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systemtek · 9 months

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EE mobile network to phase out 3G connectivity

From January 2024, 3G technology will start being retired across the EE mobile network. For many this will be a landmark moment, representing an exciting upgrade for the UK as it embraces modern mobile networks which offer faster, more reliable, and more widespread connectivity. 3G has already been switched off in many countries around the world. Doing it here will help strengthen the performance of 4G and 5G across the country, so more customers get a superior mobile experience in more places, more of the time. Having first announced their intention to close our 3G network back in 2018, and reaffirmed it as part of an industry-wide commitment to the UK Government in 2021, EE have spent this time liaising closely with Ofcom, working with their charity partners like AbilityNet to provide digital skills training and create helpful resources, as well as conducting a successful 3G trial in Warrington to help ensure they get their approach for the nationwide switch off right. It is no surprise then that the use of 3G across the EE network continues to fall to record low levels; responsible for less than 0.4% of all downloaded data. According to Ofcom, EE customers only spend 2.7% of their time connected to 3G, which is the lowest amount of time of any UK mobile operator. There are two major reasons why these numbers are so small. First, they have built the largest and most widespread 4G network in the UK. EE have also spent the last three years expanding it to a further 1,500 rural communities, including some of the most remote parts of the UK, to ensure more people than ever have access to the most reliable mobile technology available today. And secondly, most customers have already left 3G behind and successfully moved to 4G or 5G. For the small minority who still use a 3G-only phone or data plan, EE recognise this is a period of change. They are committed to ensuring all of them, especially vulnerable customers, have the support available to help them make the transition successfully if they want to. As well as being the only UK mobile operator to offer all vulnerable customers a free 4G-ready mobile phone (or a big discount on a pay monthly plan for those who want to choose their own handset), they have also set up a dedicated freephone line where they can call EE 3G support team to talk through their individual needs and get help with migrating. It is also important to remember that some customers have no desire or need to use mobile data. These people, if they decide not to transition to a more modern mobile network, will not be impacted by the retirement of 3G as our 2G network, which like the 4G one already covers 99% of the UK population, is remaining for voice calls and texts. 999 calls are also not reliant on 3G being available, with EE customers still able to call the emergency services as they do today by using their 2G network or Wi-Fi Calling. In an emergency, 999 calls will also automatically roam onto any available mobile network to connect. When 3G launched in the early 2000s, Tony Blair was Prime minister, Gareth Gates was topping the music charts, and the Nokia 1100 was the best-selling mobile phone. There was no iPhone, no Netflix, no Spotify, no Zoom, no WhatsApp or videocalls on the move, and no cloud gaming. 3G was built to serve a different world than the one we live in today. Couple that with the need to deliver the best mobile experiences in a more sustainable way, while reusing finite network spectrum, and the time has come to embrace a new era of mobile technology. You can learn more by visiting www.ee.co.uk/3g-switch-off. Read the full article

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sanemyamen · 1 year

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Telecom Network Infrastructure Market Growing Popularity and Emerging Trends in the Industry Analysis by Key Players

Telecom Network Infrastructure Market Comprehensive Study is an expert and top to bottom investigation on the momentum condition of the Global Telecom Network Infrastructure industry with an attention on the Global market. The report gives key insights available status of the Global Telecom Network Infrastructure producers and is an important wellspring of direction and course for organizations and people keen on the business. By and large, the report gives an inside and out understanding of 2021-2027 worldwide Telecom Network Infrastructure Market covering extremely significant parameters.

Some key Players in This Report Include Huawei Technologies Co. Ltd (China),Nokia (Finland),AT&T (United States),Cisco Systems Inc. (United States),NEC Corp. (Japan),Fujitsu Ltd (Japan),Ciena Corp (United States),Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd. (South Korea),Commscope Inc (United States),Qualcomm Technologies Inc (United States)

A telecom network infrastructure is a physical network made up of a collection of nodes connected by a series of links that are used to send audio, video, or data messages from one node to another across a series of network hops. These are bi-directional transmission technologies that allow the passage of analog or digital electromagnetic or optical signals. Cloud-based solutions and the demand for voice over internet protocol in commercial enterprises and the healthcare sector, among other industries, necessitate widespread adoption of wireless telecom network infrastructure that allows employees to access information, send and receive emails, participate in teleconferences, and make phone calls. Demand for high-speed internet access has prompted telecom operators to migrate from existing infrastructure to a 5G network, which features a high peak data rate, very low latency, and a high connection density. The adoption of advanced network infrastructure protocols such as virtual routers and next-generation firewalls to handle increased network loads as a result of the proliferation of wireless devices, as well as the adoption of macrocellular base stations to provide cellular coverage in remote rural areas, are driving the telecom network infrastructure market.

