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riannejmarriott2-blog · 8 years ago

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Ballet essay

Ballet first originated in the Italian renaissance courts. It first began in the 15th century. The renaissance courts was a very good period of culture change and achievement, this began in Italy and it was in the 14th century and lasted up until the 16th century. Ballet spread to France, and it was with the help of Catherine de’ Medici. Where ballet was developed and spread even further under her influence. The first ever formal court ballet was staged in 1573, and it was called ballet des polonais. Originally the ballers were performed by royalty in their rooms and their gardens, which then spread on to performing for other people on royalty.

Academie royale de musique was founded in 1669, it was know as d’opera and it was such a big milestone in history, and this meant that quite a lot of dancer were associated with operas.

Court ballet was ballet performances that were performed in the 15th century up until the 17th century in the courts.

Pierre Beauchamps was the creator of the five foot positions in ballet, Beauchamps was know as the ultimate ballet master.

The first court ballet was performed in rooms and gardens of aristocracy and royalty. The first ever performance was called ballet comique de la reine it was a very well known performance and this was performed in 1581,

In the 18th century women abandoned corsets for floating styled dresses and this emphasised their body and meant that they could perform a great range of movements, they also started to ware flat ballet slippers which showed great flexibility in their feet and women began to develop the trick of rising up onto their demi pointe.

The 18th Century was best known for because of king George, and he was a mad king a lot of the public were going mad as they couldn’t handle the information on new technology after the industrial revolution. But also as this was going off some good things were happening such as pointe shoes were beginning to become invented and more people were started to see dance in different ways and it was expressed massively.

Three famous ballet masters from this period

Hester Booth

Nancy dawson

George Balanchine

Cralos Blasis was born in Naples on the 4th November 1797 Carlo was an Italian dancer and choreographer and is well known for his very rigorous dance classes which these sometimes lasted for hours long. Blasis insisted in his students learning their theory and definitions of all dance steps. some well known pieces were the code of Terpsichore, on the ballet, and theory of the art of dancing.

Here I’ve attached a YouTube video of a ballet from the 18th and 19th century

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y94SdIlmjbQ&list=PLdcONZVimCyl2_xh2nBp0TnIlKH3DQNI2

in this video they are wearing shoes with heels on which is very different to now. There movements are very upbeat and jump whereas these days ballet is very gentle and elegant. They are spinning around and jumping from foot to foot a lot of the time. They use their feet a lot and jump around most of the dance.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-EjfGgvsldM

The plie’s and routines have become a lot quicker and shorter, movements have also become more modern and developed and made harder in some places.But all the positioning of the feet has always stayed the same throughout the centuries.

http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/o/origins-of-ballet/

Romantic ballet was a big style of ballet in the early nineteenth century. The dancers were often performed in romantic tutu, these were long tulle skirts that would either go down to their knees or to their ankles. This is why it was called romantic ballet.

Marie Taglioni was from sweden and was a ballet dancer from the romantic ballet era she influenced it a lot, and she became one of the first people to dance on pointe. She also created a new style which was marked by floating leaps. The tutu was created to expose her foot work. She was one of the best ballet dancers anyone had seen, she was well known all over the world

The romantic costumes changed throughout the era starting off as a long dress that went down to the ankles it was very light floaty material, it then progressed onto being a tutu which was also long but it went out more and was a little higher it was very good for showing their elegant movements. The final change to the costume was the tutu but more improved it was higher as it only went to knee height which helped the audience to see their leaps and leg work so much better and clearer.

some famous romantic ballets for this period.

LA Sylphide

Giselle

Coppelia

Giselle- I like this performance I think that it is very elegant, and they make the dance look pretty, i can see their is a story through the dance, and I like the fact that their is a story within the music and dance it makes it very intriguing! But something I don’t like about the dance is that quite a lot of the dancers are just in the back and they are still, I feel they need to get involved with the story/dance more if that was possible.

British ballet;

Britain took ballet to a wider audience, they did this by travelling the UK doing tours, they did this during the war time. Swan lake was a very big ballet performance and was well known and is still well known all over the world, but It also influenced many people from the UK to the style of ballet.

Marie Rambert;

Marie was born in 1888, she really wanted to be a professional dancer for many years but her family didn’t agree with this and so they made her study medicine instead but when the first world war began she moved to Britain to teach dance in private homes and schools. Marie married a man called Alex Duke who supported her in her work of dance which meant she went on to owning her own dance school, she has her own company called ballet Rambert and even today it is very well known!

