#Abnormal Psychology Journals

[bredforloyalty]

i had a good day i like having things to do but unfortunately i have just remembered i am insane</3

[transmutationisms]

Do you have any reading recs on the construction of ASPD/psychopathy as a diagnosis and its relationship with the prison industrial complex

Disordered Personalities and Crime: An analysis of the history of moral insanity (2015), David W. Jones

The Myth of the Born Criminal: Psychopathy, Neurobiology, and the Creation of the Modern Degenerate (2015), Jarkko Jalava, Stephanie Griffiths, & Michael Maraun

"Vom «autistischen Psychopathen» zum Autismusspektrum. Verhaltensdiagnostik und Persönlichkeitsbehauptung in der Geschichte des Autismus," Rüdiger Graf. Gesnerus 77.2 (2020), 279–311 DOI 10.24894/Gesn-de.2020.77012

"From Psyche to Soma? Changing Accounts of Antisocial Personality Disorders in the American Journal of Psychiatry," Martyn Pickersgill. History of Psychiatry 21 (2010), 294–311

"'Born Criminals,' 'Degenerates' and 'Psychopaths': On the History of Criminal Psychology in Germany." Heinz G. Schott. In Transaction in Medicine & Heteronomous Modernization: Germany, Japan, Korea and Taiwan (2009), ed. Alfons Labisch & Shizu Sakai

"Einführung: Zur Zeitgeschichte «abnormer Persönlichkeiten»," Alexa Geisthövel. Gesnerus 77.2 (2020), 173–205 DOI 10.24894/Gesn-de.2020.77009

"A Drifting Concept for an Unruly Menace: A History of Psychopathy in Germany," Greg Eghigian. Isis 106.2 (2015), 283–309 DOI: 10.1086/681994

"Badness, Madness and the Brain—The Late 19th-Century Controversy on Immoral Persons and Their Malfunctioning Brains," Felix Schirmann. History of the Human Sciences 26.2 (2013), 33–50 DOI 10.1177/0952695113482317

"Epilepsy, violence, and crime. A historical analysis," Júlia Gyimesi. Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 58.1 (2022), 42–58 DOI: 10.1002/jhbs.22117

"Descontinuidades e ressurgências: entre o normal e o patológico na teoria do controle social," Francis Moraes de Almeida. História, Ciências, Saúde-Manguinhos 20.3 (2013), 1057–1078 DOI 10.1590/S0104-597020130003000017

"A History of Changes to the Criminal Personality in the DSM," Jessica Gurley. History of Psychology 12 (2009), 285–304 DOI 10.1037/a0018101

"Criminal Propensities: Psychiatry, Classification and Imprisonment in New York State 1916–1940," Stephen Garton. Social History of Medicine 23 (2010), 79–97

A socio-legal history of the psychopathic offender legislation in the United States (1974), Aldo Piperno (diss.)

[coochiequeens]

“The IOC and the Algerian Olympic Committee are complicit in endorsing male violence against women under the guise of public entertainment on the world’s largest sports stage,” “They stood by as women were subjected to physical assault for spectacle, stripped of safety, fairness, and their lifetime achievements. All those involved must face swift and serious consequences.” - ICONS co-founder Marshi Smith

By Anna Slatz November 4, 2024

A shocking new development has emerged in the case of Algerian boxer Imane Khelif after a French journalist reportedly gained access to a damning medical report revealing Khelif has “testicles.” The news comes months after Khelif seized a gold medal in women’s boxing at the Paris Olympics.

The report was drafted in June of 2023 via a collaboration between the Kremlin-Bicêtre hospital in Paris, France, and the Mohamed Lamine Debaghine hospital in Algiers, Algeria. Drafted by expert endocrinologists Soumaya Fedala and Jacques Young, the report reveals that Khelif is impacted by 5-alpha reductase deficiency, a disorder of sexual development that is only found in biological males.

From the medical report conducted on Khelif.

The genetic abnormality influences the normal development of a child’s sexual organs. At birth, male babies impacted by 5-alpha are often incorrectly assigned female due to the presence of deformed genitalia that sometimes takes on the appearance of a “blind vaginal pouch.”

This disordered development typically becomes apparent by puberty, when 5-alpha adolescents begin to experience signs of masculinization such as muscle growth, hair growth, and an absence of breast tissue development or menstruation. Without access to a proper clinical examination, males with 5-alpha may incorrectly believe they are female into adulthood.

At the end of October, French journalist Djaffar Ait Aoudia obtained a copy of a thorough physical examination that was conducted on Khelif in order to verify the presence of a disorder of sexual development.

According to Aoudia, the clinical report reveals that an MRI determined that Khelif had no uterus, but instead had internal testicles and a “micropenis” resembling an enlarged clitoris. A chromosomal test further confirmed that Khelif has an XY karyotype, while a hormone test found that Khelif had a testosterone level typical of males. In the file, doctors also suggested that Khelif’s parents may have been blood relatives.

The report concludes by recommending Khelif be referred for “surgical correction and hormone therapy,” to help him physically align with his self-perceived gender identity, and adds that psychological support would be required because the results had caused a “very significant neuropsychiatric impact.”

This report coincides with an earlier admission by Khelif’s coach, Georges Cazorla, that the Algerian boxer had been subjected to an assessment at the Kremlin-Bicêtre Hospital after being disqualified from women’s boxing by the International Boxing Association (IBA) in March of 2023.

In an interview from August, Cazorla tepidly conceded that the endocrinologists had determined there was a “problem with [Khelif’s] chromosomes” at the time. Despite this fact, Cazorla insisted that Khelif should still be allowed to compete against females.

Cazorla also stated that Khelif was placed on testosterone suppressants following the 2023 medical assessment. However, the International Olympic Committee has not submitted athletes to chromosomal testing since 1999 and, at the Paris Olympics, the only requirement to participate in women’s boxing was to have a female sex marker on legal documents.