Market Trends: Cloud Services and Heterogeneous Network Integration

Virtual Router, Next-Generation Firewalls

Market Drivers: Demand for High-Speed Internet Access

Transition of Telecom Providers from Existing Infrastructure to Accelerate Adoption of 5G Network

Rising Adoption of Advanced Network Infrastructure Protocols

Market Challenges: Lack of Skilled Workforce

Market Opportunities: Surge in Usage in Industrial and Automotive Applications

Technological Advancements

Introduction of Smart Technologies

The Global Telecom Network Infrastructure Market segments and Market Data Break Down by Type (Wired, Wireless), Application (Telecom, Enterprise, Data Centre), Industry Vertical (Commercial, IT and Telecommunication, Consumer Electronics, Aerospace and Defence, BFSI, Others), Connectivity Technology (2G, 3G, 4G/LTE, 5G)

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AMA Research & Media LLP

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skillstopallmedia · 2 years

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Bouygues Telecom in turn announces the end of its 2G/3G network

Several months later Orange and just a few days after SFR, it’s the turn of Bouygues to present the different steps to end its 2G and 3G services in France. As for the other operators, the shutdown of these networks should not occur for several years, to allow time for professionals and individuals to migrate to 4G and 5G. End clap for 2G in 2026, we will have to wait until 2029 for the end of…

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iplook-networks · 2 years

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A Trial System of IPLOOK 4G/5G Converged Core in New York IDC

Overview of the Trial System

IPLOOK's 4G/5G converged core network including IMS core network was deployed on the server in New York IDC, and successfully connected with eNodeB/gNodeB based at IPLOOK R&D center through IPSec tunnel.

The trial system has been operated stably for over two months, completing the test for stable 4G/5G data services and VoNR/VoLTE calls. Positive feedback were gained from our new customers, who have experienced the system.

The Test Environment

· Core network side in New York IDC: Install CentOS 7 and KVM on two servers; deploy IPLOOK’s 4G/5G converged core network on one server and IPLOOK's IMS core network and pfSense on the other server. · Radio equipment side in IPLOOK R&D center: Prepare the routers supported IPsec (or install pfSense on a server) and eNodeB/gNodeB. With simple operation, this test enables worldwide customers to directly verify the capability of our mobile core network and the quality of network services. Check out the test guidance in detail: IPLOOK 4G 5G Converged Core in NY.pdf

IPLOOK 4G/5G Converged Core

IPLOOK cloud converged core is a fully-converged core network solution meeting full access of 2G/3G/4G/5G/Fixed networks.

From single network architecture to a fully converged network architecture, IPLOOK 5G converged core helps Operators smoothly migrate to SA 5G at the fastest speed and lowest cost. Contact us for more details if you are interested!

#IPLOOK #4G #5G #converged core #5GC #EPC #IMS #core network #mobile core network #telecom #telecommunications

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shoeloading64 · 3 years

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Drivers Allnet

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All Network Card Drivers

Shara Tibken Oct

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PCIe X8 Dual

ALLNET ALL0272 DRIVER INFO:

Type:DriverFile Name:allnet_all0272_2160.zipFile Size:4.1 MBRating:

4.80

Downloads:121Supported systems:Win2K,Vista,7,8,8.1,10 32/64 bitPrice:Free* (*Free Registration Required)

ALLNET ALL0272 DRIVER (allnet_all0272_2160.zip)

Dan Ackerman Nov.

