#1730 A.D.

[baldy-wan-kenobi]

1730 A.D: A Primer

There are many who say they know how it began.

Some tell of a crew, hunting lost treasure deep in the swamps of Spanish Tegesta, who stumbled upon something they ought to have left alone.

Others tell of a captain, so desperate to escape the hangman that he made a deal with the devil himself in exchange for his life.

Still others whisper even darker tales, of cults and horrors beyond the minds of mortal men.

What is known, however, beyond all tall tale and rumor, is that in the year 1725, the Hellmouth opened. A great split in the sea, glowing with the hateful heat of brimstone, allowing the denizens of the Nine Circles to flood into the warm waters of the Caribbean.

From the depths came horrid abominations, all horns and claws and gnashing teeth, led by the souls of damned men, called into service by the Sea Devil himself, the High Admiral of the Fleet Pandemonium and captain of the Flying Dutchman: Davy Jones.

With his Dread Captains, the rotting husks of eight great pirate captains bent to his will and service, Jones and his hellish fleet set about terrorizing the Seven Seas, bringing fear, misery, and death to any port they touched.

Faced with this spectral horror, the world has had to abandon the sea, fortifying their coastlines and praying that the fleet of devils doesn't come to call. Indeed, only two powers remain upon the high seas, brave or foolish enough to risk destruction for the promise of wealth and glory.

The Holy Armada, a coalition of "god-fearing" naval and commercial powers who sought refuge from the horrors of the Hellmouth in their faith, sail in vast merchant fleets and hunting patrols, searching both for the horrid masses of the Fleet Pandemonium, and the pirates that still call the seas their home. Their Board of Admiralty, comprised of representatives from each of the four contributing nations' great fleets and holy orders, chart a course towards clearing the sea of both swashbuckling vermin and hellspawn, and will stop at nothing to see their vision executed.

Indeed, perhaps the only others still able to sail the churning waters are the pirates, who in their hour of greatest testing, turned not to God, but to gunpowder and steel. They sail the wine-dark waves just as they have for decades, fending off the beastly assaults of the demonic horde just as they do the attempts of capture by the Armada's officers.

However, as the naval war above reaches its peak, an empire long forgotten stirs beneath the waves. Lone survivors of doomed crews tell tales of horrifying fish-men piloting ships made of coral and riding beasts that could swallow a sloop whole, using fell sorceries and dark science to eradicate man and demon from their waters like nothing more than pests.

it is the year 1730 A.D., and hell is empty, for all the devils are here.

[michelangelos-left-pinky-toe]

Faustina's Marble Origins (supposedly...)

"Eccme... Salve... sum problema! Eccme!

Title:

Portrait of Faustina the Elder

Artist/Maker:

Unknown

Date:

A.D. 140���160

Medium:

Marble

Dimensions:

209 × 78 × 55 cm (82 5/16 × 30 11/16 × 21 5/8 in.)

Place:

Roman Empire (Place Created)

Culture:

Roman

Object Number:

70.AA.113

Credit Line:

Gift of J. Paul Getty

Inscription(s):

Inscription (modern): FAUSTINA SENIOR ("Faustina the Elder")

Alternate Titles:

Faustina the Elder (Alternate Title)

Department:

Antiquities

Classification:

Sculpture

Object Type:

Female portrait

Since there is no description of Faustina’s appearance, we have no idea if her portraits bear any close relationship to the way she really looked. There must have been an attempt to prompt an immediate identification between her actual appearances in public (if only for a few years, and later as effigies seen from a distance) and her artistic representations. However, the mechanical reproduction of imperial portraits warns against seeing them as direct imitations.

The administration in Rome sent out miniature templates of her profile for the die-cutters of coins and medals and models for sculptors and painters. The copying of these models in the provinces produced series of nearly identical Faustina portraits on conventional body types established by the first augusta, Livia, a century and a half before. Although the carved body is now lost and the original placement of the sculpture is unknown, the commanding presence of the princeps femina (first among women) persists, just as it was meant to, “in eternity.”

As for Faustina the Elder’s character, very little was written about her life, but like queens and empresses before her and leading ladies long after, suspicions were raised about her. As Antoninus’s image-makers would have it, Faustina was the ideal Roman woman—dignified, cultivated, and virtuous—eminently worthy of emulation.This particular statue is probably supposed to emulate the goddess, Ceres. There would have been wheat in her right hand. 

Since this statue is likely a later copy or reproduction and modeled after Livia and Ceres, this would have been a fairly common body to reproduce. The hood suggests that the head is not removable - it would not have been interchanged for a different lady. There is no specific identification of the marble or where it was found. I am going to imagine that the statue was commissioned by her husband for members of her cult and the marble is from close to Rome, likely Carrara. It would have had to be transported on a cart across land. 

1730 - first identification of statue 

Thomas Herbert, 8th earl of Pembroke, 5th earl of MontgomeryEnglish, 1656 - 1733 (Wilton House, Wiltshire, England)

by inheritance to his son, Henry Herbert, 1733.

[asfaltics]

tackings

  water; this caused me to tack about immediately, and change my design         1 with me tacking the care of... tacking the whole         2   finds me tacking naught. Blinded         3 when it reached me, tacking gracefully, and came         4   r y, LINE TO ME TACKING 1 » t*» •» i a 1 c» S 3 3 O s o 100** -i z " 3 5 l~~ * c* $ z fli.         5   wind caused me to tack towards Porama. Thus I landed         6 me, tacking on to it parts of... speech         7   me, tacking me         8 me, tacking on a shoe ; of course,         9   rather late in the day, found me tacking up the Bure         10 says he can see me tacking No. 14 silk on my sieves         11  