Further confirmation of the boxers’ karyotype was given by Alan Abrahamson, an associate professor at the University of Southern California’s Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism, who is a specialist in Olympic sports and member of the International Olympic Committee’s press committee. In an August statement, Abrahamson said that he had personally viewed the results of the hotly-contested chromosomal tests ordered by the IBA in 2022 and 2023 which “concluded the boxer’s DNA was that of a male consisting of XY chromosomes.”

The news of Khelif’s leaked medical report comes after he won gold at the Paris Olympics in the women’s 65kg category.

In collaboration with the Independent Council on Women’s Sport (ICONS), Reduxx was the first outlet to break the news of Khelif’s participation in women’s boxing at Paris, raising alarm bells due to his previous disqualification from women’s boxing by the IBA. The news sparked a firestorm of controversy, with the IBA coming out in opposition to the IOC’s decision to allow Khelif to fight women in Paris.

Speaking to Reduxx on this latest revelation, ICONS co-founder Marshi Smith slammed the IOC and the Algerian Olympic Committee for allowing Khelif to continue his journey to Paris gold despite being fully aware he was genetically male.

“The IOC and the Algerian Olympic Committee are complicit in endorsing male violence against women under the guise of public entertainment on the world’s largest sports stage,” Smith said. “They stood by as women were subjected to physical assault for spectacle, stripped of safety, fairness, and their lifetime achievements. All those involved must face swift and serious consequences.”

Smith adds that she believes Khelif should be stripped of his gold medal, but doubts any action will be taken to rectify the injustice.

“We urge leaders in sports and governments worldwide to condemn the IOC and demand a public commitment to ensuring fair and safe sports for women from this day forward. This must never be allowed to happen again.”

[deadcroisany]

Y/n: So there's this cognitive dissonance between her actual and her ideal self which causes her to be practically dysfunctional. But of course, I'm no psychologist.

Daemon: No, you're a nitwit. How come you know those words?

Y/n: I guess it's from reading The Journal of Abnormal Psychology.

Daemon: I'm sorry, but I refuse to believe you have ever read a scientific journal.

Y/n, getting up: Believe what you want. See if I care.

Y/n *loud enough to be heard*: Hypersexual, niece fucking, brother obsessed, incesteous bastard.

[the-eclectic-wonderer]

Ohh Rose is manipulating Blanche so well. They never expect it and they always fall for it and it's always hilarious

Honestly Rose has become so endearing to me. Dangerous levels of adorable. She's too much of a sweetheart, I have to clench my chest basically every time she talks because she's just too precious

[dead-dog-dont-eat]

Ben: So there’s this cognitive dissonance between her actual and ideal self which causes her to be practically dysfunctional. Of course, I'm no psychologist.

Kevin: No, you’re a nitwit. How come you know those words?

Rook: Kevin, come on, it’s not nice calling him a nitwit… But since the cats out of the bag, how do you know those words?

Ben: I guess it’s from reading the American Journal of Abnormal Psychology. Mom had it at home, she got it from a friend.

Kevin: I’m sorry but I refuse to believe that you have ever read a scientific journal.

Ben: Believe what you want, see if I care… *Gets up and walks away while saying angrily* Hypersexual bitch…

Kevin and Rook: *Chokes on drinks*

[lowcountry-gothic]

Really interesting article. Some highlights (emphasis mine):

It continues to come as a great surprise for many people to learn that psychiatry’s leading authorities, including the former longtime director of the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), have discarded the “chemical imbalance theory of mental illness”—an idea which has had a profound impact on millions of emotionally suffering people and on our entire society.

While researchers began jettisoning it by the 1990s, one of psychiatry’s first loud rejections was in 2011, when psychiatrist Ronald Pies, Editor-in-Chief Emeritus of the Psychiatric Times, stated: “In truth, the ‘chemical imbalance’ notion was always a kind of urban legend—never a theory seriously propounded by well-informed psychiatrists.” Thomas Insel was the NIMH director from 2002 to 2015, and in his recently published book, Healing (2022), he notes, “The idea of mental illness as a ‘chemical imbalance’ has now given way to mental illnesses as ‘connectional’ or brain circuit disorders.” While this latest “brain circuit disorder” theory remains controversial, it is now consensus at the highest levels of psychiatry that the chemical imbalance theory is invalid.

In Blaming the Brain (1998), Elliot Valenstein, professor emeritus of psychology and neuroscience at the University of Michigan, detailed research showing that it is just as likely for people with normal serotonin levels to feel depressed as it is for people with abnormal serotonin levels, and that it is just as likely for people with abnormally high serotonin levels to feel depressed as it is for people with abnormally low serotonin levels. Valenstein concluded, “Furthermore, there is no convincing evidence that depressed people have a serotonin or norepinephrine deficiency.”

As a journalist, [National Public Radio correspondent Alix] Spiegel did some digging. She talked to Joseph Coyle, Harvard Medical School professor of neuroscience and editor of one of psychiatry’s most prestigious journals, who told her: “Chemical imbalance is sort of last-century thinking....It’s really an outmoded way of thinking.” Spiegel tried to discover why psychiatry has not made greater efforts at publicizing its jettisoning of the chemical imbalance hypothesis. Alan Frazer, chair of the department of pharmacology at the University of Texas Health Science Center in San Antonio, told her that framing depression as a chemical imbalance has allowed patients to feel better about taking a drug and to “feel better about themselves, if there was this biological reason for them being depressed, some deficiency, and the drug was correcting it.” Apparently, authorities at the highest levels have long known that the chemical imbalance theory was a disproven hypothesis, but they have viewed it as a useful “noble lie” to encourage medication use.

I also found this video in which Mitch Prinstein, chief science officer at the American Psychological Association, says that SSRIs probably aren't a placebo affect and that people shouldn't just stop taking them, but suggests that depression is a complex phenomenon which SSRIs only address one facet of and may not be the best approach to, citing different therapy approaches as potentially more effective in certain cases. But then there's this:

Another interesting article that goes farther in linking the use of SSRIs to capitalism and the predatory influence of Big Pharma.

