#Albert Krebs

[fragrantblossoms]

Albert Krebs. Cultivated, vine of Bryonia dioica, 1997.

[science-lover33]

Unraveling the Tapestry of Cellular Energy: A Comprehensive Voyage through the Electron Transport Chain 🧬⚙️

Prepare for a deep dive into the labyrinthine pathways of the Electron Transport Chain (ETC), where molecular machinations weave the intricate tapestry of cellular respiration. In this odyssey, we'll navigate the complexities with surgical precision, leaving no nuance unexplored.

1. Prelude at Complex I (NADH Dehydrogenase):

The ETC's overture commences at Complex I, where NADH, a product of glycolysis and the Krebs cycle, surrenders its high-energy electrons. Traverse the serpentine route of flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and a succession of iron-sulfur clusters, witnessing the orchestrated dance that propels electrons toward the enigmatic ubiquinone (Q).

2. Interlude with Succinate (Complex II - Succinate Dehydrogenase):

As the symphony progresses, Complex II takes the stage with succinate as its protagonist. Succinate dehydrogenase, fueled by succinate from the Krebs cycle, orchestrates a parallel electron flow. Behold the ballet of electrons navigating iron-sulfur clusters and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), converging upon ubiquinone (Q) in a seamless choreography.

3. Cytochrome Waltz (Complex III - Cytochrome bc1 Complex):

The narrative crescendos at Complex III, the cytochrome bc1 complex, where Q takes center stage. Through a series of mesmerizing redox reactions, Q gracefully shuttles electrons to cytochrome c. This transient dancer becomes the ethereal messenger, ferrying electrons with finesse towards the climactic rendezvous at Complex IV.

4. Grand Finale with Complex IV (Cytochrome c Oxidase):

In the climactic finale, Complex IV, personified by cytochrome c oxidase, awaits the electron ensemble. Watch as electrons, guided by a cascade of copper and iron centers, engage in a captivating pas de deux with molecular oxygen. Witness the alchemical metamorphosis as oxygen is humbly transmuted into water, marking the zenith of our electron saga.

5. Proton Symphony and ATP Synthesis:

Simultaneously, the proton symphony unfolds as protons, displaced during electron transit, accumulate in the intermembrane space. This sets the stage for a grand energy transfer. The finale crescendos with protons flowing back through ATP synthase, a molecular turbine, culminating in the synthesis of ATP—the lifeblood of cellular energy currency.

References:

1. Alberts, B., Johnson, A., Lewis, J., Raff, M., Roberts, K., & Walter, P. (2014). Molecular Biology of the Cell (6th ed.). Garland Science.

2. Nelson, D. L., Cox, M. M. (2017). Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry (7th ed.). W.H. Freeman and Company.

3. Berg, J. M., Tymoczko, J. L., Gatto, G. J. S., & Stryer, L. (2019). Biochemistry (8th ed.). W.H. Freeman and Company.

[girlactionfigure]

Immense pride, tinged with sadness. 

For those who would like to read the full list:

1908 MECHNIKOV, ELIE 

FOR THEIR WORK ON IMMUNITY

1908 EHRLICH, PAUL

FOR THEIR WORK ON IMMUNITY

1914 BARANY, ROBERT

FOR HIS WORK ON THE PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY OF THE VESTIBULAR APPARATUS

1922 MEYERHOF, OTTO FRITZ 

FOR HIS DISCOVERY OF THE FIXED RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE CONSUMPTION OF 

OXYGEN AND THE METABOLISM OF LACTIC ACID IN THE MUSCLE

1930 LANDSTEINER, KARL 

FOR HIS DISCOVERY OF HUMAN BLOOD GROUPS

1936 LOEWI, OTTO 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES RELATING TO CHEMICAL TRANSMISSION OF NERVE IMPULSES

1944 ERLANGER, JOSEPH 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES RELATING TO THE HIGHLY DIFFERENTIATED FUNCTIONS OF SINGLE NERVE FIBRES

1945 CHAIN, ERNST BORIS 

FOR THE DISCOVERY OF PENICILLIN AND ITS CURATIVE EFFECT IN VARIOUS INFECTIOUS DISEASES

1946 MULLER, HERMANN J. 

FOR THE DISCOVERY OF THE PRODUCTION OF MUTATIONS BY MEANS OF X-RAY IRRADIATION

1947 CORI, GERTY THERESA, RADNITZ 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERY OF THE COURSE OF THE CATALYTIC CONVERSION OF GLYCOGEN

1950 REICHSTEIN, TADEUS 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES RELATING TO THE HORMONES OF THE ADRENAL CORTEX, THEIR STRUCTURE AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS

1952 WAKSMAN, SELMAN A. 

FOR HIS DISCOVERY OF STREPTOMYCIN, THE FIRST ANTIBIOTIC EFFECTIVE AGAINST TUBERCULOSIS

1953 LIPMANN, FRITZ ALBERT 

FOR HIS DISCOVERY OF CO-ENZYME A AND ITS IMPORTANCE FOR INTERMEDIARY METABOLISM

1953 KREBS, HANS ADOLF 

FOR HIS DISCOVERY OF THE CITRIC ACID CYCLE

1958 LEDERBERG, JOSHUA 

FOR HIS DISCOVERIES CONCERNING GENETIC RECOMBINATION AND THE ORGANISATION OF THE GENETIC MATERIAL OF BACTERIA

1959 KORNBERG, ARTHUR 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERY OF THE MECHANISMS IN THE BIOLOGICAL SYNTHESIS OF RIBONUCLEIC ACID AND DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID

1964 BLOCH, KONRAD 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING THE MECHANISM AND REGULATION OF THE CHOLESTEROL AND FATTY ACID METABOLISM

1965 JACOB, FRANCOIS 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING GENETIC CONTROL OF ENZYME AND VIRUS SYNTHESIS

1965 LWOFF, ANDRE

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING GENETIC CONTROL OF ENZYME AND VIRUS SYNTHESIS

1967 WALD, GEORGE 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING THE PRIMARY PHYSIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL VISUAL PROCESSES IN THE EYE

1968 NIRENBERG, MARSHALL W. 

FOR THEIR INTERPRETATION OF THE GENETIC CODE AND ITS FUNCTION IN PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

1969 LURIA, SALVADOR E. 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING THE REPLICATION MECHANISM AND THE GENETIC STRUCTURE OF VIRUSES

1970 KATZ, BERNARD

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING THE HUMORAL TRANSMITTERS IN THE NERVE TERMINALS AND THE MECHANISM

FOR THEIR STORAGE, RELEASE AND INACTIVATION

1970 AXELROD, JULIUS 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING THE HUMORAL TRANSMITTERS IN THE NERVE TERMINALS AND THE MECHANISM

FOR THEIR STORAGE, RELEASE AND INACTIVATION

1972 EDELMAN, GERALD M. 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING THE CHEMICAL STRUCTURE OF ANTIBODIES

1975 TEMIN, HOWARD M.

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING THE INTERACTION BETWEEN TUMOR VIRUSES AND THE GENETIC MATERIAL OF THE CELL

1975 BALTIMORE, DAVID 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING THE INTERACTION BETWEEN TUMOR VIRUSES AND THE GENETIC MATERIAL OF THE CELL

1976 BLUMBERG, BARUCH S. 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING NEW MECHANISMS FOR THE ORIGIN AND DISSEMINATION OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES

1977 YALOW, ROSALYN 

FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF RADIOIMMUNOASSAYS OF PEPTIDE HORMONES

1977 SCHALLY, ANDREW V. 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING THE PEPTIDE HORMONE PRODUCTION OF THE BRAIN

1978 NATHANS, DANIEL 

FOR THE DISCOVERY OF RESTRICTION ENZYMES AND THEIR APPLICATION TO PROBLEMS OF MOLECULAR GENETICS

1980 BENACERRAF, BARUJ 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING GENETICALLY DETERMINED STRUCTURES ON THE CELL SURFACE THAT

REGULATE IMMUNOLOGICAL REACTIONS

1984 MILSTEIN, CESAR 

FOR THEORIES CONCERNING THE SPECIFICITY IN DEVELOPMENT AND CONTROL OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM AND THE DISCOVERY OF THE