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tiwesdaeg · 5 years

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We did something fun at work yesterday. Got my ears cored to a 2g and it actually didn’t hurt as much as I thought it would, like I’ve gotten my traguses pucnhed and stretched to a 10g so getting a punch isn’t new to me (my right tragus is smaller then my left so it hella migrated) but this is way bigger. Like the worst part was when the punch first starts to break the skin but it’s in the pain just kind of...it’s there but it stops like I’m pretty sure it’s got something to do with adrenaline and junk, but I’m totally stoked on them and can’t wait for them to heal.

#dermal punch #conch punch #2g conch #stretched lobes #modified men #body modification #conch #2g punch #large gauge piercing

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inhandnetworks-blog · 6 years

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Chandra Releases Five New Images to Celebrate wireless communication the International Year of Light

www.inhandnetworks.com

To celebrate the International Year of Light, five Chandra images (M51, SNR E0519-69.0, MSH 11-62, Cygnus A, and RCW 86) have been released.

To celebrate the International Year of Light (2015) new images are being released from NASA’s Chandra X-ray Observatory, along with data in other types of light from various telescopes.

The year of 2015 has been declared the International Year of Light (IYL) by the United Nations. Organizations, institutions, and individuals involved in the science and applications of light will be joining together for this yearlong celebration to help spread the word about the wonders of light.

In many ways, astronomy uses the science of light. By building telescopes that can detect light in its many forms, from radio waves on one end of the “electromagnetic spectrum” to gamma rays on the other, scientists can get a better understanding of the processes at work in the Universe.

NASA’s Chandra X-ray Observatory explores the Universe in X-rays, a high-energy form of light. By studying X-ray data and comparing them with observations in other types of light, scientists can develop a better understanding of objects likes stars and galaxies that generate temperatures of millions industrial transport of degrees and produce X-rays.

To recognize the start of IYL, the Chandra X-ray Center is releasing a set of images that combine data from telescopes tuned to different wavelengths of light. From a distant galaxy to the relatively nearby debris field of an exploded star, these images demonstrate the myriad ways that information about the Universe is communicated to us through light.

The images, beginning at the upper left and moving clockwise, are:

Messier 51 (M51): This galaxy, nicknamed the “Whirlpool,” is a spiral galaxy, like our Milky Way, located about 30 million light years from Earth. This composite image combines data colle Transformer Monitoring cted at X-ray wavelengths by Chandra (purple), ultraviolet by the Galaxy Evolution Explorer (GALEX, blue); visible light by Hubble (green), and infrared by Spitzer (red).

SNR 0519-69.0: When a massive star exploded in the Large Magellanic Cloud, a satellite galaxy to the Milky Way, it left behind an expanding shell of debris called SNR 0519-69.0. Here, multimillion degree gas is seen in X-rays from Chandra (blue). The outer edge of the explosion (red) and stars in the field of view are seen in visible light from Hubble.

MSH 11-62: When X-rays, shown in blue, from Chandra and XMM-Newton are joined in this image with radio data from the Australia Telescope Compact Array (pink) and visible light data from the Digitized Sky Survey (DSS, yellow), a new view of the region emerges. This object, known as MSH 11-62, contains an inner nebula of charged particles that could be an outflow from the dense spinning core left behind when a massive star exploded.

RCW 86: This supernova remnant is the remains of an exploded star that may have been witnessed by Chinese astronomers almost 2,000 years ago. Modern telescopes have the advantage of observing this object in light that is completely invisible to the unaided human eye. This image combines X-rays from Chandra (pink and blue) along with visible emission from hydrogen atoms in the rim of the remnant, observed with the 0.9-m Curtis Schmidt telescope at the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory (yellow).

Cygnus A: This galaxy, at a distance of some 700 million light years, contains a giant bubble filled with hot, X-ray emitting gas detected by Chandra (blue). Radio data from the NSF’s Very Large Array (red) reveal “hot spots” about 300,000 light years out from the center of the galaxy where powerful jets emanating from the galaxy’s supermassive black hole end. Visible light data (yellow) from both Hubble and the DSS complete this view.

In addition to these newly released images, the Chandra X-ray Center has created a new online repository of images called “Light: Beyond the Bulb” for IYL. This project places astronomical objects in context with light in other fields of science and research.

NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama, manages the Chandra program for NASA’s Science Mission Directorate in Washington. The Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory in Cambridge, Massachusetts, controls Chandra’s science and flight operations.

Image: NASA/CXC/SAOplc router

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#industrial iot #remote access IoT #Line Monitoring #telemetry vending machine #IPC remote access #telemeter #cashless payment #2g migration #3g shutdown #4g lte modem

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gointernetinside-blog · 5 years

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Unified Services Of Triple-A In 4G-LTE Systems

Although 3G technologies deliver considerably greater bit rates than 2G technologies, there's still an excellent chance for wireless providers to focus on the interest in "wireless broadband". There's an growing chance from an increasing number of consumers and professionals who're demanding exactly the same experience and applications they enjoy on the fixed wire line connection over wireless -- anywhere, any content, stationary or mobile.

The answer is LTE, (3GPP Lengthy Term Evolution), the following-generation network beyond 3G. Additionally to enabling fixed to mobile migrations of Internet applications for example Voip (Voice over internet protocol), video streaming, music ethernet pricing, mobile TV and many more, LTE systems may also provide the ability to support sought after for connectivity from the new generation of consumer devices adapted to individuals new mobile apps.

DIAMETER protocol is definitely an extension of RADIUS which is supposed to offer an Authentication, Authorization and Accounting (Triple-A) framework for applications for example Network access or IP-mobility.

Unified Triple-An Answer Architecture In LTE

Triple-A Diameter may be the preferred solution over its counterpart RADIUS protocol and it is being broadly adopted along with world markets today. Due to potential benefits of diameter over RADIUS and extensive features to cater the 3GPP old releases and new LTE specifications as well as other system like IMS, diameter is suggested within the LTE specs being an unified solutions.

Triple-A For Non-3GPP System Access

The 3GPP SAE (Third Generation Partnership Project System Architecture Evolution) related specifications are nearly completely defined aside from some detailed specifications. Included in this may be the PDN GW (Packet Data Network Gateway) choice for non-3GPP IP (Ip Address) access.

At the moment, the PDN GW selection function interacts using the 3GPP Triple-A (Authentication, Authorization and Accounting) server or even the 3GPP Triple-A proxy and uses subscriber information supplied by the HSS (Home Subscriber Server) towards the 3GPP Triple-A web server.

Throughout the initial authorization, PDN GW selection information for each one of the subscribed PDNs is came back towards the non-3GPP access system. The PDN GW selection information includes an Ip of the PDN GW as well as an APN (Entry Way Name).

Charging & Billing For LTE/SAE

Mobile systems now utilize many technologies throughout their development including GSM, GPRS/EDGE and WCDMA/HSDPA. Furthermore, lengthy-term evolution (LTE) can make its debut before lengthy around the global technical stage.

The MME is really a signaling only entity and therefore user IP packets don't undergo MME. The advantage of another network entity for signaling would be that the network convenience of signaling and traffic can grow individually. The primary functions of MME are idle-mode UE achieve ability such as the control and execution of paging retransmission, tracking area list management, roaming, authentication, authorization, P-GW/S-GW selection, bearer management including dedicated bearer establishment, security negotiations and NAS signaling, etc.

#4G LTE Internet

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craigbrownphd-blog-blog · 2 years

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GSA: 2G and 3G Switch-Offs Being Completed

The GSA released the findings of its new report, “2G-3G Switch-off July-2022,” focusing on the number of operators that have already migrated these networks, those in the process of doing so and those planning such a move. https://www.microwavejournal.com/articles/38639-gsa-2g-and-3g-switch-offs-being-completed?utm_source=dlvr.it&utm_medium=tumblr

#5G #Network #IoT

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craigbrownphd · 2 years

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GSA: 2G and 3G Switch-Offs Being Completed

#5G #Network #IoT

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campuscomponent · 7 months

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A7672S LASC Module SIMCOM Wireless Solutions Wireless Module | Campus Component

A7672S is the LTE Cat 1 module which supports wireless communication modes of LTE-FDD/GSM/GPRS/EDGE. It supports maximum 10Mbps downlink rate and 5Mbps uplink rate. A7672S adopts LCC+LGA form factor and is compatible with SIM7000/SIM7070 series (NB/Cat M modules), and simcom a7672s (2G modules), which enables smooth migration from 2G/NB/Cat M products to LTE Cat 1 products, and greatly facilitates more compatible product design for the customer needs.