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Marie-Taglioni

http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/r/romantic-ballet/

http://www.rambert.org.uk/about-us/our-history/dame-marie-rambert/

The Royal Danish Ballet and the Imperial Ballet of the Russian Empire were founded in the 1740s and began to flourish, especially after about 1850. in 1907 the Russian ballet turned back to France. in the 20th century styles of ballet continued to develop and spread out throughout the world.

Marius Petipa was a French and Russian ballet dancer and choreographer. Petipa was known to be one of the most influenced ballet dancer in the whole of history. He has performed loads of well known shows such as swan lake and giselle, but at that time them ballets were as successful as they are to this day, they are now the most popular dance pieces ever! Marius invented a performance called La fille du pharon this piece ended up to be one of the most successful pieces of that time. In 1869 he was made the premier ballet master of the imperial theatre.

Michel Fokine was a Russian dancer and choreographer, he was a very talented dancer and musician, he also was a very good painter. Fokine attended the imperial ballet school at a very young age in 1889. Fokine believed that the mime should have only been used when it was necessarily needed, he said that it had no meaning to it unless they expression different emotions throughout their dancing piece. Michel started his last ever piece of ballet which was called Helen of Troy, which was for the American ballet theatre, before he passed away but his piece was finished by a man called David Lichine and the ballet was premièred at Mexico city in 1942.

George Balanchine is a huge influence into Ballet in the USA. Find out how Balanchine adapted ballet into a more modern way and what classical pieces he recreated.

George Balanchine is a ballet choreographer, he was the co-finder of the New York City ballet in1948, and he stayed as its director and choreographer, nearly every ballet company have performed parts of his work. Balanchine presented the company with many well known pieces one being the Nutcracker. He also took a like in to choreographing for Hollywood movies and musicals which were in the Broadway. All of his work never really had a specific meaning, he felt that the dance should be equally as good as the dancer dancing the piece.

http://russiapedia.rt.com/prominent-russians/opera-and-ballet/marius-petipa/

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Michel-Fokine

https://www.nycballet.com/Explore/Our-History/George-Balanchine.aspx

Classical ballet is formal, it is actually the most formal style out of modern and contemporary, they are very strict sticking to there set of rules. Classical ballet is very well known for its movement and technique, and it also includes pointe work. Contemporary ballet include both modern and classical into its movements and techniques, this allows the body to flow into anyway it possibly wants to because there isn’t a strict ballet rule applied to contemporary.

Modern dance was founded in the 20th century, it is a very well known style and it is also known to go against the traditional rules of ballet. Isadora Duncan was the originator of modern dance and is known for using his upper body movements. Martha Graham is another practitioner who had a different outlook on this style of dance, which included contractions, spine/back work and different ways of pointing the feet and the positioning.

Ballerina’s now a days need to be bale to use their skills and adapt to them, they need to be able to be open to all idea’s including new and old ones, they like to look out for exciting things that they haven’t seen before or things that can take to the next level. Bussell thinks that modern dance “21st century stars would do well to learn to be incredibly diverse” He also said that the dancers today need to bringing something to the dance to keep it high in fame and following the history tradition.

William Forsythe was born in 1949, in New York City. He didn’t start dancing until he was in his teens, later on in his life he was given the job of an artistic director of ballet Franfrut which was made into one of the best dance companies of all time.

Methods of training: Research into Cecchetti ballet training and find out who created this method and what makes it different to other methods. What skills can be learnt from this method?

Who is AugusteBournoville? What type of ballet did he create? Discuss the method of training and how he choreographed pieces, e.g. by using his observations. What skills could be learnt from this method?

http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/c/classic-ballet/

https://danceappreciation4.wordpress.com/classical-ballet/

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chloe-cater-blog · 8 years ago

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FINAL RESEARCH

Ballet started in 17th century and originated from Italy Renaissance courts. The Italian renaissance started in 15th century until around the year 1789.

Ballet originated in the Italian renaissance courts in the 15th century and then was developed further to France and Russia, following the marriage of Catherine de Medicis to Henry II of France.

The first ever performance was called Ballet Comique de la reine, which was performed in 1581, also known as ‘The Queens comic Ballet’.

