#300-410 Study Material

[liminalpsych]

All those popular medieval fantasy renderings of knights on giant baroque warhorses? All those movies with knights on towering black Friesian horses?

Yeah, that’s not anywhere near accurate.

Real knights ride ponies.

Probably ones like these native English breeds:

Exmoor ponies, the oldest native pony breed in England, running wild and with a random human for scale, who are around 12hh / 4 feet / 1.2 meters tall at the shoulder:

Orkney/Scotland probably had horses like the Eriskay pony. Also around around 12hh / 4 feet / 1.2 meters tall at the shoulder, sometimes a few inches taller (but that may be a more modern height). Interestingly, the Eriskay is almost always gray, sometimes with dappling... which is the color of Gawain of Orkney's horse Gringolet. Interesting. I'll do a separate post exploring that.

Southern England probably had something like the New Forest ponies, though they probably looked a little less refined than they do now, because they got an influx of Spanish breeds and even some Thoroughbred later on. They would have been the same height as the other two breeds at the time, though they're a bit taller now.

Honestly the details of the study are really interesting, and cover more than just “knights rode shorter horses than we thought”.

Before we go further, some definitions (time period / dates are the ones defined in the paper):

Hand = 4”, the standard unit of measurement for horses, they are measured from the ground to the top of their shoulder. I’ll give units in hands, meters, inches, and feet so everyone can follow along.

Horse = anything 14.2hh or taller. (4’10” at the shoulder.) The average horse today is roughly 15hh / 5’ / 1.5m or a couple inches taller, but this varies wildly by breed and use.

Pony = anything 14.2hh or shorter (with some quibbling by breed; don’t call an Icelandic horse a pony or there will be hell to pay despite the average height of 13.2hh).

King Arthur’s supposed time was the ~500’s, or 6th century C.E. (Late 5th, early 6th, other times vary by source material, this is more detail than Tumblr cares about I’m sure.) This varies by source but I'm going with Geoffrey of Monmouth's in this case. He's all pseudohistory but is where Arthur was first popularized as a king so I figure that's as close to canon as Arthuriana gets.

Late Roman 300-410 CE

Early Saxon 410-700 CE

Late Saxon 700-1066 CE

Norman 1066–1200  CE

High medieval 1200–1350 CE

Late medieval 1350–1500 CE

Post medieval 1500-1650 CE

The study found that from the 5th-12th century, horses were generally 1.48m or shorter. (That’s 14.2hh, or 58 inches, or 5’4”, at the top of the horse’s shoulder.)

The tallest horse they found was 1.5m, or 14.3hh, or 5’5” at the shoulder. That is an inch taller than the cut off point for being a pony.

1230-1350 CE has the first horses over 1.6m tall / 15.3hh / 63” / 5’3”.

Horses don’t get significantly larger until the post-medieval period, 1500–1650 AD. That’s also when we get a wider range of heights (1.2m / 3’ 11” / 11.3hh to almost 1.7m / 5’7” / 16.3hh).

They also measured robusticity, which of course none of the summary articles covered. (I read the full text of the paper so you don't have to, but you can read it here if you want! It's really interesting and has a huge sample set across all of England.) Basically:

Saxon horses were the Most Robust

Norman period had the daintiest horses

horses started to get Thicc in the high medieval period

Horses started out kinda sturdy, got more delicate over time through the medieval period (especially in their hind legs), and then started getting more big boned in the post-medieval period

I was wondering aloud in the Camelot Discord about the Norman period suddenly getting daintier, when I realized that this might have been when light-boned Arabian horses got introduced to Britain. Another member asked when the Crusades happened, and sure enough:

"European horses soon felt an extensive infusion of Arabian blood, especially as a result of the Christian Crusaders returning from the East between the years 1099 A.D. and 1249 A.D."

The researchers seem to think it's more due to an earlier collapse in the horse trade in England. They do eventually acknowledge the possibility of Arabian horses interbreeding with the English ones, as well as Spanish/French/Moorish horses that were gifted to the Normans according to written sources.