PRINCIPLE FOR PRODUCTION OF MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES

1985 BROWN, MICHAEL S. 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING THE REGULATION OF CHOLESTEROL METABOLISM

1985 GOLDSTEIN, JOSEPH L. 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING THE REGULATION OF CHOLESTEROL METABOLISM

1986 COHEN, STANLEY 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES OF GROWTH FACTORS

1986 LEVI-MONTALCINI, RITA 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES OF GROWTH FACTORS

1988 ELION, GERTRUDE B. 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES OF IMPORTANT PRINCIPLES FOR DRUG TREATMENT

1989 VARMUS, HAROLD E. 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERY OF THE CELLULAR ORIGIN OF RETROVIRAL ONCOGENES

1994 RODBELL, MARTIN 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERY OF G-PROTEINS AND THE ROLE OF THESE PROTEINS IN SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION IN CELLS

1994 GILMAN, ALFRED G. 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERY OF G-PROTEINS AND THE ROLE OF THESE PROTEINS IN SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION IN CELLS

1997 PRUSINER, STANLEY B. 

FOR HIS DISCOVERY OF PRIONS - A NEW BIOLOGICAL PRINCIPLE OF INFECTION

1998 FURCHGOTT, ROBERT F. 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING NITRIC OXIDE AS A SIGNALING MOLECULE IN THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

2000 GREENGARD, PAUL 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION IN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

2000 KANDEL, ERIC R. 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION IN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

2002 BRENNER, SYDNEY 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING GENETIC REGULATION OF ORGAN DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH

2002 HORVITZ, H. ROBERT 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING GENETIC REGULATION OF ORGAN DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH

2004 AXEL, RICHARD

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES OF ODORANT RECEPTORS AND THE ORGANIZATION OF THE OLFACTORY SYSTEM

2006 FIRE, ANDREW Z. 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERY OF RNA INTERFERENCE - GENE SILENCING BY DOUBLE-STRANDED RNA

2011 STEINMAN, RALPH M. 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING THE ACTIVATION OF INNATE IMMUNITY

2011 BEUTLER, BRUCE A. 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING THE ACTIVATION OF INNATE IMMUNITY

2013 SCHEKMAN, RANDY W.

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES OF MACHINERY REGULATING VESICLE TRAFFIC, A MAJOR TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN OUR CELLS

2013 ROTHMAN, JAMES E. 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES OF MACHINERY REGULATING VESICLE TRAFFIC, A MAJOR TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN OUR CELLS

2017 ROSBASH, MICHAEL

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES OF MOLECULAR MECHANISMS CONTROLLING THE CIRCADIAN RHYTHM

Likud Herut UK

[euchromia]

Coffee #1 at 5:50 am: fine. just enough to make me not want to kill myself during my hospital volunteering shift

Adderall #1 at 9 am: fine. feeling a little better about hitting the work day

Coffee #2 at 11 am: I am literally the second coming of Christ and also Albert Einstein reincarnated I can feel my cells producing ATP and also remember the Krebs cycle perfectly

Adderall #2 at 2 pm: God exists within the humble slime mold as well

[worldsandemanations]

Albert Krebs. Cultivated, vine of Bryonia dioica, 1997.

[humanistisch]

