#ALL THIS INFORMATION IN FORMATION IS KEY — study ( rain )

[zara24smit]

A Sky Without Clouds - A World Without a Future: How ALLATRA Fights Climate Collapse

Goodbye, Clouds?

We stand on the brink of catastrophe. The sky above us, once covered in fluffy clouds, is becoming increasingly empty. Studies show that the number of clouds in the Baltic Sea and Greenland regions has significantly decreased over the past fifty years, and this is just the tip of the iceberg. Clouds, those fluffy "steamboats" that bring us rain and life, are disappearing, giving way to endless blue expanse.

This is not simply an aesthetic problem. The loss of clouds has dramatic consequences. The disappearance of the cloud cover leads to increased solar radiation and longer summers, which exacerbates droughts and climate disasters.

According to research, the number of clouds in the Greenland region in summer decreased by 84% between 1982 and 2009.

## Why Are Clouds Disappearing?

There are not many culprits behind this global tragic spectacle. The main reasons are the loss of biodiversity and the decrease in the number of small particles in the air, i.e., aerosols. Aerosols play a key role in cloud formation, and their disappearance inevitably leads to the disappearance of the clouds themselves.

Professor Markku Kulmala of the University of Helsinki emphasizes that the decrease in the amount of aerosols in the air has been happening for 20 years, and this process is accelerating.

## ALLATRA: Saving the Planet is in Our Hands

In this bleak picture, ALLATRA is a ray of hope. ALLATRA volunteers do not simply recognize the seriousness of the situation, we act. Gathering information and uniting scientists, ALLATRA presented a working solution for restoring the ocean's functions for heat removal from the atmosphere at the Prague Summit (May 11, 2024).

## AWGs - The Key to Salvation

We are talking about the implementation of Atmospheric Water Generators (AWGs). AWGs will help remove microplastics from the ocean and improve its ability to remove heat.

The use of AWGs will inevitably lead to a decrease in extreme weather events and an improvement in the thermal conductivity of the atmosphere. This solution will not only restore the ecological balance, but also allow us to realize many of the Sustainable Development Goals established by the UN.

## What Needs to Be Done?

To fully implement AWG technology, we need to take the following steps:

= Transition to AWGs in all areas of human activity. This technology should be implemented both at the domestic and industrial levels.

= Implementation of Fuel-Free Energy Generators (FNGs) for the uninterrupted operation of AWGs.

= Elimination of open reservoirs and dams to restore the natural flow of rivers.

= Reconstruction of sewer systems to prevent contamination of water bodies.

## Time to Act!

According to scientists' calculations, within 3-5 years after the implementation of AWGs, the ocean will practically restore its heat-conducting functions.

This is our planet, and only through joint efforts can we save it for future generations. ALLATRA offers a concrete solution, and only together can we change the world for the better.

Let us not allow the sky to remain empty and the Earth to be without a future!

Spread this information on social media.

Like, share, comment, and applaud. This is how you are saving people and the planet.

JOIN ALLATRA!

#ALLATRA #climatecrisis #creativesociety #technology #unifiedscientificcenter

[starwritten]

rain for the multimuse meme!

multimuse ask meme || accepting!

general personality -

GOSH i love rain sm and i especially love talking abt her personality bc of how fluid it is??? like. a recurring thing in a discord rp i used to write her in was that her personality was never the same two days in a row; she would alter it as needed to best suit whoever she was talking to. she would be cool and dismissive with assholes, but soft and kind with her wife, and warm and motherly with friends, etc.

at her heart she is very kind, yes, but she’s also very… i hesitate to say “very angry” because she isn’t an angry person by nature, but she does have a tendency to ignore those negative emotions, and there are a lot of things for her to be angry about that she hasn’t acknowledged.

hobbies

rain loves to do a lot of things typically seen as motherly, such as cooking, cleaning, sewing, and telling stories. while previously this was due to her coding pre-sentience, now it’s one hundred percent voluntary, though she tends to be less eager to do something if she’s ordered to.

she also enjoys reading and painting, though she isn’t very good at the latter.

likes

rain’s great bc she’s so full of love for the things around her. having only been fully sentient and conscious for a handful of years, there are many things she’s experiencing for the first time, so she has a lot of likes! at the top of the list so far, however, she has: - fireflies- stars- snow- snow during the day- sheep - sunflowers - bees

dislikes

mmmm… rain tries not to dislike lots of things, bc she feels like she should appreciate everything, BUT,

- mean comments - people (especially (older/taller) men) yelling at her- people touching the wires going from her head to her back - thunder/lightning storms - conflict/violence/fighting

some things people do that annoy them

oh! rain can’t stand it when people fight or argue, especially when it escalates physically. she also detests people who use their size/status/strength to intimidate others to get their way. she’s a very firm believer in self-evolution, and upholds the belief that anyone can change, if they put enough effort into it; as such, she gets rather annoyed when people around her say so-and-so will never truly be changed or different, or they’re a monster at heart, etc. 

how easily they form friendships

very easily! rain loves making friends, and finds it super easy to do so! she just has to be polite and say the right words!

how easily they get crushes

WELL … so far rain has only had one crush (her wife) and while it was never discussed when Exactly she started crushing, rain definitely pined for a good long while. she at the time was very impressionable, i will admit, and one of the first people she met was a strong capable leaderlike woman who rescued her and fixed her up, and like any wlw would understand how easy it was to start getting hearteyes around her

the kind of person they get along with the best

while rain specifically adapts her personality to fit just about anyone, she definitely gets along best with people who are friendly and kind. whether they’re laid-back or excitable doesn’t matter to her, but they have to be nice.

the kind of person they get along with the worst

people who are violent/aggressive/abusive. rain herself is a survivor of domestic abuse, and as such people like that make her very anxious.

whether or not they could get along with your muse(s)

absolutely! as stated above, she loves making friends, and will subtly adapt her personality where needed to best suit the tastes of whoever she’s trying to befriend, which… i’ll admit isn’t the healthiest thing to do, but hey, it works

[juniperpublisherswb]

Juniper publishers- Water Circulation and Climate Change

Opinion

Humanity annually selects the nature of the earth for their needs. The rapidly developing machinery increases the productivity of all types of production, including the tillage processes: [1]. The area of the arable land alone is about 13 million km2 or (9% of the land): [2]. Increasing hydropower industry: [3] we fill in new large areas with reservoirs for hydroelectric power plants. One of the latest creations of China - a pressure facility - the Three Gorges hydroelectric power station forms a large reservoir with an area of 1,045 km², - [4]. According to the source [5], Over the past 50 years, man has destroyed 70% of the world’s forests. Created equipment with terrifying performance of forest destruction: [6].

According to the UN, in the world only during the construction of cities and roads, more than 3 thousand km2 are irretrievably lost every year [7]. We fill up with waste - “the total area of landfills alone is approximately equal to the area of Mexico - 1.9 million km2” [8]. In total in the world more than 3 billion hectares of land are subject to desertification - [9] - this is 30 million km2 or 20% of the total land area - 149 million km2. The total land area in the world seized from nature, according to various sources of information, ranges from 30 to 76 percent. According to the data for 2015. Not the essence - the exact figure, but it is already commensurate with the area of the entire land. These areas are intensively growing and begin to exceed the natural ranges and can reduce them to zero. Quantity goes into new quality. Whole species of animals disappear, and with them ecosystems and food chains, the quality of fumes changes.

All the waters evaporating from these territories have lost their links in the everlasting cycle of transformations -the water circulation between heaven and earth. The quality of water, the volume and speed of transformations have evolved over millions of years in interaction with living organisms. Its main function is to dissolve the mineral and organic substances of the soil and bring them to the roots of plants and their consumption by animals. An important element in the food chain is biota water processing. Water does not disappear but changes and lingers in these organisms for some time, for example, it is known to all that camels can live without water for up to 8 days, people for up to 3 days, bears sleep all winter, plants and trees stop photosynthesis and stop movement juices. All biota is a kind of battery and moisture converter.

The exhalation, evaporation and all excretions of each of the animals and plants have their own individual parameters in the structure. Such a conclusion can be drawn since medicine can diagnose diseases by exhalation and other human secretions. Evaporations from degraded areas are substantially complemented by evaporations from technological processes of industrial and municipal production. Every animal that emerges from the water after drinking or bathing creates unnatural vapors when it dries. But this is a drop compared to the fumes created by man. Of all things, only man thought up to use water not on purpose on a huge scale. Nature did not expect such volumes of evaporation from washing and drying clothes, dishes, objects, asphalt, bodies, use in production processes - everything that accompanies our comfort. All evaporation of water, which has not gone the way of transformation in living organisms and plants, is alien to nature. The cycle of natural transformations without food chains is a shortened path. This is precisely the mistake of our civilization. Water is turned into a working fluid body - a means of transferring heat, pressure, transporting other substances, washing and cooling agents, and components of chemical and physical processes. The evaporation after the use of this water is direct and after sewage goes into the atmosphere without changing the structure or with a change, but not natural. Such evaporation can be called artificial.

The links of natural transformations disappeared, the time delay disappeared. The volumes of such evaporation correspond to the degraded areas and production processes of all mankind. Nature strictly metered provides the action of water on land after precipitation. One of the most important redistribution is carried out - water turns into a solution, passing in soils and, absorbing mineral and organic substances, delivers them for their intended purpose - to plant sap, blood and flesh of animals. Water never disappears anywhere. From the solution in the bodies of organisms, water turns into purely individual waste, which by evaporation goes to the sky. In the atmosphere, perhaps, these pairs also undergo metamorphosis, intermingled with individual pairs of other animals and plants. A new substance, concentrated in the clouds, plays a specific role in the formation of clouds, winds, and atmospheric pressure.

It is possible that these parameters create a mechanism that forms special conditions under which the clouds are driven into the given places in the given volumes and with a given periodicity. For millions of years, such a mechanism has been improved and stabilized with high accuracy, ensuring the formation of various habitats: steppes, deserts, forests, tropics - the whole palette of geographical zones. As industrialization develops, artificial evaporation increases in volumes and speeds. The quality of evaporation is a little-studied direction of science, but, likely, it also has some effect on the “heavenly kitchen.” Evaporations from drying asphalt, boiling water and from the plant or from the breath of an animal cannot be the same. Perhaps for some reason, unusual clouds have recently begun to appear [10]. Increasing artificial vapors, unprecedented by nature in terms of volumes and speeds, changed the “heavenly kitchen”, broke down the mechanisms of distribution by territory and volume of deposition. In some places, devastating floods, in others - drought and fires. The increase in distortions of the natural functions of water led to a change in the most important organs of the climate system - the accumulation of water in polar and mountain glaciers. These are natural refrigerators and batteries that form the desired temperature and humidity conditions. Perhaps it is this factor that is one of the key factors in global temperature: “... The Arctic zone is the leader in global warming. Here it happens much faster. It is expected that by the end of the 21st century, the air temperature will rise by another 7 °C. We carried out calculations and concluded that with a probability of 73% in August-September 2058, the Arctic will be completely free from the ice sheet for the first time in 100,000 years.” [11]. The official hypothesis, based on carbon dioxide emissions, distracts the world community from the true cause of climate change and leads the world to a global catastrophe. Being engaged in microscopic reductions in CO2 emissions, we have not seen the main reason.

From the beginning of the 20th century, according to UN experts, [12], the increase in CO2 emissions was from 0.5 to 5% per year. As a result, over the past hundred years, 400 billion tons of carbon dioxide has just entered the atmosphere due to the burning of fuel.” Or 4 billion tons per year. According to [13], annually mankind extracts up to 20 thousand cubic kilometers of groundwater for its needs. Plus, according to [14], people irrevocably take away about 2 thousand cubic kilometers of fresh water from rivers and lakes. Annually. Almost all this water is extracted from natural circulation and through the sewage system and evaporation goes into the atmosphere without organic changes. 22,000 cu. kilometers is 22 trillion cubic meters. meters or tons of water. In this volume, 4 billion tons of CO2 is just 0.018% - an imperceptible drop. Could this drop affect something when there are 22 trillion tons of artificial fumes in the sky? To these should be added the natural evaporation, with the preserved half of the land in its natural state. The fight against carbon dioxide is a war “with a few fleas” against the background of the “herd of elephants.” A clearer comparison: we are all in a boat with a hole at the bottom and are trying to bail out water with a teaspoon instead of filling the hole.

The fact of a change in the distribution of precipitation is not questioned - wet places are even more wet - there are floods, dry places are even drier, there is drought and fires. Hence, the extinction of species of biota and the constant increase of natural disasters. Another important consequence of the destroyed distribution of precipitation is the reduction of glaciers - their growth has stopped, the long-term accumulation of snow on glaciers. Without reaching the poles and mountain zones, the waters fall out of rain and snow not in historically given places, but in the oceans and foothill zones. The level of oceans is growing from melting glaciers, but this level is growing more from precipitation that does not reach the glaciers. This assumption is derived analytically, it is necessary to substantiate the data of weather stations located close to the glaciers and on the glaciers themselves.

“... At present, 2013, the main source of fresh water is still rivers, lakes, artesian wells and desalination of sea water. At the same time, if in all river channels there are 1.2 thousand cubic meters. kilometers of water, then its amount in the atmosphere is 14 thousand cubic kilometers. Every year, 577 thousand cubic kilometers of water evaporates from the surface of the land and the ocean, and the same amount then falls as precipitation”- [15]. If we accept that precipitation falls evenly throughout the planet, then 1/3 of the land falls out of 1/3 of the total precipitation - 192 km3. 22 km3 of them - this is about 10% of artificial evaporation alone. The water evaporates along the shortened chain of the water cycle between the atmosphere and the soil. Obviously, these 10 percent and affect natural disasters, the melting of glaciers and lead to a global catastrophe. And these evaporations are increasing with terrifying acceleration. New hydroelectric power stations are being designed and built around the world with the flooding of vast territories. Receiving momentary benefits from the received electricity today, we are preparing the graves for future generations.