Almost every measure of our collective mental health��rates of suicide, anxiety, depression, addiction deaths, psychiatric prescription use—went the wrong direc­tion, even as access to services expanded greatly.”

During the last three decades, SSRIs have been repeatedly linked to higher suicide risk; found to create a far higher percentage of sexual dysfunction than to positively affect depression (with SSRI success rates no different than placebo rates or even lower than placebo rates); and result in withdrawal reactions that can be severe and persistent.

Big Pharma has spread its money around to psychiatric institutions such as the American Psychiatric Association (APA), the guild of psychiatrists, and to so-called “patient advocacy” groups such as the National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI). Big Pharma has also spread millions of dollars around to individual psychiatrists, especially so-called “thought leaders.” One of many psychiatrists exposed by 2008 Congressional hearings on psychiatry’s financial relationship with drug companies was Harvard psychiatrist Joseph Biederman—credited with creating pediatric bipolar disorder—who received $1.6 million in consulting fees from drug makers from 2000 to 2007.

The individual-defect/pathologizing of emotional suffering and behavioral disturbances meets the political needs of those who wish to remain in denial of their connection with emotional suffering and behavioral disturbances. Psychiatry’s biochemical/brain disease explanations for emotional suffering and behavioral disturbances clearly meets the needs of the ruling class. If a population believes that its suffering is caused not by social-economic-political variables but instead by individual defects, this belief undermines political rebellion and maintains the status quo.

“Biological determinism (biologism) has been a powerful mode of explaining the observed inequalities of status, wealth, and power in contemporary industrial capitalist societies. . . . Biological determinism is a powerful and flexible form of ‘blaming the victim.’”

For societal and family authorities, psychiatry has another political role, an “extra-legal police function.” Specifically, a major political role of psychiatry is to control individuals—via involuntary drug and hospitalization “treatments”—who have done nothing illegal but who create tension for authorities. David Cohen, UCLA professor of social welfare, notes: “This coercive function is what society and most people actually appreciate most about psychiatry.”

On another level, psychiatry lives on despite repeated failures and lack of progress because it embraces the worship of technology and the belief that salvation from emotional suffering will come with a new technology.

A lot to think about.

To be clear, I’m not averse to taking medication per se. I’m on OCD meds and I know how quickly I spiral into misery without them. But it’s really frustrating to read all this since it just underlines that we’re really doing nothing about the real underlying problems, and the capitalism really is the root cause of so much of what’s wrong with the world right now.

[xenosagaepisodeone]

the thing is though that these checklists don’t mean if you have BPD it is not allowed that you have nightmares / if you have CPTSD you are legally obligated to never experience impulsiveness etc etc; it’s not just “making stuff up” — though ig in the strictest sense yeah, first you make stuff up but then you test it and see if your hypotheses align with the population. Basically chances are if you meet 8/9 BPD criteria and some for CPTSD but not enough to meet the diagnostic standard (which afaik isn’t recognized just yet but i think they’re trying to get it recognized in the diagnostic manuals but correct me if i’m wrong) then it’s pretty likely you’re going to respond better to BPD treatment and ALSO if your practitioner completely ignores one diagnosis in favor of the other they’re probably not that good at their job. Psychology doesn’t speak in “rules” and absolutes, it speaks in trends and likelihoods and everyone trying to sell you a 100% true and immovable psychology fact is a sham

as someone who unfortunately has a degree in psychology (and whose undergrad began right as the infamous replication crisis became more widely acknowledged in the field), yes, historically a lot of this field is bias and hegemony imbued with some metric. when homosexuality was still classified as a mental disorder, the conversion therapy program by masters and johnson (who were like, some of the earliest pioneers of research into human sexual responses lmao) would often boast high success rates due to participants merely adopting signifiers of heterosexuality. the modern day pop psychology movement (and it's subfields, new ageism, self help books, uhhh Market Christianity) also cannot be disentangled from academic psychology, which further bends the way in which people understand and interact with psychological phenomena. this of course does not mean that all data is junk data, or that methods of measurement are without some rigor, or that therapy is completely useless, but it's just patently incorrect to insist that this field is even predominantly an apolitical force attempting to further our understanding of human beings. it's bizarre that you acknowledge that credentialized individuals in the field can be flawed while also being uncritical of psychological categorization for mental illness.

It's not that I don't get what you're saying, but it's not reflective of reality. yes, I know that practitioners are supposed to help you feel out your symptoms and see what treatment works for you, but that isn't just what they're doing (assuming it's even being done with care and competence). it's inaccurate to insist that psychology doesn't speak in absolutes- I know that we are taught not to do this, but for any social science related field this is the equivalent of going "stop hitting yourself". in any practical real-world setting where accredited institutional psychology is present, there are rules. in a clinical setting, there are rules, and you can be inpatiented against your will for breaking those rules (or recently here in canada, randomly stripped of your driver's license). in neuromarketing (<- yes this is a real discipline.), which is intensively oriented towards results due to the profit incentive, there are rules. the conditions of release for many offenders necessitates staying on court-mandated medication or participating in specific programs. when H.B. Phrenology from The Heritage Foundation wheels out his thousandth manicured study on crime and race (and when a different journal publishes a study indirectly debunking it), that is him tacitly acknowledging that there are rules.

anyway did I ever tell you guys that in my first year at University of Toronto (UTSC campus baybee) they brought in a guest speaker to my abnormal psych course who gave us a lengthy talk on how autogynephilia theory is objectively true. this was like 2013ish maybe 2014 btw.

[possibly-god]

Christoph Osterberg – the Shrink

(1975 – 25/2000 – 50)

Escaping the chaos of post-WW2 Germany, Dr. Ludwig Hesse emigrated to America, briefly living and practicing medicine in a German immigrant community, and even more briefly being married to fellow migrant Ursula Osterberg.