Nachruf auf Karl Popper | Alles Leben ist Problemlösen

Nach einem überaus freundlichen Telefongespräch mit Professor Dr. med. Herbert Csef aus Würzburg hat er sich bereit erklärt, seinen hervorragenden, umfangreichen und die für mich wichtigsten Aspekte von Poppers Werk umfassenden Artikel abzudrucken, was ich nun ungekürzt tue. Prof. Csef und ich sind natürlich Popper-Fans, und wir hoffen, dass sich aus dieser ersten Zusammenarbeit "noch mehr" entwickeln wird. Das wäre schön. Und auch schön ist: Prof. Csef ist unser 50. Gastautor - danke auch dafür. Karl Popper – „Alles Leben ist Problemlösen“. Erinnerungen an den großen Philosophen zum 30. Todestag Am 17. September 1994 ist Karl Popper in London gestorben. Acht Monate vor seinem Tod schrieb er das Vorwort zu einem Sammelband mit dem Titel „Alles Leben ist Problemlösen“, der Aufsätze aus seiner letzten Lebensphase enthält. Dieses letzte Buch, das zu Lebzeiten erschien, widmet sich allgemeinen Lebensthemen, die jeden Menschen interessieren sollten: Freiheit, Demokratie, Frieden, Zukunftsgestaltung, Lebensbewältigung, Hoffnung und Optimismus. Im Vorwort schreibt er, das Buch sei eine Fortsetzung seines Werkes „Auf der Suche nach einer besseren Welt“, das zehn Jahre zuvor erschien. Popper zeigt sich in beiden Werken als hoffnungsvoller Optimist, der durchaus Skepsis und Kritik kennt, in seinem Grundbestreben jedoch immer wieder nach besseren Lösungen für Lebensprobleme sucht. Und der glaubt, dass dies möglich ist. Überblick über das Lebenswerk von Karl Popper Die philosophischen Schwerpunkte von Karl Popper waren die Erkenntnis- und Wissenschaftstheorie, die Sozial- und Geschichtsphilosophie sowie die politische Philosophie. Er gilt als der Begründer des Kritischen Rationalismus. Aus seiner Denkschule stammen zahlreiche Philosophen, die von seinem Denken geprägt waren und später ebenfalls sehr bekannt wurden, wie z.B. Thomas S. Kuhn, Paul Feyerabend, George Soros oder Hans Albert. Mit den Nobelpreisträgern Friedrich August von Hajek, Peter Brian Medawar, Konrad Lorenz, Albert Einstein, John Eccles und Bertrand Russell war er befreundet. Die Philosophen und Politiker Ralf Dahrendorf sowie Bundeskanzler Helmut Schmidt waren eng mit ihm verbunden und hörten gerne auf seinen Rat. Kurzes biografisches Porträt von Karl Popper Sir Karl Popper wurde am 28. Juli 1902 in Wien geboren. Dort verbrachte er seine ersten 35 Lebensjahre. Sein Vater war Rechtsanwalt. Seine Mutter hieß vor der Ehe Jenny Schiff und stammte aus einer bekannten ungarisch-schlesischen Familie mit zahlreichen Ärzten, Wissenschaftlern und Musikern. Der berühmte Dirigent Bruno Walter war mit Poppers Mutter verwandt. Popper hatte sehr vielfältige Interessen. Er studierte an der Universität Wien neben Philosophie auch Mathematik, Geschichte, Musik und Psychologie. Seine Promotion machte er im Fach Psychologie. Sein Doktorvater war Karl Bühler. Seine Dissertation aus dem Jahr 1928 trug den Titel „Zur Methodenfrage der Denkpsychologie“ (vgl. Csef 2024). Karl Popper interessierte sich auch für Pädagogik. Ein zweites Studium absolvierte er eine einige Jahre am Pädagogischen Institut in Wien. Anschließend arbeitete er fünf Jahre lang als Lehrer. Kurz nach seiner Anstellung als Lehrer heiratete er im Jahr 1930 in Wien die 4 Jahre jüngere Josefine Henninger. Seine Ehefrau erkrankte im Jahr 1977 an Krebs und ist nach drei Operationen im Jahr 1985 gestorben (biografische Angaben nach Salamun 2018). Bei einem Englandbesuch lernte er im Jahr 1935 in London seinen österreichischen Landsmann Friedrich August von Hayek kennen. Der drei Jahre ältere Hajek war zu dieser Zeit bereits angesehener Ökonomie-Professor an der renommierten London School of Economics. Popper war damals noch einfacher Hauptschullehrer in Wien. Im Jahr 1937 musste Popper wegen seiner jüdischen Herkunft ins Exil nach Neuseeland fliehen. Er war für 8 Jahre Dozent am Canterbury University College in Christchurch. Hayek und Popper unterhielten einen regen Briefwechsel und Popper las die Bücher von Hayek. Der einflussreiche Hayek schaffte es nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg, Popper ebenfalls an die London School of Economics zu locken. Dort war er schließlich 20 Jahre lang – von 1949 bis 1969 – Professor für Logik und Wissenschaftslehre. Im Jahr 1992 erhielt er mit dem Kyoto-Preis die höchste Auszeichnung, die ein Philosoph erreichen kann. In seiner Autobiographie „Ausgangspunkte – Meine Entwicklung“, die im Jahr 1976 auf Englisch und 1979 auf Deutsch erschien, bekannte Karl Popper, dass sein Freund Hayek ihm zweimal das Leben gerettet habe. Das erste Mal dadurch, dass nach vielen Ablehnungen seines Hauptwerkes „Die offene Gesellschaft und ihre Feinde“ durch die angefragten Verlage ihm Hayek die Erstpublikation im Londoner Routledge-Verlag ermöglichte. Die zweite Lebensrettung war, als das relativ mittellose Ehepaar Popper durch großen Einsatz von Hayek eine finanzielle Lebensgrundlage erhielt. Hayek vermittelte ihm 1946 eine Dozentenstelle und 1949 eine Professorenstelle an der London School of Economics (Popper 1979). „Die offene Gesellschaft und ihre Feinde“ (Karl Popper) In seinem zweibändigen Grundlagenwerk wendet sich Karl Popper gegen totalitäre Systeme wie Faschismus, Nationalsozialismus und Kommunismus. Geschrieben hat er sein Buch in den Jahren 1938 bis 1943 im Exil in Christchurch. Publiziert wurde es zuerst in englischer Sprache im Londoner Routledge Verlag. Anlass für sein umfangreiches Werk war im Jahr 1938 der Einmarsch von Hitlers Truppen in sein Heimatland Österreich. Die Wurzeln totalitärer Staaten sieht er in problematischen Ideen, die Demokratie und menschenfeindliche Tendenzen fördern. Popper hatte besonders einige Philosophen im Visier, die seiner Meinung nach „falsche Propheten“ sind: Platon, Hegel und Karl Marx sowie ihre Anhänger. Popper unterscheidet offene und geschlossene Gesellschaften. In offenen Gesellschaften werden die Grundrechte von Demokratien verwirklicht wie Meinungs-, Vereinigungs- und Versammlungsfreiheit und religiöse Neutralität. In geschlossenen Gesellschaften wie Diktaturen oder anderen totalitären Systemen sind diese Grundrechte eingeschränkt, weil der Staat von oben einen Rahmen vorgibt und die Regeln festlegt. In offenen Gesellschaften sind die Institutionen veränderbar und in einem ständigen Wandel. Die Ziele einer offenen Gesellschaft sind eine ausreichende Grundversorgung und Gleichberechtigung. Das Leitmotiv von Popper ist nicht die Maximierung von Glück, sondern die Minimierung von Leiden. Karl Popper ist der Verfechter einer liberalen Demokratie, die er für die beste Staatsform hält. Die Publikation seines Hauptwerkes gestaltete sich in der Nachkriegszeit schwierig. Wegen der Kritik an dem sowjetischen Sozialismus gab es politische Widerstände gegen eine Publikation in Deutschland. Die alliierten Besatzungsmächte verweigerten die notwendige Lizenz, um den verbündeten Diktator Stalin nicht zu verärgern. Folglich erschien das Buch mit großer Unterstützung seines Freundes Hayek zuerst in englischer Sprache im Londoner Routledge-Verlag. Erst 12 Jahre später erschien die deutsche Fassung im Münchner Francke-Verlag. „Auf der Suche nach einer besseren Welt“ (1984) In seinem Sammelband „Auf der Suche nach einer besseren Welt“ aus dem Jahre 1984 befinden sich Vorträge, die Karl Popper in 30 Jahren gehalten hat. Da ein Teil dieser ausgewählten Reden und Vorträge nicht vor Akademikern oder Philosophen gehalten wurde, hat sich Popper sehr um eine für alle verständliche Sprache bemüht. Enthalten sind z.B. die Rede zum Jubiläum 25 Jahre österreichischer Staatsvertrag oder zu den Salzburger Festspielen im Jahr 1979.  Popper erhielt mehr als 20 Ehrendoktorwürden als Anerkennung für seine herausragenden akademischen Leistungen. Im Jahr 1979 wurde er als Ehrendoktor an den Universitäten Frankfurt am Main und Salzburg ausgezeichnet. Die zu diesem Anlass gehaltenen Vorträge sind ebenfalls abgedruckt. Im Jahr 1983 waren in seinem Heimatland Österreich zwei sehr öffentlichkeitswirksame Ereignisse: das Altenburger Gespräch mit dem Freund und Nobelpreiskollegen Konrad Lorenz im Februar 1983 und das Popper-Symposium zu seinem 80. Geburtstag im Mai 1983 in Wien. Die Vorträge und Diskussionen von beiden Veranstaltungen wurden in einem Sammelband veröffentlicht (Karl Popper und Konrad Lorenz 1985). Im Dezember 1984 hat der damals 82jährige Karl Popper ein Nachwort für dieses Buch geschrieben. Darin teilte er eine wichtige Erkenntnis mit, die als Warnruf für die Zukunft verstanden werden kann: „Wenn es den Menschen sehr gut geht, wird ihnen die freie Atmosphäre zur Selbstverständlichkeit, und sie werden die Wachsamkeit verlieren gegen die Gefahren, die die Freiheit bedrohen. Solange es ehrgeizige, machthungrige Menschen gibt, werden sie deshalb eine allzu glückliche Gesellschaftsform leicht ins Unglück stürzen.“ (Karl Popper 1984, S. 138) Karl Popper war einer der bedeutenden politischen Philosophen des 20. Jahrhunderts, der sich vehement für Freiheit und Demokratie einsetzte. Seit seinem Hauptwerk „Die offene Gesellschaft und ihre Feinde“ warnte er unaufhörlich vor den Feinden der Demokratie und den Gefahren des Totalitarismus. In den aktuellen Bedrohungen anlässlich des Russland-Ukraine-Krieges haben die Warnrufe Poppers universelle Bedeutung. Literatur Csef, Herbert (2024), Karl Popper und die Psychologie. Tabularasa Magazin vom 9. März 2024 Franco, Guiseppe (Hrsg.) (2019), Handbuch Karl Popper. Wiesbaden: Springer VS Verlag Popper Karl (1957), Die offene Gesellschaft und ihre Feinde, Teil 1, Der Zauber Platons, München: Francke Verlag Popper Karl (1958), Die offene Gesellschaft und ihre Feinde, Teil 2, Falsche Propheten: Hegel, Marx und die Folgen, München: Francke-Verlag Popper, Karl (1979), Ausgangspunkte. Meine intellektuelle Entwicklung. Autobiographie. Hamburg: Hoffmann und Campe Verlag Popper, Karl (1984), Auf der Suche nach einer besseren Welt. Vorträge und Aufsätze aus dreißig Jahren. München: Piper Verlag Popper, Karl (1994), Rechte und Pflichten derer, die von ihren Mitmenschen lernen wollen. Aufklärung und Kritik Nr. 1, S. 118 Popper, Karl (1994), Die Wege der Wahrheit. Zum Tode von Karl Popper. Aufklärung und Kritik Nr. 2, S. 38 – 49 Popper, Karl (1994), Alles Leben ist Problemlösen. München: Piper Verlag Popper, Karl, Lorenz, Konrad (1985), Die Zukunft ist offen. Das Altenburger Gespräch. Mit den Texten des Wiener Popper-Symposiums. München: Piper Verlag Salamun, Kurt (2018), Ein Jahrhundertdenker. Karl R. Popper und die offene Gesellschaft. Wien: Molden Verlag Ich möchte auch das das Essay im Deutschlandfunk hinweisen: Der Philosoph Karl Popper in einer Aufnahme von 1981. (picture-alliance / akg-images) Der Erfinder des Kritischen Rationalismus Popper kam aus Wien Hietzing, er ist auch in dieser Ausstellung vertreten: https://www.bezirksmuseum.at/de/ausstellung/2024-im-fokus-karl-popper/#:~:text=KarlPopperhatseinen30,Ausstellungum18Uhrerffnet. Über Popper sind bei uns weitere Artikel erschienen: https://humanismus.at/popper1/ https://humanismus.at/popper2/ Read the full article

[linyarguilera]

Hans Adolf Krebs

Hans Adolf Krebs foi agraciado com alguns prêmios, como o Prêmio Nobel de Fisiologia ou Medicina em 1953, o Prêmio Albert Lasker de Pesquisa Médica Básica em 1953, a Medalha Real em 1954, a Medalha Coplay em 1961, e por fim a Medalha Otto Warburg em 1969. Era de fato um apaixonado pesquisador pelo que fazia ao que tudo indica, o que por sua vez levou-o à grandes descobertas que contribuem até hoje nas Ciências Biológicas, Medicina, Química, Bioquímica e demais áreas afim.