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Global Breast Implants MarketSize, Share, Development and Forecast Overview forecast year 2020

A new market study, titled “Global Breast Implants Market – Drivers, Restraints, Opportunities, Trends, and Forecasts: 2017–2…

October 04, 2020                                

Global Breast Implants Market – Drivers, Restraints, Opportunities, Trends, and Forecasts: 2017–2023

Overview:

Breast implants are artificial prosthesis used for enhancement of breast muscles for a cosmetic reason. Breast augmentation or breast reconstruction refers to the aesthetic treatment of the breast to look more youthful and appealing. There are a wide range of breast implants used in performing aesthetic procedures including those used to treat deformities, injuries, or damages.

Breast reconstruction requires tissue expanders, which help in the expansion of breast muscles and skin, followed by the permanent insertion of a breast implant after the removal of the tissue expander. These procedures improve symmetry after mastectomy and have an aesthetic appearance. The US is the major revenue contributor to this market. However, the lack of reimbursement issues may restrict the market growth. The vendors in this market are striving to address the issues by conducting evidence-based studies regarding the efficacy of breast augmentation or reconstruction.

Market Analysis:

The global breast implants market is expected to witness a CAGR of 5.89% during the forecast period 2017–2023. The global breast implants market size is analyzed based on three segments – product type, end-users, and regions.

Factors, such as increase in beauty consciousness, growing awareness about reconstructive breast surgeries, favorable demographics across the globe, increasing aging population, are expected to drive the market growth during the forecast period. The market is witnessing emerging trends, such as an increase in the demand of composite breast implant treatments, a rise in medical tourism, and an increase in the disposable income, which will drive the market at a significant pace during the forecast period.

Regional Analysis:

The regions covered in the report are North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, and Rest of the World (ROW). The Americas is the leading region for the breast implants market growth followed by Europe. Asia Pacific and ROW are set to be the emerging regions. Brazil is the most attractive market in Latin America, the popularity and the usage of breast implants are expected to rise significantly in the coming years.

Product Analysis:

Silicone and saline breast implants are the most popular among breast augmentation and reconstruction procedures and the most common surgical aesthetic procedures among end-users. Silicone breast implants dominated the market with a revenue of $1 billion in 2016 and is expected to grow at a CAGR of 6% during the forecast period. The saline breast implants segment is growing at a slow rate and is far behind the silicone breast implants segment in terms of market growth. This is due to their low adoption rate and few other complications. In 2016, there were about 64,674 saline surgical breast implants, and these implants are more prone to rippling as they have less firmness.

On an average, women have started spending $300-500 billion a year on beauty products. Moreover, advances in technology, such as use of microspheres in lightweight breast implants and the use of stem cells, are gaining popularity as a safe and simple method of breast augmentation. Furthermore, the market is also witnessing various mergers, acquisitions, and collaborations among the top players, which is defining the future of the global breast implants market.

The major products in the market include:

• Natrelle INSPIRA

• Natrelle Classic

• Natrelle 410

• Natrelle 133 Tissue Expanders

• MemoryShape Breast Implants

• MemoryGel Breast Implants

• Saline Breast Implants

• SPECTRUM Adjustable Saline Breast Implant

• MENTOR ARTOURA Breast Tissue Expanders

• MENTOR Volume Sizing System

• FlexHD Acellular Hydrated Dermis

• CoGel

• IMPLEO

• IMPLEO Smooth

• GFX gel-filled breast implants

• RGI silicone gel-filled breast implants

• HSC

• HSC +

• ALLOX2

ALSO READ : https://www.einpresswire.com/article/523296679/breast-implants-2020-global-market-outlook-research-trends-and-forecast-to-2025

Key Players:

The market is fragmented with many players but dominated by the top 5 players. Allergan, Mentor Worldwide, GC Aesthetics, and Sientra hold more than 85% of the market share in the total global breast implants market.

Pure play players:

POLYTECH Health & Aesthetics GmbH, GROUPE SEBBIN SAS, Establishment Labs S.A., HansBiomed Co. Ltd, CEREPLAS, LABORATOIRES ARION, Ideal Implant, Guangzhou Wanhe Plastic Materials Co., Ltd., Silimed, G&G Biotechnology Ltd, Shanghai Kangning Medical Supplies Ltd, and Implantech Associates Inc.