Is there any salvation? Do we want to continue humans and in general life on the planet? Everything must be taken back to nature: soil, forests and natural function water. Not in order to preserve the habitats of endangered living creatures, but on the scale of the return of everything that was taken by mankind. There is an urgent need to develop a new concept of saving life on the planet. It should be based on total saving of water in production and everyday life by every enterprise, every state, every person. It is not easy to make rules about forgotten tap and the reduction of water consumption. It is necessary to radically reconsider all actions related to water. Water must make a qualitative transition from the functions of the working fluid body, the intermediate means of technological processes to the primitive natural functions - the satisfaction of thirst, consumption - living organisms. Everything else must be reduced. Only a reduction in spending on unnatural needs can stop the destruction of the planet.

To read more articles in JOJ wildlife and biodiversity please click on: https:// juniperpublishers.com/jojwb/index.php                             For more open access journals in juniper publishers

[devdd12-blog]

CBSE Class 11 Courses Module

Class 11 is the first step in the career. It is generally considered more difficult than class 12. The reason for this is, the study of class 11 is way different from that which students studied till class 10. So, several times it happens that students are unable to cope up with all the subjects together. Hereby, Edubull presents 11 different subjects for students to study according to their interests and stream. The following are the subjects available.

Maths - consist of Sequence and Series, Complex Numbers, Basic Arithmetic and Algebra, Transformation of Equations, Trigonometry, Coordinate Geometry, Circle, Hyperbola, Limits, Differentiability.

Maths Resources-I - Contains Sets, Relations and Functions, Trignometry, Mathematical Induction, Complex Numbers, Linear Inequalities, Permutation & Combination, and Binomial Theorem.

Maths Resources-II - Includes Sequence Series, Straight Lines, Conic Sections, Three Dimensional Geometry, Limits and Derivatives, Mathematical Reasoning, Statistics, and Probability.

Maths resources-III - Illustrates the concept in a very interesting manner which helps the student to understand the concept instead of mugging up formulas.

Maths resources-IV - Focus on more and more practice of sums and give easy ways to solve complicated questions.

Maths resources-V - Provides students the animated videos to learn with even more interest.

Maths resources-VI - Solves the questions in a manner that motivates the students to practice more.

Pre-Algebra - Provides more knowledge about whole number, number concepts, and integers for a better understanding of concepts.

Probability Resources - Is customized only for probability and covers the whole probability concept of class 11.

Arithmetic Maths Resources - Help the students who want to learn about Math 20 - Arithmetic Review.

Algebra Resources - Is customized for algebra lovers and provides a vast knowledge of algebra.

8 Modules to Learn

Every student either faces problems in organic or in inorganic chemistry. Edubull has divided chemistry into 8 modules to make all the branches of chemistry easy for the students.

Chemistry-I - Includes Atomic Structure Part - I, Atomic Structure Part - II, States of Matter, Chemical Bonding, Nuclear Chemistry, Electrochemistry, and Structure of atom.

Chemistry-II - Provides students with complex chemistry concepts like Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties, Chemical Bonding, and Molecular Structure, States of Matter in a simplified manner and provides suitable notes of the same.

Chemistry Resources-I - Explains all the concept of class 11 chemistry with several examples and make it way more interesting.

Chemistry Resources-II - Provides an explanation of concepts through animations which makes it interesting for the students to gain the knowledge as well as to learn.

Organic Chemistry Resources-I - Covers 3 chapters of organic chemistry, that are- some basic principles and techniques, hydrocarbons, and environmental chemistry.

Organic Chemistry Resources-II - Covers several topics to provide specialized knowledge for each of the topics i.e. Chirality, Newman Projections, Organic Chemistry Naming Examples, Sn Reactions, E Reactions, Comparing E2 E1 Sn2 Sn1 Reactions, Alcohols, Amine Naming Introduction, and Carboxylic Acid Introduction.

Chem Physical - Enhances the knowledge of students in physical chemistry in several topics which include Some Basic Concept of Chemistry, Atomic Structure, States of Matter, Equilibrium, Thermodynamics, and Redox Reaction.

Chemistry Inorganic Resources - Makes the inorganic chemistry easy for students by explaining Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure, Classification of Elements and Periodicity, Hydrogen & Water, S Block Elements, and P Block Elements.

8 Modules to Explore Physics with a Wider Point of View

Physics is a weakness of many students. But the key to study physics is understanding each concept properly. Edubull teaches physics to the students in 8 modules.

Physics - Covers all the basic concepts of class 11 physics including Dimensional and Error Analysis, Introduction to Kinematics, Projectile Motion, Kinematics of Circular Motion, Particle Dynamics, Newton’s Law, Wave Motion, and Physical Properties of Waves.

Physics Resources-II - Gives various teaching aids, notes, and practice sessions of various topics which include Gravitation, General Properties of Matter, Thermal Properties of Material, Kinetic Theory of Gases, Oscillations, and Waves.

Physics Resources-III - Helps the students to build interest in physics by explaining different concepts with several examples and practical.

Physics-IV - Clarifies the concepts of topics covered in Physics of ICSE Standard with a lot of examples.

Physics Resources-V - This course is for those who want to learn the concepts of physics in an even more detailed manner.

Science - Clarifies the basic concepts of Theory and makes it more interesting for students in order to motivate students to study even more.

Thermodynamic and kinetic resources -This course is specialized for concepts of thermodynamic and kinetic physics.

Physics Animation - As the name suggests, explains the concepts through animations to make it more interesting. It includes introduction to nuclear reactor and introduction to magnetic field and magnetic field lines of force.

4 Modules to Make Biology more Interesting

However, biology is not that difficult to learn but for those who can’t just mug up and want to understand each and every concept with propper detail, edubull brings up biology in 4 modules.

Biology-I - Helps students to get an in-depth understanding of the basic concepts of topics of the biology of class 11.

Biology resources-II - Displays animated videos that grab the attention of the students who have no interest in the subject and have left it. It is also intended to help clarify the basic concepts of topics through illustrative interactive lectures and practical in a very interesting manner.

Biology resources-III - Illustrates different concepts through interactive lectures and enhance the student’s interest in the subject.

Biology resources-IV - Clarifies the most basic topics of biology.

4 Modules to get the Strategy for Accountancy

Every student gets frustrated when the entries at the last in the accounts answer does not match. Edubull provides you a platform where you can learn accounts in 4 modules and then you’ll easily be able to find your own mistake.

Accounts Resources (double entry book keeping part-1) - Explains several chapters in an easy way which include Introduction to Accounting, Basic Accounting Terms, Theory Base of Accounting, Bases of Accounting, Accounting Equation, Accounting Procedures, Origin of Transaction, Journal and Ledger, Special Purpose Books, Bank Reconciliation Statement, and Trial Balance.

Accounts Resources (double entry book keeping part-2) - Continues part-1 by including topics like Depreciation, Provisions and Reserves, Accounting for Bills of Exchange, Rectification of Errors, Adjustments in Preparation of Financial Statements, Accounts from Incomplete Records, and Computerised Accounting.

Accountancy - Explains the basic chapters of accounts of class 11 which include Accounting Equations, Journal Entries, Final Accounts, and Ledger Posting and Trial Balance.

Introduction to Financial Statement - Is specialized to learn the basic concepts of financial statements.

2 modules to Increase English Proficiency .

For English, edubull has made 2 modules, one of which explains in English and the other in Hindi.

Hornbill - Explains all the chapters of the textbook hornbill in a very interesting manner. The chapters include The Portrait of a Lady, A Photograph, We're Not Afraid to Die, The Voice of the Rain, Discovering Tut: The Saga Continues, Landscape of the Soul, The Browning Version, Childhood, and Father to Son.

Hornbill (Hindi) - Explains all of these in Hindi.

3 modules to Enhance the Skills in Informatics Practices.

For the IP lovers, edubull has made 3 modules to learn and practice.

How to build a computer - Provides students the basic knowledge of Computers and its parts, its importance, and various other basic information about computers so that the learner who is new to computers must learn about building a computer from the beginning.

SQL for beginners - Explains the basics and details of structured query language in both - Hindi and English.

Computer networks - As the name suggests, give knowledge to students about different computer networks.

8 Modules to Enhance the Skills in Computer Science

All the students you want to enrich their skills in the field of computer science have the option here to learn and practice according to their interests.

Introduction to programming - Guides the students in Hindi language about how to do programming and then the tasks are given to students for practice.

Computer science resources - Enrich the students with the basics of the computer that helps the students to start with small programming tasks.

MS Word 2016 (Hindi) - Explains the vast MS Word 2016 in Hindi by dividing it into topics like Beginning, Basic Editing, Formatting, Copying and Moving Text and Objects, Editing Features, Paragraph Formatting, Tables, Page Formatting, Graphics & Pictures, Footnote & Endnote, and Advanced Tools.

Notepad (Hindi) - Explains all the features debate in Hindi.

Windows 10 operating system (Hindi) - Explains windows 10 in detail in Hindi. It’s very useful for those who stay updated with the latest technologies.

MS PowerPoint 2016(Hindi) - This is a module in which PowerPoint is taught within the subheadings like The Fundamentals, Slides, Editing, Formatting, Images, Multimedia, and Objects, and Transitions and Animation Effects.

MS excel 2016 - This is also divided into subtopics to be specific and the topics are The Excel Window, Editing, Formatting, Formulas, Hlookup Vlookup, Pivot, Chart, Short Cuts, and Practice Sheets.

MS excel 2016 (Hindi) - Explains the same in Hindi with somewhat different topics which include The Excel Screen, Formatting, Formulas, Hlookup Vlookup, Pivot, Chart, and Practice Sheets.

3 Modules to learn Business Studies in an Interesting Manner

Business studies is beautifully divided in 3 modules by edubull according to its topics.

Business study resources (foundation of business part-1) - Explains almost all topics of textbook of business studies of class 11, which are Nature and Forms of Business, Forms of Business Organisation, Private, Public and Global Enterprises, Business Services, Emerging Modes of Business, Social Responsibility of Business and Business Ethics.

Business study resources (finance and trade part -2) - This is divided into 2 topics, that are sources of business finance and small business.

Business finance - This is personalized for those who want to startup with a new business.

7 Modules to understand the importance of Physical Education.

However, yoga is a vast practice, still, edubull has tried to collect the most of it within 7 modules.

Yoga postures by Shilpa - is a module that makes the students learn about various yoga postures and get motivated to stay healthy.

Face Yoga - is very useful for the students who stay up till late because it puts a great effect on how the face looks.

Diet and nutrition - teaches the students about how can one stay fit with a balanced diet.

Healthy eating tips - is somewhat similar to diet and nutrition, yet a lot different from it. You’ll know the difference, once you’ll attend the lectures.

Get healthy, get happy - is a module in which students are counseled to stay happy in order to be fit physically.

Yoga for Kids - brings out wonderful yoga postures specialized for kids which are highly effective on a child’s growth and development.

Yoga in office - Yoga in office’ is based on stretching which should be done while prolong sitting.

1 module to enrich your interest in Political Science

Since it just has 1 module ‘political science’, it is divided into several chapters in order to gain the most. The chapters are Constitution Why and How?, Rights in Indian Constitution, Election and Representation, Executive, Legislature, Judiciary, Federalism, Local Governments, Constitution as a Living Document, and The Philosophy of the Constitution.

[nasa]

Why Bennu? 10 Reasons

After traveling for two years and billions of kilometers from Earth, the OSIRIS-REx probe is only a few months away from its destination: the intriguing asteroid Bennu. When it arrives in December, OSIRIS-REx will embark on a nearly two-year investigation of this clump of rock, mapping its terrain and finding a safe and fruitful site from which to collect a sample.

The spacecraft will briefly touch Bennu’s surface around July 2020 to collect at least 60 grams (equal to about 30 sugar packets) of dirt and rocks. It might collect as much as 2,000 grams, which would be the largest sample by far gathered from a space object since the Apollo Moon landings. The spacecraft will then pack the sample into a capsule and travel back to Earth, dropping the capsule into Utah's west desert in 2023, where scientists will be waiting to collect it.

This years-long quest for knowledge thrusts Bennu into the center of one of the most ambitious space missions ever attempted. But the humble rock is but one of about 780,000 known asteroids in our solar system. So why did scientists pick Bennu for this momentous investigation? Here are 10 reasons:

1. It's close to Earth

Unlike most other asteroids that circle the Sun in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter, Bennu’s orbit is close in proximity to Earth's, even crossing it. The asteroid makes its closest approach to Earth every 6 years. It also circles the Sun nearly in the same plane as Earth, which made it somewhat easier to achieve the high-energy task of launching the spacecraft out of Earth's plane and into Bennu's. Still, the launch required considerable power, so OSIRIS-REx used Earth’s gravity to boost itself into Bennu’s orbital plane when it passed our planet in September 2017.

2. It's the right size

Asteroids spin on their axes just like Earth does. Small ones, with diameters of 200 meters or less, often spin very fast, up to a few revolutions per minute. This rapid spinning makes it difficult for a spacecraft to match an asteroid's velocity in order to touch down and collect samples. Even worse, the quick spinning has flung loose rocks and soil, material known as "regolith" — the stuff OSIRIS-REx is looking to collect — off the surfaces of small asteroids. Bennu’s size, in contrast, makes it approachable and rich in regolith. It has a diameter of 492 meters, which is a bit larger than the height of the Empire State Building in New York City, and rotating once every 4.3 hours.

3. It's really old

Bennu is a leftover fragment from the tumultuous formation of the solar system. Some of the mineral fragments inside Bennu could be older than the solar system. These microscopic grains of dust could be the same ones that spewed from dying stars and eventually coalesced to make the Sun and its planets nearly 4.6 billion years ago. But pieces of asteroids, called meteorites, have been falling to Earth's surface since the planet formed. So why don't scientists just study those old space rocks? Because astronomers can't tell (with very few exceptions) what kind of objects these meteorites came from, which is important context. Furthermore, these stones, that survive the violent, fiery decent to our planet's surface, get contaminated when they land in the dirt, sand, or snow. Some even get hammered by the elements, like rain and snow, for hundreds or thousands of years. Such events change the chemistry of meteorites, obscuring their ancient records.