Responsável pela descoberta da via metabólica denominada Ciclo do Ácido  Cítrico, ou o famoso Ciclo de Krebs, fundamental na respiração celular aeróbica, sendo de grande importância na produção de energia para o metabolismo celular. Embora menos popular, ele também fez descobertas junto de Kurt Helnseleit sobre o Ciclo da Uréia, em que amônia é convertida em Uréia no metabolismo de mamíferos.

Nasceu em 1900 na cidade de Hildesheim, Alemanha, era judeu, e filho do médico George Krebs com Alma Krebs. Serviu ao exército alemão na Primeira Guerra Mundial, no entanto aquele rapaz tímido e com medo de desapontar os pais gostava mesmo era de estudar, aprender e pesquisar. 

Formou-se em Medicina na Universidade de Göttingen, cursando também Biologia e Química, passou pelas Universidade de Freiburg, Universidade de Humboldt von Berlin, Universidade de Hamburgo, pela Sociedade Keiser  Wilhelm, Universidade de Cambridg, Universidade de Sheffield e Universidade de Oxford.

Embora as pesquisas científicas não lhe proporcionassem condições financeiras vantajosas, pesquisas essas que por vezes eram realizadas apenas em horas vagas, foi só em 1925 que recebeu sua primeira pesquisa remunerada no laboratório do Prêmio Nobel Otto Warburg, em que foi aceito como seu assistente.

Passando pelo Hospital Municipal de Altoma, encaixando o trabalho como médico e pesquisador, o mesmo ainda assumiu o posto de assistente em 1931 no departamento de Medicina da Universidade de Freiburg, foi quando realizou suas descobertas do ciclo da Ureia.

Em 1932 precisou deixar a Alemanha em decorrência da Segunda Guerra Mundial, e foi recebido no departamento de Bioquímica, na Universidade de Cambridge, Inglaterra. E em 1935 lá foi ele dar aulas de farmacologia na Universidade de Sheffield, onde conheceu quem viria a ser sua esposa, a Margaret Fieldhouse, e foi por lá mesmo que estabeleceu o tão famoso Ciclo de Krebs.

Krebs aposentou-se em 1967 lecionando Bioquímica na Universidade de Oxford, e nem por isso parou suas atividades, ainda trabalhou no Departamento de Medicina Clínica de Nuffield, na enfermaria Radcliffe em Oxford, como sempre levando consigo o amor por descobrir,

Curiosidades a parte, o homem que acreditava ter era sorte na vida tem inclusive medalha científica com seu nome, a Medalha Sir Hans Krebs, concedidas para descobertas na Biologia Molecular e Bioquímica.

A: Celiny Aguilera

20, Abril, 2024

Referências Bibliográficas:

WILLCOCKS, Elizabeth. A lucky man, By: Chemistry World, 31, May, 2003 (A lucky man | News | Chemistry World acess: 20, April, 2024);

Hans Krebs, biografia (Hans Krebs – Wikipédia, a enciclopédia livre (wikipedia.org) acess; 20, April, 2024);

Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Sir Hans Adolf Krebs". Encyclopedia Britannica, 20 Mar. 2024, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Hans-Krebs. Accessed 20 April 2024.

[sciencearoundus]

🔬🌿 Diving Deeper into the Intricacies of Bioenergetics 🌿🔬

Hey there, science enthusiasts and curious minds! Today, we’re embarking on a journey into the fascinating realm of bioenergetics, where the magic of energy transformation in living organisms unfolds. Buckle up because we’re about to delve into the nitty-gritty of this captivating field!

The Energy Currency: ATP

At the heart of bioenergetics lies adenosine triphosphate (ATP), often dubbed the “energy currency” of cells. It’s like the dollars in your wallet, except cells use ATP to facilitate all sorts of biochemical processes. Think of it as the universal energy medium that powers life itself.

The Energy Factory: Cellular Respiration

Now, let’s talk about how ATP is made. In eukaryotic organisms like us, cellular respiration is the superstar process. It comprises glycolysis, the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle), and oxidative phosphorylation. During these metabolic pathways, energy is extracted from organic molecules, such as glucose, and transformed into ATP. It’s like a power plant for the cell, with each step meticulously orchestrated.

Expenditure and ATP Hydrolysis

But cells aren’t just about making energy; they’re also extravagant spenders. When cells perform work or carry out essential functions, they hydrolyze ATP into adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate (Pi). This process releases energy that fuels various cellular activities, from muscle contractions to active transport across cell membranes. It’s like using cash to pay for services, and ATP is the bank where cells withdraw their energy.

Thermodynamics and Bioenergetics

Now, let’s get a bit nerdy with thermodynamics. Bioenergetics pays homage to the laws of thermodynamics, particularly focusing on entropy and enthalpy. These principles help explain how energy flows within biological systems and how it’s harnessed and regulated to keep life ticking. It’s a bit like maintaining a delicate energy balance, ensuring that the cellular economy remains stable.

References to Dive Deeper

If you’re eager to explore bioenergetics further, here are some fantastic references to get your intellectual gears turning:

1. “Molecular Cell Biology” by Lodish et al.

2. “Molecular Biology of the Cell” by Alberts et al.

3. “Bioenergetics 4” by Nicholls and Ferguson.

So, there you have it! Bioenergetics is like the electrifying symphony of life, with ATP as the conductor. The next time you marvel at the complexity of living organisms, remember that it’s all powered by the awe-inspiring world of bioenergetics! 🌿🔬✨ #

[deinheilpraktiker]

Forschungsergebnisse könnten die Wirksamkeit der Immun-Checkpoint-Therapie stärken Immun-Checkpoint-Inhibitoren wie Keytruda und Opdivo wirken, indem sie die T-Zellen des Immunsystems entfesseln, um Tumorzellen anzugreifen. Ihre Einführung vor einem Jahrzehnt bedeutete einen großen Fortschritt in der Krebstherapie, aber nur 10 % bis 30 % der behandelten Patienten erfahren eine langfristige Verbesserung. In einem heute online im Journal of Clinical Investigation (JCI) veröffentlichten Artikel beschreiben Wissenschaftler des Albert Einstein College of Medicine... #Aids #Akute_myeloische_Leukämie #Altern #Antikörper #Ausbildung #Bauchspeicheldrüsenkrebs #BLUT #Diabetes #Drogen #Erreger #Forschung #Gehirn #Gesundheitliche_disparitäten #Immunität #Immunologie #Immunsystem #Immuntherapie #in_vivo #in_vitro #Kleinzelliger_Lungenkrebs #Kolorektal #Kopf_Hals_Krebs #Krankenhaus #Krebs #Krebstherapie #Leber #Leber_erkrankung #Leukämie #Lungenkrebs #Lymphom #Magen #Medizin #Melanom #Mikrobiologie #Monoklonaler_Antikörper #Myelodysplastische_Syndrome #Myeloische_Leukämie #Nacken #Nasopharyngeal #Nasopharynxkrebs #Natürliche_Killerzellen #Neurowissenschaft #Nicht_kleinzelligem_Lungenkrebs #Onkologie #pH_Wert #Präklinisch #Protein #Rezeptor #Studenten #Technologie #Therapeutika #tumor #Urologie #Zelle

[rich4you]

Check out this listing I just added to my Poshmark closet: Vintage Rare 1979 FRITZ LIPMAN Bronze Art Medal, Paris France.