reads, OCR misreads, side-reads — sources

1 ex Jean de La Roque (1661-1745 *), A Voyage to Arabia the Happy, By the Way of the Eastern Ocean, and the Streights of the Red-Sea, Perform’d by the French for the first time, A.D. 1708, 1709, 1710. Together With a particular Relation of a Journey from the Port of Moka to the Court of the King of Yemen, in the second Expedition, A.D. 1711, 1712, 1713. Also, An Account of the Coffee-Tree and its Fruit... (London, 1730): 59 his Voyage dans l’Arabie heureuse (1716), Englished 2 ex deed of Goodman Andruss, tanner (narrated; signed by a mark and dated January 4, 1717) in Henry Bronson, The History of Waterbury, Connecticut; The Original Township embracing present Watertown and Plymouth, and parts of Oxford, Wolcott, Middlebury, Prospect and Naugatuck. With an appendix of biography, genealogy and statistics. (1858): 133 3 OCR misread of “me lacking naught” “Mutual Blindness” by C. A. C. H. in Godey’s Magazine (Philadelphia; September 1870): 228 (snippet only) see entire in different copy/scan, 228 4 ex “A Catamaran cutter – a queer craft coursing a North-Western prairie” in Farm Implement News (December 8, 1892): 24 5 ex snippet, dramatically inventive OCR misread of text (at 90ºcw), in chart showing naval evolutions during the Battle of Cape St. Vincent, February 14, 1797, in Alfred Thayer Mahan (1840-1914), The Influence of Sea Power Upon the French Revolution and Empire, 1793-1812 (sixth edition, vol. 1 of 2, 1892): (facing) 223 6 ex “Missions of Oceania / Mission of the New Hebrides / Kaina’s Conversion.—His Baptism.—His Zeal and his Self-Sacrifice.” in Annals of the Propagation of the Faith 58 (1895): 299 7 ex J. W. Wilkins, “The International Submarine Telegraph Memorial” (interesting letter to the editor) in The Electrical Journal (November 6, 1896): 59 8 ex (an intelligent and well-composed) letter by John Minot (Portsmouth, April 20, 1725) in William Blake Trask, ed., Letters of Colonel Thomas Westbrook and Others Relative to Indian Affairs in Maine, 1722-1726 (1901): 100 9 ex Colin Harding (Acting-Administrator of North-West Rhodesia, Commandant Barotse Native Police), his In Remotest Barotseland: Being an Account of a Journey of over 8,000 Miles through the Wildest and Remotest Parts of Lewanika’s Empire (1904): 273 whew 10 ex G. F. Bradby, “The Haunted Boat” in The Cornhill Magazine (January 1905): 80-77 (80) 11  “Brain storms are still rampant in this land of ours, even among millers...” American Miller and Processor (November 1, 1912): 892-893

—

mindful that few (if any) of these links will work in distant lands

all tagged tack all tagged lack  

[whatisonthemoon]

Parallels of History

Note: This is based on Allen Tate Wood’s essay. I’ve simply tried to put it in plain language, and added a few details for clarification. All credit and my heartfelt gratitude goes to him for his work. I recommend reading his paper after this, as it is a lot more precise than mine. 

First parallel: Slavery in Egypt and Persecution under the Roman Empire (400 years) First off, there’s no historical evidence the support the claim of the Jews ever having been enslaved in Egypt. Which is rather strange, since there is plenty of archaeological evidence from those times- such as records from Egyptian rulers or pottery shards from early Israelite settlements in Canaan. But let’s assume the Bible is telling the literal truth. Then the Jews were enslaved in Egypt starting around 1730 BC. For the Exodus, possible dates are either 1446 BC or between 1250-1215 BC. That gives us either 284 or 480-515 years, i.e. 29% or 20-28,75% off. Then we’re got the Persecution of early Christians. It’s well documented that the Persecution started in 64 A.D., incited by Emperor Nero after the Great Fire of Rome. As my historical quibble for the paragraph, they weren’t continuously or systematically persecuted for more than a few years at a time. While Christians were discriminated against in the intervening years, they were still better off than many other Roman subjects (such as slaves). Anyhow, this “persecution” was brought to an end in 313 B.C. with the edict of Milan, issued by Constantine I. The edict went even further than just demanding tolerance and guaranteeing rights: it also decreed that Christians be compensated for financial and material losses. Saying that Christians were persecuted after that point is historically absurd, based on the evidence to the contrary. So that makes 249 years of Persecution, which is 37,75% off. I’m not sure how the percentages are meant to be calculated to give the “+/- 5%” that I was promised. But neither 284 or 480-515 nor 249 years are anywhere close to 400. 

Second parallel: Period of the Judges and Christian Churches under Patriarchs (400 years) Since these parallels are meant to be consecutive, we have either 1446 BC or 1250-1215 BC as a start date for ‘Judges. This ends at the Crowning of King Saul (beginning of the United Kingdom), which takes place in 1052 BC. That gives us either 394 years or 198-163 years, i.e. 1,5% or 50,5-59,25% divergence. If we go with the first date, we’d be within our 5% (!), but that would make “Slavery in Egypt” only 284 years, i.e. 29% off. But it’s better than this period being more than 50% off, so I guess we should go with it. The “Patriarch” period presents even more of a problem. It supposedly starts with Augustine, but there are two flaws in this start date. Firstly, the Persecution of Christians stopped in 313 BC, long before Augustine was born. Secondly, the whole system of Regional Church Leaders predates him by about 200 years (i.e. overlaps largely with our previously pilloried period). For the sake of having a something to investigate, we can just define this time to start when the last period ends (313 BC). It’s supposed to end with Charlemagne’s Coronation, i.e. in 800 A.D.. That gives us 487 years, which is 21,75% off. To recap: we’re 29% and 21,75% off, and the content doesn’t make historical sense. 

Third parallel: United Kingdom and Christian Kingdom (120 years) For a welcome change, the United Kingdom period is historically clear-cut. The first king, Saul, is crowned in 1052 B.C. and the last king, Solomon, dies in 931 B.C.. That makes 121 years, which is remarkably accurate (0,83%). Score one for the parallels! The “Christian Kingdom” starts with Charlemagne’s Coronation in 800 A.D., which is also a nice, solid date. Unfortunately, this only lasts until 843 A.D., when it was split into the Divided Kingdoms of East, West and That-bit-in-the-middle-that-nobody-really-wanted-anyway (aka “Treaty of Verdun”). That makes 43 years, i.e. 35,83% off. So we have both the best match (0,83%) and the worst match (35,83%) in one parallel. 

Fourth parallel: Divided Kingdoms of North and South and Divided Kingdoms of East and West (400 years) We start out neatly at 931 B.C. with Solomon’s death. The period ends with Jews being taken captive by Babylon, which happened several times between 607-586 BC. That gives us a 324-345 year period and a 13,75-19% divergence. I’ve already mentioned that Charlemagne’s Empire was split three ways, not two. Ignoring that, the Avignon Papacy begins in 1309 BC, which gives us 466 years and a divergence of 16,5%. So we have 13,75% and 16,5%, with only mild fact-bending. 