Their marriage was one of momentary convenience and desperation – when Ludwig skipped town after the Skeleton Incident, Ursula was almost happy to see him go, until she discovered she was stuck with a rather permanent reminder.

Practically from birth, Christoph was a stubborn, sarcastic little shit who drove his mother up the wall with his endless questions, bottomless well of back-talk, and insistence that her “little girl” was Very Much Not That.

It certainly doesn’t help matters that he’s transitioning into mini-Medic – picture Herbert West from Re-Animator (with a sprinkle of Dr. House’s personality) and you’re most of the way there.

While hiding in the basement one day, 11-year-old Christoph found a bunch of old medical textbooks and pulled a volume on the brain, beginning a fascination with the mind’s many mysteries and points of failure.

Christoph considers college the point at which he “traded up” in life – Zephaniah Mann University is where he cut contact with his mother and stepfamily, and where he met his best friend, Hedy.

Christoph and Hedy rapidly partnered up – she helps him formulate new drugs, he helps her assess her designs’ safety, and in ’73 they got married for tax benefits (and other reasons, none of them romantic).

Christoph had long since forged every single piece of legal identification to correct his gender, so their courthouse wedding went off without a hitch – hardly the most hazardous thing he’s done, considering he also brews his own hormones and performed his own top surgery.

He submitted a paper on the self-surgery experience to several medical journals but none of them believed him.

Despite his many wild and widely-known theories on abnormal and para-psychology, Christoph received his Bachelor’s with flying colors and has continued on to ZMU’s medical program with a focus on psychiatry and neurology.

His personal biochemistry studies sparked an interest in the potential medical uses of Australium, leading him to drunkenly dare Hedy to get him enough for proper experimentation – a dare that would lead her to revolutionize nuclear physics and get them and several others kidnapped.

Medic was initially quite skeptical of Christoph, and vice-versa, but once their many mutual interests and disdain for their ex-family were established, they quickly bonded as Queer Men of Mad Medicine.

Medic’s doves love him. He tolerates them (he loves them).

Between new dad Medic, new father-in-law Engineer, new basically-stepdad Heavy, new basically-aunt Zhanna, and new basically-stepbrother Patrick, Christoph somehow manages to take the sudden influx of relatives in stride.

His favorite pastime on base is psychoanalyzing the mercs – oh, the case studies he could write. He also regularly volunteers to babysit the twins to run twin-telepathy studies on them.

After the OHM incident wraps up, Christoph completes med school and residency to become a certified psychiatrist – though finding places that will hire him is a challenge. (At one point some MKUltra holdouts attempt to recruit him, but he turns them down – their methods are far too primitive).

Medic, Heavy, and the rest gladly fill his stepfamily’s spot in Christoph’s life – he’ll rarely admit it, but he didn’t realize how much he missed that kind of support.

On his 50th birthday, Hedy (still his wife of 27 years) invites him to join her at Team Fortress International, where he can practice freely and they can work together again. He accepts, signing on as the Shrink.

Next up – a Brooklynite brawler and angsty adolescent…

TF2K Master Post

[lxcke]

Linktr.ee | Ko-fi | Art Portfolio | My Music | The Graveyard Café

Hi, this blog is formatted for TILES and LONG TEXT. Please check out my custom desktop theme for a much better visual experience.

My name is Locke! You've probably seen me around doing edgy stuff in the Creepypasta fandom. I've since left, and now I post about things like:

D&D / Fantasy

VIsual Arts

Music

Writing tips

Witchy stuff

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Sci-fi / Robots

Psychology / Self Care

Journaling

Be prepared for the shitposting, the random blurb updates, and OC hoarding! So, let's talk more about me (obviously; this is an intro post.) I'm twenty-two years old and I live up in Appalachia. I have an associate degree in English Writing & Literature Analysis with a focus on abnormal psychology. I also enjoy things like nature, technology, and video games!

Ground Rules

My DMs and asks are open, but if you're a minor, stay out of the DMs or I won't reply to you. I'm also chill with being tagged in fun posts or emailed for business/creative ventures. Also, if you try to hit on me, you will be blocked. Forever. <3

The tagging system has been automatically implemented into the search bar.

Thanks for stopping by, and have a good browse!

[compneuropapers]

Interesting Papers for Week 31, 2023

Abnormal evidence accumulation underlies the positive memory deficit in depression. Cataldo, A. M., Scheuer, L., Maksimovskiy, A. L., Germine, L. T., & Dillon, D. G. (2023). Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 152(1), 139–156.

Internal neural states influence the short-term effect of monocular deprivation in human adults. Chen, Y., Gao, Y., He, Z., Sun, Z., Mao, Y., Hess, R. F., … Zhou, J. (2023). eLife, 12, e83815.

Mesolimbic dopamine adapts the rate of learning from action. Coddington, L. T., Lindo, S. E., & Dudman, J. T. (2023). Nature, 614(7947), 294–302.

Sensorimotor feedback loops are selectively sensitive to reward. Codol, O., Kashefi, M., Forgaard, C. J., Galea, J. M., Pruszynski, J. A., & Gribble, P. L. (2023). eLife, 12, e81325.

Multiphasic value biases in fast-paced decisions. Corbett, E. A., Martinez-Rodriguez, L. A., Judd, C., O’Connell, R. G., & Kelly, S. P. (2023). eLife, 12, e67711.

Hippocampal–cortical coupling differentiates long-term memory processes. Dahal, P., Rauhala, O. J., Khodagholy, D., & Gelinas, J. N. (2023). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 120(7), e2207909120.

The visual encoding of graspable unfamiliar objects. Federico, G., Osiurak, F., Brandimonte, M. A., Salvatore, M., & Cavaliere, C. (2023). Psychological Research, 87(2), 452–461.

Complex economic decisions from simple neurocognitive processes: the role of interactive attention. He, L., & Bhatia, S. (2023). Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 290(1992), 20221593.