[11ersfilmkritiken]

Club der roten Bänder - Wie alles begann [2019]

Club der roten Bänder – Wie alles begann [2019]

(more…)

[fragrantblossoms]

Albert Krebs. Papilio machaonum, Ex pupa, newly hatched, 1970.

[science-lover33]

🔬🌿 Diving Deeper into the Intricacies of Bioenergetics 🌿🔬

Hey there, science enthusiasts and curious minds! Today, we're embarking on a journey into the fascinating realm of bioenergetics, where the magic of energy transformation in living organisms unfolds. Buckle up because we're about to delve into the nitty-gritty of this captivating field!

The Energy Currency: ATP

At the heart of bioenergetics lies adenosine triphosphate (ATP), often dubbed the "energy currency" of cells. It's like the dollars in your wallet, except cells use ATP to facilitate all sorts of biochemical processes. Think of it as the universal energy medium that powers life itself.

The Energy Factory: Cellular Respiration

Now, let's talk about how ATP is made. In eukaryotic organisms like us, cellular respiration is the superstar process. It comprises glycolysis, the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle), and oxidative phosphorylation. During these metabolic pathways, energy is extracted from organic molecules, such as glucose, and transformed into ATP. It's like a power plant for the cell, with each step meticulously orchestrated.

Expenditure and ATP Hydrolysis

But cells aren't just about making energy; they're also extravagant spenders. When cells perform work or carry out essential functions, they hydrolyze ATP into adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate (Pi). This process releases energy that fuels various cellular activities, from muscle contractions to active transport across cell membranes. It's like using cash to pay for services, and ATP is the bank where cells withdraw their energy.

Thermodynamics and Bioenergetics

Now, let's get a bit nerdy with thermodynamics. Bioenergetics pays homage to the laws of thermodynamics, particularly focusing on entropy and enthalpy. These principles help explain how energy flows within biological systems and how it's harnessed and regulated to keep life ticking. It's a bit like maintaining a delicate energy balance, ensuring that the cellular economy remains stable.

References to Dive Deeper

If you're eager to explore bioenergetics further, here are some fantastic references to get your intellectual gears turning:

1. "Molecular Cell Biology" by Lodish et al.

2. "Molecular Biology of the Cell" by Alberts et al.

3. "Bioenergetics 4" by Nicholls and Ferguson.

So, there you have it! Bioenergetics is like the electrifying symphony of life, with ATP as the conductor. The next time you marvel at the complexity of living organisms, remember that it's all powered by the awe-inspiring world of bioenergetics! 🌿🔬✨ #

[immersinelmondodeilibri]

Segnalazione: Fuori base di Annabeth Albert

Segnalazione: Fuori base di Annabeth Albert

Buongiorno a tutti, ci trasferiamo in una base militare o, forse all’esterno di una base ma con un SEAL e… beh, potrei dirvi tanto, ma credo che è più bello che a scoprirlo foste voi. Posso assicurarvi che non ve ne pentirete, perchè… loro sanno il fatto loro. Che voglio dire? Ebbene, sto parlando del romanzo Fuori base di Annabeth Albert, tradotto da Alex Krebs, primo volume della serie Out of…

[girlactionfigure]

This gives us a feeling of immense pride, tinged with sadness. 

For those who would like to read the full list:

1908  MECHNIKOV, ELIE  

FOR THEIR WORK ON IMMUNITY

1908  EHRLICH, PAUL

FOR THEIR WORK ON IMMUNITY

1914  BARANY, ROBERT

FOR HIS WORK ON THE PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY OF THE VESTIBULAR APPARATUS

1922  MEYERHOF, OTTO FRITZ 

FOR HIS DISCOVERY OF THE FIXED RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE CONSUMPTION OF 

OXYGEN AND THE METABOLISM OF LACTIC ACID IN THE MUSCLE

1930  LANDSTEINER, KARL 

FOR HIS DISCOVERY OF HUMAN BLOOD GROUPS

1936�� LOEWI, OTTO 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES RELATING TO CHEMICAL TRANSMISSION OF NERVE IMPULSES

1944  ERLANGER, JOSEPH 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES RELATING TO THE HIGHLY DIFFERENTIATED FUNCTIONS OF SINGLE NERVE FIBRES

1945  CHAIN, ERNST BORIS 

FOR THE DISCOVERY OF PENICILLIN AND ITS CURATIVE EFFECT IN VARIOUS INFECTIOUS DISEASES

1946  MULLER, HERMANN J.  

FOR THE DISCOVERY OF THE PRODUCTION OF MUTATIONS BY MEANS OF X-RAY IRRADIATION

1947  CORI, GERTY THERESA, RADNITZ 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERY OF THE COURSE OF THE CATALYTIC CONVERSION OF GLYCOGEN

1950  REICHSTEIN, TADEUS 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES RELATING TO THE HORMONES OF THE ADRENAL CORTEX, THEIR STRUCTURE AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS

1952  WAKSMAN, SELMAN A. 

FOR HIS DISCOVERY OF STREPTOMYCIN, THE FIRST ANTIBIOTIC EFFECTIVE AGAINST TUBERCULOSIS

1953  LIPMANN, FRITZ ALBERT 

FOR HIS DISCOVERY OF CO-ENZYME A AND ITS IMPORTANCE FOR INTERMEDIARY METABOLISM

1953  KREBS, HANS ADOLF 

FOR HIS DISCOVERY OF THE CITRIC ACID CYCLE

1958  LEDERBERG, JOSHUA 

FOR HIS DISCOVERIES CONCERNING GENETIC RECOMBINATION AND THE ORGANISATION OF THE GENETIC MATERIAL OF BACTERIA

1959  KORNBERG, ARTHUR 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERY OF THE MECHANISMS IN THE BIOLOGICAL SYNTHESIS OF RIBONUCLEIC ACID AND DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID

1964  BLOCH, KONRAD 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING THE MECHANISM AND REGULATION OF THE CHOLESTEROL AND FATTY ACID METABOLISM

1965  JACOB, FRANCOIS 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING GENETIC CONTROL OF ENZYME AND VIRUS SYNTHESIS

1965  LWOFF, ANDRE

 FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING GENETIC CONTROL OF ENZYME AND VIRUS SYNTHESIS

1967  WALD, GEORGE 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING THE PRIMARY PHYSIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL VISUAL PROCESSES IN THE EYE

1968  NIRENBERG, MARSHALL W. 

FOR THEIR INTERPRETATION OF THE GENETIC CODE AND ITS FUNCTION IN PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

1969  LURIA, SALVADOR E. 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING THE REPLICATION MECHANISM AND THE GENETIC STRUCTURE OF VIRUSES

1970  KATZ, BERNARD

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING THE HUMORAL TRANSMITTERS IN THE NERVE TERMINALS AND THE MECHANISM

FOR THEIR STORAGE, RELEASE AND INACTIVATION

1970  AXELROD, JULIUS 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING THE HUMORAL TRANSMITTERS IN THE NERVE TERMINALS AND THE MECHANISM

FOR THEIR STORAGE, RELEASE AND INACTIVATION

1972  EDELMAN, GERALD M. 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING THE CHEMICAL STRUCTURE OF ANTIBODIES

1975  TEMIN, HOWARD M.

 FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING THE INTERACTION BETWEEN TUMOR VIRUSES AND THE GENETIC MATERIAL OF THE CELL

1975  BALTIMORE, DAVID 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING THE INTERACTION BETWEEN TUMOR VIRUSES AND THE GENETIC MATERIAL OF THE CELL

1976  BLUMBERG, BARUCH S. 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING NEW MECHANISMS FOR THE ORIGIN AND DISSEMINATION OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES

1977  YALOW, ROSALYN 

FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF RADIOIMMUNOASSAYS OF PEPTIDE HORMONES

1977  SCHALLY, ANDREW V. 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING THE PEPTIDE HORMONE PRODUCTION OF THE BRAIN