Key Benefits of A7672S:-

Compact size with abundant interfaces

Suitable for LTE and GSM networks

Abundant software functions: FOTA, LBS, SSL

Form factor is compatible with the SIM7000/SIM7070 series

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Elevate your connectivity and drive innovation forward with the A7672S LASC Module from SIMCOM Wireless Solutions, available at Campus Component. Discover the power of seamless wireless communication and unleash the full potential of your projects. Order now and experience the unparalleled performance and reliability of the A7672S LASC Module with Campus Component as your trusted supplier.

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viswatechynology · 2 years

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LTE

The concept of LTE inspires a number of questions. What Is LTE? What is LTE data? And, is LTE the same as 4G? In brief, while LTE is not technically the same as 4G, its evolution has occurred on 4G networks. LTE data is transferred faster and with lower latency, as we will explore in this section and the next. For most consumers, their first introduction to “LTE” was likely when they noticed those letters in the corner of the screen on their smartphone and asked, what does LTE mean on my phone? For mobile handsets, it simply means that the phone is connected to the carrier’s 4G LTE network. At Digi, we are focused on the commercial and industrial use cases of 4G LTE and 5G, as our customers are distributed across the enterprise, industrial, transportation, government and medical landscapes. So the remainder of this article is devoted to the discussion of the LTE meaning and outlook in that context. When Long-Term Evolution (LTE) was first introduced in 2008, it defined a new cellular access network with high spectral efficiency, high peak data rates, short round trip time as well as flexibility in frequency and bandwidth. It signifies an evolving level of performance as the capabilities of cellular hardware, software and network technology — such as speed, latency, battery usage and cost efficiency — are optimized and improved over time. As one industry observer noted about LTE, “It isn’t as much a technology as it is the path followed to achieve 4G speeds.” It is important to know that as succeeding generations of cellular technology are introduced, previous generation(s) will remain in service, often coexisting for a decade or more with the newer technology.

What LTE means for those purchasing and deploying LTE technology today is that they can deploy a wide range of devices in an LTE network with confidence that their deployment will remain viable for many years to come. This is especially important as older 2G and 3G networks are sunsetting to allow that spectrum to be used more efficiently. Looking at LTE vs. 3G, those with device deployments based on pre-4G networks must migrate to 4G or 5G without delay. If you already have 4G, you’re future-proofed through the useful lifespan of your products. LTE technology has delivered multiple benefits worldwide

LTE connectivity is almost universally available around the world for both consumer and commercial/industrial applications.

LTE provides long-term network continuity as older networks such as 2G and 3G sunset.

In regions where 5G will not be available for some time, 4G LTE, 4G LTE Advanced, and 4G LTE Advanced Pro technology will support migration needs from 2G/3G for years to come.

LTE offers higher speeds as well as significant benefits for low power applications and simpler, low-cost devices — providing a single technology foundation for a wide variety of use cases.

How Does LTE Work?

LTE improves upon the functionality and performance of older networks. This brief LTE description from Keven Sookecheff provides an excellent LTE overview to help understand how LTE works: LTE is a redesign of the 3G standard to satisfy the demand for low latency data transmission. The redesign includes:

An IP address based core network

A simplified network architecture

A new radio interface

A new modulation method

Multiple input, multiple output radios (MIMO) for all devices

Here are a few important facts to know about how LTE works at a high level:

LTE offers lower latency and increased throughput throughout the network, dramatically improving upon 3G network performance.

LTE operates on a separate spectrum from 3G networks and requires new hardware.

LTE provides fast data download speeds of several 100th megabits per second (Mbps), compared to several 10th Mbps for 3G, meaning that LTE is 5–10 times faster than 3G.

LTE can support data, voice (VoLTE), instant messaging and video on smartphones and tablets over a single interface. With 3G, this was done over different systems, and on some networks voice and data was mutually exclusive.