Fifth parallel: Jewish Captivity and Return and Papal Captivity and Return (210 years) “Jewish Captivity” begins somewhere between 607-586 BC and ends with “Malachi”. There’s some debate amount scholars if “Malachi” was meant to be a literal person (whereas Luther certainly was), but let’s ignore that and assume so. The final wave of Aliyah concluded in 431 B.C., which gives us a 155-176 year period and a divergence of 16,19-26,19%. Then we have “Papal Captivity”. In the DP, this period is allegedly well-defined from 1309 to 1517 B.C., which at 208 years is only 0,95% off. What kills this parallel is the title: the pope was never captive in Avignon. It’s historically well-documented that the papacy functioned much more smoothly there: the Pope certainly didn’t suffer, nor was he constrained in any way. Besides, the Avignon schism concluded in 1417 with the Council of Constance: it was resolved long before Martin Luther nailed his theses to a church door. So while this period fits numerically, it doesn’t make sense from a parallel/indemnity perspective. While having to swap tramezzini for escargot is definitely a tragic hardship, it doesn’t quite compare to slavery. 

Sixth parallel: Preparation for the Coming of the Messiah and Preparation for the Second Coming (400 years)  Based on the Jewish return concluding in 431 BC, we have 431 years and 7,75% left over for this period. For the other parallel (Luther-Moon), we have 403 years and 0,75%. We’d have precisely 0% on the latter if we use a certain other persons’ birth date, but that’s beside the point. As for the historical parallels of these two periods… well, they’re both the time that’s left over to make everything else add up. To be honest, the rest of these parallels are so far gone that there’s not much point arguing anything about this one. If you want to believe, you’ll find a way to make it work.

 Conclusion: “Those who fail to learn history are doomed to repeat it; those who fail to learn history correctly- why they are simply doomed.” 

Yours truly, Ariadne

Originally posted May 15, 2016

[cowbroughcommunications]

BLOG: Anniversary celebrations and Belize's Scottish roots

As the Central American country of Belize celebrates 40 years of independence from the UK, its historical foundation has deep Scottish roots.

The dream of building a Scottish ‘empire’ in the 17th century was left in tatters with the collapse of the Darien project in 1698.

The ill fated adventure to set up a colony in modern day Panama, Central America, not only cost the lives of some 500 Scots men, women and children. It was said the financial impact of the disaster was so catastrophic, that it was a major factor in pushing the country into the Act of Union nine years later.

But where the Scottish government failed to make its mark in the Caribbean, a few hundred miles further north on the same coast, a small band of Scots adventurers had already established a successful community 50 years before the Darien mission set sail.

These roots put down by, among others, the Wallace, MacDonald and Forbes families survive to the present day and ensure a lasting Scottish legacy in this corner of the world, long after the painful memories of the Darien project faded from the national psyche.

This Caledonian connection is with Belize. Squeezed in between Mexico to the north and Guatemala to the west and south, at 280 miles long and around 70 miles wide this tiny enclave is around the size of Wales, but with less than one tenth of the population at under 250,000. The development of modern Belize is a remarkable story and one in which Scottish influence has had a considerable and enduring guiding role.

The history of civilisation in this part of the world stretches back to the first millennium. Southern Mexico and the area now covered by Belize was the cradle of the great Mayan dynasty long before European’s conceitedly christened this land the ‘New World’. At its height between 250 A.D. and 900 A.D it is estimated this area of land which, today is so sparsely populated, supported more than three million people. The earliest known settled community in the Maya world dates from 2,000 B.C. and from this developed a society as complex and advanced as either the better known Aztecs to the north or the Incas to the south.

The Maya cultivated cotton and learned to dye and weave cloth. Religion, mathematics and astronomy all played an important role in their culture. Great cities flourished at Atun Ha and Carcol with grand temples, palaces and public buildings, plazas and ball courts. All before Scotland as a nation even existed.

It was just as Kenneth McAlpine was unifying the throne of Scotland and becoming the first king of the modern nation in the 9th century that the Maya reign was coming to an end.

Although the causes are not certain, archaeologists believe it was due to population pressure with the land no longer being able to provide enough food. Changes in climate, wars and scarcity of products to trade have also been presented as reason for their decline.

Certainly by the time the first Scottish adventurers set foot in Belize the Maya were no longer a unified functioning society, but survived in sporadic pockets scattered through the dense jungle landscape.

There is no exact date for when this event took place but most indicators suggest it was sometime in the 1630’s and where Darien is a story of incompetence, bad luck and political betrayal, the successful founding of modern Belize is a tale of survival and triumph against the odds.

The Darien scheme began in 1695 when the Scottish Parliament passed an Act for the establishment of a 'Company of Scotland Trading to Africa and the Indies'. A huge fundraising effort was initiated and capital of £400,000 was pulled together, an enormous sum for the time amounting to around half the total capital available in Scotland.

A small fleet of three ships with 1200 people on board sailed in July 1698 with the intention of founding a new colony in present day Panama, finally landing in November of that year.

Although the settlers enthusiastically started putting down roots in New Edinburgh, they had seriously underestimated the scale of the task in hand. This part of the Caribbean is known as the Mosquito Coast and the settlers were soon weakened by diseases of the climate; yellow fever, malaria and dysentery.

Although the settlers made treaties with the indigenous Indians the surrounding Spanish conquistadores proved a sterner test and ultimately snuffed out the fledgling colony within two years.

Abandoning the colony in 1700 only one of the three ships made it back to Edinburgh in one piece.

Meanwhile a mere 700 miles away the new settlements in Belize were already well established with a strong Scottish contingent. Although facing the same intense pressure from the surrounding Spanish the final outcome was to be much different from the fate of their kinsmen further down the coast.

The Spanish had first settled in the Americas in the years following Christopher Columbus’ voyage of discovery in 1492 and by the time the Scots arrived in Darien they were firmly established throughout the Americas...

By 1520, Hernan Cortés had conquered the Aztec empire in Mexico. His lieutenant, Pedro de Alvarado, defeated the Maya in Yucatan and expeditions were sent to conquer what is now Guatemala and Honduras. Cortés himself passed through the south-west corner of Belize in 1525.

Although thanks to local Mayan resistance they never had a firm control over the country their presence devastated the local population as it succumbed to European diseases. It is estimated that 86 per cent of local people who came into contact with the Spanish died as a result of disease or war. So by the time the first Scots landed in Belize the Maya were no longer a force in the country.