Behavioral encoding across timescales by region-specific dopamine dynamics. Jørgensen, S. H., Ejdrup, A. L., Lycas, M. D., Posselt, L. P., Madsen, K. L., Tian, L., … Gether, U. (2023). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 120(7), e2215230120.

Olfactory receptor neurons generate multiple response motifs, increasing coding space dimensionality. Kim, B., Haney, S., Milan, A. P., Joshi, S., Aldworth, Z., Rulkov, N., … Stopfer, M. A. (2023). eLife, 12, e79152.

Local memory allocation recruits memory ensembles across brain regions. Lavi, A., Sehgal, M., de Sousa, A. F., Ter-Mkrtchyan, D., Sisan, F., Luchetti, A., … Silva, A. J. (2023). Neuron, 111(4), 470-480.e5.

D2/3 Agonist during Learning Potentiates Cued Risky Choice. Mortazavi, L., Hynes, T. J., Chernoff, C. S., Ramaiah, S., Brodie, H. G., Russell, B., … Winstanley, C. A. (2023). Journal of Neuroscience, 43(6), 979–992.

Coordinated drift of receptive fields in Hebbian/anti-Hebbian network models during noisy representation learning. Qin, S., Farashahi, S., Lipshutz, D., Sengupta, A. M., Chklovskii, D. B., & Pehlevan, C. (2023). Nature Neuroscience, 26(2), 339–349.

Distinct early and late neural mechanisms regulate feature-specific sensory adaptation in the human visual system. Rideaux, R., West, R. K., Rangelov, D., & Mattingley, J. B. (2023). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 120(6), e2216192120.

Single spikes drive sequential propagation and routing of activity in a cortical network. Riquelme, J. L., Hemberger, M., Laurent, G., & Gjorgjieva, J. (2023). eLife, 12, e79928.

Testing, explaining, and exploring models of facial expressions of emotions. Snoek, L., Jack, R. E., Schyns, P. G., Garrod, O. G. B., Mittenbühler, M., Chen, C., … Scholte, H. S. (2023). Science Advances, 9(6).

Distinct replay signatures for prospective decision-making and memory preservation. Wimmer, G. E., Liu, Y., McNamee, D. C., & Dolan, R. J. (2023). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 120(6), e2205211120.

A dopaminergic reward prediction error signal shapes maternal behavior in mice. Xie, Y., Huang, L., Corona, A., Pagliaro, A. H., & Shea, S. D. (2023). Neuron, 111(4), 557-570.e7.

A discipline-wide investigation of the replicability of Psychology papers over the past two decades. Youyou, W., Yang, Y., & Uzzi, B. (2023). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 120(6), e2208863120.

Development of dynamic attention: Time-based visual selection for objects in motion between 6–12 years of age. Zupan, Z., Blagrove, E. L., & Watson, D. G. (2023). Developmental Psychology, 59(2), 312–325.

[seabugsbaby]

hello here is an askkk. tell me something extremely specific.

hope u like info abt psych lololol

So the Milgram experiment was a super controversial experiment, but also a real interesting one, esp when u keep in mind like, medical and military atrocities where ur just in shock on how folks could go along w it.

The researchers wanted to look at obedience. They set up a task where one researcher would be in a room, and another would be in another room telling the participant to continuously shock the first researcher. They would tell the participant to keep upping the amt of shock until the participant disobeyed. The first researcher would pretend like they were being shocked n stuff. Like crying out, etc.

Everyone predicted that veeeery few people would stay obedient. Like, at the higher levels of shock, they'd stop. Folks are wired not to wanna hurt people.

And they were right that folks are wired to not want to, but way wrong abt how far folks would go anyways.

Participants were sweating, muttering, asking the researcher if they had to, some even had full blown panic attacks and seizures and most participants STILL kept administering shocks beyond lethal levels. Like the first researcher was fully silent. Folks thought they'd killed him. N they STILL kept shocking him.

it's craaaazy, u should read the full paper if u can get access tbh. ill grab the citation to help vvv

Milgram, S. (1963). Behavioral Study of obedience. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 67(4), 371–378. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0040525

But there's a lot of theories on why people stay obedient when harming others yk, n it changes based on context. Just World Theory is my favorite one to pair with findings like Milgram's. Also disclaimer yeah the experiment was very unethical and should not have happened!!!!!!!!!! at all!!!!! Even just the circumstances around the experiment are just as crazy as the findings!!!!!!!!! i do NOT rock with Milgram!!!!

[z0ruas]

I'm nervous to share this but I need to get better at it. In March this year my therapist diagnosed me with OSDD - otherwise specified dissociative disorder - or one of the variations under the umbrella of what used to be called multiple personality disorder. I didn't know my undiagnosed autism in early childhood could become something this advanced, and I can never find out what trauma exactly caused it because 1) that's the nature of the disorder and 2) my parents who homeschooled/abused me will never help me remember. My best guess is CSA that they tried to cover up and it should bother me more to share that but despite having been a walking billboard of the symptoms at times I don't recall the trauma itself whatsoever so whatever, just the rituals I used to do to try to get out of any more of it happening I guess. Telling my therapist that as a child I stopped bathing for days at a time and don't remember when it started and to this day I'm still mysteriously horrified of the shower tipped her off to my dissociation being highly abnormal

"DID is a dissociative trauma disorder in which a survivor has undergone longterm, repeated trauma in early childhood. This trauma, combined with other factors, results in a rather dramatic interruption of psychological development -- particularly as it pertains to identity. Through a process known as dissociation, this thwarted development results in "differentiated self-states" (also known as alters/parts) who may each think, act, and feel considerably different from one another. These parts of the mind - who may have their own name, age and personality - are able to take executive control of the body, leaving the survivor without any awareness for the time they were gone. These amnesic gaps in memory can be for just a few moments, a few days, or even entire chunks of one's childhood. The alters in a DID mind exist to help the survivor cope with deeply painful and unconscionable trauma, holding it outside their awareness to the best of their ability. However, often once the survivor begins to find safety and/or enter adulthood, this once supremely creative and protective mechanism can turn into a maladaptive trait causing real life consequences."