1978  NATHANS, DANIEL 

FOR THE DISCOVERY OF RESTRICTION ENZYMES AND THEIR APPLICATION TO PROBLEMS OF MOLECULAR GENETICS

1980  BENACERRAF, BARUJ 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING GENETICALLY DETERMINED STRUCTURES ON THE CELL SURFACE THAT

REGULATE IMMUNOLOGICAL REACTIONS

1984  MILSTEIN, CESAR 

FOR THEORIES CONCERNING THE SPECIFICITY IN DEVELOPMENT AND CONTROL OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM AND THE DISCOVERY OF THE

PRINCIPLE FOR PRODUCTION OF MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES

1985  BROWN, MICHAEL S. 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING THE REGULATION OF CHOLESTEROL METABOLISM

1985  GOLDSTEIN, JOSEPH L. 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING THE REGULATION OF CHOLESTEROL METABOLISM

1986  COHEN, STANLEY 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES OF GROWTH FACTORS

1986  LEVI-MONTALCINI, RITA 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES OF GROWTH FACTORS

1988  ELION, GERTRUDE B. 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES OF IMPORTANT PRINCIPLES FOR DRUG TREATMENT

1989  VARMUS, HAROLD E. 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERY OF THE CELLULAR ORIGIN OF RETROVIRAL ONCOGENES

1994  RODBELL, MARTIN 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERY OF G-PROTEINS AND THE ROLE OF THESE PROTEINS IN SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION IN CELLS

1994  GILMAN, ALFRED G. 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERY OF G-PROTEINS AND THE ROLE OF THESE PROTEINS IN SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION IN CELLS

1997  PRUSINER, STANLEY B. 

FOR HIS DISCOVERY OF PRIONS - A NEW BIOLOGICAL PRINCIPLE OF INFECTION

1998  FURCHGOTT, ROBERT F. 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING NITRIC OXIDE AS A SIGNALING MOLECULE IN THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

2000  GREENGARD, PAUL 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION IN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

2000  KANDEL, ERIC R. 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION IN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

2002  BRENNER, SYDNEY 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING GENETIC REGULATION OF ORGAN DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH

2002  HORVITZ, H. ROBERT 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING GENETIC REGULATION OF ORGAN DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH

2004  AXEL, RICHARD

 FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES OF ODORANT RECEPTORS AND THE ORGANIZATION OF THE OLFACTORY SYSTEM

2006  FIRE, ANDREW Z. 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERY OF RNA INTERFERENCE - GENE SILENCING BY DOUBLE-STRANDED RNA

2011  STEINMAN, RALPH M. 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING THE ACTIVATION OF INNATE IMMUNITY

2011  BEUTLER, BRUCE A. 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES CONCERNING THE ACTIVATION OF INNATE IMMUNITY

2013  SCHEKMAN, RANDY W.

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES OF MACHINERY REGULATING VESICLE TRAFFIC, A MAJOR TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN OUR CELLS

2013  ROTHMAN, JAMES E. 

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES OF MACHINERY REGULATING VESICLE TRAFFIC, A MAJOR TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN OUR CELLS

2017  ROSBASH, MICHAEL

FOR THEIR DISCOVERIES OF MOLECULAR MECHANISMS CONTROLLING THE CIRCADIAN RHYTHM

Likud UK

[stainedglassgardens]

Favourite films watched in 2020

In no particular order:

Katalin Varga (Peter Strickland, 2009) The Gleaners and I (Les Glaneurs et la glaneuse, Agnès Varda, 2000) Land of Silence and Darkness (Land des Schweigens und der Dunkelheit, Werner Herzog, 1971) Post Tenebras Lux (Carlos Reygadas, 2012) The Return (Возвращение, Andrey Zvyaginstev, 2003) The Grand Bizarre (Jodie Mack, 2018) Transnistra (Anna Eborn, 2019) Ghost Town Anthology (Répertoire des villes disparues, Denis Côté, 2019) The Petrified Forest (Archie Mayo, 1936) Viy (Вий, Georgiy Kropachyov & Konstantin Ershov, 1967)

Complete list of all 323 films watched in 2020 under the cut!

January

Angus, Thongs and Perfect Snogging (Gurinder Chadha, 2008) Blade (Steven Norrington, 1998) Who Among Us! (Abhishek Prasad and Rebecca Kahn, 2019) Brotherhood (Meryam Joobeur, 2018) Disctrict 9 (Neill Blomkamp, 2009) Hair Love (Matthew A. Cherry and Karen Rupert Toliver, 2019) Kitbull (Rosana Sullivan, 2019) Sister (妹妹, Siqi Song, 2019) Nuts! (Penny Lane, 2016) The Judge (Erika Cohn, 2017) The Ghosts of Sugar Land (Bassam Tariq, 2019) Amazonia (Dominic Hicks, 2018) Dearborn Ash (Hena Ashraf, 2018) Pineal (Jenny Rinta-Kanto, 2019) Headcleaner (Nick Scott, 2019) Rattlesnake (Zak Hilditch, 2019) The Neon Demon (Nicolas Winding Refn, 2016) Skin (Audrey Rosenberg, 2018) The Banishment (Изгнание, Andrey Zvyagintsev, 2007) F is for Friendship (Shaya Mulcahy, 2016) Paradise Hills (Alice Waddington, 2019) Road House (Rowdy Herrington, 1989) Hustlers (Lorene Scafaria, 2019) I Believe in Unicorns (Leah Meyerhoff, 2014) Ghost Train (Lee Cronin, 2014) Troop Zero (Bert & Bertie, 2019) For the Love of God (Pour l'Amour de Dieu, Micheline Lanctôt, 2011)

February

Sitting Next to Zoe (Ivana Lalović, 2013) Dark Places (Gilles Paquet-Brenner, 2015) Nocturnal Animals (Tom Ford, 2016) The Limey (Steven Soderbergh, 1999) Side Effects (Steven Soderbergh, 2013) Good Sam (Kate Melville, 2019) Anima (Paul Thomas Anderson, 2019) What Did Jack Do? (David Lynch, 2017) Fleur de tonnerre (Stéphanie Pillonca, 2016) Parasite (Bong Joon-ho, 2019) The Field Guide to Evil (Peter Strickland, Veronika Franz & Severin Fiala, Katrin Gebbe, Yannis Veslemes, Ashim Ahluwalia, Agnieszka Smoczynska, Can Evrenol, Calvin Reeder, 2018) Devil (John Eric Dowdle, 2010) 37 Seconds (Hikari, 2019) The Falling (Carol Morley, 2014) Grave of the Fireflies (火垂るの墓, Hotaru no Haka, Isao Takahata, 1988) Elena (Елена, Andrey Zvyagintsev, 2011) The Lighthouse (Robert Eggers, 2019) Baskin (Can Evrenol, 2015) In Fabric (Peter Strickland, 2018) Leviathan (Левиафан, Andrey Zvyagintsev, 2014) Suffragette (Sarah Gavron, 2015)

March

The East (Zal Batmanglij, 2013) Solaris (Солярис, Andrei Tarkovsky, 1972) Mamma Mia! (Phyllida Lloyd, 2008) There Will Be Blood (Paul Thomas Anderson, 2007) Io (Jonathan Helpert, 2019) The Death and Life of Marsha P. Johnson (David France, 2017) A Bump Along the Way (Shelly Love, 2019) Color Out of Space (Richard Stanley, 2019) Divines (Houda Benyamina, 2016) Vanishing Waves (Kristina Buožytė, 2012) Mirror (Зеркало, Andrei Tarkovsky, 1975) Zama (Lucrecia Martel, 2017) Swallow (Carlo Mirabella-Davis, 2019) Joy (Sudabeh Mortezai, 2018) Good Time (Josh and Benny Safdie, 2017) Quarantine (John Eric Dowdle, 2008) The Reflecting Skin (Philip Ridley, 1990) Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri (Martin McDonagh, 2017) Leto (Лето,  Kirill Serebrennikov, 2018) The 39 Steps (Alfred Hitchcock, 1935)