Evidence suggests this first foray was led by a Scotsman, Peter Wallace, who with 80 of his crew established a settlement on the Belize River. He was possibly born in Greenock but there are conflicting stories. What is officially recorded is that he was a one time Governor of the island of Tortuga and had served as a lieutenant under Sir Walter Raleigh in the Royal Navy.

It is thought that the name Belize is an extreme Spanish corruption of the name Wallace which is easier to understand when seen as the Spanish spelling, Belice.

Wallace’s presence in Belize was not as any officer of the crown however, but as a buccaneer, a privateer or pirate - the title depended on whether seen from a Spanish or British point of view. For the 17th century was the height of Spanish power in the Americas and the seaways of the Caribbean were packed with ships of the crown transporting gold looted from native Indian society back to Madrid.

Belize with its sheltered Cayes or islands lying off the coast and its shallow waters and dangerous barrier reef made an excellent protected raiding base for these buccaneers to prey on passing vessels. A pastime positively encouraged by the British at the time who were almost constantly in a state of war with Spain throughout this period.

But after the Treaty of Madrid in 1670 a period of peace saw the new Belizeans or Baymen reinforced by disbanded soldiers and sailors. These new arrivals turned to logging, particularly logwood which, was used to produce dye and was in great demand from the flourishing European cotton and woollen mills.

Demand for hardwoods such as mahogany also grew and the fledgling colony expanded with many new arrivals from Scotland.

According to John Holm, professor of linguistics at the University of Nassau, the Bahamas in his book ‘The Creole Language of Nicaragua’: "There seems to have been a high proportion of Scots among the British in the western Caribbean from the seventeenth century onwards."

But the new settlers did not have a quiet life with the bountiful mahogany forests attracting growing interest from the surrounding Spanish. Throughout the 18th century the Baymen experienced a series of violent skirmishes with their aggressive neighbours. For Spain claimed sovereignty over the entire New World except for Brazil which, was a recognised Portuguese possession and were insistent that the Scottish and English woodcutters were trespassers.

The raids of 1717, 1730, and 1754 were particularly damaging with evacuations into the interior necessary as the Spanish sacked the Baymen’s towns and villages.

Following their defeat in the Seven Years War though, the Spanish agreed to give the Scots and other settlers the right to cut and export timber, but still claimed sovereignty over the territory. This ongoing dispute inevitably led to more attacks and in 1779 the Spanish captured St George's Caye a small island off the coast of present day Belize City.

Agreements continued to be made between the Spanish and British about the rights of the Baymen without any long term solution. Bad feelings rumbled on until the situation came to a head with the Battle of St George’s Caye in 1798.

A defining moment in the early modern history of the country, it is still celebrated as a national holiday on September 10.

With news of an impending Spanish invasion bigger than anything ever attempted, the Baymen called for reinforcements from British forces in Jamaica.

But the future of Belize was clearly not a priority for the government of the day and they sent only one small gun brig HMS Merlin along with a company of the West India Regiment.

In total the Baymen managed to assemble only 12 vessels, most of which were wooden rafts fitted out with a few guns, backed up by a few hundred settlers and regular soldiers. Against this makeshift force the Spanish had 32 ships, 500 sailors, and 2,000 troops.

The battle was a game of cat and mouse for five days as the Spanish armada tried to out manoeuvre the defending flat boats and make a landing near the mouth of the Belize River. Once a bridgehead had been established the plan was to call in overland reinforcements from Mexico

Finally, on September 10 the Spaniards rushed into the fray with fourteen of their biggest and most heavily armed ships of the fleet. After a bloody engagement they were eventually forced into retreat again. But this time the Spanish losses were heavy and they withdrew back to their Mexican ports.

This defeat was to be the final time the Spanish tried to exert their influence over Belizean territory by force. The battle secured the country’s future first as the colony of British Honduras and later as the independent nation that is today Belize.

The scarcity of records from this period makes it difficult to determine exactly how many Scots were involved in this heroic action. But Stephen Forbes himself a Scotsman by birth and author of the historical novel the ‘Baymen of Belize’ describes the country in the late 1700s as "an essentially Scotch community."

Certainly the ‘community’ would have been backed by several hundred African slaves brought into work on the logging camps and plantations throughout the century as well as settlers from other nationalities. This mixture of colours and creeds is what makes Belize the country it is today, one of the most multicultural on earth.

A melting pot of Garifuna, from South American Indian and African descent, indigenous Mayans and Mestizos who are descended from Mayan and Spanish settlers. Add to this creole, black Africans born in the region, to a steady stream of Scots and other Europeans. Combined with American refugees from the Civil War in the 1860s and later Indians from the subcontinent and more recently Chinese, Taiwanese and German Mennonite immigrants.

A heady mixture, but one in which Scots heritage remains strong through surnames and place names.

The town of Bermuda Landing off the northern highway on the way to the Mexican border is believed to be named after the Bermuda grass planted by Scottish immigrant farmers looking to graze cattle on cleared forest land. Flowers Bank is named after Adam Flowers the Scottish immigrant who made the casting vote in the decision to defend rather than evacuate Belize City in the face of the invading Spanish in 1797. Nearby Scotland Halfmoon Village is said to be named after a homesick immigrant who arrived during the half moon, and Scottish surnames survive throughout the country.

Perhaps the greatest legacy left by the early Scots is language. The Battle of St Georges Caye might appear a mere skirmish in the grand scheme of world history. But it helped secure a free nation whose place is now secure within the international community, the only English speaking nation in Central American.

Exactly 100 years after the ill fated Darien project set sail, Scots finally realised a dream of helping to build a new society on the Caribbean coast.

