pierre Ceyrac #Sun Myung Moon #CAUSA #Front National #Marine Le Pen #Jean-Marie Le Pen #AUCM

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