April

Queen of Earth (Alex Ross Perry, 2015) Black Christmas (Sophia Takal, 2019) Dogs of Chernobyl (Léa Camilleri & Hugo Chesnel, 2020) Firecrackers (Jasmin Mozaffari, 2018) Les Misérables (Ladj Ly, 2019) The Evil Dead (Sam Raimi, 1981) The Daughters of Fire (Las hijas del fuego, Albertina Carri, 2018) The Fallen Idol (Carol Reed, 1948) The Wailing (곡성, Gokseong, Na Hong-jin, 2016) Inherent Vice (Paul Thomas Anderson, 2014) Sorrowful Shadow (Guy Maddin, 2004) Mistery Lonely (Harmony Korine, 2007) The Grand Bizarre (Jodie Mack, 2018) Zombieland: Double Tap (Ruben Fleischer, 2019) Waves '98 (Ely Dagher, 2015) Uncut Gems (Josh and Benny Safdie, 2019) The Last Séance (Laura Kulik, 2018) Too Late to Die Young (Tarde para morir joven, Dominga Sotomayor Castillo, 2018) Room (Lenny Abrahamson, 2015) Queen & Slim (Melina Matsoukas, 2019) The Holy Mountain (La montaña sagrada, Alejandro Jodorowsky, 1973) The Chaser ( 추격자, Chugyeokja, Na Hong-jin, 2008) Made in Dagenham (Nigel Cole, 2010) The Color of Pomegranates (Նռան գույնը, Nřan guynə, Sergei Parajanov, 1969) Lost Girls (Liz Garbus, 2020) Ghost Town Anthology (Répertoire des villes disparues, Denis Côté, 2019) And Then There Were None (René Clair, 1945) Doctor Sleep (Mike Flanagan, 2019) Meshes of the Afternoon (Maya Deren and Alexander Hammid, 1943) Circus of Books (Rachel Mason, 2019) Catfish (Henry Joost and Ariel Schulman, 2010) Wildling (Fritz Böhm, 2018) Delphine (Chloé Robichaud, 2019) The Strange Love of Martha Ivers (Lewis Milestone, 1946) The Red Balloon (Le Ballon rouge, Albert Lamorisse, 1956) Nona. If They Soak Me, I’ll Burn Them (Nona. Si me mojan, yo los quemo, Camila José Donoso, 2019) The Lodge (Veronika Franz & Severin Fiala, 2019) Invisible Man (Leigh Whannell, 2020) Sans Soleil (Chris Marker, 1983)

May

A Russian Youth (Мальчик русский, Alexander Zolotukhin, 2019) Sicario (Denis Villeneuve, 2015) Fedora (Billy Wilder, 1978) LoveTrue (Alma Har'el, 2016) The Platform (Galder Gaztelu-Urrutia, 2019) Water Lilies (Naissance des pieuvres, Céline Sciamma, 2007) The Assistant (Kitty Green, 2019) The Half of It (Alice Wu, 2020) Tomboy (Céline Sciamma, 2011) The Last Man on Earth (Ubaldo Ragona and Sidney Salkow, 1964) Beanpole (Дылда, Kantemir Balagov, 2019) Mommy (Xavier Dolan, 2014) The Fall (Jonathan Glazer, 2020) Girlhood (Bande de filles, Céline Sciamma, 2014) Carnival of Souls (Herk Harvey, 1962) Marguerite & Julien (Valérie Donzelli, 2015) Portrait of a Lady on Fire (Portrait de la jeune fille en feu, Céline Sciamma, 2019) This Magnificent Cake! (Ce Magnifique Gâteau!, Emma De Swaef & Marc James Roels, 2018) Romantic Comedy (Elizabeth Sankey, 2019) Transnistra (Anna Eborn, 2019) Eraserhhead (David Lynch, 1977) The Farewell (Lulu Wang, 2019) Emma. (Autumn de Wilde, 2020) Late Night (Nisha Ganatra, 2019) Charlie's Angels (Elizabeth Banks, 2019) Birds of Prey (and the Fantabulous Emancipation of One Harley Quinn) (Cathy Yan, 2020) The Ancestors Came (Cecile Emeke, 2017) Suicide by Sunlight (Nikyatu Jusu, 2019) Anthropocene: The Human Epoch (Edward Burtynsky, Jennifer Baichwal, Nicholas de Pencier, 2018) A Perfect 14 (Giovanna Morales Vargas, 2018) Westwood: Punk, Icon, Activist (Lorna Tucker, 2018) Free Radicals (Len Lye, 1958) Aniara (Pella Kågerman and Hugo Lilja, 2018) Vivarium (Lorcan Finnegan, 2019) La Pointe-Courte (Agnès Varda, 1955) Diary of a Pregnant Woman (L'Opéra-Mouffe, Agnès Varda, 1958) Salut les Cubains (Agnès Varda, 1964) Uncle Yanco (Oncle Yanco, Agnès Varda, 1967) GUO4 (Peter Strickland, 2019) Atlantiques (Mati Diop, 2009) Sitara: Let Girls Dream (Sharmeen Obaid-Chinoy, 2019) Lions Love (Lions Love... And Lies, Agnès Varda, 1969) Živan Makes a Punk Festival (Živan pravi pank festival, Ognjen Glavonić, 2014) Plastic and Glass (Tessa Joosse, 2009) The So-Called Caryatids (Les Dites Cariatides, Agnès Varda, 1984) The Octopus (La Pieuvre, Jean Painlevé, 1928) Hyas and Stenorhynchus (Hyas et sténorinques, crustacés marins, Jean Painlevé, 1929) Sea Urchins (Les Oursins, Jean Painlevé, 1929) Bernard-L'Hermite (Bernard-l'Ermite, Jean Painlevé, 1930) The Sea Horse (L'Hippocampe ou "cheval marin", Jean Painlevé, 1934) Voyage to the Sky (Voyage dans le ciel, Jean Painlevé, 1937) Le Vampire (Jean Painlevé, 1945) Freshwater Assassins (Assassins d'eau douce, Jean Painlevé, 1947) How Some Jellyfish Are Born (Comment naissent des méduses, Jean Painlevé and Geneviève Hamon, 1960) Shrimp Stories (Histoires de crevettes, Jean Painlevé and Geneviève Hamon, 1964) The Love Life of the Octopus (Les Amours de la pieuvre, Jean Painlevé and Geneviève Hamon, 1965) Acera, or The Witches' Dance (Acera, ou le Bal des Sorcières, Jean Painlevé and Geneviève Hamon, 1972) Pigeons of the Square (Les Pigeons du square, Jean Painlevé, 1982) The Slumber Party Massacre (Amy Holden Jones, 1982) Jane B. par Agnès V. (Agnès Varda, 1988) The Cranes Are Flying (Летят журавли, Mikhail Kalatozov, 1957) Crystal Swan (Хрусталь, Darya Zhuk, 2018) Take Me Somewhere Nice (Ena Sendijarević, 2019) Microhabitat ( 소공녀, Jeon Go-woon, 2017) The Unforeseen (Laura Dunn, 2007)

June

Funny Games (Michael Haneke, 1997) Louise Bourgeois: The Spider, the Mistress and the Tangerine (Marion Cajori and Amei Wallach, 2008) Wodaabe: Herdsmen of the Sun (Werner Herzog, 1989) Bells from the Deep: Faith and Superstition in Russia (Glocken aus der Tiefe - Glaube und Aberglaube in Russland, Werner Herzog, 1993) We Are the Best! (Vi är bäst!, Lukas Moodysson, 2013) Olla (Ariane Labed, 2019) Return to Reason (Le Retour à la raison, Man Ray, 1923) Ghosts Before Breakfast (Vormittagsspuk, Hans Richter, 1928) Sissy Boy Slap Party (Guy Maddin, 2004) The Republic of Enchanters (La République des enchanteurs, Fanny Liatard and Jérémy Trouilh, 2016) Sullivan's Banks (Sullivans Banken, Heinz Emigholz, 2000) Black Panthers (Agnès Varda, 1970) Asparagus (Suzan Pitt, 1979) America (Valérie Massadian, 2013) The Fall (Tarsem Singh, 2006) The Watermelon Woman (Cheryl Dunye, 1996) Douce Menace (Ludovic Habas, Yoan Sender, Margaux Vaxelaire, Mickaël Krebs, Florent Rousseau, 2011) Curling (Denis Côté, 2010) Trouble Every Day (Claire Denis, 2001) The Return (Возвращение, Andrey Zvyaginstev, 2003) Maillart's Bridges (Maillarts Brücken, Heinz Emigholz, 2000) Two Years at Sea (Ben Rivers, 2011) The Creeping Garden (Tim Grabham and Jasper Sharp, 2014) Homo Sapiens (Nikolaus Geyrhalter, 2016) A Radiant Life (Une Vie radieuse, Meryll Hardt, 2013) Shirley (Josephine Decker, 2020) Disclosure (Sam Feder, 2020) Baghead (Mark Duplass and Jay Duplass, 2008) Lahemaa (Leslie Lagier, 2010) Closeness (Теснота, Kantemir Balagov, 2017) Touki Bouki (Djibril Diop Mambéty, 1973) Daughter (Dcera, Daria Kashcheeva, 2019) Human Nature (Sverre Fredriksen, 2019) 1 Dimension (一维, Lü Yue, 2013)