Ballets were normally performed to an audience that was full of people that were able to afford to watch the performances which were known as the 'upper class’ people. Ballet performances where the time for the wealthy and rich people to dress up very smart and show off the amount of money they had.

Academie Royale de Musique was found in 1669, it was also known as Academied'opera. The founding of Academie Royale de Musique was a milestone in history which meant dancers were incorporated into operas more and more often.

Court ballet is the name given to ballet performances that were performed during the 15th century to the 17th century in court. The link between the Court Ballet and Royale de musique is that court ballet was elaborate with the use of costumes, music and stage, this was combined to the introduction of ballet where technique was the focus. Royale de musique was very similar in how they saw costumes, music and staging as both theatres had the same vision in mind for how they wanted ballet to be portrayed.

Originally the court ballets were performed in the rooms and gardens of the aristocracy and royalty. The first ever court performance was called Ballet Comique de la reine, which was performed in 1581.

Beauchamps was given credit for standardizing the five foot positions of ballet. Pierre Beauchamps was known as a 'ballet master’ and worked with Moliere choreographing dramatic parts for the ballets in court. In 1661 Beauchamps was given the role of being director of Académie Royale de Danse, which is now known as Paris opera.

Between the 18th and 19th century choreographers in ballet began to slightly change small parts of ballet such as an lighter attire and an exposed face which meant ballet was able to become more expressive with movement which was very free. These changes had a big impact on the romantic ballet in the 19th century by helping it develop. During the 18th and 19th century dance masters used a device called ‘Tourne-hanche’ to help teach their pupils to have the correct turn out in their feet. In the 18th century the code of Terpsichore was one of several books written by a choreographer which covers the history and theory of dance.

In the mid 17th century a choreographer called Jean-Georges Noverre wrote about his way of trying to expand ballet into a form of art that uses physical expression and bodies to tell a story. This had a big impact on ballet as most ballet performances used masks to show their emotions, his choreography changed the way of showing emotion and telling a story by using facial expressions and different movement within the body.

In 1820 the Pointe shoe was invented, the invention of the Pointe shoe was influenced by the romantic time period. The invention of the Pointe shoe helped the creation of Prima Ballerina. Pointe is now a huge part of ballet and is very popular, showing the elegance of ballet and to give ballerinas a certain appearance of angelically floating across the stage.

In 1847 a choreographer and dancer called Marius Petipa became part of Russian Imperial Ballet of St. Petersburg. Marius was one of the most famous dancers in his time, he trained dancers to perform in the most well known and famous ballet productions such as; Sleeping Beauty, Giselle and Swan Lake.

Three famous ballet masters in this time period were; Marius Petipa(1818-1910),George Balanchine(1904-1983) and Jules Perrot(1810-1892). Marius was most known for being an Italian dancer and choreographer, George was known for being the artistic director of the New York city ballet and Jules was known to be an dancer and choreographer who became the Ballet master of Imperial Ballet.

Carlo Blasis was an Italian dancer, choreographer and a dance theoretician. He was born in 1797 in Naples, Italy and unfortunately passed away in 1878. Blasis created the position of the 'Attitude’ with inspiration from Glambologna’s statue of Mercury, he was also the first to introduce pirouettes in arabesque. Carlo was the writer of 'The code of Terpsichore’ longside many other books which meant he was very well known for his choreography and written work. The code of Terpsichore book is about the art of dancing, different dance techniques and positions of arms and legs, it is a way of familiarising people of the correct way of dancing and how.

La Lithuanienne, ballet performance by Marie-Pierre Greve.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lOLyp9zvXP0&list=PL15052D5E2698C615

In this video I noticed that her moves interpret the music, when the music was slow and steady her moves represented this by being light and graceful. When the music became more dramatic her moves slightly changed and became more strong to represent the change in tone of music. Her attire worked really well with her movement to show how elegant and classic her style was, this links to the small changes that were made to ballet to help develop the style. I also noticed throughout the routine there was repetition of certain moves such as; developpe’s, leap’s, releve’s, arabesque and many more. Her movements throughout are nicely controlled and technically correct, there isn’t many changes that have been made to ballet over the years as the correct techniques used for ballet are still the same and so are most of the movements. The small changes that have been made to ballet over the years have really helped develop the style and how ballet comes across to the audience, ballet is known as being a very elegant and graceful style and is something many people enjoy to watch as different emotions can be shown in different performances.