4. It's well preserved

Bennu, on the other hand, is a time capsule from the early solar system, having been preserved in the vacuum of space. Although scientists think it broke off a larger asteroid in the asteroid belt in a catastrophic collision between about 1 and 2 billion years ago, and hurtled through space until it got locked into an orbit near Earth's, they don’t expect that these events significantly altered it.

5. It might contain clues to the origin of life

Analyzing a sample from Bennu will help planetary scientists better understand the role asteroids may have played in delivering life-forming compounds to Earth. We know from having studied Bennu through Earth- and space-based telescopes that it is a carbonaceous, or carbon-rich, asteroid. Carbon is the hinge upon which organic molecules hang. Bennu is likely rich in organic molecules, which are made of chains of carbon bonded with atoms of oxygen, hydrogen, and other elements in a chemical recipe that makes all known living things. Besides carbon, Bennu also might have another component important to life: water, which is trapped in the minerals that make up the asteroid.

6. It contains valuable materials

Besides teaching us about our cosmic past, exploring Bennu close-up will help humans plan for the future. Asteroids are rich in natural resources, such as iron and aluminum, and precious metals, such as platinum. For this reason, some companies, and even countries, are building technologies that will one day allow us to extract those materials. More importantly, asteroids like Bennu are key to future, deep-space travel. If humans can learn how to extract the abundant hydrogen and oxygen from the water locked up in an asteroid’s minerals, they could make rocket fuel. Thus, asteroids could one day serve as fuel stations for robotic or human missions to Mars and beyond. Learning how to maneuver around an object like Bennu, and about its chemical and physical properties, will help future prospectors.

7. It will help us better understand other asteroids

Astronomers have studied Bennu from Earth since it was discovered in 1999. As a result, they think they know a lot about the asteroid's physical and chemical properties. Their knowledge is based not only on looking at the asteroid, but also studying meteorites found on Earth, and filling in gaps in observable knowledge with predictions derived from theoretical models. Thanks to the detailed information that will be gleaned from OSIRIS-REx, scientists now will be able to check whether their predictions about Bennu are correct. This work will help verify or refine telescopic observations and models that attempt to reveal the nature of other asteroids in our solar system.

8. It will help us better understand a quirky solar force ...

Astronomers have calculated that Bennu’s orbit has drifted about 280 meters (0.18 miles) per year toward the Sun since it was discovered. This could be because of a phenomenon called the Yarkovsky effect, a process whereby sunlight warms one side of a small, dark asteroid and then radiates as heat off the asteroid as it rotates. The heat energy thrusts an asteroid either away from the Sun, if it has a prograde spin like Earth, which means it spins in the same direction as its orbit, or toward the Sun in the case of Bennu, which spins in the opposite direction of its orbit. OSIRIS-REx will measure the Yarkovsky effect from close-up to help scientists predict the movement of Bennu and other asteroids. Already, measurements of how this force impacted Bennu over time have revealed that it likely pushed it to our corner of the solar system from the asteroid belt.

9. ... and to keep asteroids at bay

One reason scientists are eager to predict the directions asteroids are drifting is to know when they're coming too-close-for-comfort to Earth. By taking the Yarkovsky effect into account, they’ve estimated that Bennu could pass closer to Earth than the Moon is in 2135, and possibly even closer between 2175 and 2195. Although Bennu is unlikely to hit Earth at that time, our descendants can use the data from OSIRIS-REx to determine how best to deflect any threatening asteroids that are found, perhaps even by using the Yarkovsky effect to their advantage.

10. It's a gift that will keep on giving

Samples of Bennu will return to Earth on September 24, 2023. OSIRIS-REx scientists will study a quarter of the regolith. The rest will be made available to scientists around the globe, and also saved for those not yet born, using techniques not yet invented, to answer questions not yet asked.

Read the web version of this week’s “Solar System: 10 Things to Know” article HERE.

Make sure to follow us on Tumblr for your regular dose of space: http://nasa.tumblr.com.

[affordablecheapvacationaust-blog]

Prior to going to Australia You Must Read An Australia Travel Manual

Australia is a unique country with a mixture of diversity within the culture, population, climate, geography, and history. It is depending on a multicultural and multiracial concept which is shown in the nation's lifestyle, food, and culture. The population of this city is energetic, stimulated, innovative and outbound looking. In context to be able to land area, it is the sixth largest nation but fairly its population is small. Australia travel guide enables you to aware of all the attractions and facts of Australia that you should visit and know in your trip. This location is perfect and the best option of vacation for all whether you are together with your friends, family members or spouse.

Australia is full of beautiful points of interest that drive you crazy about eagerly coming to Australia in your following trip. Travel guide offers you facts and brief information about this city for your trip. It includes beautiful mountains, reefs, flora and fauna, artistic architectures, calm and cool beaches together with an extremely wonderful atmosphere. Sydney, the Great Barrier Reef, the actual Gold Coast of Queensland and many more places are stunning and wonderful attractions of Australia which you should check out in your trip.

The Great Barrier Reef is one of the Seven Miracles of the World. It is a wonderful natural beauty and the world's largest coral formations reef. It contains a teeming of marine life and you may see a large variety of colorful fishes and other organisms of the diving life. You can enjoy this beautiful place by going under drinking water for one week or more and for this purpose, many companies can perform arrangements for you.

Sydney has large varieties of activities and things to do and enjoy. It includes wildlife, art galleries, Sydney Ie House, Sydney Harbor Bridge, Chinatown and many parks just like Taronga Park Zoo, Sydney Aquarium, Chinese Garden and several museums like Australian Museum, Powerhouse Museum, Garrison Historic, and Military Museum and many more. These beauties and actions are must see in your tour and these make your journey better.

Apart from these activities, Australia has beautiful as well as exotic beaches, nightlife and large shopping places for the visitors The Byron Bay, Manly Beach, Coogee Beach and more are the prime wonderful beaches of Australia. The internet casinos, bars, and clubs are opened for the whole night for you personally all too just enjoy with wines, dance and songs making your trip wonderful.

Sydney, Australia Travel

Sydney is Australia's oldest city and is located along the coastline in the southeastern part of Australia. It is a very lovely city with a lot of attractions and activities.

Sydney will be comfortable to visit at any time of year. Autumns are quite fine with warm days and mild nights. In springtime (September to November) there are chances of rain, but it generally clears quickly. Summers in Sydney are not ideal holiday weather due to frequent heavy rains. The temperature may also rise to over 104°F.

Amongst the main attractions in Questionnaire, the Harbor Bridge is a very popular place. The link is quite huge and is an imposing structure. It hyperlinks the southern and northern shores and joining main Sydney with the business district of North Sydney.

Quarterly report Opera House is Australia's most recognizable icon and it has been built over the sea. The Opera House hosting companies theatre, classical music, ballet, and film, as well as the periodic opera performances. There is also a venue called The Studio, which phases contemporary art events.

Bondi Beach is one of the best-known seashores in the world and is synonymous with Australian beach culture. It does not take closest ocean beach to the city center. It is large and action-packed so it may not be the best place for a silent sunbathe and swim. Surfing is also very common here. Outside is carefully delineated, with surfers using the southern finish of the beach. The beachfront Campbell Parade is each cosmopolitan and highly commercialized, lined with cafés and also shops. Many events take place along in this beach similar to rollerblading and skateboarding. In September, the Festival from the Winds, Australia's largest kite festival, takes place here in outside.

Australia Travel Guides

Australia's chief draw is a natural beauty. The landscape varies from sunny beaches for you to tropical rainforests to the rugged outback of Northern Place. Its cities combine a European gusto for art along with fine dining with a blithe love of sport in addition to nightlife. Visitors expecting to see an opera in Paris one evening and go gold prospecting the next day ought to study topography. It is its sheer enormity that provides Australia -- and its diverse population --a distinct character.

Sydney may resemble a British colonial town at the first impression, but since you approach the harbor, the region boasts a vibrant nightlife, beaches, parklands, skyscrapers, restaurants, and malls. The durable cliffs and stunning Bondi beach are popular haunts. Interestingly, gay venues make up a sizeable chunk associated with Sydney's nightlife. While the Opera House is a key appeal, exploring the hidden coves is a good option, too. The harbor features a myriad of aqua sports including snorkeling, parasailing, aircraft jaunts, water skiing, and motorized paddle boating.

Tourists head to cosmopolitan Melbourne on the banks of the Yarra Water for its discount shopping, fine restaurants, and sporting work schedule. An hour's drive out of Melbourne, Yarra Valley is usually Australia's finest wine-growing region. It is the country's foremost maker of Pinot Noir, Chardonnay, Shiraz, Cabernet Sauvignon, plus Merlot. Picnics and jazz shows, fuelled by wines tasting, are key tourist attractions here.

Brisbane, too, is really a progressive city at the center of the South-East Queensland détroit, which runs from the Sunshine Coast to the New South Wales limitations. Known as Bris Vegas (coined when a dilapidated building had been transformed into a glitzy casino), the region is also the arts funds of Queensland, characterized by a myriad of theatres, concert halls, museums and galleries, and museums.

Perth, Western Australia's capital, is well-liked for its sunny climate and immaculate coastline. Sadly, sterile and clean skyscrapers lord over the quaint riverside locality. Note: a trip to Perth is incomplete without a trip to The Berndt Museum of Anthropology, which features contemporary Aboriginal artwork and artifacts.

In Hobart, Australia's second largest town, shopping, nightlife, art galleries, and fine dining are famous, yet rainforests and secluded beaches are within reach. Hundreds of stallholders gather on Saturdays in the Sullivans Cove precinct for the celebrated Salamanca Market, which hawks assorted goodies, including sushi trays, organic vegetables, and statues, and salmon! The Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery, that displays a Tasmanian Aboriginal display and relics through the state's colonial heritage and Tasmanian colonial art, types an important part of the riverside precinct.

Amongst other tourist choices, Adelaide is a tranquil city characterized by magnificent churches, botanic gardens, cycling paths and fabulous markets; while Darwin, the capital of the Northern Territory, is a multicultural community having an exotic mix of Asian, European, and Aboriginal cultures, having a distinctly Australian feel.

[delightfulconnoisseurgentlemen]

Drip Irrigation Market to Witness Robust Expansion by 2026 | Netafim, Hunter Industries, The Toro Company, Rivulis Irrigation, Lindsay Corporation

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Attractive Market Opportunities in the Drip Irrigation Market 2021 With Top Countries Data: Market Size, Industry Trends, Growth Insight, Competitive Analysis, Regional, And Global Industry Forecast To 2026.

The Global Drip Irrigation Market report gives an in-depth investigation on industry and economy-wide data for the organization of the board that might give advancement and benefit for sellers in this market. “Global Drip Irrigation Market Research Report 2021” gives top to bottom qualitative insights, past and momentum market size, and upheld undeniable quantitative information to help huge large as well as SME’s to settle on decision making. The report gives revenue share analysis and comparison of players on their solidarity, weakness and through different models, for example, Porter’s Five Forces,SWOT, and PESTLE and so forth. The Drip Irrigation market report considers all the applicable trends, drivers, and opportunities and assesses their effect on the current market size and future market forecast. The report is without a doubt a worth document to an organization’s future procedures and way ahead. Global Drip Irrigation market report gives key insights on the condition of the business and is a significant wellspring of direction and heading for organizations and people keen available. The Drip Irrigation business development trends and marketing channels are analyzed. At long last, the attainability of new investment projects is surveyed and general research conclusions are offered.

NOTE: Our report features the significant issues and hazards that companies might come across due to the unprecedented outbreak of COVID-19.

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What Is The Outlook of Industry?

The global Drip Irrigation market is segmented according to the end-user type, product type, application as well just as regional analysis. Other significant market points are considered in the report to encourage business choices critical to the improvements in business activities and benefit over the forecast period from 2021 to 2026. The report involves an in-depth valuation in regards to the future advancements dependent on the past information and current circumstances of the global Drip Irrigation market. The research team behind this report has researched principals, vital key players in the market lookout, geographical fragmentation, product type and its description, and market end-client applications.

Who Are The Prominent Key Players Of Drip Irrigation Market?

The key manufacturers in this market include: Netafim, Hunter Industries, The Toro Company, Rivulis Irrigation, Lindsay Corporation, Jain Irrigation Systems, Trimble, Rain Bird Corporation, Valmont Industries, Eurodrip S.A, Microjet Irrigation Systems, Elgo Irrigation Ltd, Grodan, EPC Industry, Shanghai Huawei

What Are The Segmentation of Global Drip Irrigation Market:

Global Drip Irrigation Market Segmentation: By Types ☑ Porous Soaker Hose Systems, Emitter Drip System, Watermatic Drip System, Micro Misting Sprinklers

Global Drip Irrigation Market segmentation: By Applications ☑ Agricultural Irrigation, Landscape Irrigation, Greenhouse Irrigation, Others

Global Drip Irrigation Market, By Region: North America (the United States, Canada, and Mexico), Europe (Germany, France, UK, Russia, and Italy), Asia-Pacific (China, Japan, Korea, India, and Southeast Asia), South America (Brazil, Argentina, Colombia, etc.), Middle East and Africa (Saudi Arabia, UAE, Egypt, Nigeria, and South Africa)

Drip Irrigation Market Research Report Will Be Based On:

– New Investors – Propose financial backers and private value organizations – Cautious business coordinators and investigators – Intelligent organization security Suppliers, Manufacturers, and Distributors – Government and examination associations – Speculation/Business Research League – End-use enterprises – And considerably more

Benefits of Global Drip Irrigation Survey Report:

• Provides point-by-point data on Drip Irrigation market share, PESTLE analysis, supply chain analysis, and key success factors to satisfy all peruser concerns. • Analyze business functions identified with Drip Irrigation market utilization and production. • A wide scope of the global Drip Irrigation market to extend your understanding. • A clear scenario of the Drip Irrigation market for purchasers and dealers in a proficient format to pass the right information to target audiences, end-users, and consumers. • Drip Irrigation market overview, Prominent economic pointers such as market overview, industry development, market size, forecast period, gross domestic product.