[wovenfabricstudio]

#beautiful #texture #cotton #No one knows exactly how old cotton is. Scientists searching Open Cotton Bollcaves in Mexico found bits of cotton bolls and pieces of cotton cloth that proved to be at least 7,000 years old. They also found that the cotton itself was much like that grown in America today. cotton was being grown, spun and woven into cloth 3,000 years BC. At about the same time, natives of Egypt’s Nile valley were making and wearing cotton clothing. Arab merchants brought cotton cloth to Europe about 800 A.D. When Columbus discovered America in 1492, he found cotton growing in the Bahama Islands. By 1500, cotton was known generally throughout the world. Cotton seed are believed to have been planted in Florida in 1556 and in Virginia in 1607. By 1616, colonists were growing cotton along the James River in Virginia. Cotton was first spun by machinery in England in 1730. The industrial revolution in England and the invention of the cotton gin in the U.S. paved the way for the important place cotton holds in the world today. Eli Whitney GinEli Whitney, a native of Massachusetts, secured a patent on the cotton gin in 1793, though patent office records indicate that the first cotton gin may have been built by a machinist named Noah Homes two years before Whitney’s patent was filed. The gin, short for engine, could do the work 10 times faster than by hand. The gin made it possible to supply large quantities of cotton fiber to the fast-growing textile industry. Within 10 years, the value of the U.S. cotton crop rose from $150,000 to more than $8 million. (West Bengal)

[mechagalaxy]

Sten Hugo Hiller - 627184: Mountain Climbing Mecha Combat #1399

(By Sten Hugo Hiller - 627184) Mountain Climbing Mecha Combat #1399 Brought to you by ANN Highlighting the October 3366 Top Line Only The Gaming Authorities decreed we were to compete in a top line only event this time. Or as I look at it, -a serial Point Mech event. As only the top row of the Mechs would be involved in the fighting, all multitargeting enhancements would be worthless there, although a solid Trample would be absolutely worthwhile to have along. But except for Trample, -and shielding against it, what one have to do is to prepare the chosen Mechs as if they were to compete in a PointMech event. For me, that means getting fast Mechs with high Precision in place. High crit, freeze and slow is high on my list as well. If you can kill the opponent immediately, freeze him for a round or slow them sufficently, you will not take any return fire from them. If you can manage to get some hefty multiples squeezed in, that is an added bonus. As to Dodge, repair and shielding.... For this event we would almost certainly face off against elite BFM`s. As most of them probably would have top Precision, any Dodge of mine would be effectively worthless. -If the opponent have 110 Precision, he will have a 95% chance of hitting whatever your Dodge are. Auto-repair/medbots might repair some damage inflicted on us, but that healing would scarcely matter if we got hit by 4 to 5-digit damage. It MIGHT at best let us survive one additional hit. Shields were another matter. Bringing top elite shielding could add some additional speed, weapon type reduction and general shields. Finally, after a long day in the workshop where all these details had been considered, we had equipped and armed the chosen Mecs as best we could out of the resorces avialiable to us. Now was the time to test our mettle. When we arrived at the Gates to K3 a few minutes before the scramble started, I could not even see the top as it was covered in full formations. Nothing wrong there, but personally I prefer to remove un-needed Mechs and strip them before such events, to make sure we havent left some top equipment/weapons on any of the non-participating Mechs. As usual when we were asigned to K3, there were no Commanders holding a Licence lower than us. Only one other member of the 100 club was present, the other eighteen contenders were all members of the 200 club. I tried to calculate the disparity of armaments here. If we disregarded the higher aquisition rate of the Penners, the 200 club gang had somewhere between two and thirty-one additional weaponmounts on each Mech. That would give them a heck of an speed advantage when it came to sending mayhem downrange. All I could hope for was that my rides were fast enough to balance them. After finding a free spot out on the plains it was time to see if we could claim some prizes. The initial attacks were thwarted, but we had brougt along a fivepack of supers, -courtesy of generous friends, so we could afford some misses. But the going was tough, and by the time we managed to reach the slopes, all but one of the super were gone. Question was now whether we should try for the top, or keep the few attacks we had left in readyness for retaking a slope position if we were displaced? I decided to wait. The scramble proper had not started yet, and with big guns like KiloToneRecoil from the brotherhood of Arcane Dragons, Darren Jackson of Myth&Legends Team Banzai and Death`s Collecotors` myeponym behind us, the odds of being blasted back to the foothills was way too high for my peace of mind. If the scramble lasted a long time, and we were left alone, we could perhaps try for the top, but for now it was sit quiet and get some footage. The good news was that we were left alone, but the event ended after about half the maximum time. The footage we had gotten showed clearly that the Nephilax winners had been: Div 1 378+ (36 Commanders): Claude Poirier, Winters Coming (2m,39s) 2: Sal Vezzosi Jr 3: Bernard Johnson 4: Dexter Berry 5: Jaime Beltran 6: Jeff Haas 7: Sherriff Leary Wretham 8: Ben Rail 9: Roy Cheah 10: Mk Mathews Div 2 -377 (8 Commanders): roward, Northwind Dragons (1d,1h) Div 3 -293 (20 Commanders): DarthSpidus, Mad Scientist.7 (34s) Div 4 -187 (23 Commanders): Jason Pedracini, Northwind Dragons (24s) Div 5 -133 (10 Commanders): Grego, B.S.L.R. (8h,40m) Div 6 -111 (16 Commanders): Albores Jam, M&L B.C. 13th A.D. (1h,34m) Div 7 -83 (20 Commanders): Fredo Gustavo, Black Star Bandits (7m,22s) Div 8 -59 (20 Commanders): Don Rafael, Death`s Hecklers (1d,58s) Div 9 -31 (16 Commanders): Cathy Goetz, Ronins 2 (11h,42m) Total Contestants: 169 Total medals claimed: 123 (of 135 possible) Compared to the recent Brawler event, the participation was reduced by a bakers dozen. And agin there were unclaimed prizes. Once more they came from K2 (7 Bronzes) and K5 (5 Bronzes). Those had to be returned for resmelting after the award ceremony. The last half-hour saw four Golds in play, two of them decided less than a minute before the light flashed. Four other Golds were held for at least two hours, two of them for more than a day. So again we had some close fights, and some superstrong winners. Question then is if the fight for the lesser prizes were more intense than the Gold fights? To find out, we look at the number of medals held for more than 30 minutes in this event: .............Silvers......Bronzes Div 1 ....1 of 4.........2 of 10 Div 2 ....4 of 4.........3 of 3 Div 3 ....0 of 4.........7 of 10 Div 4 ....0 of 4.........9 of 10 Div 5 ....4 of 4.........5 of 5 Div 6 ....0 of 4.........7 of 10 Div 7 ....1 of 4.........6 of 10 Div 8 ....2 of 4.........9 of 10 Div 9 ....4 of 4.......10 of 10 This time there were a trio of tops (K2, K5 and K9) without any succesfull medal attacks. On the other hand, Mount Olympus, K3 and K7 all saw a majority of the medals changing hands. Overall 20 Silvers (55%) and 20 Bronzes (25%) changed hands. Giving us a total turnover of 35% for the lesser medals, quite a bit lower than the 44% turnover for the Golds. The only clan who managed to bring home a double Gold from this event was the Northwind Dragons. They triumphed on K2 and K4. None of the unaligned Commanders managed to get a win this time, but we had one repeat winner; roward from Northwind Dragons on K2. Upcoming event: Shocklite Surge Here we get an event where the only legal model is the 20 ton Shocklite. -Unless you are assigned to K9. They have an unlimited event there. Event ends December 30 between 1700 and 1730 New York Time

[shinymoonbird]

ॐ Poet Jayadeva bowing to Vishnu seated in the lotus position on a lotus. Gouache on paper - Pahari - dated 1730 A.D.