When 4G evolved from its 3G predecessor, the actual network architecture involved small incremental changes. The following diagram, from our 5G Network Architecture blog shows how LTE works from an architecture perspective: In the 4G LTE, User Equipment (UE) like smartphones or cellular devices, connects over the LTE Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) to the Evolved Packet Core (EPC) and then further to External Networks, like the Internet. The Evolved NodeB (eNodeB) separates the user data traffic (user plane) from the network’s management data traffic (control plane) and feeds both separately into the EPC.

The Evolution of LTE Technology

Approximately every decade the Radiocommunication Sector of the International Telecommunications Union (ITU-R) and its partners define a new generation of requirements for speed, connectivity and spectrum for the worldwide mobile communication systems. Older generations of technology are retired or sunsetted periodically so that more data can be carried over the same spectrum and more devices can share the available spectrum. The ITU-R standards reflect advances in technology and timelines for their adoption are established to meet new application and industry needs. Another organization called the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) takes the ITU-R requirements and writes technical specifications that are bundled into a series of releases. Here is a brief chronology of key LTE development milestones and related LTE technology:

3G was introduced in 1998 and could be considered the technological baseline for LTE, as LTE specifically refers to performance capabilities that exceed 3G. 3G was the first technology with data speeds in the Mbps range.

4G speed and connection standards were set by the ITU-R in March 2008. The 4G standard for mobile, including smartphones and tablets, specified that any product or service calling itself 4G needed to have connection speeds with a peak of at least 100 Mbps, and at least 1 Gigabit per second (Gbps) for stationary uses. However, when the standards were first set, those speeds were not yet possible. In response, the ITU-R allowed products and technology to be labeled “4G LTE” if they provided a substantial improvement over 3G technology.

LTE Advanced (LTE-A) is an enhanced version of LTE that offers faster speeds and greater stability than normal LTE, but is still not as fast as “true” 4G. It was standardized in 2011. LTE-A achieves higher speeds by aggregating channels, so users can download data from multiple sources at the same time.

LTE Advanced Pro (LTE-AP) specifications were released in 2016 and 2017. LTE Advanced Pro includes three major technical innovations: 1) carrier aggregation, which uses spectrum from different LTE carrier bands, 2) Higher-order modulation, which uses available spectrum more efficiently by carrying more data bits, and 3) multiple input-multiple output (MIMO) antennas, which transmit and receive data in parallel at higher speeds. MIMO technology improves network coverage and throughput, particularly in urban areas. Gigabit-class LTE, a form of LTE Advanced Pro, is theoretically capable of download speeds exceeding 1 Gbps, although most users will not experience speeds that fast. Gigabit-class LTE is an attractive choice for applications in retail, transportation and other industries that need high-speed, high-bandwidth solutions.

5G is the newest standard, released in 2019 and 2020. 5G is now rolling out around the world. When fully implemented, 5G networks will offer speeds of up to 10 Gbps, plus lower latency, lower power requirements and virtually unlimited data capacity.

What Is Private LTE?

It’s important here to also mention “Private LTE” or “Private Mobile Networks”, which offer a deployment option for LTE technology. While LTE is primarily used in public networks, Private LTE networks are small wireless networks that operate using the same protocols and technology as public LTE, using licensed, unlicensed or shared spectrum to deliver coverage for cellphones and other devices. Mobile network operators (MNOs) can license spectrum and then deploy an isolated Private LTE network on that spectrum. Private LTE networks are an affordable solution for geographically defined sites such as remote oil fields or mining sites, or in confined areas such as in large factories or seaports. Private LTE is also seen in airports, sports stadiums and on college or corporate campuses. These various use cases benefit from the near-constant uptime that is possible with Private LTE. Citizens Broadband Radio Service (CBRS) is a version of Private LTE in the U.S. that uses shared spectrum in the 3.5 GHz band (B48). CBRS, which addresses similar use cases than Wi-Fi, is becoming increasingly popular with Enterprise and Industrial customers that want more control over their wireless network. It offers a cost-effective networking option for remote worksites and rural areas with poor or no public cellular reception.