Competitive Analysis:

The global breast implants market is fragmented and has immense growth opportunities for the vendors, especially in the developed regions. The presence of large, small, and local vendors in the market creates high competition. The market is dominated by Allergan, Mentor Worldwide, GC Aesthetics, and Sientra. These vendors are consolidating their position in the market by acquiring smaller companies, expanding their business operations by leveraging their product portfolio across the globe. The competitive environment in the market will intensify further with an increase in product/service extensions, product innovations, and M&A. They form strategic alliances for marketing and manufacturing of breast implants.

Benefits:

The report provides complete details about the usage and adoption rate of breast implants for breast augmentation or reconstruction. This helps the key stakeholders to know about the major trends, drivers, investments, vertical player’s initiatives, and adoption rate in the upcoming years along with the details of pure play companies entering the market. Moreover, the report provides details about the major challenges that are going to impact the market growth. Additionally, the report gives complete details about key business opportunities to key stakeholders to expand their business, improve their revenue, and to analyze the market before investing or expanding the business in this market.

Key Stakeholders:

Title: Global Breast Implants Market Trends 2017-2023

Desc: Silicone breast implants dominated the market with a revenue of $1 billion in 2016 and is expected to grow at a CAGR of 6% till 2023. Click to learn more on Breast Implants Market Trends.

Keywords: Breast Implants Market, breast implants market size, global breast implants market trends, Silicone breast implants

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Directional Dispersion Effect of Thin and Short Fibers on Performance of High Ductile Mortar

       Abstract

The plain cement mortar is weak in flexural and ductility behavior. If the thin and short synthetic fibers, like Poly Vinyl Alcohol (PVA) fibers, are uniformly distributed and well coated with mortar, it enhances the both flexural and ductility. The directional dispersion effect of PVA fibers was investigated on the flexural and deflection behaviors of High Ductile Mortar (HDM). In the first attempt, 2-dimensional dispersion effect was studied with the HDM beams of different depths. And in the second, the 50mm beam mold was cast with 1 layer (50 mm depth of layer) and 5 layers (10 mm depth of each layer). The flexural strength of 12 mm deep beams increased by about 35% than that from 48mm beams, with an increase of deflection by about 800%. The flexural strength of five layers casting (10mm each) beams was increased by about 36% than from the one-layer (50 mm) casting, with an increase in the deflection by about 410%. The analytical model satisfied the experimental results. The 2-dimensional dispersed fibers enhanced the both flexural and deflection behaviors of HDM. It is recommended not to use the fibers of length not less than the thickness of the casting layer. This result was used for the manufacture of lightweight composite panels.

Keywords: High Ductile Mortar (HDM); Poly Vinyl Alcohol (PVA) fibers; 2-Dimensional Dispersion; 3-Dimensional Dispersion; Flexural Strength; Deflection Behavior

                   Introduction

The concrete is considered as one of the most difficult materials to handle, because it is the mixture of different sizes materials like water, cement and aggregates [1]. Different modern types of concretes like self-compacting concrete (SCC) [2-4] and ultra-high strength concretes [5] have already been developed. Steel fiber is the discrete, short length of steel with its aspect ratio (ratio of the length to diameter) ranging from 20 to 100 [6]. Steel Fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) is also considered as the prestigious construction material with its high flexural strength and ductility. The various research and developments have been carried out with FRC materials since the early 1960’s for its wide range of practical applications [7]. American Concrete Institute (ACI) had listed the 5 methods of adding fibre materials while mixing SFRC [8].

It has, however, indicated that the fibres should be added to a fluid mix, either as the last stage of mixing or added to the mixer with the aggregates [9]. The effect of mixing procedure on the properties of fibre reinforced concrete, especially with the feeding sequence of ingredients into the mixer, was studied by Bartos and Hoy [10-12]. They claimed that ordinary commercially available concrete mixers may not give the better quality of mixed FRC [11,12]. Japan Concrete Institute [13] has recommended that the fiber materials to be fed after the completion of the mixing of the plain concrete.