There was different ways known for defining the romantic ballet era. Young artists, poets, writers and dancers wanted to be able to express themselves in any way they could, not using the classical ideas of harmony and balance they turned to nature for some helpful inspiration. People started to leave the country side and factory work which meant the romantic vision was a time of people to experience ‘natural’ life and time to escape and have a 'normal’ part of life. Ballets were normally created by men but in this case the male dancer was no longer as equal as the women, as time went on dance became an unacceptable career for men which meant they only appeared in characterised roles. It is called romantic ballet as it was a time for fantasy and supernaturalism and good vs bad to be shown through a piece of ballet.

Marie Taglioni was born April 1804 and died in 1884, she was an Italian ballet dancer whose dancing influenced the romantic ballet style. Marie influenced the Romantic Ballet era by being the first to dance Pointe work which then meant that Tutu’s were created to show off her foot work. Tutu’s were well known to be worn in Romantic ballet performances later on in the years, as well as this most Romantic ballet performances were known to be performed in Pointe. Being trained by her father(Filippo Taglioni) meant that she made a debut in Vienna in 1822. In 1832 she became one of the first women to dance on the points of toes; now known as pointe, in addition to this the attire she wore in LA Sylphide was the prototype of the well known tutu. Marie was well known in many places such as; Paris, London, Milan, Vienna and many more, she was classed as one of the greatest dancers ballet had seen.

What was the common costume for the Romantic Ballet?

Romantic Ballet costumes changed over the decades from flimsy long gowns to a more fitted structure. All costumes represented the style of dance being performed, they had to allow freedom of movement for the dancer as well as the costume itself giving a performance.

The first costume has the typical bell shape with cap sleeves which has been used since the early 1800’s with cap sleeves still being used today. A fitted upper body with flowing tulle as the skirt.

The second costume shows a leap in style, the introduction of the Tutu. A calf length bell shaped skirt with layers of thin tulle. A corset bodice with intricate detailing of flowers. This style of costume was designed to show the elegant movements of ballerinas.

The third costume sees the Tutu evolve to above the knee cut with a more boned fitted bodice to the tutu. Much more detail added to the overall costume . With the above the knee cut this allowed the audience to see more clearly the intricate movements and jumps of the ballerina.

Some of the most famous ballets in the romantic period include

· LA Sylphide

· Giselle

· Coppeli

A particular ballet I have chosen is from the list above; Giselle. One thing I like about this performance is that not only does the dancing portray a story but the music does the same, it helps show the true love between two people and the unfortunate separation of not being able to be together. The partner work between the two dancer is lovely and graceful and enjoyable to watch, I also like how the female dancer is showing a very light and elegant touch to her moves which enhances the performance more. On the other hand one thing I don’t like is how other ballerinas are stood round them whilst they are performing as it can sometimes look out of place and take the focus off the main dancers.

British ballet;

Britain took ballet to a wider audience by Ninette’s company touring the country during war, Ninette de valois was the creator of the Sadler wells company which had a huge influence on ballet being shown to a wider audience. With the Sadler wells company leaving London during the war and doing performances elsewhere created more familiarity to the audience of ballet which then led to when they went back to London, ballet being more well known, they made it clear that anyone could watch ballet. To show their success the company was given a home in the Royal Opera House in Convent Gardens. Margot Fonteyn and Robert Helpmann were part of the principal dancers alongside choreographer Frederick Ashton. Margot and Robert were the stars of Les Sylphides in 1939. in 1942 the company performed Hamlet with Margot and Robert performing and only a year later in 1943 they also performed in swan lake. Margot’s dance partnership with Rudolf Nureyev near the end of her career bought them great success and worldwide fame. Robert Helpmann wasn’t just a American dancer he was also a actor, theatre director and choreographer.

Marie Rambert was born in 1888, even though she wanted to be a professional dancer her parents didn’t approve which meant in 1905 her parents sent her to Paris to study medicine. when the first world war broke out she moved to Britain and started to teach dance and eurhythmics in private homes and schools in London. Marie then married an English playwright, Alex Duke in 1918 who supported and encouraged her work for the 41 years of their marriage. She then went on and opened her own dance school in 1920 and six years later her and her students performed in a short ballet made by one of her pupils. She also has her own company called 'Ballet Rambert’, Rambert is a well known dance company with many well known performances and appearances at festivals. Even today the dancers at Rambert perform in many different places such as; Theatre royal in Glasgow, Eden court, Theatre royal in Brighton plus many more.