The very picture of devotion, bare-bodied, head bowed, legs crossed and hands folded, Jayadeva stands at left, with the implements of worship placed before the lotus-seat of Vishnu who sits there, blessing the poet.  ॐ

Source:  Historical Perspective on Saint Poet Sri Jayadev (http://www.harekrsna.com/sun/features/03-07/features605.htm)

[arjuna-vallabha]

Radha and Krishna in Discussion (An illustration from Gita Govinda) Gouache on paper, c 1730 A.D., Basohli

[namidanoondowa]

Full video: https://youtu.be/JM2M9pCppTc

When Idina finishes speaking Robert Lopez and Kristen Anderson Lopez went on to say, "you can answer them,that 's fine“and”they won't notice“

And why do they mention "Amsterdam"? We can actually use Google map to find a place I know Frozen is a story from Nordic Norway Amsterdam is in Western Europe I know all this But why did Idina mention this place in the interview?

This place have sextants

This place have color photograph

This place have Sceptres and  Sovereign's Orb The queen of England has two Sceptres 1. Sceptre with the Cross/ the St Edward's Sceptre 2. Sceptre with the Dove and Sovereign's Orb

This place have Number 13 and skates

This place have bike

This place have FLORIS FLORIS is the oldest perfume brand in the UK Juan Famenias Floris and his wife Elizabeth from Spain were founded in 1730 A.D It has also obtained the Royal certification issued by Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Charles becoming the only perfume brand with this honor Deeply loved by royal nobles and celebrities

Including Marilyn Monroe

So are these things Disney put in? I have no idea…. But there's so much correlation What do you think.....?

Do you know,Idina Menzel talked about Amsterdam in an interview on November 24,2019. The word seems to be found in Google map and it look like a Frozen exhibition. It can be found on a real map, just like Finding Dory. I'm not sure the contents were put in by Disney. Because there are a lot of things in it that are related to Frozen. Do you know about it? I didn't see another person talking about it. Is that what Disney put in? Or is it just a coincidence?

I’m sorry I never heard of this before....maybe someone else does?

[siddharthgupte]

Shaniwar Wada is that one place in Pune where Mumbai natives like myself can visit in order to feel like we are sight seeing in a city which has a predominantly modern architecture. Between this and Lal Mahal lies the total extent of Pune’s relevant cultural heritage. This fort was the seat of power for the Peshwas (Prime Ministers) of the Maratha empire, the most prominent of these being Bajirao Ballal Balaji Bhatt. It was built in his honour in 1730 A.D. It must have been quite the glorious crib to hang out in those days. Today, it is a dreary place and by most accounts haunted at particular times in the night. It has suffered neglect at the hands of the Indian government. The sudden interest in this place has been piqued by the Hindi movie Bajirao Mastani. Make sure to visit this place whenever you are in Pune for its cultural significance more than its poor maintenance. #bloggersofinstagram #pune #puneblogger #punebloggers #amateurphotography #amateurphotographer #photography #shaniwarwada (at Shaniwar Wada) https://www.instagram.com/p/ByC8q8gHmjQ/?igshid=ukk0bcvvbrui

[asfaltics]

un some u ns

  come unsome to enquire       1 for the making of any kind of Work is un some       2 passed through unSome Instan- touched       3   un, some one, any one, p       4 un some plain       5 unsome private whisper, or foolish imagination       6   un some u ns       7 un) Some one, somebody.       8 un, some body (for “motions” read “emotions.”)       9   a good unsome excuse       10 and unsome Seduction       11 by Iron or un some Right       12   ’un. Some will believe nothing of       13 un, some one, nor quelque chose, some thing       14 unsome y,       15   I do not write this letter to entertain you with news, or for to wake you up to our dreadful condition, but that you may timely give un some advice what is best to do in our tarry       16 now commonly Un. Not turned, unturned, See Un. Some       17 Un-some Disagreement, difference       18   un-Some think,       19 by him, un some future       20 un some whoam’s brew’d       21   in account with unsome os       22 un some fossils       23 un-some-ly,       24   un’”!: some of the characters are uncertain, but the word is sufficiently clear.       25  