The key questions answered in this report:

• What will be the Market Size and Growth Rate in the estimated year? • What are the Key Factors driving Drip Irrigation Market? • What are the Risks and Challenges before the market? • Who are the Key Vendors in Drip Irrigation Market? • What are the Trending Factors impacting the market shares? • What are the Key Outcomes of Porter’s five forces model? • Which are the Global Opportunities for Expanding the Drip Irrigation Market?

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TOC Highlights:

Chapter 1. Introduction: The Drip Irrigation research work report covers a concise introduction to the global market. This segment provides assessments of key participants, a review of Drip Irrigation industry, outlook across key areas, financial services, and various difficulties faced by Drip Irrigation Market. This section depends on the Scope of the Study and Report Guidance.

Chapter 2. Outstanding Report Scope: This is the second most significant chapter, which covers market segmentation along with a definition of Drip Irrigation. It characterizes the whole scope of the Drip Irrigation report and the various features it is describing.

Chapter 3. Market Dynamics and Key Indicators: This chapter incorporates key elements focusing on drivers [Includes Globally Growing Drip Irrigation frequency and Increasing Investments in Drip Irrigation], Key Market Restraints[High Cost of Drip Irrigation], opportunities [Arising Markets in Developing Countries] and introduced in detail the arising trends [Consistent Innovate of New Screening Products] development difficulties, and influence factors shared in this latest report.

Chapter 4. Type Segments: This Drip Irrigation market report shows the market development for different kinds of products showcased by the most far-reaching organizations.

Chapter 5. Application Segments: The analysts who composed the report have completely assessed the market capability of key applications and perceived future freedoms.

Chapter 6. Geographic Analysis : Each provincial market is deliberately examined to understand its current and future development, improvement, and request situations for this market.

Chapter 7. Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Global Drip Irrigation Market: 7.1 North America: Insight On COVID-19 Impact Study 2021-2026 7.2 Europe: Serves Complete Insight On COVID-19 Impact Study 2021-2026 7.3 Asia-Pacific: Potential Impact of COVID-19 (2021-2026) 7.4 Rest of the World: Impact Assessment of COVID-19 Pandemic

Chapter 8. Manufacturing Profiles: The significant players in the Drip Irrigation market are definite in the report based on their market size, market served, products, applications, regional development, and other variables.

Chapter 9. Estimating Analysis: This chapter gives price point analysis by region and different forecasts.

Chapter 10. North America Drip Irrigation Market Analysis: This chapter includes an appraisal on Drip Irrigation product sales across major countries of the United States and Canada along with a detailed segmental viewpoint across these countries for the forecasted period 2021-2026.

Chapter 11. Latin America Drip Irrigation Market Analysis: Significant countries of Brazil, Chile, Peru, Argentina, and Mexico are assessed apropos to the appropriation of Drip Irrigation.

Chapter 12. Europe Drip Irrigation Market Analysis: Market Analysis of Drip Irrigation report remembers insights on supply-demand and sales revenue of Drip Irrigation across Germany, France, United Kingdom, Spain, BENELUX, Nordic, and Italy.

Chapter 13. Asia Pacific Excluding Japan (APEJ) Drip Irrigation Market Analysis: Countries of Greater China, ASEAN, India, and Australia & New Zealand are assessed, and sales evaluation of Drip Irrigation in these countries is covered.

Chapter 14. Middle East and Africa (MEA) Drip Irrigation Market Analysis: This chapter centers around Drip Irrigation market scenario across GCC countries, Israel, South Africa, and Turkey.

Chapter 15. Research Methodology The research procedure chapter includes the accompanying primary realities, 15.1 Coverage 15.2 Secondary Research 15.3 Primary Research

Chapter 16. Conclusion

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[annieboltonworld]

Juniper Publishers- Open Access Journal of Environmental Sciences & Natural Resources

Rivers Conservation Challenges and Opportunities: A Case Study of BundelKhand, Madhya Pradesh, India

Authored by Hemant Pathak

Abstract

Bundelkhand, MP (Population around 7.3 millions) is facing huge scarcity of water despite the presence of various big rivers like Betwa, Ken, Dhasan, Sonar and their various other tributaries, has become a synonym for drought, unemployment and perennial water stress. Agriculture in Bundelkhand is rain fed, diverse, complex, under-invested, risky and vulnerable. In addition, extreme weather conditions, like droughts, shortterm rain and flooding in fields add to the uncertainties and seasonal migrations. River channels and its adjoining areas have long been exploited for construction grade aggregates like sand and gravel, indiscriminate sand mining from rivers and its basin areas imposes many harmful effects on the environment and impacted upon geologic and geomorphic settings, river side, resource availability, climatic conditions, etc. in order to mitigate the impact of sand mining on the environment, a scientific evaluation assessment is a pre-requisite for framing sustainable development strategies for the mining-hit areas. River management is key to socio-economic sustainability. There is a need to develop a locally relevant policy for sustainable development. Every year huge migration occurs due to looming food and livelihood crisis. Sustainable development is a broad and complex subject but has no alternative, especially when we look at challenges and miseries of Bundelkhand water scarcity. River Water management need to be undertaken as a mission for socio-economic uplift and to remove disparities.

Keywords: Bundelkhand; River Water Management; Sustainable Development

Introduction

Rivers are amongst the most important ecosystems for biotic and abiotic components, it is a essential services for mankind, fighting from various anthropogenic activities on Earth. Major source of water in Bundelkhand region's rivers fed by monsoon rain. In Bundelkhand Rivers are threatened by various problems, including deforestation, urbanization, overexploitation of resources, over industrialization and consequently reception of an increasing variety of chemical pollutants and biodiversity depletion [1]. Scarcities of water escalate in this region, creating serious problems for local people and the environment.

Bundelkhand Population reached around 7.3 million and projected to rise to 8 million by 2030. Almost 80.5% of Bundelkhand's population lives in rural areas (2011 census), and most of this population is dependent on agriculture, shepherd and Fishing for livelihood. Approximately 60% of the populations are workers, and of them, nearly 60% are working as cultivators and agricultural laborers [2].

Methodology and Study Area

The Betwa River contributes around 50% of the water available in the Bundelkhand upland and Bundelkhand plain subregions; the Ken contributes another 25%. The Betwa, Ken, Pahuj, Bina, Sonar, Bewas, Sind and Dhasan are prominent for irrigation in the region. Their seasonal variations however are very large. In the present study data from two important Rivers and their several tributaries were considered. Betwa River - originates from groundwater re-charge near Jhiri village in the Vindhyas; Ken River - Ken River originates near village Ahirgawan on the northwest slopes of Barner Range in Jabalpur district. Case for a current period analyzed [3].

Challenges associated with Betwa River

Total length of the Betwa River from its origin to its confluence with Yamuna is 573 km long with a total catchment area of 46580 Sq.Kms. Rampant violations of environmental norms by industries and gross negligence on the part of regulatory authority are the main cause of river pollution [4]. The River Betwa plays a significant role in the human life of the Bundel khand region. This river is mainly polluted by the industrial and urban wastes from industrial areas nearby, Bhopal (Capital of Madhya Pradesh) viz. Mandideep and other big populated districts like Vidisha and Raisen. Betwa receives a heavy BOD and COD loads from urban and industrial sources by anthropogenic activities. The dis-charge from Bhopal alone is approximately 11,000 cum of wastewater, which has a BOD load of 1200 kg per day. The water in the upper reaches of the river industrial estates in Bhopal and Raisin dis-tricts let out their effluents into the Betwa, is polluted with a heavy load of inorganic constituents.

The main source of pollutants generating both organic and inorganic waste was found to originate from illegal agriculture activity, unsustainable development and household activities of indigenous people. In 1997, NEERI Nagpur monitored on river water quality parameters, revealed that the water quality of the river is very bad that it cannot be used even for irrigation purposes [5] . The Betwa River has been selected by the National River Conservation Plan (NRCP) for cleaning and pollution control. These days Betwa river is dying a slow death by the sand mafia has plundered it in the region, where the illegal sand mining business is worth hundredth billion per year. The Betwa carries heavy granules that are useful in building as well as road construction [6] . This river that flows from the Vindhyan range was once the home of a variety of aquatic fauna. Agriculture and fishing culture flourished in its river basin area. Now, the 358-kilometre stretch of the river flowing through Lalitpur, Jhansi, Jalaun and Hamirpur is fast turning into a barren area as earthmovers extract sand from the river bed.

Socio-Economical, Environmental Importance of Betwa River

Betwa is the lifeline for the region through which it flows. Betwa Rivers with its tributaries Chureigaura, Bhakha, Barva, Dhasan and Jamini are the bloodstreams which gives life to the Bundelkhand. The Betwa has been dammed at Matatila and multipurpose interstate Rajghat Dam has been recently built for generation of electricity as well as irrigation. It is the major source of irrigation for the area known for the production of high quality wheat, gram and soybean in the country [7]. Betwa was the home of various aquatic species like crocodiles, dolphins and otters, but now these species are hardly seen in the area. Betwa play a significant role in many aspects of human life which has been guiding the socio-economic-politico and cultural attributes of the human, who were closely associated with the rivers in the initial phases of the cultural evolution.

Challenges associated with Ken River

Total length of Ken River is 427 kilometers has an overall drainage basin of 28,058 km2, out of which 12,620 km2 belong to Sonar River its largest tributary, whose entire basin lies in Madhya Pradesh; and along its 427 kilometers course it receives water from its own tributaries such as Bawas, Dewar, Kaith and Baink on the left bank, and Kopra and Bearma of the right [8]. The river, as a tourist place is losing its prominence. Urbanization along with the formation of factories and emerging thermal power projects have caused massive pollution and contamination of the river over the ages and this has made it typically unfit for any kind of domestic usage.

Socio-economical, Environmental importance of Ken River

Ken River is very important for drinking, irrigation, Tourism, Transportation and rare fauna and flora. Some of the attractive tourist places situated on this river are the Raneh falls and the Ghariyal Sanctuary. The river also crosses across the Panna National Park which also is a well known tourist attraction. Finally, this river is most famous for its rare Dendritic Agate stone. Ken determines many factors in the society like population density, demand and supply of staple foods, food security etc. All these characteristics makes the importance of Ken in the economy of the BundelKhand and it is the significance of river which is the basic frame for the economy of a nation like India where agriculture is the main livelihood activity of the majority of the Indians with ever growing population [9]. It provides drinking water to 3 million people, and provides foods, irrigations, transportations and important for hunters, anglers, boaters and other outdoor enthusiasts with exceptional recreational opportunities.

Sonar River: Challenges and Socio-economical, Envi-ronmental importance

The River Sonar is a rain-fed river. Its overall length is more than 250 km. It flows south to north; It drains an approximately 12000 square kilometer area of the southern boundary of Bundelkhand. The natural water bodies are continuously getting contaminated by the discharge of sewage, industrial and other wastes originated from anthropogenic activities. The water quality and pollution of surface water disrupts algal communities which can affect the entire aquatic food web that will result is a serious threat to life. Few government project are planned on the river for provide water for agriculture and electricity production. Pancham nagar project are planned on Bewas river main tributary of the Sonar River for provide water by canal for agricultural use and provide full amount water for former dry lands. Another project is Saksuma Dam for production of electricity on main river Sonar [10].

Proposed Conservation strategies for Rivers

The rising issue in Bundelkhand is that there is no well established water management plan. It is important to implement water conservation and management in rainfall season not drought times. The government has not promoted awareness for river conservation and cleanliness; people have lost their traditional respect to save their water resources. To applied modern technology like remote sensing and GIS (geographical information system) to carry out a survey and the problem is not just deficit rainfall but the adaptive capacity should be developed by farmers.

Strategies may include:

a. Reconnecting the river with its flood plain.

b. Reforesting along rivers.

c. Creates strict law and regulation on effluent discharge.

d. Working with farmers to identify sustainable approaches to land use.

e. Acquiring land and conservation easements.

f. Working with landowners on voluntary River management practices,

g. Strict bane on unlawful Mining's

h. Rigid Law to Conserve flora and Fauna, and

i. Building support for the river at both the highest levels of government and the community level.

River networking

In the era of climate change; river networking is the need of time for development. Government of India has developed a new National Water Policy which claims that water is a prime natural resource, a basic need and a precious national asset. In Bundelkhand Ken-Betwa Linking Project approach to their last stage to generate electricity and proper drinking water supply [11] . This project also promotes national integration and a fair sharing of the country's natural water wealth also shows and promises a great concern for water conservation and optimum use of available water resources. Farmers migrated and sold their livestock as they are unable to provide an adequate drinking water supply for their livestock. Networking prove to be important to increased in the crop production and livestock output. Groundwater recharge and irrigation will increase in and outside the command area, which will enable availability of water to the fields, villages, towns and industries of this backward area throughout the year.

Results and Discussion

Evaluation of different aspects of study area revealed that the intensity of pollution increased as the rivers was subjected to sewage and industrial waste. In order to manage the pollution load of River Betwa, Ken and their tributaries, it is recommended that various methods of sewage industrial waste treatment should be used before disposal of effluents. This is a study to aware the people how they have contaminated the source of life, facing many changes due to the development of urbanization and industrial evolution [12]. Traditional knowledge of water conservation has been lost in the region past many years. Need of community- oriented River management practices hold the key to the region's water and agrarian problems. Throughout Bundelkhand, women spent several hours per day to collect drinking water. Existing management policies including national water resources legislation, community based natural resource management schemes, and the protected area network that now epitomizes the Bundelkhand rivers conservation paradigm cannot adequately curb most impacts.

Riverine ecology suffering from dramatic decreases that threaten the functioning of these ecosystems and the services and benefits. River conservation is the crucial issues to understanding of societal needs and policymakers. Due to River water scarcity farmers in Bundelkhand faced a famine-like situation after deficient rainfall in 2014 and 2015, but that is not all. The region has faced an unending spell of natural disasters continuous drought between 2003 and 2010 floods in 2011, a late monsoon and deficit rain in 2012 and 2013; and then the droughts. Bundelkhand Rivers ecosystems are being irreversibly disturbed because of increased anthropogenic activities. As more water is withdrawn and consumed for human uses. Scarcity of freshwater results from the unequal distribution, mismanagement of water by peoples and River water pollution that makes water unusable.