Synthetic fibres are considered as an inexpensive reinforcement, with no corrosion, for concrete. Victor Li. first introduced Engineered Cementitious Composites (ECC) in early 1990s [14-16]. Poly Vinyl Alcohol (PVA) fibres were developed by the time. PVA fibres have high tenacity, high modulus, low elongation, light weight, good resistance against chemicals (alkaline), good adhesion to cement matrix [17]. Gong and Zhang found that using high performance fibre-reinforced cementitious composite (HPFRCC) materials, instead of normal concrete in RC frames, increased the ultimate load, ultimate deflection, ductility ratio, and plastic hinge characteristics of the frames Pang et al. [18] determined the effect of the fly ash on the ultimate tensile stress and strain of the high ductility cementitious composites [19]. Li and Xu proposed the bending properties and toughness evaluation method of high toughness cementitious composites [20]. The impact resistances of high-performance fiber reinforced composites were studied by Wang et al. [21] and Zhang et al. [22].

Various attempts were made by Gyawali to enhance the flexural and deflection behavior of High Ductile Mortar (HDM) with Poly-Vinyl Alcohol (PVA) fibers. These include dispersion method of PVA fibers and mixing in mortar [23], development of High Ductile Mortar mixing method [24], effect of sizes and contents of fibers [25] and different types of sand and mixing process [26]. The author hereby has studied the directional dispersion effect of thin and short PVA fibers on flexural strength and deflection of HDM.

                   Objective

The main aim is to investigate the directional dispersion effect of thin and short Poly-Vinyl Alcohol (PVA) fibers on flexural and deflection behavior of High Ductile Mortar (HDM). Its specific objective is to determine the effect of PVA fibers on flexural strength and deflection when they are made to disperse in 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional directions with the following two casting methods.

a) Casting the beam specimens of varying depth

b) Casting the same depth of beam with one layer of casting and 5 layers of casting

               Type and characteristics of PVA fiber    Mix proportion    Mixing procedure    Specimens casting and test methods    Test specimens of varying depth    Varying depth of casting layer        

Materials and Procedure

Since the target of this experimental work was to check the effect of directional dispersion of thin and short fibers, type of PVA fiber and its content, mix proportion of HDM as well as mixing procedure were kept the same.

REC15 type PVA fiber was used in all series of experimental works. Its characteristics are given in Table 1.

The water cement ratio (W/C) was 30% with unit cement content (C) of 1000 kg/m3 and unit content of water (W) of 300 kg/m3. The content of PVA fiber was 2% by volume. 1.0% of super plasticizer (by weight of cement) and 0.3% of viscosity agent (by weight of water) were used to enhance the workability and viscosity of mortar.

The HDM mixing method was used in all series of experimental work. Mixing was carried out in a mortar mixer with 6 liters per each batch. The viscosity agent was pre-mixed with cement in bucket by small scoop. The dry mixing of sand and cement was carried out for 30 seconds. Then, the first part of the water was poured into the mixer and wet mixing was carried out for 2 minutes. When pouring the water, the mixer was run with low speed. After finishing the charging of water, the mixing was done with high speed for one minute. Then, PVA fibers were charged into the mixer while mixing on low speed. After finishing the charging of fibers, the mixing was done in high speed for one minute. Finally, the remaining water was added and then mixing was done for further one minute.

The workability and the viscosity of the HDM mortar were found same in all cases. PVA fibers were uniformly distributed, without any clumps, and firmly coated by the mortar. The average table flow value of each HDM was more than 150 mm. It was the workability requirement of the fresh HDM for the easiness of casting. Three specimens of small beams were produced in all series of experiments. The specimens were initially air cured for 24 hours, followed by the water tank curing until the test day.

Three wooden (plywood) beam molds of each depth of 6mm, 12mm, 20mm, 30mm and 48mm were prepared in these series of tests. The length (400mm) and width (100mm) were same. All specimens were cast with the same quality of the HDM mixed at the same time under the similar environmental conditions. The air curing and water curing of all specimens were carried out under the similar conditions.