As the 19th century was nearly over, ballet moved to St Petersburg where the art was supposed to be spare’s. Besides this ballet remained as an import from Western Europe, the only production that had any link to a Russian theme was The Little Humpbacked Horse (1864), choreographed by Saint-Léon who worked in Russia. Petipa basically controlled The Russian ballet from 1870-1903, changing the repertoire to his own using his own ballets, Such as; The Sleeping Beauty, The Nutcracker and Swan lake. Through many years the company emerged the Russian Style, with the company teaching the Italian style and the French style being taught together they formed the foundation for the Russian School. Denmark was probably one of the latest countries to have ballet and ballet companies; it wasn’t till the late 20th century they established ballet companies.

Marius Petipa was a French and Russian ballet dancer and choreographer. Marius is known to be the most influenced ballet dancer and choreographer in history. He collaborated with Tchaikovsky in ‘The Nutcracker’, he has also presented versions of different ballets that have been revived frequently; Swan Lake, Raymonda and Giselle. Even though at the time these ballets were not immediately successful they are now known to be the best classical ballets, they are now the most popular ballets. Around the late 18th century Marius still wasn’t very well known as a choreographer because of the people he was working for but this didn’t mean he was going to give up. Four years later Marius choreographed a performance called 'La fille du pharon’ which ended up being one of his most successful pieces because of this invention it lead him to being choreographer-in-chief of the Imperial Theatre; Later on in 1869 he was then made the Premier Ballet Master of The Imperial Theatre.

Michel Fokine was a Russian choreographer and dancer, he wasn’t just talented as a dancer he was also talented as a musician and painter. He attended the Imperial Ballet school at Mariinsky theatre at a young age in 1889. Michel believed that the conventional mime should only be used when it is needed, he also believed that dancing and mime have no meaning unless they express different emotions such as; dramatic. He stuck to his belief of meaning being expressed through the whole body which should follow in solo’s and group performances. Michel started his last ballet called 'Helen Of Troy’ for the American Ballet theatre before he sadly passed, his piece was continued and finished by David Lichine and was premiered at Mexico city in 1942.

George Balanchine is a ballet choreographer, he was the co-founder of the New York city ballet (1948) and stayed as its artistic director and chief choreographer, nearly every ballet company has performed parts of his work. George presented the company with over 150 pieces of ballet, such as 'The Nutcracker’ which is now one of the most popular and famous ballets that has been revived many times. In addition to being a ballet choreographer he choreographed Hollywood movies and Broadway musicals. Before George was co-founder of New York city Ballet he was a ballet master at Ballets Russes until the company was stopped due to Diaghilev’s death in 1929. His work never had a specific meaning, his work never had a well known dancer as he felt that his whole performance should 'outshine’ an individual by making the performance as equally as good as the dancer.

Classical ballet is the most formal out of classical, modern and contemporary ballet as they are very strict in sticking to the traditional set of rules. Classical ballet is known for its precise technique within movement, this style also consists of Pointe work. Modern dance wasn’t created till 20th century, it is a style that is known to go against the traditional rules of ballet. Isadora Duncan was the originator of modern dance and is most known for using the upper body for all movement. Martha Graham is known as the ‘mother’ of modern dance as she had a very different and outgoing style. Contemporary ballet is a style that incorporates both classical and modern dance, it allows the body to flow in any way possible as it does not support the strict ballet techniques at all times.

For ballerina’s to succeed nowadays they need to be able to adapt their skills and be open to new ideas. Most choreographers look for things that haven’t been done before, something new and intriguing. They also look for 'surprising things’ which would include taking their skills to a different level.

According to the telegraph paper Darcey Bussell says that;

“Up-and-coming 21st century stars would do well to learn to be incredibly diverse"

The reason she has said this is because this is what she believes the way forward is for modern dance, she thinks it should include 'surprising things’ which could include gymnastics or even dancing on roller-skates. At the top of the article it also says 'Modern ballet dancers need more tricks up their sleeves’ spoken by Bussell herself, this means that most choreographers now are expecting more from dancers, things that aren’t expected that will surprisingly please them.