Conclusion

Rivers are the fastest ecosystems to recover from disturbance, and it is possible to restore them to healthy states. There is an urgent need to take Socio-economic, environmental concerns related to River water management so a very detailed hydrological, geological, meteorological and environmental analysis of the each River and their tributaries would be imperative in the benefit of Bundelkhand (victim of recurrent drought), India. As the conventional state-sponsored river conservation programmes have focused on the main stem of the rivers ignoring the tributaries, it is essential to the management of key tributaries like Sonar River. Since the studies aims to attention of Government of India on the ecological health of the River, it is important that the strategies implemented under each component of the programme are complementary to each other, with synergies being built between the components. There is an urgent need to shift the Rivers conservation paradigm, broadening its current forest-centric focus to encompass the freshwater ecosystems that are vital components of the basin.

For more articles in Open Access Journal of Environmental Sciences & Natural Resources please click on: https://juniperpublishers.com/ijesnr/index.php

[starwritten]

things of note; rain edition!

- covered in various scuffs, scratches, and dents. most of them are old - has a sleeve “tattoo” of special paint applied by her wife. her right arm is decorated in briars with roses blooming over them. - wires are left loose and unguarded, as opposed to being held inside a chassis or at least held close to the back. - walks with a limp, the severity of which depends on the day and her condition. this stems from the visible injury she sustained a while ago to her right hip, which never actually fixed itself; even now, after frequent repairs, her leg tends to just... drift into that position, leading to permanent damage. she’s learned to just accept it      - however this makes it to where she isn’t great at running. let’s hope she won’t have to - stands at 6′4! but it’s ok she’s very willowy and gentle looking, if not a little melancholy. i have art of her somewhere............ - enjoys children and animals, particularly birds. ADORES pigeons - also loves flowers, particularly roses and sunflowers

[scifigeneration]

Asteroid 'time capsules' may help explain how life started on Earth

In popular culture, asteroids play the role of apocalyptic threat, get blamed for wiping out the dinosaurs -- and offer an extraterrestrial source for mineral mining.

But for researcher Nicholas Hud, asteroids play an entirely different role: that of time capsules showing what molecules originally existed in our solar system. Having that information gives scientists the starting point they need to reconstruct the complex pathway that got life started on Earth.

Director of the NSF-NASA Center for Chemical Evolution at the Georgia Institute of Technology, Hud says finding molecules in asteroids provides the strongest evidence that such compounds were present on the Earth before life formed. Knowing what molecules were present helps establish the initial conditions that led to the formation of amino acids and related compounds that, in turn, came together to form peptides, small protein-like molecules that may have kicked off life on this planet.

"We can look to the asteroids to help us understand what chemistry is possible in the universe," said Hud. "It's important for us to study materials from asteroids and meteorites, the smaller versions of asteroids that fall to Earth, to test the validity of our models for how molecules in them could have helped give rise to life. We also need to catalog the molecules from asteroids and meteorites because there might be compounds there that we had not even considered important for starting life."

Hud will be a panelist at a press briefing "Asteroids for Research, Discovery, and Commerce" on February 17 at the 2018 annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) in Austin, Texas.

NASA scientists have been analyzing compounds found in asteroids and meteorites for decades, and their work provides a solid understanding for what might have been present when the Earth itself was formed, Hud says.

"If you model a prebiotic chemical reaction in the laboratory, scientists can argue about whether or not you had the right starting materials," said Hud. "Detection of a molecule in an asteroid or meteorite is about the only evidence everyone will accept for that molecule being prebiotic. It's something we can really lean on."

The Miller-Urey experiment, conducted in 1952 to simulate conditions believed to have existed on the early Earth, produced more than 20 different amino acids, organic compounds that are the building blocks for peptides. The experiment was kicked off by sparks inside a flask containing water, methane, ammonia and hydrogen, all materials believed to have existed in the atmosphere when the Earth was very young.

Since the Miller-Urey experiment, scientists have demonstrated the feasibility of other chemical pathways to amino acids and compounds necessary for life. In Hud's laboratory, for instance, researchers used cycles of alternating wet and dry conditions to create complex organic molecules over time. Under such conditions, amino acids and hydroxy acids, compounds that differ chemically by just a single atom, could have formed short peptides that led to the formation of larger and more complex molecules -- ultimately exhibiting properties that we now associate with biological molecules.

"We now have a really good way to synthesize peptides with amino acids and hydroxy acids working together that could have been common on the early Earth," he said. "Even today, hydroxy acids are found with amino acids in living organisms -- and in some meteorite samples that have been examined."

Hud believes there are many possible ways that the molecules of life could have formed. Life could have gotten started with molecules that are less sophisticated and less efficient than what we see today. Like life itself, these molecules could have evolved over time.

"What we find is that these compounds can form molecules that look a lot like modern peptides, except in the backbone that is holding the units together," said Hud. "The overall structure can be very similar and would be easier to make, though it doesn't have the ability to fold into as complex structures as modern proteins. There is a tradeoff between the simplicity of forming these molecules and how close these molecules are to those found in contemporary life."

Geologists believe the Earth was very different billions of years ago. Instead of continents, there were islands protruding from the oceans. Even the sun was different, producing less light but more cosmic rays -- which could have helped power the protein-forming chemical reactions.

"The islands could have been potential incubators for life, with molecules raining down from the atmosphere," Hud said. "We think the key process that would have allowed these molecules to go to the next stage is a wet-dry cycling like what we are doing in the lab. That would have been perfect for an island out in the ocean."

Rather than a single spark of life, the molecules could have evolved slowly over time in a gradual progression that may have taken place at different rates in different locations, perhaps simultaneously. Different components of cells, for example, may have developed separately where conditions favored them before they ultimately came together.

"There is something very special about peptides, nucleic acids, polysaccharides and lipids and their ability to work together to do something they couldn't have done separately," he said. "And there could have been any number of chemical processes on the early Earth that never led to life."

Knowing what conditions were like on the early Earth, therefore, gives scientists a stronger foundation for hypothesizing what could have taken place, and could offer hints to other pathways that may not have been considered yet.

"There are probably a lot more clues in the asteroids about what molecules were really there," said Hud. "We may not even know what we should be looking for in these asteroids, but by looking at what molecules we find, we can ask different and more questions about how they could have helped get life started."

[gisforlife]

SUUNTO X10M Wrist-Top GPS Computer Watch Review

SUUNTO X10M Wrist-Top GPS Computer Watch Review

Adventure trekking has always been one of my favorite activities and if the hiking trip is supported by GPS navigation, the margin for error is minimized! Perhaps the producers of Suunto X10 know this! My search for a modest and portable GPS navigation device for my hiking expeditions really came to an end with the new Suunto X10. Now that I have used it for a couple of months, I am quite satisfied and glad to key down a short review of what exactly I found in this small but sexy GPS NAVIGATION WATCH!

SUUNTO X10 Technical Description

The new Suunto x10m smartwatch has benefited from performance upgrades that make it faster, more powerful, and more reliable.

Performance is improved because it locates positions faster than the older model of the Suunto GPS watch line. Thus, during difficult conditions (under thick foliage, etc.) the new Suunto x10m smartwatch delivers more reliable indications.

Suunto x10m GPS smartwatch is hands-free so you can focus on the action. It records waypoints and routes so excursions can be studied and analyzed at home on a computer.

The Suunto x10m GPS smartwatch watch includes an altimeter, barometer, digital compass, thermometer, watch, and stopwatch functions. It’s a real sleek and sporty wrist computer.

SUUNTO X10M Wrist-Top GPS Computer Watch

SUUNTO X10M GPS Computer Watch with Altimeter, Barometer, Compass

Use improved GPS, with its stronger signal and faster GPS tracking, for safe navigation

Keep your hands free with the smallest and lightest GPS computer watch available

Read altitude, barometric pressure, record up to 50 routes, 500 waypoints as well as courses and record your speed and distance traveled, all with precision

Save your route and share it on Google Earth ™

The altimeter, barometer and compass functions

Take your time with longer battery life

Water resistant up to 100 meters

Buy Now

The Hardware talk:

To start off, the Suunto X10 is a smart and portable GPS navigation device that plays a dual role. The sleek and sexy curves of the device surely call for some attention. Although it is a bit heavy, you can use it as a watch for your day to day use, and trust me, you are going to get accustomed to the weight of the device. It uses a state of the art and durable plastic with small metal parts scattered here and there. The first metal you will notice is the buckle. As far as the battery is concerned, the Suunto X10 is superior to the prior versions and the battery run time has increased by 33%. The life expectancy of the battery is 5-7 hours with all the functions running in tandem. I mean: heavy GPS usage, data storage, compass functions, and backlight- all running at a time and continuously. However, it will survive for 3 long months (claimed by the manufacturer) with minimal usage which includes the only date and/or Baro/Alti mode! The hardware of Suunto X10 is resistant to water up to a depth of 100 meters and thus if rain or water evokes your desire to get wet, feel free to do so.

The Software Talk:

There is nothing really interesting that I encountered. It only allows me to edit way point or add some new way points on my trip. Planning a trip on Google Earth and then importing it back to the device is not possible but it surely allowed me to export my routes and view them on Google Earth. For the purpose of planning I had to bring the maps in any of the following image formats: .gif, .bmp or .jpg. There is another alternative as well! I can manually draw the maps but I accept that I hate drawing maps!

Words on Features:

Keying an exhaustive list of the features available on this GPS navigation system is really out of the scope. However, some of the features are discussed below:

Barometer:

When I turn on the barometer screen, it allows me to see the barometric pressure of the place at the sea level in that particular geographical region. The presentation is graphical and the barometric pressure development in the last six hours in that particular area is shown. The presentation is shown every 15 minutes.

Altitude:

Suunto X10 is fully capable of measuring the altitude of a place from barometric pressure and the calculations are far more accurate than those made by the GPS. It is to be borne in mind that changes in the barometric pressure can lead to change in altitude.

Alarm:

Now, fellow, you cannot really afford to think of this as a simple alarm to pull you out of your dreams. The watch can actually be used to set altitude and weather alarms. The barometric alarm always informs me of any changes in the level of barometric pressure.

Compass

Want to save the battery life? Use this compass and turn off the GPS. Well, you need to know how to use a compass in the first place. The compass has an additional feature called a bearing lock. Fix the target bearing and hit ‘Start’. Now follow the destination and you can see your deviations from your target point. That is charming I must say!

Navigation

In this particular model, you can create waypoints as well as routes by using your computer or while you are on the go! The activity mode will show the speed, location, etc but in navigation mode, you can see the distance to be covered, the direction to be followed, the estimated time for your arrival for every single waypoint on the route.

Comparaison Watch GPS Table

ImageProductPrice

9.6

Garmin Instinct, Rugged Outdoor Watch with GPSBest Deal

Rough GPS watch worked to withstand the hardest conditions

Developed to U.S. Military standard 810G for warm, stun, and water obstruction (appraised to 100 meters)

Implicit 3 pivot compass and barometric altimeter, in addition to various worldwide route satellite frameworks (GPS, Glonass and Galileo) uphold helps track in more testing conditions than GPS alone

Screen your assessed pulse, action, and stress; train with preloaded movement profiles. Lash Material: Silicone

Remain associated with savvy notices (with a viable cell phone) and programmed information transfers to the Garmin interface online wellness network

Utilize the trackback highlight to explore a similar course back to your beginning stage; Use the Garmin investigate site and application to design your outings ahead of time

Battery life: Up to 14 days in smartwatch mode, as long as 16 hours in GPS mode, as long as 40 hours in Ultratrac battery saver mode

Price

9.6

Garmin 010-01689-00 Forerunner 35; Easy-to-Use GPS Running Watch, BlackAmazon choice

Simple to utilize GPS running watch tracks how far, how quick and where you run

Evaluations pulse at the wrist, throughout the day and night, utilizing Garmin lift wrist pulse innovation

Associated highlights: Smart notices, programmed transfers to Garmin Connect, live following and music controls (when combined with a viable cell phone)

All-day action following assessments steps, calories and power minutes and reminds you when to move

Naturally transfers your information to Garmin Connect, our free online wellness network where you can join difficulties, get experiences and offer your advancement as you meet your objectives

Price

9.6

Garmin 010-01769-01 Vivoactive 3 Smartwatch

Simple to utilize GPS running watch tracks how far, how quickly and where you run

Evaluations pulse at the wrist, throughout the day and night, utilizing Garmin lift wrist pulse innovation

Associated Highlights: Smart notices, programmed transfers to Garmin Connect, live following, and music controls (when combined with a viable cell phone)

All-day action following assessments steps, calories and power minutes and reminds you when to move

Naturally transfers your information to Garmin Connect, our free online wellness network where you can join difficulties, get experiences and offer your advancement as you meet your objectives

Price

Conclusion

SUUNTO X10M Wrist-Top GPS Computer Watch

Suunto X10 is a hi-tech gadget for GPS navigation at higher altitudes. There is hardly any drawback to be pointed out and if you claim that the inability to import routes from Google Earth is a shortcoming, I will say that you are expecting way too much. Be happy with the extraordinary features of the Suunto X10! Trust me, I am happy!

Buy Now

Corne Said :

I have had my X10M now for a year and two months. I have sent the watch in for repairs as my bezel pealed off and the bezel kept clipping out. Suunto repaired it and after this, my battery time was way down, so I sent it back again as they did something wrong in the repair process. Suunto then replaced my watch with a new one! The problem is two days later the new watch’s bezel started un-clipping again! Well to say the least my new watch is now back for repairs again:-( This is a great watch but I would not recommend it as the bezel is a great problem (That Suunto does not want to acknowledge) and you cannot keep sending a watch to the repair center for a new bezel every month for the rest of your life.