The standard steel molds with sizes of 400mm × 100mm × 50mm (length × width × depth) were used in this method of casting. Casting of fiber mortar into the mold was done in 1 layer and 5 layers, as shown in Figure 1. In 1-layer casting method, the whole mold was cast at once. It was done for maintaining the directional dispersion of fibers in 3-dimensions. In 5 layers casting method, the depth of each cast layer was 10 mm to make the dispersion of fibers in 2-dimensions. It is due to the depth of each layer (10mm) being less than the length of fiber (12mm). Three specimens were produced from each casting method. The curing method was the same to those cast with varying depth specimens.

Since this investigation was for the comparative study, the bending tests were done in 7 days age. It was done with 4-point loading method, shown in Figure 2. Gauges were set at the exact center of the depth, on both sides, to measure the deflection. The average values of the deflection from the both sides were taken for the study.

            Results on test specimens of varying depth    Results on varying depth of casting layer        

Test Results

The data of load vs. deflection values were recorded from the bending test of each specimen. The flexural stress was calculated from the recorded load. The trend of flexural stress-deflection relationship was studied in general. The maximum flexural stress was considered as the flexural strength and the deflection value at this point as deflection.

Average seven days flexural stress-deflection relationships of test specimens with a depth of 6 mm, 12 mm, 20mm, 30mm and 48mm are shown in Figure 3. The 12 mm beam showed more deflection before the failure. It was due to 2-dimensional distribution of PVA fibers. It is assumed that, 2-dimensional distribution of PVA fibers increased the probability of having the direction of fibers in 1- dimensional distribution (longitudinal direction of the beam) to resist the flexural stress as well as strengthening the bridging work to resist the widening of micro cracks. The results obtained for the case of 20 mm and 30 mm specimens were in-between. Moreover, numbers of micro-cracks before the failure were more on the thin beam than in the thicker one. However, the result was different with 6 mm beam which gave the least flexural strength. Moreover, the flexural stress was fluctuating at every point of loading. It is assumed that the depth of the beam was not sufficient with respect to the length of the fiber (12mm) used. Figure 4 gives the 7 days flexural strength of the varying depth of beams.

The flexural strength of the 12mm beam was the maximum (7.34MPa) followed by those of 20 mm (7.23 MPa), 30 mm (7.12MPa) and 48 mm beams (5.45MPa). The increase in flexural strength of the 12mm beam was about 35% than that of the 48mm beam. The trend of decreasing of flexural strength while increasing the depth from 12mm to 30mm was slight, but steep from 30 mm to 48 mm. The overall trend of decrease in flexural strength, while increasing the depth, was found in the tentative parabolic form. With exception, the flexural strength of 6 mm beam was the minimum (5.36MPa).

Figure 5 shows the deflection values of beams, with varying depth, on their maximum flexural strength capacity. The deflection value of 12mm beam was the maximum (8.99mm), following by those of 20mm (4.77mm), 30mm (2.64mm) and 48mm (0.98mm) beams. The deflection of 12mm beam was about 800% more than that of the 48 mm beam. Unlike the flexural strength, the decrease of deflection of 12 mm to 20 mm beams was steeper than in the range of 20mm to 30mm beams. The decrease trend from 30 mm to 48 mm beams was slight. The deflection value of 6 mm beam was 4.2mm, less than that of the 12mm beams. The trend of the deflection curve was linear with the thickness up to 12mm (equal to the length of fiber). It was tentative exponential decay with the thickness from 12mm upward.

Figure 6 gives the relationship of stress-deflection curve on casting methods of 1 layer and 5 layers of the same depth of 50 mm beam mold. The flexural strength of one-layer casting (50mm) was only 4.76 MPa with its deflection value of 1.05mm. The flexural strength of 5 layers casing (10mm) was 7.41MPa with its deflection value of 4.2mm. Increase in flexural strength and deflection of 5 layers casting was about 36% and 410 % respectively than one-layer casting. The fibers of 12mm length were assumed to be distributed randomly (3-dimensions) in 1-layer casting and in 2-dimensions in 5 layers.

                   Analysis and Discussions

The analytical model was developed for the both flexural strength and deflection in a variation of the thickness of the specimens. Equation 1 gives the empirical formula for the relation of the flexural strength with thickness.

