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Bibliography & Footnotes

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[1] IPCC, "Global Warming of 1.5°C."

[2] Stocker et al., "Physical Climate Processes and Feedbacks."

[3] The model used by Climate Action Tracker ("Temperatures") projects a 3.2°C warming with current policies. Other models predict as much as 6-7° warming by 2100 (see AFP, "Earth to Warm More Quickly").

[4] Harvey, "CO2 Emissions Reached an All-Time High in 2018."

[5] Gergis, "The Terrible Truth of Climate Change."

[6] Srivastava, "Global Catastrophic Risks 2018."

[7] Spratt and Dunlop, "The Third Degree."

[8] Bendell, "Deep Adaptation."

[9] Meyer, "Human Extinction Isn't That Unlikely."

[10] Hobbes, Freud, and Dawkins are all examples of what the biologist Frans de Waal calls the "veneer theory" of human nature and morality, in de Waal, Primates and Philosophers, 7.

[11] Tansel, States of Discipline, 2.

[12] Spinoza, Ethics, pt. IV, prop. VII.

[13] Brian Massumi, in Deleuze and Guattari, A Thousand Plateaus, viii.

[14] Ahrensdorf, "The Fear of Death." He shows that Hobbes believed it was necessary in a time of peace to disseminate the lessons of fear that others learned in a time of war. Today the culture industry has willingly taken on that role.

[15] Feldman and Stenner, "Perceived Threat and Authoritarianism"; Jost et al., "Political Conservatism as Motivated Social Cognition."

[16] Israel, "Sustainability Expert Michael Mobbs: I'm Leaving the City to Prep for the Apocalypse."

[17] Klinenberg, Heat Wave.

[18] Morgenthau, Politics Among Nations, 4.

[19] For alternative uses of the concept see Gordon, "Prefigurative Politics." My use is closest to what he calls "generative" but my emphasis is more on the affective and cognitive function of social pratices.

[20] Gordon, "Dark Tidings," 249.

[21] Since his piece was originally published Gordon too has become less sure of the near-term collapse of industrial capitalism. "Peak oil" seems to have been postponed as new methods of intensive extraction have preliferated. This also implies the decreased likelihood of a "greener" capitalism (see his comment to the revisited piece "Darkness Falls").

[22] Gordon, "Dark Tidings," 251.

[23] Eco-fascist tendencies do not just exist among obscure writers of the neo-reactionary "Dark Enlightenment" or the recent wave of nazi terrorism (Achenbach, "Two Mass Killings a World Apart Share a Common Theme"). The eugenicist logic in the name of environmentalism popularized by Garrett Hardin (Amend, "First as Tragedy, Then as Fascism.") lives on today with envigorated strength in the climate debate where European academics deploy Malthusian ideas about ‘over-population’ in former colonies (Koutonin, "On The Myth Of 'Overpopulated' Africa.") and where capitalists like Bill Gates finance authoritarian state-run programs of population control (Wilson, "For Reproductive Justice in an Era of Gates and Modi.")

[24] This is both the title of their 2013 paper and their 2018 book (CL). I primarily refer to the book, except where it diverges from the paper.

[25] M&W, CL, 28–30.

[26] M&W, "Political Scenarios for Climate Disaster." In Climate Leviathan they also note Behemoth's "constant failure" to offer alternatives to the crises of liberal capitalism as a reason to doubt its longterm endurance (CL, 44).

[27] M&W considers the Paris Agreement "an important step toward the emergence of planetary sovereignty" and a "legal and political foreshadowing of Climate Leviathan's form" (CL, 38, 35). In the paper they argue that Leviathan will be most likely be build upon the "US-led liberal capitalist bloc" through legitimizing institutions like the United Nations ("Climate Leviathan," 2013, 7); while in the book they argue that it could only achieve true domination by including other geopolitical and economic powers like China (CL, 32).

[28] "Our task is to ... reject Leviathan, Mao, and Behemoth, while affirming other possibilities. What remains? All we have and all we have ever had: X." M&W, CL, 197.

[29] Gordon, "Darkness Falls."

[30] M&W writes that the priority "must be to organize for a rapid reduction of carbon emissions by collective boycott and strike" (CL, 173.) while Gordon advices activists to focus on "delegitimation, direct action (both destructive and creative), and networking" (Gordon, "Dark Tidings," 253.). All this is necessary, but we also need to build our communities in order to survive.

[31] Franzen, "What If We Stopped Pretending the Climate Apocalypse Can Be Stopped?"; Bendell, "Deep Adaptation."