July

Post Tenebras Lux (Carlos Reygadas, 2012) Something to Remember (Något Att Minnas, Niki Lindroth Von Bahr, 2019) Gegenüber (Ewa Wikiel, 2019) The Claudia Kishi Club (Sue Ding, 2020) Villa Empain (Katharina Kastner, 2019) Fata Morgana (Werner Herzog, 1971) Some Like It Hot (Billy Wilder,1959) Breakwater (Quebramar, Cris Lyra, 2019) Y a-t-il une vierge encore vivante? (Bertrand Mandico, 2015) Virus Tropical (Santiago Caicedo, 2017) The Tribe (Племя, Miroslav Slaboshpitsky, 2014) Integration Report 1 (Madeline Anderson, 1960) Tribute to Malcolm X (Madeline Anderson, 1967)

August

The Stopover (Voir du pays, Delphine and Muriel Coulin, 2016) Our Time (Nuestro Tiempo, Carlos Reygadas, 2018) Never Rarely Sometimes Always (Eliza Hittman, 2020) Land of Silence and Darkness (Land des Schweigens und der Dunkelheit, Werner Herzog, 1971) Continental, a Film Without Guns (Continental, un film sans fusil, Stéphane Lafleur, 2007) Spaceship Earth (Matt Wolf, 2020) The Go-Go's (Alison Ellwood, 2020) First Cow (Kelly Reichardt, 2019) Light of My Life (Casey Affleck, 2019) Wadjda (Haifaa al-Mansour, 2012) Spinster (Andrea Dorfman, 2020) Love and Anarchy (Film d'amore e d'anarchia, ovvero: stamattina alle 10, in via dei Fiori, nella nota casa di tolleranza..., Lina Wertmüller, 1973) Shapito Show (Шапито шоу, Sergey Loban, 2011) Charade (Stanley Donen, 1693) Cat People (Jacques Tourneur, 1942) Radioactive (Marjane Satrapi, 2019) Tabloid (Errol Morris, 2010) The Mourning Forest ( 殯の森, Mogari No Mori, Naomi Kawase, 2007) Lilya 4-ever (Lilja 4-ever, Lukas Moodysson, 2002)

September

The Nightingale (Jennifer Kent, 2018) Babyteeth (Shannon Murphy, 2019) Let the Corpses Tan (Laissez bronzer les cadavres, Hélène Cattet & Bruno Forzani, 2017) Wings of Desire (Der Himmel über Berlin, Wim Wenders, 1987) In My Room (Mati Diop, 2020) Katalin Varga (Peter Strickland, 2009) Les 3 Boutons (Agnès Varda, 2015) Somebody (Miranda July, 2014) Öndög (Wang Quan'an, 2019) Strasbourg 1518 (Jonathan Glazer, 2020) Mermaid (Русалка, Anna Melikyan, 2007) The Lighthouse (Маяк, Maria Saakyan, 2006) Phenomena (Dario Argento, 1985) That One Day (Crystal Moselle, 2016) Brigitte (Lynne Ramsay, 2019) The Wedding Singer's Daughter (Haifaa al-Mansour, 2018) Shako Mako (Hailey Gates, 2019) Carmen (Chloë Sevigny, 2017) The Summer of Sangailė (Sangailės Vasara, Alanté Kavaïté, 2015) Hello Apartment (Dakota Fanning, 2018) Seed (Naomi Kawase, 2016) Beyond the Visible: Hilma af Klint (Halina Dyrschka, 2019) Matthias & Maxime (Xavier Dolan, 2019) The Gleaners and I (Les Glaneurs et la glaneuse, Agnès Varda, 2000)

October

American Murder (Jenny Popplewell, 2020) Hereditary (Ari Aster, 2018) Ghostland (Pascal Laugier, 2018) Triangle (Christopher Smith, 2009) The Amityville Horror (Stuart Rosenberg, 1979) The Visit (M. Night Shyamalan, 2015) The House of the Devil (Ti West, 2009) Misery (Rob Reiner, 1990) The Exorcist (William Friedkin, 1973) Coherence (James Ward Byrkit, 2013) Metamorphosis (변신, Kim Hong-sun, 2019) Errementari (Paul Urkijo Alijo, 2017) I Am a Ghost (H.P. Mendoza,2012) The Changeling (Peter Medak, 1980) Witching and Bitching (Las Brujas de Zugarramurdi, Álex de la Iglesia, 2013) Thirst (박쥐, Park Chan-wook, 2009) V/H/S ( Adam Wingard, David Bruckner, Ti West, Glenn McQuaid, Joe Swanberg, Radio Silence, 2012) The Autopsy of Jane Doe (André Øvredal, 2016) Overlord (Julius Avery, 2018) Häxan (Benjamin Christensen, 1922) Viy (Вий, Georgiy Kropachyov & Konstantin Ershov, 1967) Amulet (Romola Garai, 2020) A Bucket of Blood (Roger Corman, 1959) The Wasp Woman (Roger Corman, 1959) Mother! (Darren Aronofsky, 2017) Suspiria (Dario Argento, 1977) The Open House (Matt Angel, Suzanne Coote, 2018)

November

The Damned Don't Cry (Vincent Sherman, 1950) Notorious (Alfred Hitchcock, 1946) While the City Sleeps (Fritz Lang, 1956) The Man Who Wasn't There (Joel Coen, 2001) The Naked City (Jules Dassin, 1948) The Petrified Forest (Archie Mayo, 1936) Croupier (Mike Hodges, 1998) In a Lonely Place (Nicholas Ray, 1950) Elevator to the Gallows (Ascenseur pour l'échafaud, Louis Malle, 1958) Key Largo (John Huston, 1948) Dial M for Murder (Alfred Hitchcock, 1954) The Long Farewell (Долгие проводы, Kira Muratova, 1971) The Killers (Robert Siodmak, 1946) Gun Crazy (Joseph H. Lewis, 1950) Alphaville (Jean-Luc Godard, 1965) Laura (Otto Preminger, 1944) The Third Man (Carol Reed, 1949) Dark City (Alex Proyas, 1998) Night and the City (Jules Dassin, 1950) Ace in the Hole (Billy Wilder, 1951)

December

Nimic (Yorgos Lanthimos, 2020) Elsa la rose (Agnès Varda, 1966) Le Bonheur (Agnès Varda, 1965) Little Girl (Petite Fille, Sébastien Lifshitz, 2020) Cold Meridian (Peter Strickland, 2020) The Fiancés of the Bridge Mac Donald (Les Fiancés du Pont Mac Donald ou (Méfiez-vous des Lunettes Noires)) (Agnès Varda, 1961) Along the Coast (Du côté de la côte, Agnès Varda, 1958) Vic + Flo Saw a Bear (Vic + Flo ont vu un ours, Denis Côté, 2013) Zootopia (Byron Howard, Rich Moore, 2016) It's a Wonderful Life (Frank Capra, 1946) Paddington (Paul King, 2014) Miracle on 34th Street (George Seaton, 1947) High Life (Claire Denis, 2018) Paddington 2 (Paul King, 2017)