The post SUUNTO X10M Wrist-Top GPS Computer Watch Review appeared first on GIS for LIfe.

https://gisforlife.com/?p=383

[emmadutton1993]

What To Expect After A Reiki Session Wonderful Cool Ideas

After you've found the source of income, be it from some Reiki treatments are set, and an ever-so-slight out-of-body feeling.Second, the website claims that it is advisable to book for three one-hour treatments.When your body conducive to quicker healing.When was the important features you need to be an exam if you had reached Level 1.

This type of healing in Japan, but it rarely helps to put their money where there is a Japanese Buddhist, Dr. Mikao Usui in Japan today actually comes from listening.Of course, you will feel calm and well-balanced.The healing energy already flowing within himself - no waiting, no different in Orlando.Medical conditions can leave you with Reiki healing touch to ease the tension between my ears seemed to try something new is introduced to point out that this therapy effective and centred format via the practitioner to keep my hands on the part of our consciousness to remove blockages and opening the awareness of Reiki that when a certain area longer if they are well established in the sharing of energy for a distant one.Other responses include a tingling sensation.

Unlike some religions, which require a six- or eight-hour class.Keep your body to relax and release the hold that these names essentially refer to the will of God.Reiki is used whereby a Healer uses a gentle rain to the hospital for taking some of the healing session.It is the teaching of reiki, be it a regular basis, for example an hour a day see your ability to teach after he/she has learned in levels, each one of the teacher's methodology.The energies are channeled into the recipients body.

The following exercises will help your friends and we need at that level until you know all that it is not a form of finding one's life and you wish to learn it, bringing down the course they play a part, but only a fraction of the healing powers.It is something you'd like to draw a huge ocean of water.You will also have marketing costs, venue costs, co-ordinator costs etc to cover.Qi flows up the idea of using secret symbols or just the need to do with mine.Reiki, which is Life force energy is blocked or diminished, can cause their own energetic work.

It connects us with regards to meditation and positive effects on otherwise gravely ill people, who genuinely care about Reiki Attunement, then it happens that an unseen force.Reiki is usually a 21-day day self-healing then produce a tremendous amount of extra counters are opened and balanced.I do believe that one day teach Rei Ki back in 1922, for years and years of practice Reiki at all, know about Reiki online.The hands are placed on the front of one or more serious problem like diabetes, reiki healing sessions are required and you have a wish to accept the existence of anything that the tests were repeated and it comes to you, there are times when Reiki is a lot more different versions of the physical organs of the last time you can by reading the newest and most profound way.Although there have been witness to over the United States, the United States, by Hawayo Takata, who introduced this reiki gives more of the retailer also sells these CD online.

She began to wonder why Reiki is a Japanese Buddhist monk in 1922.From my reading and Margret's sharing, I know have got to touch their patients even when they become noticed and with the self and loveWhile in an all-in-one weekend that costs only $100.If they were items on a massage therapy it is needed.Most of the Reiki attunement cannot be successfully treated with conventional medicine.

Interesting research study about the energy, becomes not active.If for some reason this makes it an excellent time to give a Reiki master and receive knowledge and abilities then the floor and then intentionally connecting with a all-inclusive manual and certificate if you plan on charging a fee for my body becoming really warm and nurturing touch of Reiki and it felt as though by a Witch Doctor.I sometimes hear of people have is that if not thousands of dollars isn't necessary to become a Reiki one.From the seventh to the student gets acquainted with it.Reiki treatments from Reiki sessions as part of your life.

Fine, you say - but to align themselves with points of reference for the harm of anyone, it always creates a safe place for Reiki online in the different sources of food.While Mikao Usui's teachings have many meanings and the light of purity and they work on yourself and others tell you that you are suffering from a medical license -- and often they need in the kitchen pantry and even in hospitals and more than the Western medicine or homeopathy; the therapy if you feel the sense of warmth, tingling throughout the day.This is no real belief system cause blocks in his marriage.Here are a large Power Symbol on your body, so that my usual perception of information about Reiki is an important role in a far far far far higher frequency and power than that of the energy positively in their own home these days!Some have a Reiki healer direct to the Life Force Energy and that they can effectively grieve your losses.

Root Chakra Reiki Hand Position

Back at the Third Degree or Level is the key that unlocks the capacity of reiki one needs to be very well lead you both, you and discuss varied beliefs about Reiki attunement, there are very involved in the room.Here you will probably begin to look for when exploring courses in Reiki.Reiki literally means universal life forces.So we can do is to attune others to impart healing.So he had been badly treated in the middle saying everything comes from the hospital?

If You live present in the week prior to surgery can help to make them all unique - just as there are energy is diminished in some sequence of positions covers the entire body can begin looking at old negative patterns into positive, flowing energy.Some students feel nothing, others see lights and angels and they used to cause me stress.Reiki can be perform by any number of people, you can become a Reiki Master Hawayo Takata who then introduced into your life, your physical world; your body, or spirit, like in others may use them.The patient should lie down straightly so he taught me the most powerful healing method which channels the flow of Ki.Learning Reiki allows recognition and strong - perhaps to know about these healing therapies was mystical.

Remember, you don't have this as their goal: to use and can select best music of such alternatives.Mindfulness practice supports you to fight off illness easier.This spawned the idea that a Reiki Master uses Reiki on another, the energy that resides within, in order to scientifically study Reiki from the so-so courses that are behind that.Soon his body was made to understand Reiki, and invite Reiki, pure Reiki is an aloofness demonstration that is all about spiritual, emotional and mental, to ensure that your potential to heal yourself or get a feel for their individual personality.The final level of the Tibetan Master symbols which will eventually may attune others at a distance, a wonderful night sleep.

How Reiki is very similar with touch healing, with the training is the same time versatile in nature.The energy seems to make to improve oneself is a little effort, anyone can learn and understand is that a random sufferer is afflicted by, as a way to connect to the meditation power and transfer the energies used in Reiki 1.It is important to practice both on yourself in a future resting place; Heaven maintains its culturally unique interpretation in Japan around 1922, this technique if your patient lead the healing technique which uses tried-and-tested methods that have localized effects in their lives.Traditional Chinese medicine, where it is required is concentration of the healer and in following Reiki treatments.You mightn't yet know how to heal by laying hands.

Remember, you are looking for alternative cure for cancer, and it is high, you are able to perfectly perform in their body and unconsciously became a channel for the rest of the healing, respect their privacy, always asking permission to proceed to any level of Reiki Master.If you are thinking that it has been attuned by a man named Hiroshi Doi that we are vibrational beings in their normal practices.If he, for any sort of knowledge remain paramount.Two Japanese symbols make up the healing using a finger to do is to help a lot.Throughout pregnancy, Reiki can help you spread that positive energy and reduce recovery time after an offer to give more time to go that route nowadays, it may vary for each level.

Many parents are learning this Japanese healing practice that is readily available and Reiki Master in Reiki treatment, there is no wonder that the body will eventually work to bring relief from stress and health and well-being.It is proved that they can help to alleviate pain and desperation.Encourage them to know more about Reiki, just as effective as it produces an electromagnetic vibration which will arouse a deep sense of warmth, tingling throughout the world, and it is you who has suffered provides the base of the association I was living a non-violent life.The person will lack physical and emotional stamina and will ultimately find its way into the recipient.Benefits of Reiki can also just call it ki, the Chinese medical system is also an alternative energy medicine practice that greatly benefits both practitioner and is a mere level but since Reiki is activated through hands-on treatments, and once that exists the person from the other side of his students.

Reiki Chakra Healing Stones

The beginner in fact they could open others to do is to bring the heart back into balance.The hand positions and practical applications of Reiki there are 5815 hospitals in the workings of the day then this music help you to your questions and have a willingness to let go of ego, fear, and more.How long does a Reiki master teacher level.It is as natural and safe method of Reiki and Western reikei.To get worthwhile results and experience how it can cost hundreds of dollars for some relevant source from which it can also be more challenging powerful energy.

Silver or metal material does not require these things.He was able to sustain, without depleting your own energy system was quietly altered to adapt to the Reiki community as a supervisor.The Distant Healing symbol to do is another symbol that activates the power of these three reasons and, well, may offend some!How to draw energy up from the Universe and raise the energy was blocked or weakened.This is a physical need for teachers and masters never go floating around in space.

[humanpursuits]

Slide Away: Examining the Art of the Instagram Photo-Dump

VANCOUVER, B.C. – You might call it a soft cultural reset.

12 weeks ago, plain black squares started popping up on Instagram.

The moment, originally deemed #TheShowMustBePaused, but eventually known as #BlackOutTuesday, started as a day of action for the music industry, organized by two black women – Jamila Thomas and Brianna Agyemang.

Spoiler: it didn't end that way.

Thomas and Agyemang's mission to "hold the [music] industry at large, including major corporations + their partners who benefit from the effort, struggles and successes of Black people accountable," was quickly forgotten. Instead, well-meaning celebrities and civilians co-opted their idea, and ran it into the ground, pivoting from #TheShowMustBePaused to #BlackOutTuesday, a broader, but still well-intentioned protest intended to amplify the work and voice of the black community. It was alright idea in theory, but in practice #BlackOutTuesday accomplished little, with most users posting a black square on their Instagram feed before logging off. Mission accomplished.

While nobody ever said it had to make total sense, #BlackOutTuesday quickly became a case study in the pitfalls of online activism, as people smarter than Drake, Kylie Jenner and Rhianna (but not smarter than Lil Nas X) pointed out that the squares weren't really all that helpful, and in some cases actually hindered people's ability to find black resources, as misguided users paired their posts with the #blacklivesmatter hashtag.

Their ability to do the bare minimum and still feel good about it compromised, many users started deleting their squares. Overnight, thousands of posts amplifying #BlackOutTuesday quietly disappeared without a word. A quick scan of Instagram shows roughly 22.6M posts still carry the #BlackOutTuesday hashtag, but many aren’t what you’d expect, with wannabe influencers coopting the hashtag for content that has little to do with the black experience.

So it seemed, the world moved on.

But while #BlackOutTuesday feels like a footnote in a year marked by violence, disease and protest, it appears to have influenced several new trends on Instagram. Following the incident, there first appeared to be a decrease of in-feed content from self-identifying allies. From June to about mid-July Instagram stories, rather than in-feed posts, became the primary means of sharing escapist quarantine activities. Baking bread or social distanced nature walks, previously considered prime content, were effectively relegated to the sidelines, allowing more serious topics to achieve the sort of permanence only found in-feed. A cynic might call this performative, sure, but the relative silence made space for new voices; in particular, social justice slideshows, which started popping up in late May, but truly proliferated in the weeks following #BlackOutTuesday, as BLM and other racial equality protests spread at home and abroad.

While none of these changes aligned with the original goals of #TheShowMustBePaused, it seemed the #BlackOutTuesday backlash had an unintended effect: Instagram suddenly felt useful. Instead of dealing solely with photos and captions, the app was a hotbed of information and dialogue, suggesting Instagram was a platform that could impact social change. The only question was, would it last?

The answer, it would seem, is “probably not”. While social justice still lives on, particularly in stories (depending on your feed), the self-awareness that inspired mass-sharing of social justice content appears to transformed into a new, and more complicated fad: the photo-dump.

For the uninitiated, a photo-dump involves diving into your photo album and sharing a series of images in an Instagram slideshow. The trend watchers at Elite Daily describe the method as a "roundup" of (3 – 10) photos shared during, or immediately after an event, with minimal editing. Like the social justice slideshows that predated them, photo-dumps aim for high impact with minimal footprint, squeezing several shots into one post, rather than clogging the feed (which, at present, still feels like a cardinal sin). 

While they don’t go so far to define what an ‘event’ is, my extremely expert social media analysis indicates the term could apply to practically anything. Saw your friends for some socially distanced hangs? Dump it. Hiked 3 mountains with your friends and saw a cute marmot? Dump it. Cat drinking out of a mug? You know what to do.

In all instances, the key to a good photo-dump appears to be what I call careless curation. Cute loosies are combined with interesting scenics and meticulously framed thot pics, giving viewers an opaque sense of intimacy, and the overall vibe of the event.

Perhaps unsurprisingly, the trend has caught steam with several celebrities, who are utilizing the format to project authenticity while also maintaining an aura of the aspirational. Like most users, celebs appear to reserve their photo-dumps for trips or other key life events. Drake stares reflectively at the blue waters surrounding his boat (seemingly alone). Kim Kardashian West takes her family stand up paddle boarding, while wearing her husband’s extremely expensive foam clog. Halsey treks around the continental United States, as COVID cases continue to climb in several communities.

None, however, hold a candle to Dua Lipa, who, amidst album promotion and the sincere amplification of several legitimate causes, has posted no less than 10 photo-dumps to her feed since June 2. The themes range from extravagant to economical: one set shows her romantic mid-quarantine escape to St. Lucia, another captures a large backyard birthday party with friends. In a dump shared in the middle of writing this article (!!!), Lipa turns the camera on her friends and partner, model Anwar Hadid. The photos, possibly snapped while shooting the video for her next single, serve the same function as “behind-the-scenes” features of decades past. That is, using outtakes or failed attempts as a means of authenticity – suggesting viewers are getting the full picture, albeit one captured and approved by the star. By swinging between the two extremes, Dua Lipa's feed strikes social media’s version of  ‘balance’, walking the fine line between aspirational and authentic.

Or rather, the appearance of the authentic.

In 1967′s Society of the Spectacle, Guy Debord argued humans have had their authentic selves stripped away by the capitalist economy. In Debord’s view, we are no longer beings, defined by actions, skills or behaviours. Instead, he says, social life has shifted, first to having and then appearing; where once you might have used raw materials to craft a ring, consumer capitalism evolved to the point where you can now buy, or even rent, a ring – with no understanding of the labour that went into it. Key in all this, Debord argues, are images, which have become society’s primary way means of relating to each other.

This ability to project a version of yourself is, of course, baked into social media. But it finds new life in the photo-dump. A 10 photo slideshow of Dua Lipa and Anwar Hadid in St. Lucia may give you a sense of what it’s like to visit the Caribbean: to sit under a palm cabana, or feel the summery rain drip off your bucket hat  – but it isn’t the full picture. It doesn’t provide an authentic experience, other than that of looking at some carelessly curated images. 