I'm not sure if I count as fully DID because of my likely low end alter count, which I'll explain, and because how my amnesia works. I want to say I am because I don't remember anything before the age of 7 and didn't know until recently that not everyone forgets early childhood that hard, lately everything before age 13 is on its way out too and I'm gathering that the degree of my short and long term memory loss are pretty severe during times of stress, but I don't currently have blackouts or alters who keep each other out of consciousness to "take over" and are damned to keep secrets from each other, so I don't know. It feels more like they just filter themselves through me, like we're all living the same life but just deal with it and feel about it different ways.

They've written a lot of notes/journals to me over the years, so as an adult as long as I check those I usually remember what they do and feel generally and don't ever wake up like "where the fuck am I," but in the past I mistook them for fictional characters or "intrusive inner monologue" that conflicted with "me," because I didn't know what this was. With more therapy and introspection I've figured that 20+ years ago I once had alters who I can't remember anymore who took a lot of memory away whenever it was they "left"/I no longer needed them.

Turns out even if I hadn't decided to formally learn creative writing I would've been coming up with other people in my head to cope anyway. Kinda puts a damper on the last decade I've spent as a writer or so I thought. Similar to the ablutophobia I don't recall when exactly I started coming up with and illustrating stories, just that I seemed to be able to and I needed to do it as much as possible.

Without prodding off the top of my head I only have two clear memories of being 7, I don't know when they are and they aren't reels of continuous moments more than they are snapshots of just having been there, but I can still see what the rooms looked like when I was in them: 1) playing Pokemon Yellow in my bedroom for the first time and 2) sitting down at the brick computer in my parents' bedroom to write my first word document story.

I say my alter count is likely to be low (but I can't be sure until I get a therapist who specializes in this disorder, mine only does in autism) because I, the host of this blog and normally my brain/body, used to feel like a singlet (someone without DID) and was long unaware of what this disorder was besides the name of it, so we didn't have a naming or recognition method for alters for 20+ years. The way its portrayed in media and online I see a lot of systems with drastically individualized members, but a lot of mine are just "me but with certain emotions dialed up" "me slightly to the left or right" "me at 13" "me when I've suddenly forgotten x important thing again"

Like the autism this is definitely one of those things I needed to know about myself decades sooner, but unlike the autism which I was #bornwith this feels like something I need to apologize for, despite not having the language or knowledge to express how it felt and despite not remembering why I started doing it.

If I'd been able to always express myself as a "we," if I'd known, I wouldn't have hidden this from people, so that I can get better. Whether that be through "final fusion" (all alters becoming one) or "functional multiplicity" (less alters becoming as few as possible) I plan on healing as much as possible despite no longer being able to recover all the pieces of my puzzle

[wawawawawawawawawawawawawa]

i am asking about thin slicing i know i want to

another victim of my wizard powers i see

anyway! thin slicing is, to quote wikipedia,

a term used in psychology and philosophy to describe the ability to find patterns in events based only on "thin slices", or narrow windows, of experience. The term refers to the process of making very quick inferences about the state, characteristics or details of an individual or situation with minimal amounts of information.

and in terms of efficacy (again from wikipedia):

Research has found that brief judgments based on thin-slicing are similar to those judgments based on much more information. Judgments based on thin-slicing can be as accurate, or even more so, than judgments based on much more information.

there was a specific study measuring thin slicing in regard to personality abnormalities, and it concluded that people could identify personality disorder after 30 seconds of observation. so...

source: (Friedman, Jacqueline N. W.; Oltmanns, Thomas F.; Turkheimer, Eric (2007-06-01). "Interpersonal perception and personality disorders: Utilization of a thin slice approach". Journal of Research in Personality. 41 (3): 667–688)

...put that together, and it becomes very likely that a lot of people (both in universe and out) identify izaya's antisocial tendencies via thin slicing and are seemingly instinctually repelled from him. he just, gives people "bad vibes" or makes them feel "weird," despite the fact that a lot of the people who say this in-universe are heavily involved with a criminal lifestyle and thus have less moral objections than a random person would

basically people r insta-identifying izaya as a sociopath bc of thin slicing, and not realizing theyre doing it

also disclaimer: YES thin slicing can ABSOLUTELY lead to bigoted beliefs- i.e. if you think gay people are "dangerous," you will begin to feel threatened and uneasy bc of thin slicing picking up on someone being gay and registering it as a threat. im not hailing thin slicing as the be all end all of Knowing How People Are, in fact whats happening to izaya is actually the antethisis of that- the problem is people r feeling uneasy bc of a common stereotype about aspd and thin slicing is applying it to izaya. again yes there r a lot of valid reasons to be uneasy around izaya, hes done a lot of bad things obviously, but a lot of the people exhibiting unease are also people who have done bad things, sometimes arguably just as bad or WORSE than things izaya has done

[theconstitutionisgayculture]

Accidentally deleted an ask about how mental disorders and mental illnesses are different things that I wanted to answer, so here we go

So we have three different sources all saying different things. Source 1 is a Cambridge study from 2002 that says the definitions of both terms, mental disorder and mental illness, are too vague to properly determine the difference between the two, and that more effective treatment of both might make the distinction easier to determine.

Source 2 is a health and wellness blog that says the two terms are often used interchangeably, and that there are subtle differences. A disorder is when there's not enough clinical evidence to diagnose an illness.

Source 3 is a health website that references The American Heritage Stedman's Medical Dictionary definitions of the words "disorder" and "illness". According to the Dictionary, "a disorder is A disturbance or derangement that affects the function of mind or body, such as an eating disorder or the abuse of a drug." And an illness is "A pathological condition of a body part, an organ, or a system resulting from various causes, such as infection, genetic defect, or environmental stress, and characterized by an identifiable group of signs or symptoms." Except, for some reason, they use the definition for "disease" instead of "illness". I want to keep this source even though it's inaccurate, because it will come into play in a minute.