Here, fb is the flexural strength in MPa and t is the thickness of beam in mm. The constant k_1depends upon the type and the percentage of fiber. The constants k2 and k3 depend upon the direction orientation of fibers and act as the reduction factor of thickness to match with the exact value of fb in MPa.

Equation 2 gives the empirical formula for the relation of the deflection with thickness.

Here, δ, t and Φ are the deflection, thickness of the beam and length of fiber in mm, respectively. In equation 2(a), the constant c1 depends upon the type and percentage of fiber and acts as the reduction factor for the thickness. In equation (2b), c2 depends upon the type and percentage of fiber. The constants c3 and c4 are for the direction orientation and the reduction factor of thickness.

Figure 7 compares the analytical and the experimental data. Values of k1, k2 and k3 are 7.4, 0.45 and 0.43 respectively. The analytical result satisfactorily fits with the experimental results. However, the experimental data of 6 mm beam are less than the analytical result. Furthermore, experimental data from the second series experiment are also plotted in the graph. The data for onelayer casting (50 mm) fits well with the analytical result. However, the data of 5 layers casting (10mm each) are more than that of analytical result and a little bit more than that of the 12mm beam.

The comparison of analytical model and experimental results for the deflection is shown in Figure 8. The values of c1, c2, c3 and c4 are 0.74, 64, 0.5 and 0.55 respectively. The analytical curve fits to the experimental data satisfactorily. The test data of 50mm beam (one-layer casting), from the second series experiment, perfectly fit with the analytical curve. However, the test data of 5 layers casting (10mm each) are far below than that of analytical results. With the observation of bending tests followed by the study of the pattern of stress-strain curve, flexural strength and deflection; the author hereby recommends that the thickness of any HDM specimen should not be less than the length of PVA fiber for HDM.

From this study, it was understood that the directional dispersion effect of small and thin PVA fibers is vitally important for enhancing the both flexural and deflection behaviors of HDM. Two-dimensional distribution of PVA fibers enhances the both flexural and deflection behavior of HDM. In practical application, it is possible to make the 2-dimension dispersion of short and thin fibers by producing the high flowable HDM. It may give its characteristics of self-flowing, self-compacting and self-leveling while pouring to any mold or formwork from any fixed position.

                   Conclusion

The directional dispersion effect of short and thin PVA fibers (φ40μm × 12 mm) was experimentally studied by taking two major parameters of specimen casting methods. In the first series of experiment, the flexural strength of 12mm beam was the maximum (7.34 MPa) with its respective deflection value of 8.90 mm. The flexural strength of 48mm beam was 5.45 MPa with the deflection value of 0.98 mm. The increase in flexural strength of the 12mm beam was about 35% than that of the 48mm beam. The increase in deflection of the12mm beam was about 800% than that of the 48 mm beam. The results of 20mm and 30mm beams were in the middle range for the both flexural strength and deflection values. In contrast, the flexural strength of 6mm beam was the minimum (5.36MPa). The deflection value (4.71mm) was also well below than that of the 12mm beam.

The flexural strength of 5 layers casting (10mm each) beams was more (7.41 MPa) than one-layer (50mm) casting (4.76MPa) beams. The deflection value of the first (4.2mm) was also more than that of second (1.05mm). The increase in flexural strength and deflection were 36% and 410% respectively. The empirical model was developed for the both flexural strength and deflection values. The analytical curve fitted well with the experimental data for the beam thickness of not less than the length of the fiber. However, the problem was noted with the less thickness. The author recommends that it is better to produce the specimens not thinner than the length of fiber for HDM.

It concludes that the two-dimensional distribution of PVA fibers enhances the both flexural and deflection behavior of HDM. In practical application, it was made possible by producing the high flowable HDM.      

Acknowledgement

The author carried out this research work in Maeda Corporation, Tokyo, Japan. All required expenditure required for this research work was funded by Maeda Corporation. The author would like to give sincere thanks to Dr. Matabee K. Maeda for his continued support during this research work. Sincere thanks also go to all counterparts who helped during the experimental work.

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