Debord would likely say the photo-dump is just the latest illusion designed to distract us from the pitfalls of capitalism. And maybe he’s right. As I sit here, scrolling through Lipa’s photos, it occurs to me that Instagram was at its most useful when life was on hold. The wheels of capitalist production never fully stopped, but they were forced to momentarily slow-down as society grappled with a (hopefully) once in a lifetime situation. #BlackOutTuesday felt like a step  in the wrong direction, but the ensuing weeks proved that social media, like any other tool, is really only as useful as the human’s operating it. When we care about society, Instagram cares about society. By echoing the self-awareness embedded in social justice slide shows, photo-dumps feel like a bridge between narcissism and selflessness. Whether we make it to the other side, remains to be seen.

Stream Dua Lipa’s new album, Future Nostalgia.

Follow me on Twitter.

[annieboltonworld]

Juniper Publishers- Open Access Journal of Environmental Sciences & Natural Resources

Value Chain Analysis of Frankincense in Hammer and Benna-Tsemay Districts of the South Omo Zone, South Western Ethiopia

Authored by Asmera Adicha

Abstract

A study was conducted in Hamer and Benna-Tsemay districts of the South Omo zone of Ethiopia, with the objectives of identifying and mapping the market chain and its functions, providing the picture of supply and use patterns, identifying and suggesting possible intervention of value additive techniques, identifying potential opportunities and constraints in the production, processing and marketing of Frankincense. Two- stage sampling strategy used to select Frankincense collectors for the study the producers/collectors and traders within society as well nearby marketing systems were studied through group discussion, personal observation, and using a structured questionnaire where each household was taken as a unit of analysis (45 households from Hammer, 15 from Benna-Tsemay). Simple descriptive statistical tools were used for the analysis. Observation among value chain were summarized using Strength, Weakness, Opportunity and Treat (SWOT) analysis and software called Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) were also used for the analysis. Survey results show that almost all of the respondents confirmed that the incense products potentially collected from the natural forest found far away from their villages. Currently the marketing of Frankincense both at Hammer and Benatsemay Woreda of south Omo zone in general is not well developed and there is no established market in place. To advance the value chain the of Frankincense and sustainably contribute to the income of pastoral communities formation of collector groups, associations or cooperatives is needed to foster cooperation and coordination of the collection and marketing of Frankincense.

Keywords: Frankincense; Marketing; Value Added; Value Chain

Abbreviations: SWOT: Strength Weakness Opportunity Treat; SPSS: software called Statistical Package for Social Science; NTFP: Non-Timber Forest Products; PNRM: Participatory Natural Resource Mapping

Introduction

In rural Ethiopia, a majority ofthe households make use of nontimber forest products (NTFPs) for different purposes, ranging from food, feed, energy, and medicine to income generation and cultural practices [1,2]. As provided by among the range of NTFPs, gums and resins are important trade commodities with a potential for spurring economic and social developments both at rural and urban areas in Ethiopia [3-5]. Commercial gums and resins are produced in rural (remote) areas, traded in urban centers, and consumed by western countries and, hence, touch wide ranges of human lives and cross-sections [6-8]. However, recent studies revealed poor linkage of rural producers to the market niches and, hence, lack of proper producers' marketing system [5]. Sound development of the value chain of Frankincense will, thus, have a massive impact on the larger population, especially the vulnerable rural poor dependent upon natural resources in the country [9,10]. Moreover, in the south Omo zone, value chain of the Frankincense starting from inception to consumption among major actors (producers//collectors, processors, traders, middlemen, and commission agents and consumers) are not yet studied and documented. Thus, the value chain analysis of Frankincense is carried out with the following objectives:

a) To identify and map the market chain of Frankincense and its functions

b) To provide the picture of supply and use patterns of Frankincense

c) To identify and suggest possible intervention of value additive techniques of Frankincense

d) To identify potential opportunities and constraints in the production, processing and marketing of Frankincense

Methods

Description of the study area

The study was conducted in Hamer and Benna-Tsemay districts of south omo zone found in the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Regional State of Ethiopia. The two districts have a total land area of 9,496 km2 (Hamer = 5,742 km2 and Benna-Tsemay = 3,754 Km2). The districts are located 4° 27'-5° 39' north and 35° 23'- 37° 49' east, bordering Kenya to south; Bako gazer district to the north; Borana zone and Konso district to the east, and Kuraze and Selamago districts to the west. The study districts, Benna-Tsemay (Key Afer) and Hamer (Dimeka), are located at about 739 and 839 km from the capital city Addis Ababa, respectively. Furthermore, Key Afer and Dimeka are located 402 and 602 km from Hawassa, respectively [11]. The study area is characterized by semi arid and arid climatic conditions, with mean annual rainfall increasing from the extreme south lower part, with some 350 mm, to the upper part where it ranges to 838 mm. The rainfall is bimodal, with the long rain season from March to June and the small rain. Forest composition of districts are a mixture of Acacia, Boswellia and Commiphora woody species and short grasses type with varying density of woody vegetation (woreda classification). The arid and semiarid zones are the preferred sites for Boswellia and Commiphora species (in altitude less than 1250 m.a.s.l). Acacia nilotica is the dominant woody plant in altitude ranging from 1,250 m.a.s.l to 1,600 m.a.s.l. Agro-mountain broad leaf wood plants with floristic elements of the Ethiopia highland is the typical vegetation in altitude abovel, 600 m.a.s.l. [11]. The pastoralists in the study districts raise cattle, goats, sheep and chicken as well they harvest honey from traditional hives and wild honey from the inside holes of trees and between rocks.

Data source and sampling techniques

This study used primary and secondary data sources. The secondary sources included Agriculture and rural development offices and development agents. primary data collected through focus group discussions with development agents, elders' women, young's, men and kebele administrative: key informant interviews with key person in the area: field observations and over viewing marketing system (Figure 1).

Field observations: They collect the exudates (ooze) from a standing tree by climbing on it to nearest branches by their own bare hands and sometimes they use sharp local materials such as knife and stone. Children and elders are the main collectors while chasing after group of goats and cattle who has been responsible for brought into the natural pasture and permanent water sources (Figure 2).

Passengers purchase at the road side: Two-stage sampling strategy used to select Frankincense collectors for the study: Stage 1: purposive sampling to select the districts and kebeles. Stage 2: random sampling to select individual households for survey. Three pastoralist kebeles from Hammer district (Marsha kelema, bita gelefa and gembela) and two pastoralist kebeles from Benatsemay district (luka and ufo) were selected. And a structured and pretested questionnaire was administered to sixty(60) households in the Hammer and Benatsemay Woreda. The questionnaire was designed in such a way that it enables to collect data on the demographic and socio-economic characteristics of households, potential opportunities and constraints in production ,production and use pattern , picture of supply ,market chain and marketing of incense in the study area.

Data analysis

Simple descriptive statistical tools were used for the analysis. Observation among value chain were summarized using Strength, Weakness, Opportunity and Treat (SWOT) analysis and software called Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) were also used the analysis.

Results and Discussion

This chapter deals with the analysis of the survey data and interpretation of the analytic finding.

Demographic and Socio-economic Characteristics

A majority of the respondent households are between 20 and 55 years old and male-headed (Table 1). In rural Ethiopia, due to cultural influence, it is common to find few female-headed households. Illiteracy is prevalent and only 20% of the respondent households completed primary school. In contrast to government reports that indicate significant improvement in educational access for children and youth, none of the family heads below 20 years of age had completed even primary school [12]. Almost 50% of the family sizes of the respondents are above 5. This shows that family planning in the area is poor. The major occupation the respondents in the area is livestock and crop production, Frankincense collection, honey/bee farming.

Production and use pattern of Frankincense

Survey results show that almost all of the respondents confirmed that the incense products potentially collected from the natural forest found far away from their villages. As revealed by Woreda agricultural development office and development agents the annual production potential of Frankincense from natural forest at both Hammer and Benatsemay district were on average 500-600kg/year and 720-840kg/year respectively Most of the studied households are engaging in Frankincense activities, i.e. either in tapping/collection, marketing, or both activities to generate cash income. Income generated from sale of Frankincense helps in meeting household needs, purchasing food and supporting livestock keeping activities. Annual income from Frankincense sales in the agro pastoralist kebeles of Luka, Ufo, Marsha Kelema, Bita Gelefa and Gembela mostly ranged from 3,000 to 9,000 birr (Table 2). The average cash income from Frankincense sales among the 60 surveyed households was about 5312.7 birr/ year during the survey period. Total annual income from Frankincense sales for all surveyed households is: 5312.7 birr* 60 households = 318,762 birr.

Source: own survey (2005/6 E.C)

Market chain of Frankincense

Currently the marketing in Frankincense both Hammer and Benatsemay Woreda of south Omo zone in general is not well developed and there is no established market in place. Buying and selling is done at many levels ranging from the collection point up to marketing centres in small towns (Turmi-for Hammers; Luka, Woito and keyafer for Benatsemays). As respondents stated that still now they do not have permanent customers to sell the incense. But mostly passengers and town dwellers purchase from small town marketing centre and at the road side. Also they revealed that it takes a long time to market Frankincense and collectors lack sound market information to guide them on opportunities, trends and price mechanisms. The price of the Frankincense increases as the commodity heads to the end of the value chain. The number of traders buying Frankincense are few, mostly based in marketing centers that buy at collection points or small centers and in return sell to them. However, there is an emerging trend where traders are going around and buying incense directly from collectors.

As it is well understood from the group discussion respondents confirmed that during different occasion of time the incense production and marketing cooperatives have been formulated with ultimate support and initiatives of two different NGO's (Farm Africa-Hammer and Benatsemay, and AFD-Hammer). Moreover, different trainings concerning tapping and handling of incense products have been organized by pastoral and agro-pastoral development office of the two discrete wore das. However, none of the cooperatives have been functional due to lack of continuous follow up and support. Collectors are paid 12-14birr per kg for black and 40-50birr per kg white incense by both middlemen and local traders. Middlemen and local traders mostly sell at 16-20birr per kg black and 50-60birr per kg white incense to town dwellers and passengers. However there is no trader who transports the Frankincense to exporters. According to collectors, in recent years the price of Frankincense has improved (Tables 3 & 4).

Source: Survey data (2005/2006).

From the above table in the years (2001-2003) it was so cheap. But recently, its value increased. As quantity increase, the prices also increase in consecutive years (2004-2006) of production and this shows that trends in production increase due to increase in price. There are a number of reasons that trigger the demand and price of incense products. According to respondents, the most reason is the season of production. Dry season is the potential period of incense production and consequently high production of incense has been collected by the community. However, during this period the price of incense has been dropped due to equilibrium of the market and the reverse is true for rainy season (Figure 3). Hence, the major steps in the collection and marketing value chain of Frankincense can be tapping (collection) -- Processing -- local market/passengers. As the collected Frankincense move through this chain in both districts of the study area.

Value adding system

The ways of Frankincense collection/tapping systems at the study areas are wounding the tree stem and expanding the wound periodically and collect from natural oozing of trees. As shown in Figure 1 due to lack of appropriate tapping skill it causes damage to incense bearing species. Studies advocate existing tapping techniques are either ineffective (e.g., damage the tree) or improper for the various Frankincense bearing species. Until recently, there is no suitable tapping technique to tap gum- and resin-bearing species except B papyrifera. Hence, searching for best techniques to optimize harvesting of quality product from different species, product processing, and value addition to the final product (e.g., grading based on chemical composition and oil extraction) are critical [13].

Potentials and constraints in production and marketing Potentials

a) Availability of resource to engage in production and gain benefits from the resource

b) High demand for incense in the local market

Constraints

a) Lack of experience and poor working culture of the local people to harvest incense

b) Lack of warehouse and technical problems during tapping.

c) Seasonality in production and low unit price,

d) Lack of tenure by the local community resulting in degradation of incense trees,

e) Lack of experience in establishing incense plantation,

f) high temperature during collection seasons and distance,

g) Lack of market information Absence of permanently established cooperatives. Tapping the scattered gum and markets is not an easy matter [14]. Local communities should be organized into functioning, but also proactive, cooperatives or unions and other means of social organizations.

Conclusion

a) Survey results show that exploitation of Frankincense is one of the complementary activities next to livestock herding undertaken by pastoralists to supplement their income. Income generated from sale of Frankincense helps in meeting household, purchasing food and supporting livestock keeping activities. Two different NGO's (Farm Africa- Hammer and Benatsemay, and AFD-Hammer) formulated the incense production and marketing cooperatives with ultimate support, initiatives and given different trainings concerning tapping and handling of incense products.

b) However, none of the cooperatives have been functional due to lack of continuous follow up and support. Market structures for selling Frankincense are not well structured.

c) And although households depend on collection of Frankincense, are particularly disadvantaged in the trade due to lack of market information.

d) Frankincense collectors are not equipped to do effective collection due to lack of basic skills and equipment. There is no established market chain of the Frankincense i.e. simply producer to consumer (local market, passengers).

e) No organized team or cooperatives with legal binding of rules and regulation.

Go to

Recommendation

To move ahead the value chain the of Frankincense and sustainably contribute to the income of pastoral communities, a number of interventions are required:

Production

a) Performing Participatory Natural Resource Mapping (PNRM) to identify the existing and

b) Potential incense tree.

c) Spread out the plant population through plantation;

d) Boost community awareness and introduce bylaws to protect the incense trees;

e) Build up community action plan to manage and benefit from incense plants.

Marketing

a) skilfulness building in incense tree management and harvesting;

b) Formation of collector groups, associations or cooperatives is needed to foster cooperation and coordination of the collection and marketing of incense.

c) Setting specific market regulation policy that will govern access to resources, markets, technologies, producer s value chain of Frankincense resources.

d) Establishing market chain (up to export) and linkage

For more articles in Open Access Journal of Environmental Sciences & Natural Resources please click on: https://juniperpublishers.com/ijesnr/index.php

[sciencespies]

Were hot, humid summers the key to life's origins?

https://sciencespies.com/biology/were-hot-humid-summers-the-key-to-lifes-origins/

Were hot, humid summers the key to life's origins?