What Is the Difference Between 3G and LTE?

3G networks began rolling out commercially in 2002, gradually augmenting and later replacing the earlier 2G network protocol. LTE functionality builds on some of the underlying 3G technology and functions as an enhancement to 3G. Here are some of the major differences between 3G and LTE:

Speed: 3G is slower, with data rates measured in kilobits per second (Kbps) rather than megabits per second.

Latency: 3G latency (the time gap between when data is sent and when it is received) is much greater.

Power usage: LTE devices transfer a higher volume of data and can therefore use batteries faster than 3G, which has cost and power management implications that developers and network managers must take into consideration.

Availability and reliability: 3G networks until recently were more widely available. Today, 4G networks are nearly universally available and the reliability differences have largely disappeared.

What Is the Difference Between 4G and LTE?

The terms “4G” and “LTE” are often used interchangeably and “4G LTE” is seen frequently in industry literature. While carrier marketing sometimes suggests that 4G LTE is an enhanced version of 4G, 4G LTE actually refers to devices and networks that are evolving from the slower 3G standard to full 4G speed and throughput capability. 4G LTE covers the entire range of download speeds from 3G’s 10th of Mbps to 4G’s 100th of Mbps. “4G” refers to the generation of technology, while “LTE” is the methodology for evolving that generation over the course of multiple releases from 3GPP that explicitly set out the technical steps that deliver better performance and more functionality. This incremental process keeps devices compatible and enables technology to carry forward in a smooth transition from one generation to the next.

Why LTE Networks Matter for IoT

LTE networks are used heavily by Internet of Things (IoT) solutions to connect machinery and equipment and enable them to send and receive data. While the IoT existed before the introduction of LTE-level connectivity, the higher speed and throughput of LTE made it possible for IoT systems to control larger and more complex systems with greater precision. IoT solutions are used in virtually all industries. The following are some of the most widely deployed examples of LTE-enabled IoT:

Transit: Buses, commuter rail and other forms of public transit depend on LTE data and connectivity to provide information to dispatchers and system administrators on vehicle performance, ridership levels and for passenger Wi-Fi.

Smart Cities: Numerous IoT applications using LTE provide cost efficient functionality for municipalities, including intelligent lighting controllers for streets and public spaces, electric vehicle charging stations, and high-speed LTE networks to connect traffic signals for real-time adaptive traffic management

Industrial applications: IoT plays a major role in factory and industrial operations, including process monitoring and control, manufacturing automation and predictive maintenance.

Precision agriculture: Irrigation systems and other agricultural infrastructure facilitated by LTE can provide significant labor and cost savings for farmers.

Water/wastewater management: IoT applications with LTE connectivity provide 24/7 wireless monitoring for wells, lift stations, sewers and other components of water and wastewater systems.

Retail and digital signage: IoT solutions for retail applications and digital signage are used in variety of use cases, from informational signage and outdoor advertising to point-of-sale systems, ATMs, self-service checkout systems and more.

Why Is LTE Essential for 5G?

Continuing LTE connectivity is essential for the smooth rollout of 5G networks. LTE and 5G networks will co-exist for at least a decade until the full 5G infrastructure is built out and LTE will be critical to providing fallback connectivity in areas with limited 5G coverage. Early on, LTE will also be significantly cheaper than 5G for most applications. From an infrastructure perspective, almost all 5G networks will be initially rolled out in “5G non-standalone” (5G NSA) mode. Initial 5G devices have a radio built in that supports both 4G LTE and 5G. The device will connect to the 4G LTE network first, and uses a 5G network for additional bandwidth, if one is available. Eventually, the roles will be reversed as 5G networks are maturing, and devices will only connect to the 5G network in “5G stand-alone” (5G SA) mode, and are then able to take full advantage of 5G technology. Here are some FAQs about the important ways that LTE will support 5G:

When will 5G phase out 4G LTE? 5G requires new hardware for both network operators and their customers. Network operators must install new hardware in all of their transmission towers, which will be a lengthy, labor-intensive process. However, the good news is that network operators started deploying new 5G infrastructure several years ago, when 5G was still in its final definition. Through a simple software update, the infrastructure is now able to support 5G and 4G LTE simultaneously.