sources

1 ex The Holy Bible: Containing the Old Testament and the New ( London, 1644) : Exodus 18:15 (OCR misread of “come unto me to enquire”) 2 ex entry for “prescrire,” in Guy Miège (1644-1718 *), A new dictionary, French and English, with another English and French (London, 1677) 3 ex James Tyrell (1642-1718 *), The General History Of England, Both Ecclesiastical and Civil, Vol. II (London, 1700) : 110 4 ex entry for “quelque un,” in The Law-French Dictionary, Alphabetically Digested : Very useful for all young students in the Common Laws of England. To which is added, The Law-Latin Dictionary... Collected out of the best authors, by F. O. (London, 1701) : here 5 ex OCR misread of title, Some Plain Reasons humbly offer’d against the bill now depending in Parliament, to restrain the disposition of lands, by which the same become unalienable. (London, 1736) : 3 6 ex A Collection of Hymns, for the use of the hearers of the Apostles (Notthingham, 1777) : 367 7 ex George Horne (1730-92, *), his Sound Argument dictated by Common Sense ; in answer to Nathaniel Brassey Halhed’s testimony of the authenticity of the prophecies of Richard Brothers, and his pretended mission to recal the Jews. (Third edition, Oxford, 1795) : 6 for Richard Brothers (1757-1824), see wikipedia 8 ex definition for “Rhywun” (some one, somebody), in William Owen, comp., A Dictionary of the Welsh Language, explained in English; with numerous illustrations, from the literary remains and from the living speech of the Cymry. Vol II. (London, 1803) : here London, 1803 9 ex list of indefinite pronouns, in John Martin his French homonyms: or, a collection of words similar in sound, but different in meaning and spelling (New York, 1807) : here (and from errata, page 22 line 14) 10 ex The Parliamentary History of England, from the Earliest Period to the Year 1803. From which last-mentioned epoch it is continued downwards in the work entitled, “The Parliamentary Debates.” Vol. IV. A.D. 1660-1688 (London, 1808) : 939-940 11 ex debate re: The Soldiers Seduction Bill (February 28, 1817), in The Parliamentary Debates from the Year 1803 to the Present Time (London, 1817) : 780 12 ex “An Act for the generall quiett of the Subject agaynst all p(re)tences of Concealement” (A.D. 1623-4) in The Statutes of the Realm printed by command of his majesty King George the Third. In pursuance of an address of The House of Commons of Great Britain. from original records and authentic manuscripts. Volume the Fourth. Part II (London, 1819) : 1210 13 ex discussion of pronouns indefinite, in J. B. Mallet, An introduction to the French grammar, or, the accidence of that language made easy, with gradual exercises on every declinable part of speech... (Ipswich, 1821) : 161 14 ex discussion of the neuter verb, in The elements of French grammar by [Charles François] Lhomond, revised and enlarged by A. M. D. G.; Translated from the French by Rutton Morris; Illustrated with wood-cuts by Branston (London, 1826) : 90 15 ex A Dictionary of the Portuguese and English Languages, in Two Parts; Portuguese and English, and English and Portuguese. By Anthony Vieyra; a new edition, carefully corrected, and very considerably imrproved [sic], by J. Dias Do Canto... Part I (London, 1827) : here 16 ex testimony concerning events leading to the Morman War, in The Evening and the Morning Star (Kirtland, Ohio, January, 1834) : 5 17 ex definition of “inconverted, inconvertible” (“now commonly Un.”) in Charles Richardson (1875-1865 *), comp., A New English Dictionary of the English Language : A to K (London, 1836) : here 18 ex Joseph Bosworth (1788-1876 *), A Dictionary of the Anglo-Saxon Language (London, 1838) : 422 (where “un-some” seems to be a word) 19 ex notes to I. Corinthians, chapter 7, in The holy bible containing the old and the new testaments... with explanatory notes, practical observations, and copious marginal references, by Thomas Scott. Vol. VI. (London, 1839) : here 20 ex An Abridgement of the Acts of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland, from 1560 to 1840. Second Edition (Edinburgh, 1840) : 144 21 ex J(ames). T(aylor). Staton (d. 1875, *), Rays Fro Th’ Loominary: A Selection of Comic Lancashire Tales, adapted for public reading or reciting (London, 1884) : 120 22 ex Report of the Treasurer and Receiver-General of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, for the year ending December 31, 1889 (Boston, 1890) : 123 23 ex table of contents, collection of Contributions to Canadian Palaeontology (Geological Survey of Canada), here 24 ex entry for “unseemly,” in Robert Hunter and Charles Morgan, eds., Universal Dictionary of the English Language Vol. 4 (1898) : 4987 25 preview snippet only, pointing to Publications of the Babylonian Section, vol. 3 (1913) : 237 in full — 4: I. K^UN'"!: some of the characters are uncertain, but the word is sufficiently clear. It appears in Syriac only (in the singular in -6s) in the Arabic lexicons; see Payne-Smith, col. 868. unrip: evidently the same as the common «mp. Notice the ...  

—

all tagged tercets all tagged un  

[salkosafic]

Date: 1730–60

Geography: Made in Boston, Massachusetts, United States

Culture: American

Medium: Maple, birch, white pine

Dimensions: 86 1/2 x 40 x 21 1/2 in. (219.7 x 101.6 x 54.6 cm)

Japanning, the use of paint and gilded gesso to imitate the glossy finish on Asian lacquer work, was a popular method of furniture decoration in colonial Boston. This group of japanned furniture (40.37.1,.2,.4) descended in the Pickman family of Salem, Massachusetts, and is an extraordinary survival. The painted decoration on the high chest, dressing table, and looking glass is all by the same hand.

Signatures, Inscriptions, and Markings

Inscription: inscribed in chalk on the back of bottom shelf drawer: W E; [number on various parts]

Provenance

descended in the Pickman and Loring families, Salem, Massachusetts, until 1918; Lawrence Dwight, by 1918; his fiancee, Harriet Amory (later Mrs. Warwick Potter), New York, until 1940

Timeline of Art History (2000-present)

Timelines The United States, 1600–1800 A.D.

110 West 80 St-4R, NY, NY 10024 212 874 3879

110 West 80 St-4R, NY, NY 10024 212 874 3879

High chest of drawers

[thewallnerteam]

History of St. Louis Part 1

Are you looking to sell your house in St. Louis? If so, you will have a better chance of attracting good potential buyers if they are more educated on the history of this unique city. The unique history of St. Louis begins with this area being settled by the Native American mound-building people. They were a part of the Mississippian tribal group and dwelled there from 800 A.D. to 1400 A.D. and further. They also were accompanied by other tribal groups that would migrate off and on. French explorers starting arriving in the early beginning in the late 1500s and early 1600s. Spain took over from France after the French and Indian War in 1763 and a trading company was established in 1764. Pierre Laclede and Auguste Choteau were the first individuals to start the settlement of St. Louis in 1764. During this time, many French settlers were leaving nearby Illinois because they bristled against the British control of the eastern Mississippi area. The city’s population continued to grow because it was a popular Mississippi River trading post; it also played a minor role in the American Revolutionary War and became a United States territory after the Louisiana territory was purchased in 1803.

There is no question that St. Louis has a convenient and central location. It is situated near the Ohio River on the eastern front, the Mississippi River on the southern and northern plains, and other areas. This made this town a great area for traders and increased their economy significantly, leading to a lot of busy interregional trade. The 1840s were a busy time for St. Louis as it became a destination for immigration by many Irish and German individuals. Unfortunately, individuals that had already been born in the Americas reacted with some trepidation to the newcomers and nativist sentiments were adopted. This also coincided with the fact that Missouri was a slave state, but St. Louis centrally located in such a manner that many slaves would file freedom suits. Slaves would often gain freedom from these suits in these antebellum decades. However, the 1850s rolled around and the interpretations had changed. Dred Scott became the symbol of this new mindset, and this new court did not rule in his favor. This same court case ruled that the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional, which increased tensions and eventually led to the outbreak of the Civil War.