Source 4 is from the online medical dictionary that reference multiple medical sources, including Stedman's. It's first definition defines a mental illness as "a broadly inclusive term, generally denoting one or all of the following: 1) a disease of the brain, with predominant behavioral symptoms, as in paresis or acute alcoholism; 2) a disease of the "mind" or personality, evidenced by abnormal behavior, as in hysteria or schizophrenia; also called mental or emotional disease, disturbance, or disorder, or behavior disorder"

and a mental disorder as

 "any clinically significant behavioral or psychological syndrome characterized by distressing symptoms, significant impairment of functioning, or significantly increased risk of death, pain, or other disability. Mental disorders are assumed to result from some behavioral, psychological, or biological dysfunction in the individual. The concept does not include deviant behavior, disturbances that are essentially conflicts between the individual and society, or expected and culturally sanctioned responses to particular events."

So, we have four sources and four different ideas of what the difference between a mental illness and a mental disorder are. More, if you keep scrolling down on the online dictionary and see results from even more sources. You have one source that blatantly uses the definition of disease as the definition of illness. That article has not been updated since 2019.

The point of all this is to show how frustratingly inexact and inconclusive the definitions of terms are when it comes to psychology. Depending on what you're referencing, you'll be getting different, sometimes very different, definitions of what things are. There's no one answer to "What is the difference between a mental illness and a mental disorder". So to say that something that effects someone's mental image of themselves, for example, is not an illness but a disorder isn't based on objective, proven fact.

That's not to say mental illness isn't real, or any specific illness doesn't exist. But there's a huge difference between something like depression which is shown to be most likely caused by chemical imbalances in the brain, and something like gender dysphoria, which still has no known cause. Even the "solid" definition of depression isn't consistent across all medical sources. All this shows how inexact and open to interpretation psychology is. And, yes, how open it is to personal bias as well.

[obey-me-headquarters]

Thank you so much for replying to my silly thoughts!! Beware, this will be so long...:(🤡

Satan is my favourite so I'm definitely biased because I strongly sympathize with him, but yeah, his writing is pretty much a failure, especially after Solmare decided to revise the earlier lessons and eradicate certain character traits. You can still see it in his dialogues (home screen+interactions+unedited Devilgrams) - he's extremely snarky, playful and something is deeply wrong with him because he seems lonely (he says "You're late. I was about to go out looking for you." when returning to the home screen and "How bold of you. Are you sure you want to be stuck with me?" is his reaction to being gifted the limited item [handcuffs] on Valentine's Day, for example). He secretly gets a kick out of people being angry and is implicitly interested in having Simeon, who is a high-ranking angel, indulge in his sin ("Wouldn't you be curious to see what Simeon's like when he's angry?"). Plus, I think he's also deeply ashamed of his "circumstances" ("Do you ever sometimes wonder if Mammon is the most decent of all of us?") and thus very much eager to prove himself at every given chance (the incident with being transformed into a Little D, admitting that he's never beaten Diavolo at chess [and yet still trying] and he confesses that he think that he hasn't found a talent or passion so far [Devilgram: Be You] . Nowadays, he's just a cat-loving bookworm whose said to be smart but...never actually utilises it :( Everything is about cats and he's being treated like comic relief and cats are just his punchline.

I think the Nightbringer writing is pretty well-done, too, especially because they know what kind of success they'll reap (the original storyline was pretty obviously supposed to be done after lesson 20 with maybe individual routes beginning, but the game became too big too fast imo). I just hope that Nightbringer will introduce Lilith's alternative storyline to us, because logically, she should be alive in the human world since she "lived a fulfilling life as a human" after Diavolo saved her because Lucifer pledged his eternal loyalty to him. That's all I want tbh!! 🥹 I'm just so bitter that they're discontinuing support for the original game (meaning that there won't be any new lessons coming out and that the anticipated adjustments of difficulty in later lessons would be cancelled) but the pay2win aspect of gacha games will still be a vital mechanic, somehow??? They're not stopping VIP memberships or implementing some kind of progress transfer, but expect players to put up with the same micromanagement again...just in a game that is supposed to be "a continuation" but so far mirrors the first game too much to be truly innovative. I'm a 100% free to play player, I don't care about predatory gambling mechanics in the end because I'm not responsive to them in any way (I have other problems 💀🪦), but I know that many people just get sucked into these things without a way out. They're whale players and that's how these companies make money (and honestly... I fear that Solmare is slowly morphing into EA Sports or something 🤡). Plus, (this is just anecdotal and the devs aren't personally preying on people like that) the people most at risk of running into a »non-gambling« gambling addiction are cluster b disordered peolple who are already isolated... the comorbidity rates are abnormally high in those cases (I recommend Parmar's 2018 study [Indian Journal of Psychological medicine], they look at all personality disorders across the board and break them down by type of addiction, then rank them by rates of risk)

I don't blame them either and indulgence in food it's less of a red flag than depicting uncontrollable, chronic and incurable alcoholism but sigh you put it into words! Beel lacks secondary characteristics and there's no clear way of defining him. Most of the time, he doesn't even converse all that much because he's pretty quiet among the entire cast. And I agree, I loved Beel's character arc and just how devoted he is to his family. He's blooming with love and care for his brothers 🥺 and I think that's so sweet, plus the insight given when Solmare explored just how guilt-ridden he is was beautiful (and so painful rip). His vices seem to hold a death grip on him and that's just never given another thought.

If I could change a thing, I would have intentionally given each of the brothers a redeeming quality from the get-go and having it clash with their sin - Maybe divide the corresponding Seven Heavenly Virtues among them and have them struggle with it (Mammon seems to be written that way??? He practices charity and sacrifices himself but doesn't want others to know it [see the Devilgram in which he reveals why the witches abuse and exploit him, I sadly forgot the name rip]), but I agree that Beel's particular kindness should have stood out way more. He shines so brightly compared to the others when it comes to sincerity and I think you'd be spot-on with your take on the brothers' jealousy! Canon Asmo still wants to preserve the image of the Jewel of the Heavens and tries to be angelic and beautiful all the time. Satan is the only pureblooded demon in the house, I think that's what already gives him identity issues - an angelic Beel is just the cherry on top. And, ironically, the opposite of Belphie, who looks sweet and harmless but is so bitter and manipulative.