Dancers now have to be more diverse as today’s choreographers are looking for something new to add into ballet to make sure the fame of the style doesn’t lose its history of being something everyone enjoys.

Bussell said; “younger choreographers of today sought to constantly create something that hasn’t been done before, requiring dancers to take on ever-more varied challenge”

One of the more contemporary ballet masters is William Forsythe. He was born in 1949 in New York, he didn’t start dance training until he was in his late teens. Later on in 1984 he was given the role of being artist director of Ballet Frankfurt which he then transformed it into one of the best dance companies in the world.

In the middle somewhat elevated has become one of William Forsythe’s most famous piece’s, performed worldwide by many companies. The English National ballet gave their first performance of this piece of art, even though it was proving to be quite a challenge.

in Forsyth’s production of 'Artifact’ all the dancers are wearing tight leotards and tights which show off the dancers svelte bodies but also highlights the definition of moves. The dancers tell a story by having sharp almost angry moves filled with a lot of control. The moves were being mirrored throughout the performance which adds a lot of emphasis, the moves go against the ballet rules as they are very loose and flowing.

The classical ballet performance I have chosen to look further into is Cinderella, I have chosen this piece as it is a classical performance that is well known. In this performance there is repetition of a lot of moves, the ballerina shows a very strong posture and positions of arms. She also shows traditional ballet moves such as attitude position, this ballet is traditional and sticks to the strict rules of ballet.

There’s a lot of difference between these two performances but there are also some similarities, Cinderella is full of the correct ballet technique and rules whereas Artifact breaks some of the ballet rules by the loose movement performed. Artifact does have ballet techniques in the performance but showed differently, the dancers feet are always pointed and their alignment is correct. These two performances are very different but at the same time similar.

There are many methods of training including Cecchetti. Cecchetti is a ballet technique and a training method created by an Italian ballet master called Enrico Cecchetti. The Cecchetti style trains its dancers to think of this method as science as it considers the laws of anatomy. This method also teaches the movement of arms between positions, quick feet, sharp lines and smooth transition between different positions. Cecchetti also emphasises a natural turn out, instead of forcing the turnout a dancer may not have.

Another contemporary choreographer is Auguste who was also a Danish dancer and choreographer who directed the royal Danish ballet for over 50 years and created the Danish style based on bravura and expressive mime. In 1836 he performed his own version of La Sylphide, most of Bourneville’s more important ballets were based on the observations he made while on tour. For example- Wedding in Hardanger(1853) was based on his visits to Norway, Burges(1851) revealed his interest in Flemish art of the 17th century and Napoli(1842) was inspired by his trip to Italy. Bourneville’s choreographic style reflected on the romantic approach but most of his ballets have focused on the repertoire of the Royal Danish Ballet. Auguste believed that dancing should be slightly undervalued, delicate and light but many of his ballets can show an intimate relationship between the dancers.

In conclusion to this, with all the research I have done I feel that a lot of things have developed in classical ballet. Many choreographers had a huge influence on the development of classical ballet, for example; Marie Tangoli was one of the first women to dance on points of her feet which is known as Pointe. Between the 18th and 19th century the attire ballerinas would wear had slightly changed to a lighter attire and an exposed face. Jean-Georges Noverre was the choreographer that bought in the idea of using facial expressions and bodily movements to show different emotions instead of wearing masks. In addition to this Carlo Blasis was the choreographer who came up with the 'Attitude’ position, he also introduced pirouettes in arabesque. Overall I feel that different choreographers had different ways of having an impact on the development of classical ballet.

http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/o/origins-of-ballet/

https://www.timetoast.com/timelines/the-history-of-ballet

https://www.britannica.com/art/ballet

http://www.biography.com/people/george-balanchine-9196284#synopsis

https://www.britannica.com/art/ballet

http://www.biography.com/people/george-balanchine-9196284

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Michel-Fokine

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Marius-Petipa

https://www.britannica.com/biography/August-Bournonville

in-the-middle-somewhat-elevated-william-forsythe-dance

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/07/15/darcey-bussell-modern-ballet-dancers-need-more-tricks-up-their-s/

http://dance.about.com/od/ball2/a/Cecchetti.htm

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bcx7qZzRzVw

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ogphgtj4JZU

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Marie-Taglioni

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LiGY2d65r7I

http://www.rambert.org.uk/about-us/our-history/dame-marie-rambert/

http://www.rambert.org.uk/

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