What is LTE service? LTE service provides LTE service to 4G LTE end devices, such as routers, gateways, phones and tablets.

Are LTE and 5G on separate bands? Not necessarily. 5G can share the same spectrum with 4G LTE using an approach called Dynamic Spectrum Sharing (DSS). DSS allows us to use 5G sooner and extends the life of 4G LTE networks and thus the service life of 4G LTE devices. However, 5G is also using “fresh” spectrum such as 5G mmWave that is exclusive to 5G.

Additionally, LTE provides essential physical network infrastructure for 5G. One industry expert noted that “Early 5G networks … require a 4G LTE control plane [a network element responsible for routing traffic] to manage 5G data sessions.”

#LTE #explain LTE #advatages of LTE #benifits of LTE #what is LTE

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viswatech · 2 years

Text

LTE

LTE connectivity is almost universally available around the world for both consumer and commercial/industrial applications.

LTE provides long-term network continuity as older networks such as 2G and 3G sunset.

In regions where 5G will not be available for some time, 4G LTE, 4G LTE Advanced, and 4G LTE Advanced Pro technology will support migration needs from 2G/3G for years to come.

LTE offers higher speeds as well as significant benefits for low power applications and simpler, low-cost devices — providing a single technology foundation for a wide variety of use cases.

How Does LTE Work?

An IP address based core network

A simplified network architecture

A new radio interface

A new modulation method

Multiple input, multiple output radios (MIMO) for all devices

Here are a few important facts to know about how LTE works at a high level:

LTE offers lower latency and increased throughput throughout the network, dramatically improving upon 3G network performance.

LTE operates on a separate spectrum from 3G networks and requires new hardware.

LTE provides fast data download speeds of several 100th megabits per second (Mbps), compared to several 10th Mbps for 3G, meaning that LTE is 5-10 times faster than 3G.

The Evolution of LTE Technology

What Is Private LTE?

It's important here to also mention “Private LTE” or “Private Mobile Networks”, which offer a deployment option for LTE technology. While LTE is primarily used in public networks, Private LTE networks are small wireless networks that operate using the same protocols and technology as public LTE, using licensed, unlicensed or shared spectrum to deliver coverage for cellphones and other devices. Mobile network operators (MNOs) can license spectrum and then deploy an isolated Private LTE network on that spectrum. Private LTE networks are an affordable solution for geographically defined sites such as remote oil fields or mining sites, or in confined areas such as in large factories or seaports. Private LTE is also seen in airports, sports stadiums and on college or corporate campuses. These various use cases benefit from the near-constant uptime that is possible with Private LTE. Citizens Broadband Radio Service (CBRS) is a version of Private LTE in the U.S. that uses shared spectrum in the 3.5 GHz band (B48). CBRS, which addresses similar use cases than Wi-Fi, is becoming increasingly popular with Enterprise and Industrial customers that want more control over their wireless network. It offers a cost-effective networking option for remote worksites and rural areas with poor or no public cellular reception.

What Is the Difference Between 3G and LTE?

Speed: 3G is slower, with data rates measured in kilobits per second (Kbps) rather than megabits per second.

Latency: 3G latency (the time gap between when data is sent and when it is received) is much greater.

Availability and reliability: 3G networks until recently were more widely available. Today, 4G networks are nearly universally available and the reliability differences have largely disappeared.

What Is the Difference Between 4G and LTE?

Why LTE Networks Matter for IoT

Industrial applications: IoT plays a major role in factory and industrial operations, including process monitoring and control, manufacturing automation and predictive maintenance.

Precision agriculture: Irrigation systems and other agricultural infrastructure facilitated by LTE can provide significant labor and cost savings for farmers.

Water/wastewater management: IoT applications with LTE connectivity provide 24/7 wireless monitoring for wells, lift stations, sewers and other components of water and wastewater systems.

Why Is LTE Essential for 5G?

What is LTE service? LTE service provides LTE service to 4G LTE end devices, such as routers, gateways, phones and tablets.

#LTE #long term evolution #what is meany by LTE #explain LTE

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