[32] The limit for human heat tolerance is around 35°C (95°F) at 100% relative humidity at which point the body can no longer get rid of excess heat. Hundreds of millions could be impacted by such conditions by the end of the century (Coffel, Horton, and Sherbinin, "Temperature and Humidity").

[33] Steffen et al., "Trajectories of the Earth System in the Anthropocene".

[34] This is what she refers to as "disaster capitalism." Klein, The Shock Doctrine, 6.

[35] Kastner, "USAID Forced Sweatshops on Haiti."

[36] This is not to say that there is no dependency. As the author of the book on Mutual Aid, Peter Kropotkin, notes, a reciproal relation can arise from the recognition of the "mutual dependence of all upon every one" which he also calls "solidarity"; Ethics, 293.

[37] van Holm and Wyczalkowski, "Gentrification in the Wake of a Hurricane."

[38] Chun, "Gentrification of Neighborhoods in New York City after Hurricane Sandy."

[39] Klein and Brown, "Robert De Niro Accused of Exploiting Hurricane Irma to Build Resort in Barbuda"; Simmons, "Plans to Rebuild Hurricane-Ravaged Barbuda Reignite a Decades-Old Land Dispute."

[40] Carrington, "Climate Change Is a 'Big Business Opportunity for the UK.'"

[41] Gray, "As Fresh Water Grows Scarcer, It Could Become a Good Investment."

[42] Shannon, "Climate Chaos Is Coming - and the Pinkertons Are Ready."

[43] Securitas AB, "Securitas Sustainability Report 2017."

[44] Schulman, "Defense Contractor: Climate Change Could Create 'Business Opportunities.'"

[45] BBC, "New Orleans Rocked by Huge Blasts."

[46] Romero and Lacey, "Looting Flares Where Authority Breaks Down."

[47] "Earthquake Frees Haitian Prisoners from Port-Au-Prince Jail, 80% Never Charged with a Crime."

[48] Devi, "Helping Earthquake-Hit Haiti."

[49] Ehrenreich, "Why Did U.S. Aid Focus on Securing Haiti Rather than Helping Haitians?"; Waterfield, "Haiti Earthquake."

[50] Leonard, "US Accused of 'occupying' Haiti as Troops Flood In."

[51] Mbembé, "Necropolitics."

[52] Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC), "Mid-Year Figures 2019."

[53] Schwartz and Randall, "An Abrupt Climate Change Scenario."

[54] In a survey after Hurricane Sandy most respondents reported that the disaster "brought out the best in the people in their neighborhood" and that neighbors were helping each other (Tompson et al., "Resilience in the Wake of Superstorm Sandy," 8.) For historical examples, see Colin Ward's Anarchy in Action, 34-. Concerning "disaster communism" and "disaster anarchy" in the context of climate change see Dawson, Extreme Cities, chap. 6; Clark, The Impossible Community, chap. 8; and Firth, Disaster Anarchy.

[55] Firth, Disaster Anarchy (forthcoming).

[56] Ambinder et al., "The Resilient Social Network."

[57] Buber, "Society and the State."

[58] Levitas, "Educated Hope."

[59] M&W, "Climate Leviathan," 2013, 7. In the book they update this analysis to include the scenario where a US-led capitalist bloc collaborates with China (CL, 32.)

[60] M&W also mentions these two possibilities in CL, 152.

[61] It might seem unlikely that the US could take the lead on climate change but political trends can change with a few elections and oil crises. As I have noted, the "deep state" within the US is taking climate change very seriously and anything that can be marketed as a "war" and requires US "leadership" could be politically advantageous in US elections.

[62] As Ostrom writes, it is essential to reexamine the view that "solutions to global change must be global in scale" ("A Polycentric Approach for Coping with Climate Change," 2).

[63] Malm describes the link between empire and fossil economy in Malm, "Who Lit This Fire?"

[64] Crawford, "Pentagon Fuel Use, Climate Change, and the Costs of War"; Belcher et al., "Hidden Carbon Costs of the 'Everywhere War'"; Sanders, The Green Zone.

[65] M&W, CL, 176.

[66] Carter, A Radical Green Political Theory, 120.

[67] Carter, 201-.

[68] Carter, 251.

[69] Jameson, Archaeologies of the Future, 199.

[70] Morton, Dark Ecology, 25.

[71] Clark, The Impossible Community, 215.

[72] Klinenberg, "Want to Survive Climate Change?"

[73] As project director Søren Hermansen explains: "We wanted to establish a platform of citizens capable of taking responsibility for their own community. It matters less whether the end product is windmills or a new Internet connection or a new ferry… We had to learn to cooperate." Papazu, "Authoring Participation.". The information summarized in the above paragraph is all from Pazu's paper.

[74] Paz, Durruti in the Spanish Revolution, 478.

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