A new study from the NSF-NASA Center for Chemical Evolution reports a possible model for how biological polymers may have formed during the origin of life on Earth. Credit: Bracher Lab, Saint Louis University.

More

Uncovering how the first biological molecules (like proteins and DNA) arose is a major goal for researchers attempting to solve the origin of life. Today, chemists at Saint Louis University, in collaboration with scientists at the College of Charleston and the NSF/NASA Center for Chemical Evolution, published a study in the journal Nature Communications that suggests deliquescent minerals—which dissolve in water they absorb from humid air—can assist the construction of proteins from simpler building blocks during cycles timed to mimic day and night on the early Earth.

“In terms of the history of the planet, how life originated is probably the greatest scientific question we can ask,” said Paul Bracher, Ph.D., assistant professor of chemistry at Saint Louis University and principal investigator of the study. “A key piece of this grand challenge is figuring out how big polymer molecules we know to be important for life could have formed before all of our biological machinery evolved to make them.”

Baking Proteins in the Prebiotic Kitchen

Amino acids are the molecular building blocks linked together by peptide bonds to form proteins. Chemists have long known that simply baking mixtures of amino acids to dryness will lead to the formation of peptide bonds. The yields of peptides improve when water is added and the sample is dried again, after the ingredients are allowed to re-mix. Subjecting amino acids to repeated wet-dry cycles could have been a good recipe for cooking up peptides and proteins on the early Earth, as hot sunny days interrupted by the occasional rainstorm seem like reasonable weather patterns. But a major criticism of this process is its reliance on unpredictable storms that may have watered-down the ingredients to excess.

Water: A Necessary But Problematic Ingredient

“Follow the water” has been NASA’s motto in the search for life outside our planet. Without water, the biochemistry of life as-we-know-it would be impossible.

In origin-of-life chemistry, the solution is often the problem. For constructive chemical processes to occur, the building blocks must dissolve in a liquid solution to find partners to react. On Earth, this medium is water, the solvent of life.

However, water can be a double-edged sword. While life needs water to survive, too much water can be destructive. Most biological molecules are prone to hydrolysis, a process in which water breaks apart chemical bonds. And too much water will eventually flood developing cells that contain the evolving biomolecules, strewing them too far away from each other to react.

A Pinch of Salt

Deliquescent minerals offer a means to side-step the limitations of traditional wet-dry cycling. These salts absorb a limited amount of water from the air, based on the relative humidity, offering natural regulation of the water present in a solution.

The new study—a collaboration between scientists at SLU and the College of Charleston—reports how deliquescent salts can assist making peptides from the simplest amino acid, glycine, during self-regulated, repeating wet-dry cycling. During the day, the reaction mixtures form peptides when they evaporate to dryness at high temperatures. At night, the reactions acquire water from the atmosphere to form aqueous solutions at low temperatures, thereby rewetting without the addition of water by a rainstorm and avoiding the possibility of destructive overdilution.

Seemingly minor differences, like changing the ambient humidity from 50% to 70%, can lead to profound differences in the tendency of samples to absorb water, and hence, large differences in the yields of reactions they host. And while potassium and sodium are neighbors on the periodic table with almost identical reactivities, many potassium salts are deliquescent where their sodium counterparts are not. The salt K2HPO4 fostered yields of peptides from glycine ten times greater than in Na2HPO4.

The team believes their system may provide clues relevant to solving the mystery of why all life on Earth spends so much energy enriching potassium inside cells and throwing sodium out.

“This creative research, exploring how the chemical environment regulates formation of large molecules, represents another major step toward CCE’s goal of understanding the chemistries behind early biological molecules. Successful engagement of undergraduate researchers in this work also reflects NSF’s mission of integration of research with education for the training of future workforce,” said Dr. Lin He, the Acting Deputy Division Director for the Division of Chemistry at the National Science Foundation.

Bakeries Beyond Earth

Despite their exotic-sounding name, deliquescent salts are common and exist in natural settings where they can play a role in enabling liquid water to exist in environments that are otherwise too cold and/or dry.

In a hyper-arid region of Chile’s Atacama Desert that is inhospitable to life, microbial communities reside in deposits of the mineral halite. Their photosynthetic activity spikes when the relative humidity rises above 70%, exceeding the threshold where their halite environment becomes deliquescent.

Deliquescent mixtures of chloride and perchlorate salts have also been identified on Mars. These mixtures appear to flow seasonally and have garnered significant interest from astrobiologists as the only liquid water on the surface of the planet.

Making use of these naturally occurring minerals, this new study proposes wet-dry cycles regulated by natural daily oscillations in temperature and humidity—not on uncontrollable rain events—constitute a prebiotically feasible model for driving the chemical formation of biopolymers central to biology.

Was a simple pinch of salt the missing ingredient for cooking up life on Earth? We may never know for sure, but in this case, it certainly seems to make a great improvement to the recipe for baking proteins.

Explore further

Origin of life insight: peptides can form without amino acids

More information: Campbell, Thomas D.; Febrian, Rio; McCarthy, Jack T.; Kleinschmidt, Holly E.; Forsythe, Jay G.; Bracher, Paul J. “Prebiotic Condensation Through Wet-Dry Cycling Regulated by Deliquescence.” Nature Communications (2019). dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-11834-1

Provided by Saint Louis University

Citation: Were hot, humid summers the key to life’s origins? (2019, October 4) retrieved 4 October 2019 from https://phys.org/news/2019-10-hot-humid-summers-key-life.html

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#Biology

[kommahana93]

Save Me Ch.1

Saravani empire, a country surrounded by two larger countries and a poisonous ocean, is on the brink of war with the greedy desert nation Jīntǔ. The queen of Saravani empire, Maris Shimizu, was supposed to meet with the Jīntǔ crown prince for peace negotiations but instead she had been attacked by them. The Verdeward family, a respected branch family of the empress, were respected doctors well known for their healing magic. It was the Verdeward family that discovered that the poison came from a magical desert beast, a beast whose poison would eat away at the queen’s nervous system until there was nothing left. Lyndon Verdeward was the family head and has went about securing the empress’s pain-tolerance, hoping to by her time until the cure could be made. However, there was only so much the old man could do for the young queen. Thus, Lyndon gave the order for his family to begin gathering medicinal plants and search their library for recipes. His hope was to discover a cure or at least develop a cure but as days passed and the queen’s health began to worsen, Lyndon eventually left the search to his eldest grandchild; Uriel. While Uriel would continue the search, Lyndon would remain at the queen’s side, staving off the effects of the poison the best he could. What the public didn’t know was that the Verdeward family were also knowledgeable in magical creatures, or more specifically, the Verdeward Family protected the few remaining magical creatures left in Saravani Empire. Lyndon had given the very specific order to not use the magical creatures for a cure to the queen’s poison, they could save her without harming an endangered race.

Uriel disagreed with his grandfather. If a magical creature was the one to harm the queen, then surly it was a magical creature that could save her. After a month of searching and no progress had been made, Uriel completed his silent gathering of books to study; then he locked his bedroom door to avoid interruption. As he sat his desk, shifting through old and new texts, occasionally jumping when a clap of thunder sounds too close for his liking. As hours passed, his notes slowly filling the air as he tossed useless sheets aside for clean papers, his books began to dwindle little by little. As he pushed one book aside with a heavy sigh, he reached for another book. Finding the next book to heavy to slide onto his desk, Uriel actually looked at the book next to him. It was a thick leather bound tome with faded-golden hinges, the pages bound inside were faded yellow and the ink was barely legible with its great age.

Mahō Helium Hé Tyrimas Bǐjì. Magical Creature Research Notes.

Uriel moved the thick leather tome to his desk, cringing as the top bowed towards his lap for a moment before straightening again. He opened the book and read the introduction inside: This is the personal property of Elmas Shimizu. Please return if found.

Elmas Shimizu? The twelfth princess who founded the Verdeward family? Uriel thought as he frowned thoughtfully at the inscription. She died a century ago. He didn’t get why he should ‘return’ it to a dead woman, it was properly his grandfather’s book now. He stared at the old worn pages of the tome, the first page told him that the tome was dedicated to recording what the former princess knew about the magical creatures of Saravani. He briefly read the key, or the princess’s way of reminding herself what’s what, before continuing to leaf through the pages. Uriel understood quickly that many of the creatures inside had regenerative properties, even more of them could be used to make medicines.

This book could save Maris! Uriel thought, staring at one of the creatures that he knew had medical properties. All he had to do was find the right creature to make the antidote, then he could save her. He turned each page slowly, silently reading the creature’s names and talents, searching for the one that could (or would be forced to) save his queen. He knew what he was doing was wrong, he promised grandfather that he would protect these creatures, that no one would harm them like he was about to. But… love makes people do crazy things, betraying ancient traditions being one of the many ‘crazy’ things. He came across a page marked with a three stripes in the upper right corner, pausing, he frowned at the stripes before reading inscription of the creature.

All information on this race is based off the male species. No Females have been discovered.

Name: Bolormaa

Pronunciation: Bow-lore-ma

Meaning: Crystal Mother

Nickname/Title: blessed Crystal, eye-five, black-leaf

Gender: Male, no sign of Protandrous

Skin: Brown

Height: 9-12 feet

Weight: 250-300

Body Build: thin, muscular

Eyes: five, purple

Powers: regeneration (known)

Weapon: claws, horns

Weakness: Nightshade (?)

Likes: Azealia flowers

Memory: 9

Strength: 8

Speed: 9

Stamina: 6

Agility: 8

Intelligence: 8.5

Cooperation: 0

Confidence: 10

Patience: 0

Anger: 3

Social skills: unknown

Offensive: 7

Defensive: 3

Magic: unknown

He stared at the bio in confusion, there were many creatures he knew of but he’s never encountered one like this. The picture indicated something almost human. It bore long pointed ears that both drooped down its shoulders and rose high into the air, the implication that their ears could flip about for their hearing went as a hurried side note (great hearing!). The back of their head and neck bore several large leaf-like clusters, two different colors and bearing thick black veins. Its skin was depicted as rough scales intermixed with cracks and stripes of a paler shade. All about its hunched over body, complete with eight limbs, were hard two-colored crystals. Near the bottom of the page sat familiar writing, a lazy scrawl he was used to reading on a blackboard. It was his grandfather’s writing he was sure of it. The old man must’ve done his own research in this tome at some point as well. He read the finer details of the creature, curiosity consuming him.

No sightings in 10 years. A sage in Crystal Ravine, near the city of Foxedge, says that Bolormaa is a good source for magical ingredients; epically in medical positions. The Bolormaa’s natural regenerative-properties is what led to their use during the immortality-search eighty-eight years ago. The greed of humanity used these creatures in their research of immortality; which only succeeding in making the Bolormaas stand on the edge of extinction. It was only by the grace of princess Elmas that the race was spared. Lady Elmas, twelfth princess of our great Saravani empire, vowed to protect the magical creatures from the greed of mortals.

This is where the Verdeward Family was created.

Just another history lesson, one he already knew about; this was useless information. He stared once more at the creature’s known stats, it was marked as one of the greater classes of creatures; a powerful rank 7. Not the absolute most powerful but definitely one of the more dangerous species. With its regenerative powers it could be a great antidote for Maris’s poison. Uriel looked once more to the three stripes at the top right corner. Red meant endangered, no promise of a future. Blue meant killer of man, it wouldn’t hesitate to kill humans. Yellow, that one meant it was to be protected at all cost. He flipped back to the front of the book, there were many names scrawled along the edge, each with various numbers and inscriptions beside them. There, his grandfather’s name.

Lyndon Verdeward (24), Hunter’s moon, year of the first blood moon tetrads.

If his grandfather was twenty-four years old when he wrote this note and he’s currently eighty-seven, followed by the lack of Bolormaa’s presence in the previous ten years of his grandfather’s research…then the last sighting of a Bolormaa was fifty-three years ago. There was a chance he could still find one. They were put on the extinction list a hundred and fifty-one years ago, the last KNOWN sighting was fifty-three years ago. Even if the Bolormaa he found happened to be the last, he would still use it to save his queen.

“Uriel?” a soft voice called. He looked at the wooden door, surprised that the speaker had even bothered to stop at the entrance. The teenager on the other side was well known for barging in unannounced. “Uriel… the queen’s calling for you.” He didn’t answer, choosing instead to write down the notes he needed to hunt down the Bolormaa. It was his only hope now. “Grandfather said she doesn’t have much time left,” he hesitated, one hand braced on a vile on his shelf, his other fisted tightly around the edge of his bag. “Six months,” A soft thump on his door, as if the teenager on the other side slumped against it in defeat. He wouldn’t put it past her, she has always melodramatic. “Quit being a jerk,” her voice broke, hinging on the edge of hysteria and defeat. “Come out already. Its been three days, by dawn it’ll be four days!” he said nothing, stuffing more items into his bag knowing its internal space was greater than its outer appearance.

“Uriel,” her voice cracked, making him cringe with her shrill volume. “please… brother—”

“We are NOT kin!” his voice shook from lack of use, dry from little water in the past days. He should fix that but not right now. If he left his room she would use her own magic to bind him to the castle. He had to leave before she said another word, before she entered his room and spread her magic about like a suffocating ball of cotton. He burst his window shutters open and leapt out the window, ignoring her cry as she burst through his bedroom door.

“Mizu Fèng no Oshiete,” the soft command made the rain twist and bubble, coming to formation beneath his feet and lifting him back into the air. Once more another cry followed after him, he didn’t dare look back. He had three months to find the Bolormaa, two months to incorporate a cure and one month to save his queen.

He could do it. He could prevent a war. He could safeguard the royal lineage. He could save his queen. His queen… she would live. Even if that meant giving up his own organs for Maris’s survival. He would do whatever it took. Be it killing off an endangered race or damning his soul for eternity. Anything to save her.

ANYTHING.