Upon the conclusion of World War II, many federal highway subsidies were established, and these encouraged residents to migrate outward in an effort to gain newer housing options. St. Louis suffered a reduced middle-class population as a result of this suburban trend. Thus, the city decided to create some new attractions. They started this trend with the Gateway Arch, which eventually became a symbol of the civil rights movement as the first lawsuits under the 1964 Civil Rights Act were against the unions of St. Louis. Even though the city made an effort to reduce substandard housing by developing new projects such as Pruitt-Igoe, these were widely considered to be unsuccessful. Construction, gentrification, city beautification and crime reduction continue to improve in the city, but St. Louis does struggle somewhat with their crime perception. The city saw some population growth during the mid-2000s but there was a decline in population by the 2010 U.S. Census.

St. Louis is home to the middle Mississippi Valley, which was constructed in the 10th century by the Mississippian people. They built a couple of dozen platforms and mounds on what would become modern-day St. Louis. The focal point of their infrastructure was the colossal Cahokia Mounds complex, which rested on the eastern part of the Mississippi River. The Mississippian culture came to a mysterious end in the 14th century, and their artifacts remained undisturbed for a number of years. They were eventually replaced by Siouan-speaking native groups such as the Osage and the Missouria, who originally came from the eastern Ohio Valley to this Mississippi Valley area.

Extensive exploration in the Missouri and Mississippi river region would begin in the late 1600s by European explorers. The most notable of these would have to be the group made up of Explorer Louis Joliet and Jesuit priest Jacques Marquette, who traveled in a southern direction on the Mississippi River on June 1673. They passed where St. Louis would become popular a few centuries later and they ultimately turned back after they came to the mouth of the Arkansas River. In 1682, French explorer La Salle passed by the area as well. His expedition came from the Illinois River and traveled through the Mississippi River, concluding in the Gulf of Mexico. LaSalle would ultimately claim the entire area for France, and proceeded the name the Mississippi River basin “La Louisiane” after Louis XIV. He also named the region between the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers as the Illinois Country. The French built several settlements between Cahokia and Kaskaskia in Illinois. Additionally, the French trading companies constructed towns throughout the landscape from the decades of the 1720s and 1730s. This included unique locations such as Fort de Chartres and St. Genevieve, Missouri. Incidentally, St. Genevieve is now known by the historians of today as the very first European town in the state of Missouri that was also west of the Mississippi River. Unfortunately, from 1756 to 1760 there wasn’t much settlement building occurring because the French and Indian War (the Seven Years War in North America) kept everyone too busy. Moreover, the economy was fairly weak because of the fighting and would remain that way until Britain won this war in 1763.

Of course, everybody was probably breathing a collective sigh of relief after the war concluded in 1763, but new changes were afoot as well. The first major change would come with the arrival of a new French official in New Orleans. Jean-Jacques Blais d’Abbadie became the new governor of Louisiana in June of that year, and with the new leader of Louisiana came several moves to grant some trade monopolies to get the economy of the middle Mississippi Valley going. Many individuals took advantage of this monopoly, including Pierre Laclede and his stepson Auguste Chouteau. In August 1763 they worked together to build a fur trading post right where Missouri and the Mississippi Rivers joined. A couple of months later, St. Louis was established on February 15, 1764, by these same two gentlemen. Chouteau and a group of 30 individuals were the first settlers, and Laclede drew up the first city planning structures, including a market and commons area and an area for street design to take place.

From 1764 onward, French settlers came pouring into the St. Louis area because they were afraid that the British were going to control their original settlements too much due to the Treaty of Paris. Not soon after, a local French lieutenant came to the area in 1765 and he began to award land grants. The peace negotiations not only allowed Spain to gain control of Louisiana in 1762 due to a secret agreement called The Treaty of Fontainebleau but eventually, there was a Spanish influx into St. Louis for the greater part of that decade. The Spanish honored all of the French land grants, and they also provided security for the area.

St. Louis’s first Catholic church, constructed in 1770

The profession of most of the incoming settlers was farming. They came by the tens of hundreds, and by the 1790s there was a surrounding area of almost 6,000 acres around St. Louis that was continually under cultivation. Of course, many of the permanent residents had no interest in farming simply because they realized that fur trading was much more lucrative. By and large, most of the residents and settlers of this area were Roman Catholic, even though they weren’t necessarily noted for being particularly devout. It wasn’t until the mid-1770s that the first Catholic church was constructed, and the first resident priest representing St. Louis was acquired in 1776. After the first priest arrived, Catholicism became much more common within the area.

Interestingly enough, some of these French settlers were somewhat wealthy. They generally would bring black and Native American slaves with them to St. Louis. The majority of these slaves were being used as domestic help, although also worked in the agricultural fields as well. Even though the Spanish had prohibited Native American slavery in Louisiana in 1769, the French Creoles still continued the practice in St. Louis. Since the Spanish were now running things in St. Louis, they allowed a compromise: they decreed that the Native American slave trade should come to a stop, but current slaves could be retained by their owners, and this also included the children of any slaves as well. In 1772, a census was taken in the village of St. Louis. At that time, the population of the town was 637; the white population numbered 444, and the black population was listed at 193. However, this didn’t include any Indian slaves since they were technically illegal. St. Louis grew fairly slowly during the 1770s and 1780s and the Spanish leadership came and went at regular intervals.

The post History of St. Louis Part 1 appeared first on The Wallner Team.

from The Wallner Team https://www.thewallnerteam.com/home-2/history-of-st-louis-part-1/

[medleydrinkdesigns]

Sharing is Caring—and Sometimes Lethal

Sharing is Caring—and Sometimes Lethal

Your favorite pirate movies are likely set during an actual historical period known as The Golden Age of Piracy. Spanning from A.D. 1650 to 1730, pirate activity (especially in the Caribbean) ramped up to such a degree that England dispatched entire fleets to restore order.

The scourge of Caribbean pirates grew so menacing that in 1720 six turtle-fishermen were hanged for merely having shared rum…

[andersontheology]

A Week in Review: 1/20/2019-1/26/2019

What is new at Anderson Theology this week:

The Reformation Theologians (A.D. 1517-1648) page updated.

Rev. Samuel Wesley (A.D. 1662-1735) page created.

The First Great Awakening Theologians (A.D. 1730-1755) page updated.

John Clayton (A.D. 1709-1773) page created.

Charles Wesley (A.D. 1707-1788) page created.

John Wesley (A.D. 1703-1791) page created.

George Whitefield (A.D. 1714-1770)page…