I think Lucifer's in an awkward spot with everybody, kind of. They are all aware that they love each other, but everyone thinks that Lucifer is the scariest person in the world. They're terrified of him 💀 when facing their respective fears (I can't remember which lesson or event maybe (??) :((( sorry), Mammon sees an enraged Lucifer and Satan sees Angel Lucifer... that's telling 🤡

Tbh Nightbringer Lucifer should exude Icarus energy - I've never thought about it but you're absolutely right.

Sorry I didn't comment on everything, but you've given me so much to bounce off of its incredible. Your ramblings>>>>>>

And, again, sorry for the spam and for this long long long long ask omg I'm so sorry (especially the Satan bit but I'm passionate about my boy)

!!! No problem! Thank you for sharing your thoughts with me! :D I really like talking about my guys, and potential stories!!

Ah, Satan, I love him but I can definitely see the flaws in his writing.

I'm kinda..... weird well it comes to stories. If given the choice between consuming a well written perfect story, and a story that has so much potential but didn't stick the landing, I will always choose the story that didn't stick the landing.

Which is crazy! I know! But I noticed that stories that have potential stick with me a lotttttt longer than ones I have nothing to change. I think it's because people are creative, they like thinking about what they want in a story, and so when you give them potential they want to mend that potential into a story they like.

All this to say, I'm surprisingly not salty about the bad writing decisions in Obey Me lol. Solmare is giving little hints of characterization they wouldn't follow through on, and I take those crumbs and make my own story with it lol.

I completely forgot about Lilith's alternative storyline! Omg, yeah Lilith is still alive!!! Gosh, I really really hope they do something with that.

I'm kinda torn on whether I want Lilith to become apart of the family again, since I liked the acceptance of grief that took place in the original game. I don't think Solmare should undo that by having her reunite with her brothers and everything being fine. But I do hope that Solmare does something with that storyline.

I'm upset that there isn't going to be a continuing story in the original game too 😔 though I do wonder if that's going to remain the case. I mean, I don't think Solmare is going to discontinue the game, seeing as players kinda need to play it to get Nightbringer. I'm crossing my fingers here, but I hope that Solmare eventually does something with the original game. They say there are still going to be events, so I hope that the events are longer. I know a lot of people liked a lot of the events, the pirate one, for example. So it'll be interesting if the original game focused on those, expanding the worlds they already created.

Having the difficulty adjusted for these longer events would fall in line with their plans to change the difficulty for the main game. Plus, it could still be paid to win since events still make quite a lot of money, with new cards and everything.

They could even, fingers crossed they don't but they COULD is the scary part, introduce a new currency for these longer events that open up an alternative route. Kinda like what they already have with the event keys but more predatory.... (A lot of gacha games already do this, the Arcana comes to mind)

!!! I've been meaning to talk about the Seven Heavenly Virtues!! I know that if I would ever do something with the 7 Sins, having the 7 Virtues be an aspect was always the plan lol.

Though, in my mind, it'll be interesting if these Virtues are their own characters, and each Sin and Virtue has their own unique relationship. Do they absolutely hate each other? Do they have a weird friendship? Do they want to murder each other? A dredging respect for the other? Madly in love?

Giving each brother a redeeming quality relating to a virtue sounds really interesting! And I didn't even notice that they kinda already did that with Mammon!

Having an angelic Beel with a strong sense of right and wrong is angsty, but it can also be played for comedy. Satan coming up with a scheme to hurt some demons and Beel is like ":( but that's wrong tho." And Satan is like "you're absolutely right, little brother, I don't know what I was thinking." And gently pushing him outside of the room. Once gone Satan turns back to everyone and is like "so they we get a buzz saw and-"

Morally upstanding Beel could also have a really interesting relationship with Simeon. I kinda feel like Lucifer is the only one allowed to have interesting relationships with the other characters outside of his family. His loyalty to Diavolo, his dislike of Solomon and his constant asking for a pact, and his complicated relationship with Simeon. He and Simeon could butt heads a lot, with Simeon believing that Beel can still be saved, and thinking that the only reason Beel is stuck in the Devildom is because of his loyalty to Lucifer. Luke could also believe this, and try to help Beel overcome his sin (while also accidentally causing Beel to hurt himself by starving himself) to try and make Beel into an angel again.

Idk, there's nothing in game to suggest this, but I just think it'll be interesting for Simeon and Beel to have a more strained relationship. It adds layers to Simeon's relationship with Lucifer, and Beel's relationship with Lucifer.

Maybe in the Celestial realm, the two of them were always butting heads on how to handle things. Simeon could be passive-aggressive toward Beel, believing that he was always meant to fall because of his bad decisions in the Celestial Realm, while still seeing that he's the most angelic of all the brothers, and thus can still possibly be "saved".

Give me Beel getting mad at Simeon for choosing goodness over his family. Give him loyal Beel who has a golden heart, but will walk with his family into Hell because he will never abandon them! Give me the two of them arguing over what's more important, morality, or family?

Lucifer giving Icarus energy is such a good idea! Give me Lucifer trying his best and still failing. Give me my fail husband Luci <3

Don't worry about not commenting on anything! I'm pretty sure tumblr has a word limit on how long a comment can be anyway, and all you can tell, we both like to ramble lol.

Don't apologize for long ramblings!! I love to hear them and bounce off of them!

I'm happy with getting new asks, if you want we can dm and ramble about this? It just might be quicker than asks lol. If you have a Tumblr account, that is, no sweat if if you don't! Like I said, i like getting your asks!